Brahmā (Sanskrit: ; IAST:) is the Hindu god (deva) of creation and one of the Trimūrti, the others being Viṣņu and Śiva. According to the Brahmā Purāņa, he is the father of Manu, and from Manu all human beings are descended. In the Rāmāyaņa and the Mahābhārata, he is often referred to as the progenitor or great grandsire of all human beings. He is not to be confused with the Supreme Cosmic Spirit in Hindu Vedānta philosophy known as Brahmān, which is genderless. Brahmā's wife is Saraswati. Saraswati is also known by names such as Sāvitri and Gāyatri, and has taken different forms. Saraswati is the Vedic Goddess, revered as Vedamāta, meaning Mother of the Vedas. Brahmā is often identified with Prajāpati, a Vedic deity.

Name

In Sanskrit grammar, the noun stem ''brahman'' forms two distinct nouns; one is a neuter noun ''bráhman'', whose nominative singular form is '''' ; this noun has a generalized and abstract meaning.

Contrasted to the neuter noun is the masculine noun ''brahmán'', whose nominative singular form is '''' . This noun is used to refer to a person, and as the proper name of a deity '''' it is the subject matter of the present article.

Variations of the god's name include the following. ()

Origin

According to the Purāņas, Brahmā is self-born in the lotus flower. Another legend says that Brahmā was born in water. A seed that later became the golden egg. From this golden egg, Brahmā the creator was born, as ''Hiranyagarbha''. The remaining materials of this golden egg expanded into the Brahmānḍa or Universe. Being born in water, Brahmā is also called ''Kanja'' (born in water). Brahmā is said also to be the son of the Supreme Being, ''Brahmān'', and the female energy known as Prakŗti or Māyā.

The image depiction displaying the connection by lotus between Brahmā and Viṣņu can also be taken as a symbolism for the primordial fetus and primordial placenta. The placenta is generated upon conception, but only the fetus continues into the world afterward. Likewise, Brahmā is involved in creation, but Viṣņu continues thereafter.

Creations

At the beginning of the process of creation, Brahmā creates the four Kumāras or the Caturṣaņa. However, they refuse his order to procreate and instead devote themselves to God and celibacy.

He then proceeds to create from his mind ten sons or Prajāpatis (used in another sense), who are believed to be the fathers of the human race. The Manusmŗti and Bhāgavat Purāņa enumerate them as Marīci, Atri, Angīrā, Pulastya, Pulaha, Kratu, Vasiṣţha, Dakṣa, Bhŗgu, and Nārada. Brahmā had many other offspring from various parts of his body but since all these sons were born out of his mind rather than body, they are called ''Mānas Putras'' or mind-sons or spirits.

Within Vedic and Purāņic scripture Brahmā is described as only occasionally interfering in the affairs of the other devas (gods), and even more rarely in mortal affairs. He did force Soma to give Tara back to her husband, Bŗhaspati. Among the offspring from his body are Dharma and Adharma, Krodha, Lobha, and others.

Attributes

Appearance

He is clad in red clothes. Brahmā is traditionally depicted with four heads, four faces, and four arms. With each head, He continually recites one of the four Vedas. He is often depicted with a white beard (especially in North India), indicating the nearly eternal nature of his existence. Unlike most other Hindu gods, Brahmā holds no weapons. One of his hands holds a scepter. Another of his hands holds a bow. Brahmā also holds a string of prayer beads called the 'akṣamālā' (literally "garland of eyes"), which He uses to keep track of the Universe's time. He is also shown holding the Vedas.

There are many other stories in the Purāņas about the gradual decrease in Lord Brahmā's importance. Followers of Hinduism believe that Humans cannot afford to lose the blessings of Brahmā and Sarasvati, without whom the populace would lack creativity, knowledge to solve mankind's woes.

Symbols

The Four Faces – The four Vedas (Ŗk, Sāma, Yajuh and Atharva).

