The Central Time Zone consists of a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean that use clocks set five hours behind Coordinated Universal Time (Greenwich Mean Time - GMT) during daylight saving time (DST) and six hours behind GMT otherwise.

There is also a Central Time Zone in Australia that covers South Australia and the Northern Territory.

Current time

It's (CST) | (CST) | (CDT) }} }} on Daylight saving time on March |3|0|2}} Daylight saving time on November |11|0|1}}

Regions using Central Time

Canada

The province of Manitoba is the only province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas.

The following Canadian province and territory observe Central Time in the areas noted, while their other areas observe Eastern Time:

Nunavut (territory): western areas (most of Kivalliq Region and part of Qikiqtaaluk Region)

Ontario (province): a portion of the northwest bordering northeastern Manitoba

Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year round. Because Saskatchewan is wholly within the Mountain Time Zone (7.5 degrees on either side of the 105th meridian, which runs through the centre of Sask.) it is effectively on DST year round. Major exceptions include Lloydminster, a town situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan; Lloydminster's town charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the town on the same time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary and Edmonton.

United States

The Central Time Zone is the second most populous after the Eastern Time Zone. Many states straddle time zone boundaries.

Alabama

: Although the entire state of Alabama is legally on Central Time, Phenix City and a number of surrounding communities unofficially observe Eastern Time, as Phenix City is part of the media market and metropolitan area of the considerably larger city of Columbus, Georgia (which is in the Eastern Time Zone).

Arkansas

Florida: The Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, bordering on Alabama; the remainder, which is most of the state, is in the Eastern Time Zone

Illinois

Indiana: Its southwestern and northwestern corners, bordering on Illinois (see Time in Indiana)

Iowa

Kansas: The whole state except for Sherman, Wallace, Greeley and Hamilton Counties, all of which border Colorado

Kentucky: The western half of the state, west of Louisville

Louisiana

Michigan: The far western part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, bordering on Wisconsin

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Nebraska: The eastern two-thirds of the state

North Dakota: The whole entire state except for its southwestern quadrant

Oklahoma

: Although the entire state of Oklahoma is legally on Central Time, the unincorporated community of Kenton, at the extreme western end of the Oklahoma Panhandle, unofficially observes Mountain Time (as the nearest sizeable towns are located in nearby Colorado and New Mexico, both of which are in the Mountain Time Zone).

South Dakota: The eastern half of the state

Tennessee: The western two-thirds of the state: Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee

Texas: The entire state is in the Central Time Zone except for Hudspeth County and El Paso County in the very far western part.

Wisconsin

Mexico

Most of Mexico belongs to the Central Time Zone, with six of the northwestern States being exceptions: Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Nayarit, Sinaloa, and Sonora use UTC−7, while Baja California now uses UTC−8.

The states of Mexico that observe Central Time in their entireties:

Aguascalientes

Campeche

Coahuila

Colima

Chiapas

Durango

Guanajuato

Guerrero

Hidalgo

Jalisco

Mexico

Michoacán

Morelos

Nuevo León

Oaxaca

Puebla

Querétaro

Quintana Roo

San Luis Potosí

Tabasco

Tamaulipas

Tlaxcala

Veracruz

Yucatán

Zacatecas

Mexico City, which is not a state but instead is now coterminous with the separate Federal District (''Distrito Federal''), also uses Central Time.

The states of Mexico that observe Central Time only in a small part, with another time zone elsewhere.

Nayarit, where just the municipality of Bahia de Banderas uses Central Time.

Central Daylight Time

Daylight saving time (DST) is in effect in much of Central time zones between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time (CDT) and is UTC−5. Saskatchewan, Sonora and Galápagos do not observe the change, remaining on Standard Time year round. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in the time change is that, geographically, the entire province is closer to the Mountain Time Zone's meridian. The province elected to move onto "permanent" daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone. The only exception is the region immediately surrounding the Saskatchewan side of the biprovincial city of Lloydminster, which has chosen to use Mountain Time with DST, synchronizing its clocks with those of Alberta.

In those areas of the Canadian and American time zones which observe DST, starting in 2007, the local time changes at 02:00 local standard time to 03:00 local daylight time on the second Sunday in March and returns at 02:00 local daylight time to 01:00 local standard time on the first Sunday in November. Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U.S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010.

Alphabetical list of cities and metropolitan areas

See also

Effects of time on North American broadcasting

References

External links

World time zone map

History of U.S. time zones and UTC conversion

The official U.S. time for the Central Time Zone

Official times across Canada

Category:Time zones Category:Time in Canada Category:Time in Mexico Category:Time in the United States Category:Articles with images not understandable by color blind users

es:Hora estándar del centro fr:Heure du Centre id:Waktu Standar Tengah mk:Централна временска зона (Северна Америка) nl:Central Standard Time ja:中部標準時 no:Central Time (Nord-Amerika) pl:Czas centralny simple:Central Time Zone sv:Central Standard Time vi:Múi giờ miền Trung (Bắc Mỹ) zh:北美中部时区

Standard time is the result of synchronizing clocks in different geographical locations within a time zone to the same time rather than using the local meridian as in local mean time or solar time. Historically, this helped in the process of weather forecasting and train travel. The concept became established in the late 19th century. The time so set has come to be defined in terms of offsets from Universal Time. Where daylight saving time is used, the term standard time typically refers to the time without daylight saving time.

