Willis Tower
Former names	Sears Tower
Record height
Tallest in the world from 1973 to 1998[I]
Preceded by	One World Trade Center (1971)
Surpassed by	Petronas Twin Towers
General information
Type	Office, observation, communication
Location	233 S. Wacker Drive Chicago, Illinois 60606 United States
Coordinates	41°52′44″N 87°38′09″W / 41.8789°N 87.6358°W / 41.8789; -87.6358Coordinates: 41°52′44″N 87°38′09″W / 41.8789°N 87.6358°W / 41.8789; -87.6358
Construction started	1970
Completed	1973
Height
Architectural	442.1 m (1,450 ft)[1]
Tip	527 m (1,729 ft)[1]
Top floor	412.7 m (1,354 ft)[1]
Technical details
Floor count	108[2] (+3 basement floors)
Floor area	416,000 m2 (4,477,800 sq ft)[1]
Elevators	104[1], with 16 double-decker elevators, made by Westinghouse, modernized by Schindler Group
Design and construction
Architect	Skidmore, Owings and Merrill[1] (Fazlur Khan & Bruce Graham)
References
[1]

Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a 108-story, 1,451-foot (442 m) skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois.^[2] At the time of its completion in 1973, it was the tallest building in the world, surpassing the World Trade Center towers in New York, and it held this rank for nearly 25 years. The Willis Tower is the tallest building in the United States and the seventh-tallest freestanding structure in the world. The skyscraper is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Chicago, and over one million people visit its observation deck each year.

Although Sears' naming rights expired in 2003, the building continued to be called the Sears Tower for several years. In March 2009, London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings agreed to lease a portion of the building, and obtained the building's naming rights.^[3] On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed the Willis Tower.

History[link]

Planning and construction[link]

Breakdown of the bundled tube structure of the Willis Tower with simplified floor plans.

In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, with approximately 350,000 employees.^[4] Sears executives decided to consolidate the thousands of employees in offices distributed throughout the Chicago area into one building on the western edge of Chicago's Loop. With immediate space demands of 3 million square feet (279,000 m²), and predictions for future growth necessitating more space, Sears commissioned architects Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) to produce a structure to be one of the largest office buildings in the world. Their team of architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Khan designed the building as nine square "tubes", each essentially a separate building, clustered in a 3×3 matrix forming a square base with 225-foot (75 m) sides.^[5] All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building. At the 50th floor, the northwest and southeast tubes end, and the remaining seven continue up. At the 66th floor, the northeast and the southwest tubes end. At the 90th floor, the north, east, and south tubes end. The remaining west and center tubes continue up to the 108th floor.

Sears executives decided that the space they would immediately occupy should be efficiently designed to house their Merchandise Group. But floor space for future growth would be rented out to smaller firms and businesses until Sears could retake it. Therefore, those floor areas had to be designed to a smaller plate, with a high window-space to floor-space ratio, to be attractive and marketable to prospective lessees. Smaller floorplates required a taller structure to yield sufficient square footage. Skidmore architects proposed a tower with large 55,000-square-foot (5,000 m²) floors in the lower part of the building, and gradually tapered areas of floorplates in a series of setbacks, which would give the Sears Tower its distinctive look.

As Sears continued to offer optimistic projections for growth, the tower's proposed height soared into the low hundreds of floors and surpassed the height of New York's unfinished World Trade Center to become the world's tallest building. Restricted in height by a limit imposed by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to protect air traffic, the Sears Tower was financed by the company. It was topped with two antennas to permit local television and radio broadcasts. Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design, and the first steel was put in place in April 1971. The structure was completed in May 1973. Construction costs totaled approximately US$150 million at the time,^[6] which would be equivalent to roughly US$950 million in 2005. By comparison, Taipei 101, built in 2004 in Taiwan, cost around the equivalent of US$1.76 billion in 2005 dollars.

Even though regulations didn't require a fire sprinkler system, the building was equipped with one from the beginning. There are about 40,000 sprinkler heads in the building. The sprinkler system cost 4 million dollars.^[7]

Black bands appear on the tower around the 29th–32nd, 64th–65th, 88th–89th, and 104th–108th floors. These are louvres which allow ventilation for service equipment and obscure the structure's belt trusses.

In February 1982, two television antennas were added to the structure, increasing its total height to 1,707 feet (520 m). The western antenna was later extended, bringing the overall height to 1,730 feet (527 m)^[8] on June 5, 2000 to improve reception of local NBC station WMAQ-TV.

Post-opening[link]

The Willis Tower at dusk, seen from the Loop.

The Willis Tower from across the Chicago River

Sears' optimistic growth projections were not met. Competition from its traditional rivals (like Montgomery Ward) continued, with new competition by retailing giants such as Kmart, Kohl's, and Wal-Mart. The fortunes of Sears & Roebuck declined in the 1970s as the company lost market share; its management grew more cautious.^[9] The Sears Tower was not the draw Sears had hoped it would be. The tower stood half-vacant for a decade as a surplus of office space was erected in Chicago in the 1980s.

By 1990, Keck, Mahin & Cate, a law firm, considered moving out of its space in the Sears Tower and moving into a potential new development, which would become 77 West Wacker Drive. Brokers who were familiar with the lease negotiations stated that Sears was trying to keep Keck, Mahin & Cate in the building. Keck, Mahin & Cate decided to move into 77 West Wacker, and the Prime Group, developer of 77 West Wacker, finalized the development of the facility. During the time that Keck, Mahin & Cate was scheduled to move out of the Sears Tower, Sears planned to move its offices to its merchandise group facilities in Hoffman Estates, Illinois.^[10] Sears began moving its offices out of the Sears Tower in 1992.^{[citation needed]}

In 1994 Sears sold the building to Boston-based AEW Capital Management with financing from MetLife. At the time it was one third vacant. By 1995 Sears had completely vacated the building, moving to a new office campus in Hoffman Estates.^{[citation needed]}

In 1997 Toronto-based TrizecHahn Corporation (the owner at the time of the CN Tower) purchased the building for $110 million, and assumption of $4 million in liabilities, and a $734 million mortgage.^[11][12] In 2003 Trizec surrendered the building to lender MetLife.^[13]

In 2004 MetLife sold the building to a group of investors, including New York-based Joseph Chetrit, Joseph Moinian, Lloyd Goldman, Joseph Cayre and Jeffrey Feil, and Skokie-based American Landmark Properties.^[14] The quoted price was $840 million, with $825 million held in a mortgage.^[15]

In June 2006, seven men were arrested by the FBI and charged with plotting to destroy the tower. Deputy FBI Director John Pistole described their plot as "more aspirational than operational."^[16][17] The case went to court in October 2007;^[18] after three trials, five of the suspects were convicted and two were acquitted.^[19] The alleged leader of the group, Narseal Batiste, was sentenced to 13½ years in prison in November 2009.^[20]

Plans[link]

In February 2009, the owners announced they were considering a plan to paint the structure silver. The paint would "rebrand" the building and highlight its advances in energy efficiency. The estimated cost is $50 million.^[21]

Since 2007, the building owners have been considering building a hotel on the north side of Jackson, between Wacker and Franklin, at the plaza that is the entrance to the tower's observation deck. The tower's parking garage is beneath the plaza. Building owners say the second building was considered in the original design. The plan was eventually cancelled as city zoning does not permit construction of such a tall tower there.^[22]

The Skydeck[link]

Three glass bottom skyboxes (top right) on the west façade of the Willis Tower at the 103rd floor. View looking down from glass balcony Glass balcony at the skydeck.

The Sears Tower observation deck, called the Skydeck, opened on June 22, 1974. Located on the 103rd floor of the tower, it is 1,353 feet (412 m) above ground and is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Chicago. Tourists can experience how the building sways on a windy day. They can see far over the plains of Illinois and across Lake Michigan to Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin on a clear day. Elevators take tourists to the top in about 60 seconds, and allow tourists to feel the pressure change as they rise up. The Skydeck competes with the John Hancock Center's observation floor a mile and a half away, which is 323 feet (98 m) lower. Some 1.3 million tourists visit the Skydeck annually. A second Skydeck on the 99th floor is also used if the 103rd floor is closed. The tourist entrance can be found on the south side of the building along Jackson Boulevard.