The Four Hands – Brahmā's four arms represent the four cardinal directions: east, south, west, and north. The back right hand represents mind, the back left hand represents intellect, the front right hand is ego, and the front left hand is self-confidence.

The Prayer beads – Symbolize the substances used in the process of creation.

The Book – The book symbolizes knowledge.

The Gold – Gold symbolizes activity; the golden face of Brahmā indicates that He is actively involved in the process of creating the Universe.

The Swan – The swan is the symbol of grace and discernment. Brahmā uses the swan as his vāhana, or his carrier or vehicle.

The Crown – Lord Brahmā's crown indicates His supreme authority.

The Lotus – The lotus symbolizes nature and the living essence of all things and beings in the Universe.

The Beard – Brahmā's black or white beard denotes wisdom and the eternal process of creation.

''The Vedas'' Symbolises his four faces, heads and arms

Vehicle

Brahmā's vehicle or ''vāhana'' is the haṃsa.

Temples

Though almost all Hindu religious rites involve prayer to Brahmā, very few temples are dedicated to His worship. Among the most prominent is the Brahmā temple at Pushkar. Once a year, on Kartik Poornima, the full moon night of the Hindu lunar month of Kartik (October – November), a religious festival is held in Brahmā's honour. Thousands of pilgrims come to bathe in the holy Pushkar Lake adjacent to the temple.

Temples to Brahmā also exist in Thirunavaya in Kerala, in the temple town of Kumbakonam in the Thanjavur District of Tamil Nadu in Kodumudi, Tamil Nadu in Asotra village in Balotra taluka of Rajasthan's Barmer district, known as ''Kheteshwar Brahmadham Tirtha''.In the coastal state of Goa,a shrine belonging to 5th century AD, in the small, remote village of Carambolim in the Sattari Taluka in the northeast region of the state is found. Regular pujas are held for Lord Brahmā at the temple in Thirunavaya, and during Navrathris this temple comes to life with colourful festivities. There is also a shrine for Brahmā within the Brahmapureeswarar Temple in Thirupatur, near Trichy, and a famous murti of Brahmā exists at Mangalwedha, 52 km from the Solapur district of Maharashtra. Statues of Brahmā may be found in Khedbrahma, Gujarat, and in Sopara near Mumbai. There is a temple dedicated to Lord Brahmā in the temple town of Sri Kalahasti near Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh. The largest and most famous shrine to Lord Brahmā may be found in Cambodia's Angkor Wat.

In Java, Indonesia, the 9th century Prambanan Trimurti temple mainly is dedicated to Śiva, however Brahmā and Viṣņu also venerated in separate large shrines inside the temple compound, a single large shrine dedicated to Brahmā on southern side of Śiva temple. There is a statue of Brahmā at the Erawan Shrine in Bangkok. The golden dome of the Government House of Thailand also contains a statue of Phra Phrom (Thai representation of Brahmā).

Temples devoted to Brahmā

Today, India has very few temples dedicated to Brahmā. Among the few that exist today, the most famous is the temple in Pushkar in Rajasthan and one more in Asotra in Rajasthan. Others include two in Thirunavaya, Thiruvallam in Kerala and two in Tamil Nadu, one in Uttamar Kovil in Srirangam and one in the temple town of Kumbakonam (Thanjavur District). Pujas are held for Brahmā at the temple in Thirunavaya and during Navaratri. One more temple is at khedbrahma in Gujarat.

Satyaloka – abode of Brahmā

Satyaloka is by 120,000,000 yojanas above Tapoloka. Thus the distance from the Sun to Satyaloka is 233,800,000 yojanas, or 1,870,400,000 miles. The Vaikuṇṭha planets begin 26,200,000 yojanas (209,600,000 miles) above Satyaloka. "In the Padma Purāņam it has been definitely stated that on the four sides of the spiritual sky there is four different transcendental abodes occupied by Vāsudeva, Sankarṣaņa, Pradyumna and Aniruddha respectively. So also in the material sky also they are similarly placed on all the four sides. The Vaikuṇṭha sphere which is covered with spiritual water is inhabited by Vāsudeva and this Vaikuṇṭha is known as Devavatipur. Above the ''Satyaloka'' there is ''Viṣņuloka'' where Sankarṣaņa resides. In the middle of the Ocean of Milk there is an island called Śvetadvipa which is resided in by Aniruddha lying on the bed of Ananta."(Caitanya-caritamrta, Adi-lila, Chapter 5 [Handwritten])