The adoption of Standard Time, because of the inseparable correspondence between time and longitude, solidified the concepts of halving the globe into an eastern and western hemisphere, with one Prime Meridian (as well its opposite International Dateline) replacing the various Prime Meridians that were in use.

History of standard time

Great Britain

A standardized time system was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). It was also given the name Railway time reflecting the important role the railway companies played in bringing it about. The vast majority of Great Britain's public clocks were being synchronised using GMT by 1855.

North America

Prior to 1883, local mean time was used throughout North America, resulting in an inordinate number of local times. This caused convoluted regional and national train schedules. In 1870, Charles F. Dowd proposed four time zones based on the meridian through Washington, DC for North American railroads. In 1872, he recommended the Greenwich meridian. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed worldwide Standard Time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879. Cleveland Abbe advocated standard time in order to more effectively coordinate international weather observations and resultant weather forecasts, which had previously been coordinated using local solar time. He recommended the concept of four time zones across the contiguous United States, based upon Greenwich Mean Time, in 1879. On October 11, 1883, the heads of the major railroads met in Chicago at the former Grand Pacific Hotel to adopt their own Standard Time System of five standard time zones for the continental U.S.A. and Canada. The new system was adopted by most states within one year after railroads did so. At noon on November 18, 1883, the U.S. Naval Observatory changed its telegraphic signals to correspond to the change. The Standard Time Act of 1918 established standard time in time zones in U.S. law as well as daylight saving time (DST). The daylight savings time law was repealed in 1919 over a presidential veto, but reestablished nationally during World War II.

In 2007 the United States enacted a federal law formalizing the use of Coordinated Universal Time as the basis of standard time, and the role of the Secretary of Commerce (effectively, the National Institute of Standards and Technology) and the Secretary of the Navy (effectively, the U.S. Naval Observatory) in interpreting standard time.

See also

Time zone

Universal Time

Daylight saving time

International Meridian Conference of 1884

Mecca Time

References

Further reading

Category:Time scales Category:Time measurement standardization

da:Normaltid id:Waktu standar it:Tempo standard nl:Standaardtijd no:Normaltid nn:Normaltid pt:Horário padrão simple:Standard time sk:Pásmový čas sl:Standardni čas sv:Normaltid tr:Standart zaman zh:標準時間

name	Matt Pryor
landscape	yes
background	solo_singer
birth name	Matthew Pryor
origin	Kansas City, Missouri
instrument	Vocals, Guitar
genre	Indie rock, Emo, acoustic rock
years active	1995–present
label	Vagrant Records, Doghouse Records, Curb Appeal Records
associated acts	The Get Up KidsThe New AmsterdamsThe Terrible TwosReggie and the Full Effect
website	The Get Up KidsThe New Amsterdams
notable instruments	}}

Matthew Pryor is an American musician who lives in Lawrence, Kansas. Pryor was in the band Secret Decoder Ring, and through playing shows in the Kansas City area, met the members of his future band, indie rock group The Get Up Kids, which was formed in 1995. While he was in The Get Up Kids, Matt started his side-project The New Amsterdams which released its first album Never You Mind in 2000. Since The Get Up Kids' retirement in 2005, The New Amsterdams have become Matt's primary focus. The New Amsterdams has an "alter-ego" called The Terrible Twos, who occasionally perform songs from their children's album If You Ever See an Owl... released in 2006.

On May 8, 2008, it was announced that Pryor would be releasing a solo album entitled ''Confidence Man'', on Vagrant Records on July 29, 2008. Pryor toured in August and September 2008 with Kevin Devine in support of this record.

Pryor is releasing his second solo effort in January 2012. May Day was recorded in May 2011 with the support of a Kickstarter campaign. Pryor says that he is also working on more tour dates with GUK, another Terrible Twos release, a New Amsterdams compilation and another project of sorts with friends.

Discography

with The Get Up Kids

''Four Minute Mile'' (1997)

''Something to Write Home About'' (1999)

''On a Wire'' (2002)

''Guilt Show'' (2004)

''There Are Rules'' (2011)

with Reggie and the Full Effect

''Greatest Hits 1984-1987'' (1998)

''Promotional Copy'' (2000)

with The New Amsterdams

''Never You Mind'' (2000)

''Para Toda Vida'' (2002)

''Worse for the Wear'' (2003)

''Killed or Cured'' (2005)

''Story Like a Scar'' (2006)

''At the Foot of My Rival'' (2007)

with The Terrible Twos

''If You Ever See an Owl...'' (2007)

''Jerzy the Giant'' (2008)

As Himself

''Confidence Man'' (2008)

'' May Day'' (2012)

'' Still, There's A Light'' (2012)

References

Category:Living people Category:American rock singers Category:The Get Up Kids members Category:People from Lawrence, Kansas

Ice cubes are small, roughly cube-shaped pieces of ice, conventionally used to cool beverages. Ice cubes are sometimes preferred over crushed ice because they melt more slowly; they are standard in mixed drinks that call for ice, in which case the drink is said to be "on the rocks."

