Robert E. Kahn
Born	(1938-12-23) December 23, 1938 (age 73) New York
Nationality	USA
Fields	Computer Science
Institutions	Bell Labs MIT BBN DARPA Corporation for National Research Initiatives
Alma mater	City College of New York Princeton University
Known for	TCP/IP
Notable awards	Presidential Medal of Freedom Turing Award

Robert Elliot Kahn (born December 23, 1938) is a Jewish American Internet pioneer,^[1][2] engineer and computer scientist, who, along with Vinton G. Cerf, invented the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), the fundamental communication protocols at the heart of the Internet.

Career[link]

After receiving a B.E.E. degree in electrical engineering from the City College of New York in 1960, Kahn earned M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton University in 1962 and 1964 respectively. After finishing graduate school, he worked for AT&T Bell Laboratories, and then became an assistant professor at MIT. He then worked at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), where he helped develop the IMP.

After thirteen years with DARPA, he left to found the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) in 1986, and as of 2009 is the Chairman, CEO and President.^[3] CNRI is a nonprofit organization which is intended to provide leadership and funding for research and development of the National Information Infrastructure.

The Internet [link]

While working on a satellite packet network project, he came up with the initial ideas for what later became the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), which was intended as a replacement for an earlier network protocol, NCP, used in the ARPANET. While working on this, he played a major role in forming the basis of open-architecture networking, which would allow computers and networks all over the world to communicate with each other, regardless of what hardware or software the computers on each network used. To reach this goal, TCP was designed to have the following features:

• Small sub-sections of the whole network would be able to talk to each other through a specialized computer that only forwarded packets (first called a gateway, and now called a router).
• No portion of the network would be the single point of failure, or would be able to control the whole network.
• Each piece of information sent through the network would be given a sequence number, to ensure that they were dealt with in the right order at the destination computer, and to detect the loss of any of them.
• A computer which sent information to another computer would know that it was successfully received when the destination computer sent back a special packet, called an acknowledgement (ACK), for that particular piece of information.
• If information sent from one computer to another was lost, the information would be retransmitted, after the loss was detected by a timeout, which would recognize that the expected acknowledgement had not been received.
• Each piece of information sent through the network would be accompanied by a checksum, calculated by the original sender, and checked by the ultimate receiver, to ensure that it was not damaged in any way en route.

Vint Cerf joined him on the project in the spring of 1973, and together they completed an early version of TCP. Later, it was separated into two separate layers, with the more basic functions being moved to the Internet Protocol (IP). The two together are usually referred to as TCP/IP, and are the basis for the modern Internet.

In 1992 he co-founded with Vint Cerf the Internet Society, to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education, and policy.

Recognition[link]

He was awarded the SIGCOMM Award in 1993 for "for visionary technical contributions and leadership in the development of information systems technology", and shared the 2004 Turing Award with Vint Cerf, for "pioneering work on internetworking, including .. the Internet's basic communications protocols .. and for inspired leadership in networking."

Vint Cerf and Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal Of Freedom by President Bush

He is a recipient of the AFIPS Harry Goode Memorial Award, the Marconi Award, the ACM SIGCOMM Award, the President's Award from ACM, the IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computer and Communications Award, the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, the IEEE Third Millennium Medal, the ACM Software Systems Award, the Computerworld/Smithsonian Award, the ASIS Special Award and the Public Service Award from the Computing Research Board. He has twice received the Secretary of Defense Civilian Service Award. He is a recipient of the 1997 National Medal of Technology, the 2001 Charles Stark Draper Prize from the National Academy of Engineering, the 2002 Prince of Asturias Award, and the 2004 A. M. Turing Award from the Association for Computing Machinery.^[1] Kahn received the 2003 Digital ID World award for the Digital Object Architecture as a significant contribution (technology, policy or social) to the digital identity industry. In 2005 he was awarded the Townsend Harris Medal from the Alumni Association of the City College of New York, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the C & C Prize in Tokyo, Japan. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2006. He was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum in 2006. He was awarded the 2008 Japan Prize for his work in "Information Communication Theory and Technology" (together with Vinton Cerf).

• In 2001 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.^[4]
• Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf were each inducted as an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication (STC) in May 2006.

The duo were also awarded with the Harold Pender Award, the highest honor awarded by the University of Pennsylvania School Engineering and Applied Sciences, in February 2010.

Kahn has received honorary degrees from Princeton University, University of Pavia, ETH Zurich, University of Maryland, George Mason University, the University of Central Florida and the University of Pisa, and an honorary fellowship from University College, London.

He also serves on the board of directors for Qualcomm.^[5]

In 2012, Kahn was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.^[6]

Articles[link]

• Vinton Cerf & Bob Kahn, Al Gore and the Internet, 2000-09-28 [1]

See also[link]

• Paul Baran co-inventor of packet-switched networks with Donald Davies

References [link]

• "Directors & Officers: Robert E. Kahn". CNRI. http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/bios/kahn.html. Retrieved 2010-01-24. 