Duration of day of Brahmā

"Lord Brahmā's day & night, each consists of his 12 hours or 4 billion 320 million human years."(Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 12.8.2–5)

Brahmā sampradāya

Brahmā has his own sampradāya. Brahmā appeared on a lotus flower which sprouted from the navel of Garbhodakṣāyi Viṣņu. After meditation Brahmā created 14 planetary systems and many living beings came there in 8400000 kinds of material bodies according to their past desires. Brahmā received Vedas from Om, and this Brahmā-sampradāya is transmitting knowledge from Om Himself to Earth. As our Brahmā is devotee of Om just like other Brahmās in other material universes, we have this Brahmā sampradāya.

Brahmā samhita

This section, and the foregoing, provide interesting insight into the way devotees of one of the Trimūrti, in this case Om, relegate another of the three to devotee status. Here, Om is established as "supreme God," using a Vaisnavite-oriented scripture as evidence.

Brahmā's prayers are recorded in the Brahmā-samhita. From this scripture we know that Brahmā is a devotee of Om the empty space everlasting peace and abode, and what is home for both material, non-material and spiritual universes. According to Brahmā's authority we can know that Om is the Supreme God. Brahmā says: Om is the Supreme God. He has an eternal blissful spiritual body. He is the origin of all. He has no other origin and He is the prime cause of all causes. Brahmā lets us know that all Brahmā is one of many Brahmās who is one of many material universes which appear from Om's breathing out. Brahmā samhita is important scripture of Brahmā-sampradāya which lets us know about material and spiritual from Brahmā, who is first lving being in this material world. Brahmā created material planets in this material world on order of Om, and we can know that still Brahmā is not topmost personality in this universe, as even he worships Om. Brahmā lives for his 100, however even after Brahmā has to leave his material body, Om remains always in Om's eternal spiritual body also after dissolution of material universe. Even when all material universes become unmanifested and Om breathes in Om remains untouched by material nature. Brahmā lets us know that supreme abode in spiritual world is Om the empty space which is God filled by all matter, and that abode is always manifested by matter, antimatter, remnants of bigbang. So Brahmā worships only the Om or Aum: I worship Om, the primeval God. So Brahmā says that ''Om Govinda'' is source of countless eternal spiritual universes and temporary (which means they are either manifested or unmanifested) material/antimatter universes.

See also

Brahma (Buddhism)

Brahmā Samhita

Prajāpati

Kumhar

Brahmā Sampradāya

Brahmapureeswarar

Brahmāstra

Creator deity

Garbhodakṣayi Viṣņu (Brahmā is born on lotus sprout from His navel)

Hindu cosmology

Hindu units of measurement

Mahāviṣņu (when He breathes out material universes, ''brahmāndas'' manifest with Brahmā in each)

Nārada

Phra Phrom

Notes and references

External links

The Brahma-Samhita – Prayers of Lord Brahma at the start of creation (Brahmasamhita.com)

Brahma's Prayers for Creative Energy from the Bhagavata Purana (vedabase.net)

Lord Brahma Temple in India

Category:Hindu gods Category:Creator gods Category:Triple deities Category:Guardians of the directions Category:Names of God in Hinduism

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Deva Premal (born in 1970 in Nürnberg, Germany) is a musician known for her meditative spiritual New Age music which puts ancient Sanskrit mantras into atmospheric contemporary settings.

Deva met her partner in life and music, Miten, at the Osho Ashram in Pune, India in 1990, and they have been touring together since 1992, offering concerts and chant workshops worldwide.