Ice cubes that are crushed or sheared into irregularly-shaped flakes may add an interesting aesthetic effect to some cocktails. Crushed ice is also used when faster cooling is desired, since the rate of cooling is governed by the number and average radius of the ice particles.

Melting ice cubes sometimes precipitate white flakes, commonly known as "floaties". This is calcium carbonate which is present in many water supplies and is completely harmless.

Origin

American physician and humanitarian John Gorrie built a refrigerator in 1844 with the purpose of cooling air. His refrigerator produced ice which he hung from the ceiling in a basin. Gorrie can be considered the creator of ice cubes, but his aim was not to cool drinks: he used the ice to lower the ambient room temperature. During his time, a dominant idea was that bad air quality caused disease. Therefore, in order to help treat sickness, he pushed for the draining of swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.

Methods of production

Ice cubes are produced domestically by filling an ice cube tray with water and placing it in a freezer. Many freezers also come equipped with an icemaker, which produces ice cubes automatically and stores them in a bin from which they can be dispensed directly into a glass.

Ice cube tray

Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then placed in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, producing ice cubes. Trays are often flexible, so the frozen cubes can be easily removed by flexing the tray. Twist ice trays have a simple spring loaded mechanism with a lever that is used to turn the tray upside down and flex at the same time such that the cubes drop are collected in a removable tray below and return the ice cube tray to its upright position without removing it from the freezer which can save time and reduces accidents and mess, though the tray has to be removed to be collected and the ice cube tray still has to be removed to be refilled. An alternative system is an aluminum tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes, freeing them from the tray. A motorized version of this is found in most automatic ice-making freezers.

While the usual shape of the ice 'cube' is roughly cubical, there are trays that dispense hemispherical or cylindrical blocks. These are commonly referred to as ice tubes. Some novelty trays produce blocks of ice in seasonal, festive or other shapes.

The first rubber ice cube tray was invented by Lloyd Groff Copeman. One day in 1928, while walking through some woods collecting sap for maple syrup, Copeman noticed that slush and ice flaked off his rubber boots rather than adhering to them. Having recalled this incident over lunch with his patent attorney, he conducted experiments using rubber cups. Later, he set about designing and then patenting different types of tray: a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups, and a tray made completely of rubber.

The first flexible stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray was created by Guy L. Tinkham in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.

Several companies now offer pre-filled disposable ice trays for home freezing, which they claim provide better taste and reduced risk of contamination.

Large-scale ice cube production

Dedicated ice-maker machines can be used to produce ice cubes for laboratories and academic use. Ice cubes are also produced commercially and sold in bulk; these ice cubes, despite their name, are often cylindrical, and may have holes through the center.

An interesting characteristic of commercially made ice cubes is that they are completely clear, lacking the clouding found in the center of domestically made ice cubes. Cloudy ice cubes result when water is frozen quickly, or when the water is high in dissolved solids. When water is cooled to its freezing point, and ice starts to form, dissolved gases can no longer stay in solution and come out as microscopic bubbles. However, as ice floats in water, once there is enough ice to form a layer on the surface, the ice layer traps all bubbles within the ice cube. Commercial ice-makers use a flowing source of purified water to make ice with cooling elements at the bottom, allowing the bubbles to be washed away from the top as the cube grows.

See also

Ice pack

Pagophagia

Refrigeration

Ice

References

External links

Hot water can freeze faster than cold water

Category:Water ice Category:Bartending equipment

ca:Glaçó da:Isterning de:Eiswürfel es:Cubito de hielo fr:Glaçon he:קוביית קרח nl:IJsblokje ja:クラッシュドアイス no:Isbit oc:Glaçon ru:Кубики льда simple:Ice cube fi:Jääpala sv:Isbit zh:冰塊

name	Anthony Kiedis
background	solo_singer
birth date	November 01, 1962
birth place	Grand Rapids, Michigan, U.S.
Death date	| occupation Singer-songwriter, musician, actor
instrument	Vocals, guitar
genre	Funk rock, alternative rock, punk rock
years active	1983–present
label	Warner Bros. Records, EMI
associated acts	Red Hot Chili Peppers
notable instruments	}}

Anthony Kiedis ( ; born November 1, 1962) is an American vocalist/lyricist, and occasional actor best known as the lead vocalist of the Grammy-winning and 2012 Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame inductees, Red Hot Chili Peppers. Kiedis spent his youth in Grand Rapids, Michigan with his mother before moving, shortly before his 12th birthday, to Hollywood, California to live with his father. After high school, Kiedis began taking classes at UCLA, but dropped out after losing interest because he was unable to make any close friends during his time there. After dropping out, Kiedis received an offer to be the opening act for a local band, and enlisted friends Flea, Hillel Slovak, and Jack Irons to assist. After a show under the name "Tony Flow and the Miraculous Masters of Mayhem" the band progressed and the line-up eventually became the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