In January 2009, the Willis Tower owners began a major renovation of the Skydeck, to include the installation of retractable glass balconies, extending approximately four feet over Wacker Drive from the 103rd floor. The all-glass boxes allow visitors to look through the floor to the street 1,353 feet (412 m) below. The boxes, which can bear five short tons of weight (about 4.5 metric tons), opened to the public on July 2, 2009.^[23][24]

Climbing[link]

In August 1999 French urban climber Alain "Spiderman" Robert, using only his bare hands and feet, scaled the building's exterior glass and steel wall all the way to the top. A thick fog settled in near the end of his climb, making the last 20 floors of the building's glass and steel slippery.^[25]

Address[link]

The building's official address is 233 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60606.

Height[link]

• Burj Khalifa, Dubai
• CN Tower, Toronto
• Willis Tower, Chicago

The Willis Tower remains the tallest building in the Americas and the Western Hemisphere. With a pinnacle height of 1729 feet (527 m), it is the second tallest freestanding structure in the Americas, as it is 86 feet (26 m) shorter than Toronto's CN Tower, and is the only other freestanding structure in the Americas to exceed 1500 feet (457.2 m) in height. As of September 2011, the Willis Tower is the seventh tallest freestanding structure in the world (by pinnacle height), after the Burj Khalifa, the Tokyo Skytree, the Abraj Al Bait Towers, the Canton Tower, the CN Tower and the Ostankino Tower.

At 1,482.6 feet (451.9 m) tall, including decorative spires, the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, laid claim to replacing the Sears Tower as the tallest building in the world in 1998. Not everyone agreed, and in the ensuing controversy four different categories of "tallest building" were created^[26]. Of these, Petronas was the tallest in the first category (height to top of architectural elements, meaning spires but not antennas) giving it the title of world's tallest building.

Taipei 101 in Taiwan claimed the record in three of the four categories in 2004 to become recognized as the tallest building in the world. Taipei 101 surpassed the Petronas Twin Towers in spire height and the Sears Tower in roof height and highest occupied floor. The Sears Tower retained one record: its antenna exceeded the Taipei 101's spire in height. In 2008, the Shanghai World Financial Center claimed the records of tallest building by roof and highest occupied floor.

On August 12, 2007, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates was reported by its developers to have surpassed the Sears Tower in all height categories.^[27]

When completed, One World Trade Center in New York City is expected to surpass the Willis Tower through its structural and pinnacle heights, but not by roof, observation deck elevation or highest occupied floor.^[28] Burj Khalifa currently holds (by a significant margin) all height records, surpassing the Sears Tower, the CN Tower, One World Trade Center, Taipei 101 and Shanghai World Financial Center in every category. The Chicago Spire, which had a planned height of 610 m (2,000 ft) was expected to lay claim to all categories of height records in the Americas upon completion, but the project was later cancelled in 2010 due to major setbacks.^[29]

Until 2000, the Sears Tower did not hold the record for the tallest building by pinnacle height. From 1969 to 1978, this record was held by the John Hancock Center, whose antenna reached a height of 1,500 ft (457.2 m), or 49 ft (14.8 m) taller than the Sears Tower's original height of 1,451 ft (442 m). In 1978, One World Trade Center became taller by pinnacle height due to the addition of a 359 ft (109.3 m) antenna, which brought its total height to 1,727 ft (526.8 m). In 1982, two antennas were installed on top of the Sears Tower which brought its total height to 1,707 ft (520.3 m), making it taller than the John Hancock Center but not One World Trade Center. However, the extension of the Sears Tower's western antenna in June 2000 to 1,730 feet (527 m) allowed it to just barely claim the title of tallest building by pinnacle height.

Naming rights[link]

West façade and entrance

Although Sears sold the Tower in 1994 and had completely vacated it by 1995, the company retained the naming rights to the building through 2003. The new owners were rebuffed in renaming deals with CDW Corp in 2005 and the U.S. Olympic Committee in 2008. London-based insurance broker Willis Group Holdings, Ltd. leased more than 140,000 square feet (13,000 m²) of space on three floors in 2009. A Willis spokesman said the naming rights were obtained as part of the negotiations at no cost to Willis,^[30][31][32] and the building was renamed the Willis Tower on July 16, 2009.^[33] The naming rights are valid for 15 years so it is possible that the building’s name could change again in 2024.^[34] The Chicago Tribune joked that the building’s new name reminded them of the oft-repeated "What you talkin' 'bout, Willis?" catchphrase from the 1980s American television sitcom Diff'rent Strokes^[33] and considered the name-change ill-advised in "a city with a deep appreciation of tradition and a healthy ego, where some Chicagoans still mourn the switch from Marshall Field's to Macy's."^[35] This feeling was confirmed in a July 16, 2009 CNN article in which some Chicago area residents expressed reluctance to accept the Willis Tower name,^[36] and in an article that appeared in the October 2010 issue of Chicago magazine that ranked the building among Chicago's 40 most important, the author pointedly refused to acknowledge the name change and referred to the building as the "Sears Tower".^[37] Time magazine called the name change one of the top 10 worst corporate name changes and pointed to negative press coverage by local news outlets and online petitions from angry residents.^[38]

Cultural depictions[link]

Willis Tower as viewed from Chicago Chinatown

Film and television[link]

The building has appeared in numerous films and television shows set in Chicago such as Ferris Bueller's Day Off, where Ferris and company watch the streets of Chicago from the observation deck.^[39] The television show Late Night with Conan O'Brien introduced a character called The Sears Tower Dressed In Sears Clothing when the show visited Chicago in 2006.^[40] The building is also featured in History Channel's Life After People, in which it and other human-made landmarks suffer from neglect without humans around, and it collapses two hundred years after people are gone.^[41] In an episode of the television series, Monk, Adrian Monk tries to conquer his fear of heights by imagining that he is on top of the Sears Tower. Also, in an episode of Kenan and Kel, Kenan Rockmore and Kel Kimble decide to climb to the top of the Sears Tower, so that Kenan can declare his love for a girl.

On May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin, wearing a homemade Spider-Man suit while using suction cups, camming devices, and sky hooks, and despite several attempts by the Chicago Fire Department to stop him, made the first successful outside ascent of the Sears Tower. Goodwin was arrested at the top after the seven hour climb and charged with trespassing. Goodwin stated the reason he made the climb was to call attention to shortcomings in high-rise rescue and firefighting techniques. After a lengthy interrogation by Chicago's District Attorney and Fire Commissioner, Goodwin was released.^[42][43][44]

In the movie Category 6: Day of Destruction, the tower is damaged by a tornado.

In "1969", a Season 2 episode of the science-fiction series Stargate SG-1, the SG-1 team accidentally travels back in time to the titular year. At one point, the team travels though Chicago and the Sears Tower is shown (erroneously, since construction did not begin on the tower until two years later in 1971).

In the movie I, Robot, the tower is shown updated in the year 2035 with new triangular antennas. The tower is shown surpassed in height by the USR (United States Robotics) Building.

The Tower was featured in the 2011 blockbuster, Transformers: Dark of the Moon.

Other[link]

Older versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator would begin with the player on the runway of Meigs Field, facing a virtual version of the tower.

Position in Chicago's skyline[link]

Figures and statistics[link]

• The top of the Willis Tower is the highest point in Illinois. The tip of its highest antenna is 1,730 feet (527.3 m) above street level or 2,325 feet (708 m) above sea level, its roof is 1,450 feet 7 inches (442.14 m) above street level or 2,046 feet (623 m) above sea level, the 103rd floor observation deck (The Sky deck) is 1,353 feet (412 m) above street level or 1,948 feet (593 m) above sea level, the Wacker Drive main entrance is 595 feet (181 m) above sea level. (The highest natural point in Illinois is the Charles Mound, at 1,235 feet (376 m) above sea level.)
• The building leans about 4 inches (10 cm) towards the west due to its slightly asymmetrical design, placing unequal loads on its foundation.^{[citation needed]}
• The design for the Willis Tower incorporates nine steel-unit square tubes in a 3 tube by 3 tube arrangement, with each tube having the footprint of 75 × 75 feet (22 × 22 m). The Willis Tower was the first building for which this design was used. The design allows future growth of extra height to the tower if wanted or needed.^[45]
• The Franklin Street entrance is 4 feet (1.2 meters) lower than the main entrance on Wacker Drive, for this reason the height of the tower was listed as 1,454 feet (443 meters) for many years, the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat measures height from the main entrance and thus the official measurement now stands at 1,450 feet (442 meters)^[46]
• The restrooms on the 103rd floor 1,353 feet (412 meters) above street level are the highest (relative to street level) in the Western Hemisphere.^[47]
• The design was inspired by an advertisement for a package of cigarettes.^[48]

Broadcasting[link]

Many broadcast station transmitters are located at the top of the Willis Tower. Each list is ranked by height from the top down. Stations at the same height on the same mast indicate the use of a diplexer into the same shared antenna. Due to its extreme height, FM stations (all class B) are very limited in power output.