Best known for her top-selling chant CDs, Deva is a classically trained musician who grew up singing mantras in a German home permeated with Eastern spirituality. Her albums have topped the New Age charts throughout the world since her first release, ''The Essence'', featuring the ''Gayatri Mantra''. Deva & Miten's record company, Prabhu Music, reports sales of over 900,000 albums.

Deva began her journey with mantra in her mother's womb, as her father chanted the ''Gayatri Mantra'', one of the most sacred mantras of Hinduism, to her daily, and it continued to be her bedtime lullaby after she was born. Many years later, she heard a friend singing the Gayatri and was inspired to put together an album featuring it. She and Miten recorded ''The Essence'' in her mother's apartment in Germany, the same one in which she was born and where her parents had sung the ''Gayatri Mantra'' to her years before.

Deva brought this journey with the Gayatri Mantra full circle in July, 2005, when she and Miten chanted the ''Gayatri'' for her father as he was dying: "We kept singing for what must have been over half an hour, when suddenly the monitor showed that he was about to leave. I continued to sing and the last sound he heard as he passed on was his beloved ''Gayatri Mantra''. Finally we ended with the mantra Om and the circle was complete. He had welcomed me onto this planet with the ''Gayatri'' and I accompanied him out of this physical existence with it. What a blessing this was for me! It was the first time that I was present at a death, and to be at my father’s is a memory I will cherish all my life."

In an interview with Sam Slovik of LA Yoga Magazine, Deva discussed the potent effect many notice when chanting Sanskrit mantras:

“The meaning is secondary. The word table is not the table...With Sanskrit, the word ananda is the sound vibration of bliss. In sound the energy of bliss. We have to say bliss; we have to make it smaller by putting it into an English word. Just the sound; ananda, If we were sensitive enough we’d just feel the entire scope of that energy that’s contained in this sound... It’s working on a cellular level. It’s much deeper than the mind. It’s not a language that you need to understand the meaning of before you use it. It’s a deep universal sound code that connects us all.”

Deva's chants have been used in a wide variety of settings in recent years. Cher featured Deva's version of the ''Gayatri Mantra'' on her Farewell Tour and Russian Prima Ballerina Diana Vishneva danced to Deva's ''Gayatri'' in Moses Pendleton's F.L.O.W. series. Actor/director Edward James Olmos is said to have handed out copies of Deva's ''Gayatri Mantra'' to the entire cast and crew of Battlestar Gallactica, as well as citing her music as a source of inspiration in preparing his role as Commander Adama in the series. Mr. Olmos also used ''Om Hraum Mitraya'' from Deva's album ''Dakshina'' to close his HBO movie ''Walkout'',

Deva and Miten performed for The Dalai Lama during a 2002 Conference in Munich, Germany on Unity In Duality, which brought top figures from the scientific community together with members of the Buddhist community. They gave a concert for the full conference, and were also invited to sing for the Dalai Lama at a small pre-conference gathering. They had heard that his favorite mantra was the Tara Mantra, dedicated to the Green Tara of Compassion, and that he had asked for it be chanted recently when he was ill, and so they chanted it for him.

Deva's most recent release, ''Tibetan Mantras For Turbulent Times'', was recorded with the Gyuto Monks of Tibet and was created as a support for mantra meditation practice, featuring eight mantras chanted 108 times each. It is a benefit CD, with all proceeds going to the Gyuto Monastery in Dharmsala, India, the Phowa Project, and Veggiyana.