External links[link]

• DBLP Listing of some of Kahn's works
• Biography of Kahn from IEEE
• Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn, Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written, his decision to become active in its implementation, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
• Bio of Robert E. Kahn from the Living Internet.
• "Morning Edition" interview (NPR)
• "Nerd TV" interview (with Robert X. Cringley) - Requires QuickTime (transcript)
• Computer Networks: The Heralds of Resource Sharing, documentary ca. 1972 about the ARPANET. Includes footage of Robert E. Kahn.
• A short history of Bobs (story/slideshow) in computing, from Bob Kahn to Bob Metcalfe to Microsoft Bob and Alice & Bob
• "An Evening with Robert Kahn in conversation with Ed Feigenbaum" - Requires WMV player
• C-SPAN Q&A interview with Kahn, August 14, 2005

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (January 2012)

Vint Cerf
Vint Cerf in Vilnius, September 2010.
Born	(1943-06-23) June 23, 1943 (age 68) New Haven, Connecticut
Residence	USA
Citizenship	United States of America
Fields	Computer science
Institutions	IBM,[1] UCLA,[1] Stanford University,[1] DARPA,[1] MCI,[1][2] CNRI,[1] Google[3]
Alma mater	Stanford University, UCLA
Known for	TCP/IP Internet Society
Notable awards	National Medal of Technology Presidential Medal of Freedom Turing Award

Vinton Gray "Vint" Cerf^[1] (/ˈsɜrf/; born June 23, 1943) is an American computer scientist, who is recognized as one of^[4] "the fathers of the Internet",^[5] sharing this title with American computer scientist Bob Kahn.^[6][7] His contributions have been acknowledged and lauded, repeatedly, with honorary degrees and awards that include the National Medal of Technology,^[1] the Turing Award,^[8] the Presidential Medal of Freedom,^[9] and membership in the National Academy of Engineering.

In the early days, Cerf was a program manager for the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology. When the Internet began to transition to a commercial opportunity during the late 1980s,^{[citation needed]} Cerf moved to MCI where he was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system (MCI Mail) connected to the Internet.

Vinton Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start. Cerf waited in the wings for a year before he stepped forward to join the ICANN Board. Eventually he became the Chairman of ICANN. Cerf was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012^[10].

Cerf also went to Van Nuys High School along with Jon Postel and Steve Crocker; he wrote the former's obituary. Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet as we know it (see articles).

Life and career[link]

Cerf was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Muriel (née Gray), a homemaker, and Vinton Thurston Cerf, an aerospace executive.^[11][12] Cerf's first job after obtaining his B.S. degree in Mathematics from Stanford University was at IBM, where he worked for less than two years as a systems engineer supporting QUIKTRAN.^[1] He left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he earned his M.S. degree in 1970 and his PhD degree in 1972.^[13] During his graduate student years, he studied under Professor Gerald Estrin, worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's data packet networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANet,^[14] the predecessor^[14] to the Internet, and "contributed to a host-to-host protocol" for the ARPANet.^[15] While at UCLA, he also met Robert E. Kahn, who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture.^[15] After receiving his doctorate, Cerf became an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972–1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite with Kahn.^[15] Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976, where he stayed until 1982.

Cerf playing Spacewar! on the Computer History Museum's PDP-1, ICANN meeting, 2007.

As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982–1986, Cerf led the engineering of MCI Mail, the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet. Cerf rejoined MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy. In this role, he helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective. Previously, he served as MCI's senior vice president of Architecture and Technology, leading a team of architects and engineers to design advanced networking frameworks, including Internet-based solutions for delivering a combination of data, information, voice and video services for business and consumer use.

In 1992 he co-founded, with Bob Kahn the Internet Society to provide leadership in Internet related standards, education and policy.

During 1997, Cerf joined the Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University, a university for the education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing.^[16] Cerf himself is hard of hearing.^[17]

Cerf has worked for Google as a Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since September 2005.^[3] In this function he has become well known for his predictions on how technology will affect future society, encompassing such areas as artificial intelligence, environmentalism, the advent of IPv6 and the transformation of the television industry and its delivery model.^[18]

Since 2010, Cerf has served as a Commissioner for the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, a UN body which aims to make broadband internet technologies more widely available.