Radio stations[link]

Also WB (Weather band)/WX (aka NOAA Weather Radio) transmit off the top of the Willis Tower on frequency 162.550 MHz (Channel 7) known as KWO39. Also equipped with SAME (Specific Area Message Encoding) for text alerts and hazardous weather alarm on weather radios. For weather radio station listing, please visit http://www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr/ for more information.

Television stations[link]

Gallery[link]

Click on the images to see them larger

• 

  The Willis Tower as seen from John Hancock Center observation deck

• 

  900 North Michigan, Park Tower, the John Hancock Center, the Trump Tower, and Aon Center (L-R) as seen from the Willis Tower Skydeck.

• 

  Westward view from the Willis Tower

• 

  Panorama of Chicago skyline as seen from the Willis Tower Skydeck

• 

  View down to South Wacker Drive from the Skydeck

See also[link]

	Chicago portal
	Illinois portal
	Architecture portal

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Willis Tower

• Official Willis Tower office-space leasing website
• Willis Tower Skydeck website
• Willis Tower on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
• Willis Tower at Structurae

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Stan Lee
Stan Lee in 2007
Born	(1922-12-28) December 28, 1922 (age 89) New York City, New York, US
Nationality	American
Area(s)	Writer, editor, publisher, producer, actor, reality show host
Notable works	Fantastic Four Hulk Spider-Man Thor Iron Man X-Men
Awards	Jack Kirby Hall of Fame
Spouse	Joan Lee (m. 1947–present)
Signature
150px

Stan Lee (born December 28, 1922) is an American comic book writer, editor, actor, producer, publisher, television personality, and the former president and chairman of Marvel Comics.

In collaboration with several artists, most notably Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko, he co-created Spider-Man, the Hulk, the X-Men, the Fantastic Four, Iron Man, Thor, and many other fictional characters, introducing complex, naturalistic characters and a thoroughly shared universe into superhero comic books. In addition, he headed the first major successful challenge to the industry's censorship organization, the Comics Code Authority, and forced it to reform its policies. Lee subsequently led the expansion of Marvel Comics from a small division of a publishing house to a large multimedia corporation.

He was inducted into the comic book industry's Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1995.

Early life[link]

Stan Lee was born Stanley Martin Lieber in New York City on December 28, 1922, in the apartment of his Romanian-born Jewish immigrant parents, Celia (née Solomon) and Jack Lieber, at the corner of West 98th Street and West End Avenue in Manhattan.^[1][2][3] His father, trained as a dress cutter, worked only sporadically after the Great Depression,^[1] and the family moved further uptown to Fort Washington Avenue,^[4] in Washington Heights, Manhattan. When Lee was nearly 9, his only sibling, brother Larry Lieber, was born.^[5] He said in 2006 that as a child he was influenced by books and movies, particularly those with Errol Flynn playing heroic roles.^[6] By the time Lee was in his teens, the family was living in a one-bedroom apartment at 1720 University Avenue in The Bronx. Lee described it as "a third-floor apartment facing out back", with him and his brother sharing a bedroom and his parents using a foldout couch.^[5]

Lee attended DeWitt Clinton High School in The Bronx.^[7] In his youth, Lee enjoyed writing, and entertained dreams of one day writing The Great American Novel,^[8] He has said that in his youth he worked such part-time jobs as writing obituaries for a news service and press releases for the National Tuberculosis Center; delivering sandwiches for the Jack May pharmacy to offices in Rockefeller Center; working as an office boy for a trouser manufacturer; ushering at the Rivoli Theater on Broadway;^{[citation needed]} and selling subscriptions to the New York Herald Tribune newspaper. He graduated high school early, at age 16½ in 1939, and joined the WPA Federal Theatre Project.^[9]

Career[link]

Early career[link]

With the help of his uncle Robbie Solomon,^[10][11] Lee became an assistant in 1939 at the new Timely Comics division of pulp magazine and comic-book publisher Martin Goodman's company.^[11] Timely, by the 1960s, would evolve into Marvel Comics. Lee, whose cousin Jean^[12] was Goodman's wife, was formally hired by Timely editor Joe Simon.^[11]

His duties were prosaic at first. "In those days [the artists] dipped the pen in ink, [so] I had to make sure the inkwells were filled", Lee recalled in 2009. "I went down and got them their lunch, I did proofreading, I erased the pencils from the finished pages for them".^[13] Marshaling his childhood ambition to be a writer, young Stanley Lieber made his comic-book debut with the text filler "Captain America Foils the Traitor's Revenge" in Captain America Comics #3 (May 1941), using the pseudonym "Stan Lee", which years later he would adopt as his legal name. Lee later explained in his autobiography and numerous other sources that he had intended to save his given name for more literary work. This initial story also introduced Captain America's trademark ricocheting shield-toss, which immediately became one of the character's signatures.^[14]

He graduated from writing filler to actual comics with a backup feature, "'Headline' Hunter, Foreign Correspondent", two issues later. Lee's first superhero co-creation was the Destroyer, in Mystic Comics #6 (Aug 1941). Other characters he created during this period fans and historians call the Golden Age of comics include Jack Frost, debuting in USA Comics #1 (Aug. 1941), and Father Time, debuting in Captain America Comics #6 (Aug. 1941).^[15]

When Simon and his creative partner Jack Kirby left late in 1941, following a dispute with Goodman, the 30-year-old publisher installed Lee, just under 19 years old, as interim editor.^[16] The youngster showed a knack for the business that led him to remain as the comic-book division's editor-in-chief, as well as art director for much of that time, until 1972, when he would succeed Goodman as publisher.^[17][18]

Lee entered the United States Army in early 1942 and served stateside in the Signal Corps, writing manuals, training films, and slogans, and occasionally cartooning. His military classification, he says, was "playwright"; he adds that only nine men in the U.S. Army were given that title.^[19] Vincent Fago, editor of Timely's "animation comics" section, which put out humor and funny animal comics, filled in until Lee returned from his World War II military service in 1945. Lee now lived in the rented top floor of a brownstone in the East 90s in Manhattan.^[20]

He married Joan Clayton Boocock on December 5, 1947,^[21] and in 1949, the couple bought a two-story, three-bedroom home at 1084 West Broadway in Woodmere, New York, on Long Island, living there through 1952.^[22] By this time, the couple had daughter Joan Celia "J.C." Lee, born in 1950; another child, Jan Lee, died three days after delivery in 1953.^[23] Lee by this time had bought a home at 226 Richards Lane in the Long Island town of Hewlett Harbor, New York, where he and his family lived from 1952 to 1980,^[24] including the 1960s period when Lee and his artist collaborators would revolutionize comic books.

In the mid-1950s, by which time the company was now generally known as Atlas Comics, Lee wrote stories in a variety of genres including romance, Westerns, humor, science fiction, medieval adventure, horror and suspense. By the end of the decade, Lee had become dissatisfied with his career and considered quitting the field.^[25][26]

Marvel revolution[link]

In the late 1950s, DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the superhero archetype and experienced a significant success with its updated version of the Flash, and later with super-team the Justice League of America. In response, publisher Martin Goodman assigned Lee to create a new superhero team. Lee's wife urged him to experiment with stories he preferred, since he was planning on changing careers and had nothing to lose.^[25][26]

Lee acted on that advice, giving his superheroes a flawed humanity, a change from the ideal archetypes that were typically written for preteens. Before this, most superheroes were idealistically perfect people with no serious, lasting problems.^[27] Lee introduced complex, naturalistic characters^[28] who could have bad tempers, fits of melancholy, vanity; they bickered amongst themselves, worried about paying their bills and impressing girlfriends, got bored or even were sometimes physically ill.