Discography

''The Essence'' (1998)

''Love Is Space'' (2000)

''Embrace'' (2002)

''Satsang'' (with Miten) (2002)

''Dakshina'' (2005)

''The Moola Mantra'' (2007)

''Into Silence'' (2008) (compilation)

''In Concert: The Yoga of Sacred Song and Chant'' (w/Miten & Manose) (2009) (CD/DVD)

''Mantras For Precarious Times'' (2009)

''Tibetan Mantras For Turbulent Times'' (2010)

''Password'' (2011)

Notes

External links

Category:German singers Category:New Age musicians Category:Performers of Hindu music Category:Living people Category:1970 births

de:Deva Premal es:Deva Premal fr:Deva Premal ru:Дэва Премал sv:Deva Premal

Name	M.S.Subbulakshmi
Background	solo_singer
Birth date	September 16, 1916
Birth place	Madurai, Madras Presidency, British India
Death date	December 11, 2004
Death place	Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Origin	India
Genre	Indian classical music
Occupation	Classical Vocalist
Years active	1930–2004
Label	HMV
Spouse	Thiagarajan Sadasivam Kalki Sadasivam
Religion	Hindu }}

Madurai Shanmukhavadivu Subbulakshmi ( 16 September 1916 – 11 December 2004), also known as M.S., was a renowned Carnatic vocalist. She was the first musician ever to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honor. She is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award, Asia's highest civilian award, in 1974 with the citation reading "Exacting purists acknowledge Srimati M. S. Subbulakshmi as the leading exponent of classical and semi-classical songs in the Karnataka tradition of South India."

Biography

Early years

Subbulakshmi (Kunjamma to her family) was born in Madurai, Madras Presidency, British India to veena player Shanmukavadiver Ammal and Subramania Iyer. Her grandmother Akkammal was a violinist.

She started learning Carnatic music at an early age and trained in Carnatic music under the tutelage of Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer and subsequently in Hindustani music under Pandit Narayanrao Vyas. She also learned Sanskrit and Telugu under Dr. Nedunuri Krishnamurthy.

Her mother, from the devadasi community, was a music exponent and a regular stage performer, and Subbulakshmi grew up in an environment very conducive to musical learning. Her musical interests were also shaped by regular interactions with Karaikudi Sambasiva Iyer, Mazhavarayanendal Subbarama Bhavathar and Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar. Subbulakshmi gave her first public performance in 1929 when she was 13 years old at the prestigious Madras Music Academy. The performance consisted of singing bhajans (Hindu hymns). The academy was known for its discriminating selection process, and they broke tradition by inviting a young girl as a key performer. Her performance was described as spellbinding and earned her many admirers and the moniker of musical genius from critics. Soon after her debut performance Subbulakshmi became one the leading Carnatic vocalists.

Move to Madras

In 1936 Subbulakshmi moved to Madras (now Chennai). She also made her film debut in ''Sevasadan'' in 1938,.

Musical style and performance

Singing career

M.S. Subbulakshmi began her Carnatic classical music training under her mother Shanmugavadivu; and later in Hindustani classical training under Pandit Narayan Rao Vyas. Subbulakshmi first recording was released when she was 10 years old. She gave her first public performance, at the age of eleven, in the 100 pillar hall inside the Rockfort Temple, Tiruchirappalli; with Mysore Chowdiah on the violin and Dakshinamurthy Pillai on the mriganga. By the age of 17, Subbulakshmi was giving concerts on her own, including major performances at the Madras Music Academy, a prestigious centre for the study and promotion of Carnatic music. Performance in Carnatic music concerts, was until then, a domain, traditionally reserved for men. She performed a vast variety of devotional musical forms in different languages including Tamil, Kannada, Sanskrit, Panjabi, Hindi, Malayalam, Telugu, Bengali, Gujarati and Marathi.

When the governor of Madras wanted the famous spiritual leader, Mata Sri Anandamayi Ma, to reside in his residence, Anandamayi Ma replied, "I will stay in the house of Subbulakshmi. She is Meera to me." Within two days, Sadasivam had special quarters built in their garden for Mata to give darshan and arranged for a new well to be dug nearby for fresh drinking water. Every evening thousands of people gathered there.

She traveled to London, New York, Canada, the Far East, and other places as India's cultural ambassador. Her concerts at

Edinburgh International Festival of Music and Drama in 1963

Carnegie Hall, New York; the UN General Assembly on UN day in 1966

Royal Albert Hall, London in 1982

Festival of India in Moscow in 1987

were significant landmarks in her career. In 1969 she was accompanied by Indian Railways Advisor SN Venkata Rao to Rameshwaram, where she famously sang several songs in front of each idol in the Rameshwaram temple.