Biography

1962-1980: Early life

Anthony Kiedis was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan to John Kiedis, also known professionally as Blackie Dammett, an actor, and Margaret "Peggy" Nobel. His father's family emigrated from Lithuania in the early 1900s, while his mother is of English, Irish, French, Dutch, and Mohican ancestry. In 1966, when he was three years old, his parents divorced. Along with his two half-sisters, Julie and Jenny, he was raised by his mother and stepfather in Grand Rapids. Each summer, he would visit his father in Hollywood for two weeks, a time at which the two would bond. He idolized his father, and recalled "Those trips to California were the happiest, most carefree, the-world-is-a-beautiful-oyster times I'd ever experienced." In 1974, when Kiedis was twelve years old, he moved to Hollywood to live with his father full time. His father was a struggling actor who sold drugs, which had a significant impact on Kiedis, as the two would often use marijuana and cocaine together. Kiedis accidentally tried heroin for the first time at age fourteen, mistaking the substance for cocaine.

Kiedis attended Fairfax High School in Los Angeles, where he struggled to find friends as he had recently transferred to a new school district. However, he soon met Flea, and after a brief confrontation, the two became best friends and bonded while sitting next to each other in driver's ed class. Kiedis recalled: "We were drawn to each other by the forces of mischief and love and we became virtually inseparable. We were both social outcasts. We found each other and it turned out to be the longest-lasting friendship of my life." Kiedis became a significant influence on Flea, exposing him to rock music, particularly punk rock. Kiedis and Flea began jumping into swimming pools from buildings as a hobby. At age fifteen, Kiedis broke his back attempting to jump into a swimming pool from a five-story building, missing the pool by a few inches. His back has since improved, although he still has occasional problems. Slovak, Kiedis, and Flea became best friends and often used LSD, heroin, cocaine, and speed recreationally. Despite his frequent drug use, he excelled in school, often receiving straight A grades. However, he dropped out during the beginning of his sophomore year due to his worsening addiction to cocaine and heroin.

1980-84: Formation and first album

Kiedis, Slovak, and Flea began to create their own music after finding inspiration in a punk-funk fusion band called Defunkt. Kiedis rejected the violence and misogyny associated with the Los Angeles punk rock scene at the time, and wished to create a more peaceful environment that would encourage women to come to concerts. The three formed a band with former Anthym-drummer Jack Irons, called Tony Flow and the Miraculously Majestic Masters of Mayhem. The band had only one song, entitled "Out in L.A.", and was formed for the purpose of playing the song once. The song was based on a guitar riff that Slovak wrote while "jamming" with Irons, and was not meant to become a real song until Kiedis decided to rap over the music.

Gary Allen, a friend of Kiedis', invited the band to open for his act Gary and Neighbor's Voices at The Rhythm Lounge, as he felt that Kiedis had potential as a frontman. Slovak and Flea were initially skeptical, and felt that Kiedis did not have enough vocal experience, but the two eventually agreed to perform. Kiedis later described the performance: "All the anticipation of the moment hit me, and I instinctively knew that the miracle of manipulating energy and tapping into an infinite source of power and harnessing it in a small space with your friends was what I had been put on this earth to do." Following the group's first show at The Rhythm Lounge, the owner of the bar asked them to return, but with two songs instead of one. After several more shows, and the addition of several songs to their repertoire, the band's name was changed to Red Hot Chili Peppers.

The band's concert repertoire grew to ten songs as a result of months of playing at local nightclubs and bars. At a performance at a strip club in Hollywood, the band members performed wearing only socks on their penises, an idea created by Kiedis. This gained the band notoriety, and club owners even began booking the group on the condition that it would perform in this manner. The Red Hot Chili Peppers entered Bijou Studios to record a demo tape and subsequently secured a record deal with EMI. Irons and Slovak however, decided to leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers in order to pursue a "more serious" future with rock band What Is This? Kiedis ultimately respected the decision, but felt the band would be lost without them. Kiedis and Flea hired drummer Cliff Martinez and guitarist Jack Sherman to fill Iron's and Slovak's places, respectively. Andy Gill, formerly of Gang of Four, agreed to produce their first album. Gill and Sherman clashed with Kiedis and Flea; they continuously argued over music style, sound, and the album's production.

1985-88: ''Freaky Styley'' and ''The Uplift Mofo Party Plan''

Funk musician George Clinton was hired to produce the band's second album, ''Freaky Styley''. The strong chemistry between Clinton and the Chili Peppers was felt instantly. ''Freaky Styley'' was released in August 1985. It received only a bit more attention than ''The Red Hot Chili Peppers'' with roughly 75,000 copies sold by year's end. The band hired Michael Beinhorn, their last resort among potential producers, to work on their next album. What Is This? had finally disbanded, and Irons returned to the Chili Peppers in mid 1986 after Martinez was fired. Flea, Slovak and Kiedis especially were involved in heavy drug use and their relationships became strained. Flea recalled that "it began to seem ugly to me and not fun; our communication was not healthy". Kiedis became dependent on heroin, leaving Flea and Slovak to work on much of the album's material by themselves.