The first superhero group Lee and artist Jack Kirby created was the Fantastic Four. The team's immediate popularity led Lee and Marvel's illustrators to produce a cavalcade of new titles. With Kirby primarily, Lee created the Hulk, Iron Man, Thor and the X-Men; with Bill Everett, Daredevil; and with Steve Ditko, Doctor Strange and Marvel's most successful character, Spider-Man, all of whom lived in a thoroughly shared universe.^[29]

Comics historian Peter Sanderson wrote that in the 1960s:

DC was the equivalent of the big Hollywood studios: After the brilliance of DC's reinvention of the superhero ... in the late 1950s and early 1960s, it had run into a creative drought by the decade's end. There was a new audience for comics now, and it wasn't just the little kids that traditionally had read the books. The Marvel of the 1960s was in its own way the counterpart of the French New Wave.... Marvel was pioneering new methods of comics storytelling and characterization, addressing more serious themes, and in the process keeping and attracting readers in their teens and beyond. Moreover, among this new generation of readers were people who wanted to write or draw comics themselves, within the new style that Marvel had pioneered, and push the creative envelope still further.^[30]

Stan Lee's Marvel revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators.^[31] Lee introduced the practice of including a credit panel on the splash page of each story, naming not just the writer and penciller but also the inker and letterer. Regular news about Marvel staff members and upcoming storylines was presented on the Bullpen Bulletins page, which (like the letter columns that appeared in each title) was written in a friendly, chatty style.

Throughout the 1960s, Lee scripted, art-directed, and edited most of Marvel's series, moderated the letters pages, wrote a monthly column called "Stan's Soapbox," and wrote endless promotional copy, often signing off with his trademark phrase "Excelsior!" (which is also the New York state motto). To maintain his taxing workload, yet still meet deadlines, he used a system that was used previously by various comic-book studios, but due to Lee's success with it, became known as the "Marvel Method" or "Marvel style" of comic-book creation. Typically, Lee would brainstorm a story with the artist and then prepare a brief synopsis rather than a full script. Based on the synopsis, the artist would fill the allotted number of pages by determining and drawing the panel-to-panel storytelling. After the artist turned in penciled pages, Lee would write the word balloons and captions, and then oversee the lettering and coloring. In effect, the artists were co-plotters, whose collaborative first drafts Lee built upon.

Because of this system, the exact division of creative credits on Lee's comics has been disputed, especially in cases of comics drawn by Kirby and Ditko. Lee shares co-creator credit with Kirby and Ditko on, respectively, the Fantastic Four and Spider-Man feature film series.

In 1971, Lee indirectly helped reform the Comics Code.^[32] The US Department of Health, Education and Welfare had asked Lee to write a comic-book story about the dangers of drugs and Lee conceived a three-issue subplot in The Amazing Spider-Man #96–98 (cover-dated May–July 1971), in which Peter Parker's best friend becomes addicted to pills. The Comics Code Authority refused to grant its seal because the stories depicted drug use; the anti-drug context was considered irrelevant. With Goodman's cooperation and confident that the original government request would give him credibility, Lee had the story published without the seal. The comics sold well and Marvel won praise for its socially conscious efforts. The CCA subsequently loosened the Code to permit negative depictions of drugs, among other new freedoms.^[33]

Lee also supported using comic books to provide some measure of social commentary about the real world, often dealing with racism and bigotry. "Stan's Soapbox", besides promoting an upcoming comic book project, also addressed issues of discrimination, intolerance, or prejudice.^[34][35]

Later career[link]

Signed photo of Lee at the 1975 San Diego Comic Con.

In later years, Lee became a figurehead and public face for Marvel Comics. He made appearances at comic book conventions around America, lecturing at colleges and participating in panel discussions. By this time he owned a vacation home on Cutler Lane in Remsenburg, New York^[36] and, from 1975 to 1980, a two-bedroom condominium on the 14th floor of 220 East 63rd Street in Manhattan.^[37] He moved to California in 1981 to develop Marvel's TV and movie properties. He has been an executive producer for, and has made cameo appearances in, Marvel film adaptations and other movies. He and his wife bought a home in West Hollywood, California previously owned by comedian Jack Benny's radio announcer, Don Wilson.^[38] Lee was briefly president of the entire company, but soon stepped down to become publisher instead, finding that being president was too much about numbers and finance and not enough about the creative process he enjoyed.^[39]

Peter Paul and Lee began to start a new Internet-based superhero creation, production and marketing studio, Stan Lee Media, in 1998. It grew to 165 people and went public, but near the end of 2000, investigators discovered illegal stock manipulation by Paul and corporate officer Stephan Gordon.^[40] Stan Lee Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in February 2001.^[41] Paul was extradited to the U.S. from Brazil, and pleaded guilty to violating SEC Rule 10b-5 in connection with trading of his stock in Stan Lee Media.^[42][43] Lee was never implicated in the scheme.

In the 2000s, Lee did his first work for DC Comics, launching the Just Imagine... series, in which Lee reimagined the DC superheroes Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Green Lantern and the Flash.^[44]

In 2001, Lee, Gill Champion and Arthur Lieberman formed POW! (Purveyors of Wonder) Entertainment to develop film, television and video game properties. Lee created the risqué animated superhero series Stripperella for Spike TV. In 2004 he announced a superhero program that would feature Ringo Starr, the former Beatle, as the lead character.^[45] Additionally, in August of that year, Lee announced the launch of Stan Lee's Sunday Comics,^[46] hosted by Komikwerks.com, where monthly subscribers could read a new, updated comic and "Stan's Soapbox" every Sunday. The column has not been updated since February 15, 2005.

In 2006, Marvel commemorated Lee's 65 years with the company by publishing a series of one-shot comics starring Lee himself meeting and interacting with many of his co-creations, including Spider-Man, Doctor Strange, the Thing, Silver Surfer and Doctor Doom. These comics also featured short pieces by such comics creators as Joss Whedon and Fred Hembeck, as well as reprints of classic Lee-written adventures.^{[citation needed]}

On March 15, 2007, Stan Lee Media's new president, Jim Nesfield, filed a lawsuit against Marvel Entertainment for $5 billion, claiming that the company is co-owner of the characters that Lee created for Marvel.^[47] On June 9, 2007, Stan Lee Media sued Lee; his newer company, POW! Entertainment; POW! subsidiary QED Entertainment; and other former Stan Lee Media staff at POW!^[48]

In 2008, Lee wrote humorous captions for the political fumetti book Stan Lee Presents Election Daze: What Are They Really Saying?.^[49] In April of that year, at the New York Comic Con, Viz Media announced that Lee and Hiroyuki Takei were collaborating on the manga Karakuridôji Ultimo, from parent company Shueisha.^[50] That same month, Brighton Partners and Rainmaker Animation announced a partnership POW! to produce a CGI film series, Legion of 5.^[51] That same month, Virgin Comics announced Lee would create a line of superhero comics for that company.^[52] He is also working on a TV adaptation of the novel Hero.^[53] He wrote the foreword to the 2010 non-fiction e-book memoir Skyscraperman by skyscraper fire-safety advocate Dan Goodwin, who had climbed skyscrapers dressed as Spider-Man.^[54]

Lee promoting Stan Lee's Kids Universe at the 2011 New York Comic Con.

In 2009, he and the Japanese company Bones produced its first manga feature, Heroman, serialized in Square Enix's Monthly Shōnen Gangan; the feature was adapted to anime in April 2010.^[55][56]

In October 2010, Lee's SLG Entertainment partnered with Guardian Media Entertainment on The Guardian Project to create superhero mascots for the National Hockey League.^[57]

In August 2011, Lee announced his support for the Eagle Initiative, a program to find new talent in the comic book field.^[58]

In 2011, Lee was writing a live-action musical, The Yin and Yang Battle of Tao.^[59] In October, Lee announced he would partner with 1821 Comics on a multimedia imprint for children, Stan Lee’s Kids Universe, a move he said addressed the lack of comic books targeted for children; and that he was collaborating with the company on its futuristic graphic novel Romeo & Juliet: The War, by writer Max Work and artist Skan Srisuwan.^[60][61]

Action figure[link]

At the 2007 Comic-Con International, Marvel Legends introduced a Stan Lee action figure. The body beneath the figure's removable cloth wardrobe is a re-used mold of a previously released Spider-Man action figure, with only minor changes.^[62]

Charity work[link]

The Stan Lee Foundation was founded in 2010 to focus on literacy, education and the arts. Its stated goals include supporting programs and ideas that improve access to literacy resources, as well as promoting diversity, national literacy, culture and the arts.^[63]

Stan Lee has donated portions of his personal effects to the University of Wyoming at various times, between 1981 and 2001.^[64]

Awards and honors[link]

• Lee has received several awards for his work, including being inducted into the comic book industry's Will Eisner Comic Book Hall of Fame in 1994 and the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1995.
• On November 17, 2008, Stan Lee was awarded the National Medal of Arts.^[34][65]
• The County of Los Angeles declared October 2, 2009 Stan Lee Day.^[66]
• The City of Long Beach declared October 2, 2009 Stan Lee Day.^[66]
• Lee won the Comic-Con Icon Award 2009 at Scream Awards.^[67]
• Lee received the 2,428th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on January 4, 2011.
• On January 21, 2012, Lee received the Vanguard Award from the Producers Guild of America.^[68]

Fictional portrayals[link]

Stan Lee and his collaborator Jack Kirby appear as themselves in The Fantastic Four No.10 (January 1963), the first of several appearances within the fictional Marvel Universe.^[69] The two are depicted as similar to their real-world counterparts, creating comic books based on the "real" adventures of the Fantastic Four.