Cerf joined the board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) in 1999, and served until the end of 2007.^[19]

Cerf was a member of the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov's IT Advisory Council (from March 2002 till January 2012). He is also a member of the Advisory Board of Eurasia Group, the political risk consultancy.^[20]

Cerf is also working on the Interplanetary Internet, together with NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It will be a new standard to communicate from planet to planet, using radio/laser communications that are tolerant of signal degradation.^[21]

On February 7, 2006, Cerf testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation's Hearing on “Network Neutrality”.^[22] Speaking as Google's Chief Internet Evangelist, Cerf noted that nearly half of all consumers lacked meaningful choice in broadband providers and expressed concerns that without network neutrality government regulation, broadband providers would be able to use their dominance to limit options for consumers and charge companies like Google for their use of band width.^[23]

Cerf currently serves on the board of advisors of Scientists and Engineers for America, an organization focused on promoting sound science in American government.^[24] He also serves on the advisory council of CRDF Global.

Cerf is on the board of trustees of ARIN, the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) of IP addresses for United States, Canada, and part of the Caribbean.^[25]

Cerf is on the board of directors of StopBadware, a non-profit anti-malware organization that Google has supported since its inception as a project at Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet & Society.^[26][27]

Cerf is on the board of advisors of The Hyperwords Company Ltd of the UK, which works to make the web more usefully interactive and which has produced the free Firefox Add-On called 'Hyperwords'.^[28]

During 2008 Cerf chaired the IDNAbis working group of the IETF.^[29]

Cerf was a major contender to be designated the nation's first Chief Technology Officer by President Barack Obama.^[30]

Cerf is the co-chair of Campus Party Silicon Valley, the US edition of one of the largest technology festivals in the world, along with Al Gore and Tim Berners-Lee.^[31]

On May 24, 2012, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) announced that Cerf was elected to the 2 year term post of President beginning July 1, 2012.^[32]

Awards and honors[link]

Cerf and Bob E. Kahn being awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush

Cerf has received a number of honorary degrees, including doctorates, from the University of the Balearic Islands, ETHZ in Zurich, Switzerland, Capitol College, Gettysburg College, George Mason University, Marymount University, University of Pisa, University of Rovira and Virgili (Tarragona, Spain), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Luleå University of Technology (Sweden), University of Twente (Netherlands), Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Brooklyn Polytechnic, UPCT (University of Cartagena, Spain), Royal Roads University (Canada) and Polytechnic University of Madrid.

Further awards include:

• Edward A. Dickson Alumnus of the Year Award from UCLA^[33]
• Prince of Asturias award for science and technology
• Fellow of the IEEE, 1988, "for contributions and leadership in the design, development, and application of internet protocols"
• Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, 1994, for "vision and leadership in the design, implementation, evolution, and dissemination of the TCP/IP computer communication protocol suite"
• Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award, 1996
• SIGCOMM Award for "contributions to the Internet [spanning] more than 25 years, from development of the fundamental TCP/IP protocols".^[34]
• Certificate of Merit from The Franklin Institute, in 1996.
• In December 1997 he, along with his partner Robert E. Kahn, was presented with the National Medal of Technology by President Bill Clinton, "for creating and sustaining development of Internet Protocols and continuing to provide leadership in the emerging industry of internetworking."^[35]
• He received the Living Legend Medal from the Library of Congress in April 2000
• He was inducted as a Fellow of the Computer History Museum in November 2000
• Cerf was selected as a Fellow of the Association for Women in Science (AWIS) in 2000
• Cerf and Kahn were the winners of the Turing Award for 2004,^[8] for their "pioneering work on internetworking, including .. the Internet's basic communications protocols .. and for inspired leadership in networking."^[36]
• In November 2005, Vinton Cerf and Kahn were awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush for their contributions to the creation of the Internet.^[9]
• He and Robert Kahn were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in May 2006
• Vinton Cerf was awarded the St. Cyril and Methodius in the Coat of Arms Order in July 2006^[37]
• Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn were each inducted as an Honorary Fellow of the Society for Technical Communication (STC) in May 2006
• He and Robert Kahn were awarded the Japan Prize in January 2008.^[38]
• Cerf was inducted into the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists and given the Freedom of the City of London in April 2008.
• Dr. Cerf was awarded an honorary membership in the Yale Political Union after keynoting a lively debate on the subject "Resolved: Online Communities are Real Communities." The motion passed.^[39]
• In celebration of the five year-anniversary of YouTube he was selected as a guest curator by the site, and chose the six videos on YouTube he found most memorable.^[40]
• In May 2011, he was awarded an HPI Fellowship as “[...]a tribute to his work for a new medium which influenced the everyday life of our society like no other one.”^[41]
• In September 2011 he was made a distinguished fellow of British Computer Society, in recognition of his outstanding contribution and service to the advancement of computing.^[42]
• 2012 Internet Hall of Fame^[43]

Partial bibliography[link]

Cerf speaking at the National Library of New Zealand.

Cerf at 2007 Los Angeles ICANN meeting.