Both Kiedis and Slovak struggled with debilitating heroin addictions, which grew worse as the band was preparing to record ''The Uplift Mofo Party Plan''. Due to his addiction, Kiedis lacked the motivation to contribute to the band musically, and appeared at rehearsal "literally asleep". He was asked to leave the band in order to undergo drug rehabilitation. During that time, the band won the ''LA Weekly'' Band of the Year award, which prompted Kiedis to quit using heroin cold turkey. He visited his mother in Michigan for guidance, who drove him to drug rehabilitation immediately after picking him up from the airport upon seeing his unhealthy appearance. Kiedis checked into a Salvation Army rehabilitation clinic in Grand Rapids, an experience which he initially detested until he noted that the other people in the clinic were understanding of his struggles and were trying to help him. He moved in with his mother after twenty days at the clinic, a time which marked the first time he was completely abstinent from drugs since he was eleven years old. After Kiedis completed his stint in rehabilitation, he felt a "whole new wave of enthusiasm" due to his sobriety and wrote the lyrics to a new song entitled "Fight Like a Brave" on the flight home.

He rejoined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in Los Angeles to record the album. Upon returning home, he began dating actress Ione Skye, whom Flea had met while appearing with her in the 1987 science fiction film ''Stranded''. Although Kiedis had recently become clean, his withdrawal symptoms increased and affected his musical contributions to the group. After fifty days of sobriety, Kiedis decided to take drugs again as a one-time attempt to celebrate his new music, which led to his resumed addiction. The recording process for the album became difficult as Kiedis would often disappear to seek drugs. Producer Michael Beinhorn recalled that "There were points in pre-production where I really thought the record wasn't gonna get made." Kiedis felt "excruciating pain and guilt and shame" when he would miss a recording session so he would try to write lyrics while searching for drugs; although the band members were upset by his drug use and frequent disappearances, they were impressed with his musical output at the time.

After the international tour in support of ''Uplift'', Slovak died of a heroin overdose. Following Slovak's death, Kiedis fled to a small fishing village in Mexico and did not attend his funeral, considering the situation to be surreal and dreamlike. Although he found the death to be a shock, he initially was not "scared straight" and continued to use heroin. However, a few weeks later, his friend convinced him to check into rehab and visit Slovak's grave, which inspired him to get clean. Irons was unable to cope with Slovak's death and subsequently quit the band, saying that he did not want to be part of something that resulted in the death of his friend. Kiedis and Flea decided to continue making music, hoping to continue what Slovak "helped build".

1989-93: Mainstream success

Following Slovak's death, Kiedis and Flea took some time to collect themselves, but decided to keep the band together. Guitarist DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight and drummer D.H. Peligro were added, and the band entered the studio to record a new album. McKnight soon began to create tension within the group, as his style did not mesh with the rest of the band. Peligro, the former drummer of the punk rock band Dead Kennedys, was a friend of John Frusciante, an eighteen year old guitarist and avid Red Hot Chili Peppers fan. Peligro introduced Frusciante to Flea, and the three jammed together on several occasions. Kiedis was impressed with Frusciante's skill, and astonished by his knowledge of the Chili Peppers' repertoire. McKnight was fired, and Frusciante accepted an invitation to join the band. Peligro was fired shortly thereafter; the Chili Peppers brought in drummer Chad Smith as his replacement.

The Chili Peppers entered the studio, and completed recording of their fourth album, ''Mother's Milk'', in early 1989. Upon release, the album was met with mixed reactions from critics, but received far more commercial attention, peaking at number fifty-two on the ''Billboard'' 200. Although his band was experiencing greater success, Kiedis' withdrawal symptoms took a toll on his personal life. This led to the end of his two-year relationship with Skye in December 1989: "I had managed to stay sober by not ingesting drugs, so my body had healed from all that torturous activity, but my mind still wasn't healthy enough to work out all the problems that come up in a relationship."

The band sought to record ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' in an unconventional setting, believing it would enhance their creative output. The band's producer Rick Rubin suggested the mansion magician Harry Houdini once lived in, to which they agreed. A crew was hired to set up a recording studio and other equipment required for production in the house. The band decided that they would remain inside the mansion for the duration of recording, though Smith, convinced the location was haunted, refused to stay. During this stage, Kiedis began to write about anguish, and the self-mutilating thoughts he would experience as a result of his heroin and cocaine addiction. Chili Peppers producer Rick Rubin stumbled upon a poem that would become the lyrics to "Under the Bridge", and suggested Kiedis show it to the rest of the band. Kiedis was, however, apprehensive because he believed the lyrics to be "too soft" and unlike the band's style. After singing the verse to Frusciante, they began structuring the song the next day. The two worked for several hours arranging chords and melodies until they both agreed it was complete. The song later became a major hit, peaking at number two on the ''Billboard'' 100.

When ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' was released on September 24, 1991, it received an overwhelmingly positive critical response. The album peaked at number three on the ''Billboard'' Hot 200, and went on to sell over seven million copies in the U.S. alone. The album's ensuing tour was critically acclaimed—the Chili Peppers commonly performed shows with over twenty thousand in attendance. Seattle-based grunge band Nirvana also toured with them during the West Coast leg of their United States tour. The massive attention the Chili Peppers started receiving, however, caused Frusciante to feel extremely uncomfortable, and he abruptly quit the band during the Japanese leg of the album's tour. The band hired guitarist Arik Marshall to complete the remaining tour dates.

1994-98: ''One Hot Minute'' and resumed drug use

Upon returning to Hollywood, the band placed an ad in the ''L.A. Weekly'' for open guitar auditions, which Kiedis considered to be a waste of time. After several months of unsuccessfully looking for a suitable guitarist, Smith suggested Dave Navarro. He had always been the band's first choice, but had been too busy following the 1991 breakup of Jane's Addiction. Navarro eventually accepted the position after productive jam sessions. Kiedis knew that the band's sound would inevitably change when Navarro joined. In July 1994, the band entered The Sound Factory, a recording studio in Los Angeles, to record the album. The band completed a few basic tracks, when Kiedis began having difficulty singing. He had been through a dental procedure in which an addictive sedative, Valium, was used; this caused him to relapse, and he once again became dependent on drugs after five years of sobriety.

The band took a short hiatus from recording to perform at Woodstock '94, which was the first show Navarro played with the Red Hot Chili Peppers. After resuming production, Navarro questioned the methods of the Chili Peppers' recording procedures. He wondered why such a considerable amount of jamming was involved with the album's conception. Various qualms followed, and the process soon became uncomfortable for the band. Months went by, and only small amounts of material were written. Kiedis made a trip to Grand Rapids, Michigan in December, where his family realized he'd resumed an active addiction once again. He returned to Hollywood in late January 1995, when he finally finished recording his vocals. The rest of the recording was completed within the next month.

While piecing together the final components for their sixth album, ''One Hot Minute'' (1995), the band recorded a video for "Warped". They asked Flea's brother-in-law, Gavin Bowden, to direct it. The video involved Kiedis and Navarro kissing towards the end as a way of breaking the monotony of cumbersome video recording. Thinking nothing of it, they continued to shoot and finished several days later. Warner Bros., however, saw the video and instantly wanted it thrown away, considering it to be unmarketable and that the kiss would alienate a large portion of the band's fan base. The band came to a consensus to let the kiss remain on the final cut, prompting a backlash from the college segment of their audience, who took offense at the action. Kiedis said of the situation: "If they couldn't accept what we were doing, we didn't need them anymore."

1998-2003: ''Californication'' and ''By the Way''

In the years following Frusciante's departure from the Chili Peppers, he had developed a vicious addiction to both heroin and cocaine that left him in poverty and near death. He was talked into admitting himself to drug rehabilitation in January 1998. In April 1998, following Frusciante's three month completion, Flea visited his former band-mate and openly invited him to re-join the band, an invitation Frusciante readily accepted. Within the week, and for the first time in six years, the foursome gathered to play and jump-started the newly reunited Red Hot Chili Peppers. The band released ''Californication'' on June 8, 1999.

Immediately following the release of ''Californication'', the band embarked on a world tour to support the record, beginning in the United States. To culminate the US leg of their tour, the Chili Peppers were asked to close Woodstock '99, which became infamous for the violence it resulted in. The band was informed minutes before arriving that the crowds and bonfires in the fields had gone out of control. When the Chili Peppers performed a tribute to Jimi Hendrix's song "Fire" to finish their set as a favor to Hendrix's sister, the disruption escalated into violence when several women who had been crowd surfing and moshing were raped and nearby property was looted and destroyed. Kiedis felt that "It was clear that this situation had nothing to do with Woodstock anymore. It wasn't symbolic of peace and love, but of greed and cashing in... We woke up to papers and radio stations vilifying us for playing 'Fire'."

The writing and formation of ''By the Way'' began immediately following the culmination of ''Californication's'' world tour, in the Spring of 2001. As with ''Californication'', much of the creation took place in the band members' homes, and other locations of practice, such as a recording studio stage. Kiedis recalled of the situation: "We started finding some magic and some music and some riffs and some rhythms and some jams and some grooves, and we added to it and subtracted from it and pushed it around and put melodies to it." Frusciante and Kiedis would collaborate for days straight, discussing guitar progressions and sharing lyrics. For Kiedis, "writing ''By the Way''...was a whole different experience from ''Californication''. John was back to himself and brimming with confidence." The album marked a change in the band's sound, and Kiedis began writing songs reflective of his romantic relationships and drug addictions.