Kirby later portrayed himself, Lee, production executive Sol Brodsky, and Lee's secretary Flo Steinberg as superheroes in What If #11, "What If the Marvel Bullpen Had Become the Fantastic Four?", in which Lee played the part of Mister Fantastic. Lee has also made numerous cameo appearances in many Marvel titles, appearing in audiences and crowds at many characters' ceremonies and parties, and hosting an old-soldiers reunion in Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos No.100 (July 1972). Lee appeared, unnamed, as the priest at Luke Cage and Jessica Jones' wedding in New Avengers Annual #1. He pays his respects to Karen Page at her funeral in the Daredevil "Guardian Devil" story arc,^{[volume & issue needed]} and appears in The Amazing Spider-Man (June 1977).

In Marvel's July 1997 "Flashback" event, a top-hatted caricature of Lee as a ringmaster introduced stories which detailed events in Marvel characters' lives before they became superheroes, in special "-1" editions of many Marvel titles. The "ringmaster" depiction of Lee was originally from Generation X #17 (July 1996), where the character narrated a story set primarily in an abandoned circus. Though the story itself was written by Scott Lobdell, the narration by "Ringmaster Stan" was written by Lee, and the character was drawn in that issue by Chris Bachalo.

Under his given name of Stanley Lieber, Stan Lee appears briefly in Paul Malmont's 2006 novel The Chinatown Death Cloud Peril.^{[citation needed]}

Lee and other comics creators are mentioned on page 479 of Michael Chabon's 2000 novel about the comics industry The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and Clay. Chabon also acknowledges a debt to Lee and other creators on the book's Author's Note page.

On one of the last pages of Truth: Red, White, and Black, Lee appears in a real photograph among other celebrities on a wall of the Bradley home.^{[citation needed]}

In Stan Lee Meets Superheroes, which Lee wrote, he comes in to contact with some of his favorite creations.

Stan Lee and Jack Kirby appear as professors in Marvel Adventures Spider-Man #19.

Film and television appearances[link]

Marvel television[link]

• One of Lee's earliest contributions to animation based on Marvel properties was narrating the 1980s Incredible Hulk animated series, always beginning his narration with a self-introduction and ending with "This is Stan Lee saying, Excelsior!" Lee had previously narrated the "Seven Little Superheroes" episode of Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends, which the Hulk series was paired with for broadcast.
• Lee did the narration for the original 1989 X-Men animated series pilot titled X-Men: Pryde of the X-Men.
• Lee was an executive producer of the 1990s animated TV series Spider-Man. He appeared as himself in animated form in the series finale episode titled "Farewell, Spider-Man". Spider-Man is transported by Madame Web into the "real" world where he is a fictional character. He meets Lee and the two swing around until Spider-Man drops him off on top of a building; Madame Web appears and brings Spider-Man back to his homeworld. Realizing he is stuck on a roof, Lee muses, hoping the Fantastic Four will show up and lend a hand.
• He also voices the character "Frank Elson" in an episode of Spider-Man: The New Animated Series series broadcast by MTV in 2003, and titled "Mind Games" (Parts 1 & 2, originally aired on August 15 & 22, 2003).
• He voiced a loading dock worker named Stan on The Spectacular Spider-Man in the episode "Blueprints".
• In the pilot episode of The Superhero Squad Show, Lee voices the mayor of the city, preparing to give away the city's key when disaster strikes.
• Lee has appeared in episodes of the Disney XD TV series Ultimate Spider-Man as a high school janitor named Stan, in which he makes references to Lee's real-life career. In the pilot, "Great Power", he mentions Irving Forbush, a character Lee co-created in 1955 as a literary device.^[70] He appears in Episode 6, "Why I Hate Gym".^[71]

Marvel films[link]

Lee has had cameo appearances in many films based on Marvel characters that he created or co-created:

• In the TV-movie The Trial of the Incredible Hulk (1989), Lee's first appearance in a Marvel movie or TV project is as a jury foreman in the trial of Dr. David Banner.
• In X-Men (2000), Lee appears as a hotdog stand vendor on the beach when Senator Kelly emerges naked onshore after escaping from Magneto.
• In Spider-Man (2002), he appeared during Spider-Man's first battle with the Green Goblin, pulling a little girl away from falling debris. In the DVD's deleted scenes, Lee has an expanded cameo in which he plays a street vendor who tries to sell Peter Parker a pair of sunglasses "just like the X-Men wear."
• In Daredevil (2003), as a child, Matt Murdock stops Lee from crossing the street and getting hit by a bus.
• In Hulk (2003), he appears walking alongside former TV-series Hulk Lou Ferrigno in an early scene, both as security guards at Bruce Banner's lab. It was his first speaking role in a film based on one of his characters.
• In Spider-Man 2 (2004), Lee pulls an innocent person away from danger during Spider-Man's first battle with Doctor Octopus. In a deleted scene that appears as an extra on the film's DVD release, Lee has another cameo, saying, "Look, Spider-Man stole that child's sneakers."
• In Fantastic Four (2005), Lee appears for the first time as a character from the comics, in a role credited as Willie Lumpkin, the mail carrier who greets the Fantastic Four as they enter the Baxter Building.
• In X-Men: The Last Stand (2006), Lee and Chris Claremont appear as two of Jean Grey's neighbors in the opening scenes set 20 years ago. Lee, credited as "Waterhose man," is watering the lawn when Jean telekinetically redirects the water from the hose into the air.
• In Spider-Man 3 (2007), Lee appears in a credited role as "Man in Times Square". He stands next to Peter Parker, both of them reading a news bulletin about Spider-Man, and commenting to Peter that, "You know, I guess one person can make a difference". He then says his catch phrase, "'Nuff said."
• In Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007), Lee appears as himself at Reed Richards' and Susan Storm's first wedding, being turned away by a security guard for not being on the guest list. In Fantastic Four Annual No.3 (1965), in which the couple married, Lee and Jack Kirby are similarly turned away.
• In Iron Man (2008), Lee (credited as "Himself") appears at a gala cavorting with three blonds, where Tony Stark mistakes him for Hugh Hefner.^[72] In the theatrical release of the film, Stark simply greets Lee as "Hef" and moves on without seeing Lee's face; another version of the scene was filmed where Stark realizes his mistake, but Lee graciously responds, "That's okay, I get this all the time."^[73]
• In The Incredible Hulk (2008), Lee appears as a hapless citizen who accidentally ingests a soft drink mixed with Bruce Banner's blood, leading to the discovery of Dr. Banner's location in a bottling plant in Brazil.
• In Iron Man 2 (2010), during the Stark Expo, Lee, wearing suspenders and a red shirt and black and purple tie, is greeted by Tony Stark as "Larry King".
• In Thor (2011), Lee appears among many people at the site where Thor's hammer Mjolnir lands on earth. He tears the back off his pickup truck in an attempt to pull Mjolnir out of the ground with a chain and causes everyone to laugh by asking, "Did it work?".
• In Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), Lee is again used as comic relief, this time portraying a general in World War II. When Captain America/Steve Rogers is queued to a stage to receive an award, a man goes on stage to tell the presenter that Rogers will not be attending. The general mistakes the man for Rogers, commenting, "I thought he'd be taller." Lee said in April 2011, "Marvel Studios has upgraded my cameo for the Captain America movie! They’ve given me one more word of dialogue than originally planned!"^[74]
• In The Avengers (2012), Lee makes a cameo appearance as a man interviewed by the media about his opinion concerning the Avengers thwarting the Chitauri's attack on Manhattan Island. Lee's character responds with, "Superheroes in New York? Give me a break", and then returns to a game of chess with a fellow senior citizen. ^[75]
• In The Amazing Spider-Man (2012), Lee is scheduled to have a cameo in an action scene where he plays a librarian oblivious to the fight between Spider-Man and the Lizard happening behind him.^[76]