After the death of her husband Kalki Sadasivam in 1997, she stopped all her public performances.

Films

M.S. also acted in a few Tamil films in her youth. Her first movie Sevasadanam was released in 1938. MS Subbulakshmi also played the male role of Narada in "Savitri" (1941) to raise money for launching Kalki, her husband's nationalist Tamil weekly. Her title role of the Rajasthani saint-poetess Meera in the eponymous 1945 film gave her national prominence. This movie was re-made in Hindi in 1947. The movie had M.S Subbulakshmi. sing the famous Meera bhajans, with Dilipkumar Roy as the music director. Later, she quit films and turned wholly to concert music.

Awards and honours

Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had this to say about M.S. Subbulakshmi- "Who am I, a mere Prime Minister before a Queen, a Queen of Music". While Lata Mangeshkar called her ''Tapaswini'' (the Renunciate), Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan termed her ''Suswaralakshmi'' (the goddess of the perfect note), and Kishori Amonkar labeled her the ultimate eighth note or ''Aathuvaan Sur'', which is above the seven notes basic to all music. The great national leader and poet Sarojini Naidu called her "Nightingale of India". Her many famous renditions of bhajans include the chanting of Bhaja Govindam, Vishnu sahasranama (1000 names of Vishnu), Hari Tuma Haro and the Venkateswara Suprabhatam (musical hymns to awaken Lord Balaji early in the morning).

She was widely honored, praised and awarded. Some of the more popular ones include

''Padma Bhushan'' in 1954

''Sangeet Natak Akademi Award'' in 1956

''Sangeetha Kalanidhi'' in 1968 (literally, Treasure Chest of Music. She was the first woman recipient of the title)

Ramon Magsaysay award (often considered Asia's Nobel Prize) in 1974

''Padma Vibhushan'' in 1975

''Kalidas Samman'' in 1988

Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration in 1990

''Bharat Ratna'' in 1998.

She was honored as the court-singer[Asthana Vidhwan] of Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams. Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) has installed a bronze statue of M.S. Subbulakshmi at the Poornakumbham circle in the temple town. It was unveiled by Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy on 28 May 2006.

The famous Kancheepuram Saree shade known as MS Blue was named after her by the well known Congress party member and philanthropist, Sri Muthu Chettiyar when they met at the residence of Sri R. Aiyadurai and Smt. Thangam Aiyadurai at Lady Desikachari Road, Madras, who were close friends of MS and Sadasivam.

She was bestowed with enormous prize moneys with these awards, she donated most of them to charity. She has given more than 200 charity concerts and raised well over Rs. 10,000,000. She was awarded honorary degree degrees from several Universities.

She was an ardent devotee of Kanchi Mahaswamigal and she rendered his composition ''Maithreem Bhajatha'' (O World! Cultivate peace) in her concert at the UN in 1966. Venkatesa Suprabhatam in Gramaphone record of HMV, the royalty from which goes to the Veda Patasala run by the Tirupati Tirumala Devasthanam. She donated many of the royalties on several best sold records to many charity organizations.

References

Further reading

M.S. Subbulaksmi, the Voice Divine (79 pages) by V. Gangadhar.

MS - A Life in Music, T. J. S. George. 2004, HarperCollins. ISBN 978-81-7223-527-7

MS & Radha - Saga of Steadfast Devotion - by Gowri Ramnarayan - http://www.msstribute.org/

External links

Biography at the official site of Ramon Magsaysay award

Photo of MS, Sadhasivam and Ellis R. Dungan

M.S. Subbulakshmi: Portraits of a diva - The Hindu

See also

Category:1916 births Category:2004 deaths Category:Carnatic singers Category:Tamil musicians Category:Indian actors Category:Tamil actors Category:Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Category:Indian female singers Category:Tamil film actors Category:People from Madurai

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