Author[link]

• Zero Text Length EOF Message (RFC 13, August 1969)
• IMP-IMP and HOST-HOST Control Links (RFC 18, September 1969)
• ASCII format for network interchange (RFC 20, October 1969)
• Host-host control message formats (RFC 22, October 1969)
• Data transfer protocols (RFC 163, May 1971)
• PARRY encounters the DOCTOR (RFC 439, January 1973)
• 'Twas the night before start-up (RFC 968, December 1985)
• Report of the second Ad Hoc Network Management Review Group, RFC 1109, August 1989
• Internet Activities Board, RFC 1120, September 1989
• Thoughts on the National Research and Education Network, RFC 1167, July 1990
• Networks, Scientific American Special Issue on Communications, Computers, and Networks, September, 1991
• Guidelines for Internet Measurement Activities, October 1991
• A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY, RFC 1607, April 1, 1994
• An Agreement between the Internet Society and Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the Matter of ONC RPC and XDR Protocols, RFC 1790, April 1995
• I REMEMBER IANA, RFC 2468, October 17, 1998
• Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR, RFC 1217, April 1, 1999
• The Internet is for Everyone, RFC 3271, April 2002

Co-author[link]

• Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication (IEEE Transactions on Communications, May 1974)
• Vinton Cerf, Y. Dalal, C. Sunshine, Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program (RFC 675, December 1974)
• Vinton Cerf, Jon Postel, Mail transition plan (RFC 771, September 1980)
• Vinton Cerf, K.L. Mills Explaining the role of GOSIP, RFC 1169, August 1990
• Clark, Chapin, Cerf, Braden, Hobby, Towards the Future Internet Architecture, RFC 1287, December 1991
• Vinton Cerf et al., A Strategic Plan for Deploying an Internet X.500 Directory Service, RFC 1430, February 1993
• Vinton Cerf & Bob Kahn, Al Gore and the Internet, 2000-09-28^[44]
• Vinton Cerf et al., Internet Radio Communication System July 9, 2002, U.S. Patent 6,418,138
• Vinton Cerf et al., System for Distributed Task Execution June 3, 2003, U.S. Patent 6,574,628
• Vinton Cerf et al., Delay-Tolerant Networking Architecture (Informational Status), RFC 4838, April 2007

Notes and references[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Vint Cerf

• A Protocol For Packet Network Intercommunication The IEEE paper Cerf co-wrote with Bob Kahn that describes TCP.
• Oral history interview with Vinton G. Cerf. Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, including his work for the Network Measurement Center at UCLA, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group. Aso discusses development of the TCP/IP protocol, IPTO funding at Stanford University, his decision in 1976 to become a program manager for networking projects at IPTO, and the military use of IPTO networking projects.
• Vint Cerf video lecture "Mobile and the Interplanetary Internet (Bundle Protocol on Earth and beyond)" at Aarhus University, Denmark
• Vint Cerf video lecture "The Internet in 2035"
• Vint Cerf video interview on the evolution of the Internet
• Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part I – Past – 16 minutes. Precursors & origins of the Internet
• Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part II – Present – 18 minutes. Internet Neutrality, Cloud Computing, Open Source / Collaboration
• Vint Cerf audio interview on The History of the Internet: Part III – Future – 12 minutes. NASA's Interplanetary Internet, Speech & Gestural Interfaces, Quantum Entanglement
• Internet Pioneers – Vint Cerf
• ICANNWiki on Vint Cerf
• Vint Cerf on "Freedom of the Internet", 45 mins., official web stream of presentation for Hungarian "TV University", March 2007
• DeafLife features on Vint Cerf, November 1997
• Vint Cerf lecture "Tracking the Internet into the 21st century" for the Worshipful Company of Information Technologists at City University London in April 2008.
• Vint Cerf on the future of the internet
• Vinton Cerf on IPv6, video keynote for the German IPv6 summit 2008
• Vinton Cerf Headline PTC's PTC'09 Conference January 2009. Video:Part 1 Part 2 Part 3
• One hour radio interview about Google and the future of the internet on Entitled Opinions with Robert P. Harrison
• Archive of 'Cerf's Up' webpages while at MCI, Inc..
• Keynote Speaker at Internet Librarian 2009, October 2009
• Tracking the Internet into the 21st century discussion with Larry Smarr at University of California San Diego, April 2007
• Video of interview What’s Next with the Internet at Churchill Club, January 2010
• Keeping the Net Healthy discussion with Paul Mockapetris, Esther Dyson, and Bruce McConnell at The Commonwealth Club, October 2010
• Father Knows Best, An in depth interview with Vint Cerf on Innovation, Part 1, July 2011
• Father Knows Best, An in depth interview with Vint Cerf on Innovation, Part 2, July 2011
• Thought Economics Interviews Vint Cerf Interview with Vint Cerf on the role of the Internet in Society, November 2011

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