Warner/DC properties[link]

In the original February 7, 1998, broadcast airing of the Superman: The Animated Series episode "Apokolips... Now! Part 2" on the Kids' WB programming block, an animated Stan Lee was visible mourning the death of Daniel "Terrible" Turpin, a character based on his longtime Marvel Comics collaborator Jack Kirby. This shot was later modified to remove the likeness of Lee and other of background Marvel characters when the episode was released on DVD.^[77]

Other film, TV, and video[link]

• In the 1990s, Lee hosted the documentary series The Comic Book Greats and interviewed notable comic book creators such as Chris Claremont, Jim Lee, Todd McFarlane, Rob Liefeld and Whilce Portacio.
• Lee has an extensive cameo in the 1995 Kevin Smith film Mallrats. He plays himself, this time visiting the mall to sign books at a comic store. Later, he takes on the role of a sage-like character, giving Jason Lee's character, Brodie Bruce (a longtime fan of Stan's), advice on his love life. He also recorded interviews with Smith for the non-fiction video Stan Lee's Mutants, Monsters, and Marvels (2002).
• Lee is the host of the 2010 History Channel documentary series Stan Lee's Superhumans.
• Lee makes a cameo appearance as the "Three Stooges Wedding Guest" in the 2004 Disney film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement.
• Lee hosted and judged contestants in the SyFy series Who Wants to Be a Superhero?
• Lee appears with director Kevin Smith and 2000s Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada in the DVD program Marvel Then & Now: An Evening with Stan Lee and Joe Quesada, hosted by Kevin Smith.
• Lee was interviewed on the History Channel show Superhuman by Daniel Browning Smith, who held several Guinness Records for extreme flexibility^[78] due to having Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, a genetic condition affecting collagen formation. Smith had created his own comic book to display his own struggles as an outcast for his flexibility, and legitimately surprised Lee with a quick demonstration of his talent.
• In the animated series Jim Henson's Muppet Babies, Lee plays himself in a live-action scene of the "Comic Capers" episode.
• Lee appeared as himself in an extended self-parodying sketch on the episode "Tapping a Hero" of Robot Chicken.
• Lee appears as himself in writer-director Larry Cohen's The Ambulance (1990), in which Eric Roberts plays an aspiring comics artist.
• In "I Am Furious Yellow", the April 28, 2002, episode of The Simpsons, Lee voices the animated Stan Lee, who is a prolonged visitor to Comic Book Guy's store. He asks if Comic Book Guy is the stalker of Lynda Carter – the star of the 1970s show Wonder Woman – and shows signs of dementia, such as breaking a customer's toy Batmobile by trying to cram a Thing action figure into it (claiming that he "made it better"), hiding DC comics behind Marvel comics, and believing that he is the Hulk (and fails trying to become the Hulk, while Comic Book Guy comments he couldn't even change into Bill Bixby). Lee also appeared on the commentary track along with other Simpsons writers and directors on the episode for The Simpsons Season 13 box set released in 2010. In a later Simpsons episode, "Worst Episode Ever", Lee's picture is seen next to several others on the wall behind the register, under the heading "Banned for life".
• Lee appears as himself in the Mark Hamill-directed Comic Book: The Movie (2004), a direct-to-video mockumentary primarily filmed at the 2002 San Diego Comic-Con.
• Lee made an appearance on December 21, 2006, on the NBC game show Identity.
• Lee appeared as himself in "The Excelsior Acquisition", a third season episode of The Big Bang Theory, in March 2010.^[79] He appears at the front door of his house wearing Fantastic Four pajamas, ultimately calling into the rest of the house, "Joanie, call the police!" to get rid of Sheldon.
• Lee voices the Mayor of Superhero City in the Super Hero Squad Show.
• He plays a bus driver in the 16th episode of the first season of Heroes.^[80]
• Lee made a guest appearance as himself in "Bottom's Up", a season seven episode of the TV series Entourage. He guest-starred in "Glimpse", a season five episode of Eureka that aired in July 2011.^[81]
• Lee appears in "The Guardian", the October 7, 2010, episode of Nikita, as Hank Excelsior, a witness to a bank robbery who is interviewed by a TV reporter.
• Lee was interviewed in the 2011 documentary Superheroes.
• Lee is scheduled to appear on X Japan's music video "Born to be Free".^[82]
• Lee portrayed himself at a CIA holiday party in the fifth season of Chuck, in which it is revealed in that universe he secretly works for the government and has a romantic interest in General Beckman.
• Stan Lee appeared in the eleventh episode of season five of The Guild, in which he was captured at a convention by the character Zaboo's Master Chief cosplaying henchmen.^{[episode needed]}
• Stan Lee portrayed a future version of Tony Stark in "Episode 205 – The Future!" of the comedy web series Avengers Assemble!. In this episode, he delivered from the future a cryptic message to the rest of his fellow Avengers, but constantly frustrated his companions due to his ineptness with the technology of his future era.^[83]

Video games and applications[link]

• Lee narrates the 2000 video game Spider-Man,^[84] the 2001 sequel Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro^[85] and 2010's Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions.^[86][87]
• Lee made his first-ever onscreen video game appearance as a senator named after himself in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 2.^[88]
• Lee narrates the The Avengers Origins: Hulk and Avengers Origins: Assemble! apps for the iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch, which were released by Disney Publishing Worldwide in February 2012.^[89]
• Lee is a playable character in Activision's The Amazing Spider-Man video game, which is scheduled to be released in June 2012, as a tie-in to the film of the same name.^[90]

Personal life[link]

Lee's favorite authors include Stephen King, H. G. Wells, Mark Twain, Arthur Conan Doyle, William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, and Harlan Ellison.^[91] He is also a fan of the films of Bruce Lee.^[92]

Bibliography[link]

Lee's comics work includes:^[93]

DC[link]

• DC Comics Presents: Superman #1 (2004)
• Just Imagine Stan Lee creating:
  • Aquaman (with Scott McDaniel) (2002)
  • Batman (with Joe Kubert) (2001)
  • Catwoman (with Chris Bachalo) (2002)
  • Crisis (with John Cassaday) (2002)
  • Flash (with Kevin Maguire) (2002)
  • Green Lantern (with Dave Gibbons) (2001)
  • JLA (with Jerry Ordway) (2002)
  • Robin (with John Byrne) (2001)
  • Sandman (with Walt Simonson) (2002)
  • Secret Files and Origins (2002)
  • Shazam! (with Gary Frank) (2001)
  • Superman (with John Buscema) (2001)
  • Wonder Woman (with Jim Lee) (2001)

Marvel[link]

• Amazing Spider-Man #1–100, 105–110, 116–118, 200 (1962–80); (backup stories): #634–655 (2010–11)^[94]
• Avengers #1–35 (1963–66)
• Captain America #100–141 (1968–71) (continues from Tales of Suspense #99)
• Daredevil, #1–9, 11–50, 53 (1964–69)
• Daredevil, vol. 2, #20 (backup story) (2001)
• Epic Illustrated #1 (Silver Surfer) (1980)
• Fantastic Four #1–114, 120–125 (1961–72); #296 (1986)
• The Incredible Hulk #1–6 (continues to Tales to Astonish #59)
• Journey into Mystery (Thor) plotter #83–96 (1962–63), writer #97–125 (1963–66) (continues to Thor #126)
• Ravage 2099 #1–7 (1992–93)
• Savage She-Hulk #1 (1980)
• Sgt. Fury #1–28 (1963–66)
• Silver Surfer #1–18 (1968–70)
• Silver Surfer vol. 2, #1 (1982)
• Silver Surfer: Parable #1–2 (1988)
• Solarman #1–2 (1989–90)
• Strange Tales (diverse stories): #9, 11, 74, 89, 90–100 (1951–62); (Human Torch): #101–109, 112–133; (Doctor Strange): #110–111, 115–142, 151–158 (1962–67); (Nick Fury, Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.: #135–147, 150–152 (1965–67)
• Tales to Astonish (diverse stories): #1, 6, 12–13, 15–17, 24–33 (1956–62); Ant-Man/Giant Man: #35–69 (1962–65) (Incredible Hulk: #59–101 (1964–1968); Sub-Mariner: #70–101 (1965–68)
• Tales of Suspense (diverse stories): #7, 9, 16, 22, 27, 29–30 (1959–62); (Iron Man): plotter #39–46 (1963), writer #47–98 (1963–68) (Captain America): #58–99 (1964–86)
• Thor #126–192, 200 (1966–72), 385 (1987)
• What If (Fantastic Four) #200 (2011)
• The X-Men #1–19 (1963–66)