2004-present: Recent albums and fatherhood

On October 6, 2004, Kiedis published a memoir titled ''Scar Tissue'', which he co-wrote with author Larry Sloman. The book was originally intended to be a collection of stories of his childhood drug use, but evolved into a complete autobiography. He further explained: "One would just kind of assume that with all the [drug] consumption that my memory would be a bit shoddy. But it's actually pretty lucid, and better than both of my parents', or any of my friends'. My friends tried to recount these same stories, and they were like, 'Wow, I don't ... were we there?'"

The formation and recording of ''Stadium Arcadium'' took place at "The Mansion", the former home of Harry Houdini where the Chili Peppers had recorded their 1991 breakthrough ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik''. Kiedis noted that during the recording process of the album "everybody was in a good mood. There was very little tension, very little anxiety, very little weirdness going on and every day we showed up to this funky room in the Valley, and everyone felt more comfortable than ever bringing in their ideas." The album was released on May 9, 2006.

In August 2007, the band decided to take a break from music. According to Kiedis, there was a collective decision "not [to] do anything Red Hot Chili Peppers-related for a minimum of one year. [...] We started in 1999, with the writing and the recording of ''Californication'', and we didn't really stop until the tour ended last year. We were all emotionally and mentally zapped at the end of that run." Frusciante departed amicably from the group in order to pursue separate musical interests. However, Kiedis and Flea decided to keep the band together, citing an "intuitive feeling" that compelled them to continue making music.

On August 26, 2011, the Red Hot Chili Peppers released a tenth album, ''I'm with You''. On September 24, 2011, the Red Hot Chili Peppers did an amazing presentation on Rock in Rio, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On December 7, 2011, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were named 2012 inductees into the Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame. Kiedis said it was very emotional and the first person he told was his father Blackie, who cried when hearing the news.

On January 11, 2012, the Chili Peppers announced that they are being forced to postpone the U.S. leg of their I'm with You tour due to multiple foot injuries suffered by Kiedis. Kiedis has been battling through foot injuries since 2006 when he injured his foot onstage and finally was able to have surgery during a break in the band's tour in January 2012. During the surgery, Kiedis had a crushed sesamoid bone removed and a detached flexor tendon repaired. The band was able to resume their tour and kicked off the U.S. leg on March 29, 2012.

On April 14, 2012, the Red Hot Chili Peppers were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Drug addictions

Kiedis often battled with drug addiction, including lengthy addictions to heroin and cocaine, from a very young age. Since his father was an addict, Kiedis was constantly around his drug-using and dealing father, as well as his father's friends, who engaged in the same activities. Some of Kiedis' early drug use came from substances he got from his father, including marijuana, which he first smoked when he was 12 years old. He entered rehab and ended up staying clean for five years but relapsed in 1994 and kept using on and off over the next six years. The last major relapse was instigated by a New Zealand doctor prescribing him Ultram despite Kiedis specifically asking for drugs that are not in the opiate family. To a recovering heroin addict, the synthetic opiate only gave rise to strong cravings. This last relapse, as many previous ones, was to a degree also a byproduct of a tumultuous relationship with a woman. He has reportedly avoided another relapse since December 24, 2000. "It’s easy to be a junkie, but it's not easy to be one of the best guitarists or songwriters of all time," Kiedis said in the March 2007 issue of ''Blender''.

Role in the Red Hot Chili Peppers

While creating lyrics and melodies for the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Kiedis has drawn from various sources for inspiration. His first musical memory was hearing Neil Young's "Heart of Gold" at age five: "It moved me so much that I insisted my mother buy me the 45." In high school, he was highly influenced by the rap-style vocals of The Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight" and the "in-your-face sexual lyrics" of Prince's "Dirty Mind".

Kiedis writes most of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' lyrics. Starting with 1989's ''Mother's Milk'' album, John Frusciante and Flea have written nearly all of the music (excluding melodies) for the Red Hot Chili Peppers, while Kiedis adds lyrics and melodies he hears during instrumental jams by his band mates. Kiedis said in 2006, "Somehow I find songs... in the bigness of what they're doing." His lyrical style has varied over the years. During the band's early years, Kiedis wrote many lyrics detailing his enjoyment of sex, drugs, and life in Los Angeles. As his musical tastes expanded and his outlook on life changed, he began writing songs about a wider spectrum of subjects. His lyrics include many of the same themes as the writings of Charles Bukowski, Kiedis' main literary influence.

His early vocal style with the band primarily consisted of rapping. On ''Mother's Milk'' (1989), Kiedis wrote more melody-driven songs, rather than the basic rhythm and beat style of funk. The first song where Kiedis employed his new melodic style was "Knock Me Down". The melody was actually shaped and performed by guitarist John Frusciante. Upon joining the band, Frusciante sang lead vocals on the song along with Kiedis. ''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' in 1991 still saw Kiedis rapping, but he also started singing in songs such as "Under the Bridge", "Breaking the Girl", and "I Could Have Lied". Over the years, Kiedis grew to favor singing over rapping. Kiedis has had many vocal coaches, but none of them had helped him sing "well." In fact, it was not until 1999's ''Californication'' that he felt he could take full control of his voice while singing.