Other[link]

• Ultimo (Manga original concept)
• How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	Comics portal
	Film portal
	Greater Los Angeles portal
	New York City portal
	Speculative fiction portal
	Superhero fiction portal
	United States portal

• Characters created by Stan Lee
• List of American comics creators
• List of American Jews
• List of Eisner Award winners
• List of Harvey Award winners
• List of Jewish American authors
• List of Marvel Comics people
• List of science fiction authors
• List of pseudonyms

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Lee, Stan, Origins of Marvel Comics (Simon and Schuster, 1974; Marvel Entertainment Group, 1997 reissue, ISBN 0-7851-0551-4)
• McLaughlin, Jeff, ed. Stan Lee: Conversations (University Press of Mississippi, 2007), ISBN 978-1-57806-985-9
• Ro, Ronin. Tales to Astonish: Jack Kirby, Stan Lee, and the American Comic Book Revolution (Bloomsbury USA, 2005 reissue) ISBN 1-58234-566-X
• Raphael, Jordan, and Spurgeon, Tom. Stan Lee and the Rise and Fall of the American Comic Book (Chicago Review Press, 2003) ISBN 1-55652-506-0

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Stan Lee

This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (November 2010)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Stan Lee

• POW! Entertainment (official site)
• "Biography". StanLeeWeb.com (fan site by minority shareholders of POW! Entertainment. Archived from the original on October 24, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081024041934/http://www.stanleeweb.com/stan_bio.htm. Retrieved April 27, 2010. 
• McCave, Joseph. "SDCC 2009: Stan Lee Talks 'Time Jumper'!" FearNet.com, July 27, 2009
• Framingham, Mass. "Myth and the Hero's Journey: Big Screen Blockbusters – Star Wars, Spider-Man Tell Timeless Tales", Daily News (May 5, 2002), by Chris Bergeron
• Archive of "Fast Chat: Stan Lee". Newsday, April 1, 2007. Online version March 31, 2007.
• Stan Lee at ComiCon in Seattle
• Stan Lee at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
• Stan Lee at the Comic Book DB
• Stan Lee at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Stan Lee at the Internet Movie Database

Audio/video

• Audio of Merry Marvel Marching Society record, including voice of Stan Lee
• "Stan Lee". (video interviews) WebOfStories.com. undated. http://www.webofstories.com/play/16741. 
• Comic Geek Speak: Episode 83 – Stan Lee interview podcast, December 12, 2005
• Mahalo Daily with Veronica Belmont: "MD044 – Stan Lee Interview", January 28, 2008
• Stan Lee receives 1st New York comics legend award April 17, 2008
• "Authors@Google: Stan Lee", Authors@Google, "AtGoogleTalks", YouTube, July 18, 2008. (Video podcast)
• Conan, Neal (October 27, 2010). "Stan Lee, Mastermind Of The Marvel Universe". Talk of the Nation (National Public Radio). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130862700.  (Radio broadcast)