Despite the band's varied lineup, Kiedis remained and tried to keep the group together whenever it was about to fall apart. However, Kiedis himself was fired for around a month somewhere in 1986 because of his drug addiction; he was brought back into the band and stayed clean for, as he recalls, 53 days, after which he began abusing cocaine and heroin again.

Other projects

Using the stage name Cole Dammett (adapted from his father's stage name, Blackie Dammett), Kiedis landed a number of small roles in television and film as a teenager in the late 1970s. His early credits include ''F.I.S.T.'' and the 1978 ABC Afterschool Special ''It's a Mile from Here to Glory''. Resuming his acting work in the 1990s, Kiedis appeared in the 1991 Keanu Reeves/Patrick Swayze vehicle ''Point Break'' playing Tone, a surfer. ''The Chase'', a 1994 movie starring Charlie Sheen as an estranged man trying to escape the cops with a young woman he kidnapped, had Flea and Kiedis playing metalheads who chase Sheen's character in a 4x4 truck and end up crashing.

In 2004, Kiedis published a memoir titled ''Scar Tissue'', which peaked at #1 on the ''New York Times Bestseller List''. He also organized the New American Music Union, a two-day summer music festival set for August 2008 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He has assembled a lineup of musicians including Bob Dylan, The Raconteurs, Gnarls Barkley, The Roots, and a second stage featuring college bands. (The lineup did not include Kiedis or the Red Hot Chili Peppers.)

In 2011, Kiedis, along with his son Everly, appeared in the documentary, Bob and the Monster. The documentary details the life and career of musician and drug counselor, Bob Forrest.

On May 11, 2011, Anthony donated a MTV European Music Award that the band had previously won to help raise funds for ongoing relief in devastated areas of Japan, which was hit with an earthquake and tsunami in March 2011.

Upcoming television series

Kiedis is developing a series for HBO based on his unconventional upbringing in Los Angeles. The show is expected to be loosely based on much of Kiedis' autobiography. He has partnered with Catapult 360 partners Marc Abrams and Michael Benson to create the series, titled ''Spider and Son''. Abrams and Benson are scouting for a writer to pen the script, which will center on Kiedis's relationship with his father, Blackie Dammett, who sold many drugs and mingled with rock stars on the Sunset Strip, all while aspiring to get into show business. The show was scheduled to premiere in late 2010 at the very earliest. According to a post by Blackie on his Facebook page, the John Sayles script for the pilot episode was turned over to HBO on May 10, 2010.

On October 14, 2011 it was announced that HBO was no longer interested in the series and that FX has picked up the rights to air the series. John Sayles, who wrote a script for the HBO pilot is no longer involved in the project. ''Entourage'' producers, Esther Dawson and Mike Chester will still produce the series and Kiedis will also co-produce the series along with Bram Sheldon. It is unknown if the series will still follow the releationship between Kiedis and his father Blackie or if the entire autobiography will be the focus of the series.

Personal life

Kiedis's now ex-girlfriend, model Heather Christie, gave birth to the couple's first child, a son named Everly Bear, on October 2, 2007. According to Kiedis, Everly is named after one of Anthony's favorite bands, The Everly Brothers and the name Bear was something Heather came up with. Kiedis said that the name Bear made sense to him "because he's from me and I feel like I'm part of the bear clan, and I think it's nice to have a little bit of earth in your name." Kiedis split with Christie in June 2008.

He had been a vegetarian since the 1980s. He has been a vegan since 2008, telling PETA "Soon after I went vegan, I saw some documentary footage of what happens in the factory farming of cows... It sealed the deal." Kiedis regularly practices Vipassana meditation and is a follower of Kabbalah, but says "I don't go for sects and denominations."

Kiedis is a longtime Los Angeles Lakers fan; along with friend and bassist Flea, and former Peppers' guitarist John Frusciante. He has had courtside seats for years.

He is also a fan and collector of Robert Williams. He bought ''Mirror Image with Varicose Eyeballs'', which appeared in the art show Helter Skelter at the Los Angeles MOCA in 1992, and is referred to by him in the song "Mellowship Slinky in B-Major".

Selected discography

;Red Hot Chili Peppers

''The Red Hot Chili Peppers'' (1984)

''Freaky Styley'' (1985)

''The Uplift Mofo Party Plan'' (1987)

''The Abbey Road E.P.'' (1988)

''Mother's Milk'' (1989)

''Blood Sugar Sex Magik'' (1991)

''One Hot Minute'' (1995)

''Californication'' (1999)

''By the Way'' (2002)

''Stadium Arcadium'' (2006)

''I'm with You'' (2011)

References

External links

Category:1962 births Category:Living people Category:People from Grand Rapids, Michigan Category:American people of Lithuanian descent Category:American male singers Category:American rock singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American punk rock singers Category:American vegans Category:Fairfax High School (Los Angeles) alumni Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Musicians from Michigan Category:People self-identifying as substance abusers Category:People from Hollywood, Los Angeles Category:Red Hot Chili Peppers members Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni

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