Stan Lee v t e Avengers Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Comic book titles Current The Avengers Avengers Academy New Avengers Secret Avengers Previous Avengers: The Initiative Dark Avengers Force Works The Mighty Avengers Solo Avengers West Coast Avengers Young Avengers Limited Avengers: Celestial Quest Avengers Forever Avengers Infinity Avengers vs. X-Men G.L.A. 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Inhumans Willie Lumpkin Lyja Alicia Masters Medusa Alyssa Moy Ms. Marvel/She-Thing Namor Frankie Raye Franklin Richards Valeria Richards She-Hulk Silver Surfer Spider-Man Uatu Wyatt Wingfoot Yancy Street Gang Villains Annihilus Blastaar Diablo Doctor Doom Frightful Four Galactus Impossible Man Klaw Kree Mad Thinker Malice Maximus Miracle Man Mole Man Molecule Man Psycho-Man Puppet Master Rama-Tut Red Ghost Ronan the Accuser Sandman Skrulls Super-Skrull Terrax Trapster Kristoff Vernard Wizard Locations Baxter Building Four Freedoms Plaza Latveria Negative Zone Publications Current Fantastic Four FF Previous Fantastic Force Marvel Knights 4 Marvel Two-in-One Strange Tales Super-Villain Team-Up The Thing Limited Before the Fantastic Four: Ben Grimm and Logan Before the Fantastic Four: Reed Richards Before the Fantastic Four: The Storms Fantastic Four: 1234 Fantastic Four: The End Fantastic Four vs. the X-Men Other continuities 2099: World of Tomorrow Doom 2099 Fantastic Five Fantastic Four: Unstable Molecules Fantastic Four 2099 Franklin Richards: Son of a Genius Marvel 1602: Fantastick Four Superman/Fantastic Four Ultimate Fantastic Four Storylines "The Galactus Trilogy" "This Man... This Monster!" "Days of Future Present" Television series Fantastic Four (1967) Fantastic Four (1978) Fred and Barney Meet the Thing Fantastic Four (1994) (episodes) Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes (episodes) Films The Fantastic Four (1994) Fantastic Four (2005) Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer Related articles Fantastic 4: The Album Video games Questprobe Featuring The Human Torch and The Thing Fantastic Four (1997) Fantastic Four (2005) Fantastic Four TV game Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer Other versions Alternative versions of Mister Fantastic Alternative versions of the Human Torch Alternative versions of the Thing Alternative versions of Doctor Doom Related articles Doctor Doom's Fearfall Fantastic Four Incorporated Fantasticar Future Foundation List of devices used by Doctor Doom List of Fantastic Four members List of Ultimate Fantastic Four story arcs Marvel Collectors' Item Classics Unstable molecules v t e Hawkeye Creators Don Heck Stan Lee Identities Goliath Ronin Supporting characters Dominic Fortune Mockingbird Enemies Barney Barton Crossfire Death-Throws Swordsman Trick Shot Publications Solo Avengers Hawkeye & Mockingbird Widowmaker Hawkeye: Blindspot Other Hawkeyes Kate Bishop Bullseye Wyatt McDonald Related articles Alternative versions of Hawkeye Cross Technological Enterprises Trick arrows World Counter-terrorism Agency v t e Henry Pym Creators Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Identities Ant-Man Giant-Man Goliath Yellowjacket Successors Clint Barton Rita DeMara Bill Foster Tom Foster Erik Josten Cassandra Lang Scott Lang Eric O'Grady Opponents Black Knight Egghead People's Defense Force Porcupine Ultron Voice Whirlwind Supporting Characters Janet Van Dyne / The Wasp Comic book titles Tales to Astonish Marvel Feature v t e Hercules Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Amadeus Cho Athena Thor Zeus Enemies Amatsu-Mikaboshi Ares Hera Hippolyta Huntsman Pluto Typhon Comic books The Incredible Hercules Related articles Olympians Olympus v t e Howling Commandos Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Howlers Nick Fury Dum Dum Dugan Gabe Jones Rebel Ralston Dino Manelli Izzy Cohen Junior Juniper Pinky Pinkerton Eric Koenig Supporting Characters Happy Sam Sawyer Captain America Opponents Fictional opponents Red Skull Baron Strucker Baron Zemo Historical opponents Adolf Hitler Erwin Rommel In other media Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes Captain America: The First Avenger Captain America: Super Soldier v t e Hulk Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Amadeus Cho Arabian Knight Betty Ross Bereet Carmilla Black Caiera Marlo Chandler Doc Samson Hiro-Kala Jarella Pantheon Rick Jones Lyra Sabra She-Hulk Skaar Thundra Warbound Hiroim Korg Elloe Kaifi No-Name of the Brood Miek Kate Waynesboro Jim Wilson Enemies Abomination Absorbing Man Achilles Agamemnon Ajax Amphibion Bi-Beast Brian Banner/Devil Hulk Enclave Flux Galaxy Master Gamma Corps Gargoyle Glenn Talbot Glob Glorian Gremlin Halflife Hulkbusters Hulk Robot Intelligencia John Ryker Juggernaut Killer Shrike Leader Madman Maestro Mercy Metal Master Missing Link Nightmare Psyklop Ravage Rhino The Red King Ringmaster Speedfreek Thunderbolt Ross/Red Hulk Trauma Tyrannus U-Foes (Ironclad Vapor Vector X-Ray) Umar Wendigo Xemnu Zeus Zom Zzzax Television Live action The Incredible Hulk (1977–1982) (episodes) The Incredible Hulk Returns (TV film, 1988) The Trial of the Incredible Hulk (TV film, 1989) The Death of the Incredible Hulk (TV film, 1990) Animation The Marvel Super Heroes (1966) The Incredible Hulk (1982–1983) (episodes) The Incredible Hulk (1996–1997) (episodes) Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H. (2013) Films Live action Hulk (2003) The Incredible Hulk (2008) Animation Hulk Vs (2009) Planet Hulk (2010) Video games Questprobe featuring the Hulk (1984) The Incredible Hulk (1994) The Incredible Hulk: The Pantheon Saga (1996) Hulk (2003) The Incredible Hulk: Ultimate Destruction (2005) The Incredible Hulk (2008) Titles Superman and Spider-Man Hulk: The End Hulk: The Manga Tales to Astonish The Rampaging Hulk 5 Ronin Storylines "Planet Hulk" "World War Hulk" "Fall of the Hulks" "World War Hulks" Related articles Other versions Hulk 2099 Hulk Hands The Incredible Hulk (roller coaster) v t e Inhumans Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Storylines Son of M Silent War Secret Invasion: Inhumans "War of Kings" "Realm of Kings" Members Royal Family Ahura Black Bolt Crystal Gorgon Karnak Lockjaw Luna Maximus Medusa Triton New Generation Alaris Jolen Nahrees San Tonaja Others List of Inhumans Universe Attilan Terrigen Mist Alpha Primitive v t e Iron Man Creators Don Heck Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Supporting characters Bethany Cabe Rumiko Fujikawa Nick Fury Guardsman Maria Hill Happy Hogan Edwin Jarvis War Machine Pepper Potts Natalia Romanova Howard Stark Maria Stark Ho Yinsen Enemies Arsenal Blizzard Donnie Gill Blacklash/Whiplash Chemistro Controller Coldblood Crimson Dynamo Dmitri Bukharin Detroit Steel Dreadknight Edwin Cord Fin Fang Foom Firebrand Firepower Freak Ghost Iron Monger Justin Hammer Justine Hammer Kearson DeWitt Killer Shrike Living Laser Madame Masque Mallen Mandarin Mauler Melter Mordecai Midas MODOK Raiders Sasha Hammer Spymaster Sunset Bain Sunturion Temugin Titanium Man Unicorn Ultimo Vibro Wong-Chu Whirlwind Ezekiel "Zeke" Stane Other characters Howard Stark Sr. Gregory Stark Zebediah Stane Morgan Stark Iron Man 2020 Comic books Iron Man and Sub-Mariner Iron Man (vol. 4) Enter the Mandarin The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man vs. Whiplash Storylines "Armor Wars" "Demon in a Bottle" "Doomquest" "Extremis" Ultimate Marvel series Ultimate Iron Man Ultimate Human Ultimate Comics: Armor Wars In other media Films The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man soundtrack Iron Man 2 soundtrack score Iron Man 3 Television The Marvel Super Heroes Iron Man episodes Iron Man: Armored Adventures episodes Marvel Anime Video games Iron Man / X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal The Invincible Iron Man Iron Man Iron Man 2 Iron Man (pinball) Related articles Alternative versions Ultimate Iron Man Avengers Mansion Iron Man's armor Roxxon Stark Industries S.H.I.E.L.D. Stark Tower v t e S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Directors G. W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy "Dum Dum" Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Nick Fury, Jr. Agents Yelena Belova Carmilla Black Sally Blevins Abigail Brand Peggy Carter Stanley Carter Cheesecake Edward Cobert Izzy Cohen Phil Coulson Crimson Carol Danvers Valentina de Fontaine Jessica Drew Johann Fennhoff David Ferrari Marvin Flumm Mikel Fury Victoria Hand James Howlett Brent Jackson Daisy Johnson Marcus Johnson Gabriel Jones John Kelly Eric Koenig Al MacKenzie Jamie Madrox Dino Manelli Tony Masters Danielle Moonstar Barbara Morse Elektra Natchios Kate Neville Eric O'Grady Richard and Mary Parker Alexander Pierce Percival Pinkerton Kitty Pryde Clay Quartermain Natasha Romanova Sarah Rushman Eric Savin Jasper Sitwell Howard Stark Vincent Stegron Mitchell Tanner Mavis Trent Jack Truman Wendell Vaughn "Jessica Drew" Jennifer Walters Kate Waynesboro Simon Williams Sam Wilson James "Jimmy" Woo Larry Young Enemies Groups A.I.M The Corporation HYDRA ULTIMATUM Zodiac H.A.M.M.E.R. Individuals Doctor Demonicus Godzilla Mad Dog MODOK Norman Osborn Plantman Red Skull Scorpio Silver Samurai Sin Baron Strucker Super-Patriot Viper Film Live-action Nick Fury: Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. (1998) The Avengers (2012) Animated Ultimate Avengers (2006) Ultimate Avengers 2 (2006) Technology S.P.I.N. Tech Life Model Decoy SJ3RX (Red Ronin) S.H.I.E.L.D. Flying Car Mandroid Bases and facilities Helicarrier Stark Tower Camp Hammond The Vault Ryker's Island The Raft Prison 42 The Cube Big House Related agencies, teams, and subdivisions A.R.M.O.R. H.A.M.M.E.R. H.A.T.E. S.A.F.E. S.T.R.I.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. S.H.I.E.L.D. Superhuman Restraint Unit S.H.I.E.L.D. Hulkbusters Godzilla Squad Project Livewire Howling Commandos Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos Nick Fury's Howling Commandos Secret Warriors Captain America: The First Avenger Ultimate Marvel S.H.I.E.L.D. The Ultimates General Nick Fury Captain America Thor Hawkeye/Clint Barton Black Widow/Natasha Romanoff Ultimate Iron Man Quicksilver Scarlet Witch Carol Danvers General Ross Betty Ross Karma Monica Chang Dr. Scott Lang/Giant Man II Petra Laskov Gregory Stark Karen Grant Avengers Enemies Liberators Loki Ultron Tomorrow Men Xorn and Zorn Reed Richards See also: Nick Fury in other media v t e She-Hulk Creators Stan Lee John Buscema Supporting characters Agent Cheesecake Awesome Andy Blake Tower Blonde Phantom Goodman, Lieber, Kurtzberg & Holliway Hulk John Jameson Jazinda Lyra Red She-Hulk Richard Rory Southpaw Wyatt Wingfoot Group memberships Avengers Defenders Fantastic Force Fantastic Four Heroes for Hire Lady Liberators Magistrati S.H.I.E.L.D. Villains Abominatrix Absorbing Man Band of the Bland Behemoth Champion of the Universe Doctor Bong Headmen Red Hulk Titania Xemnu the Titan Film and television The Incredible Hulk and She-Hulk (1996) Related articles Hulk v t e Silver Surfer Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Supporting characters Adam Warlock Air-Walker Alicia Masters Drax the Destroyer Fantastic Four Eternals Firelord Galactus Infinity Watch Mantis Nova Nova (Frankie Raye) Pip the Troll Shalla-Bal Stardust Villains Annihilus Champion of the Universe Doctor Doom Elders of the Universe Ego the Living Planet Galactus Kree Mephisto Morg Nebula Possessor Reptyl Red Shift Skrulls Stranger Terrax Thanos Tyrant Group Affiliation Annihilators Defenders Heralds of Galactus The Order Titles & Storylines Annihilation Fantastic Four The Galactus Trilogy Heroes Reborn The Infinity Gauntlet Ultimate Fantastic Four Silver Surfer Other Media Fantastic Four (1967 TV series) Video game Fantastic Four (1994 TV series) Silver Surfer (1998 TV series) Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer The Super Hero Squad Show Silver Surfer See also Power Cosmic Supreme Intelligence Zenn-La Surfing with the Alien The Power Cosmic v t e Spider-Man Created by: Stan Lee Steve Ditko Supporting characters May Parker Ben Parker Mary Jane Watson J. Jonah Jameson Harry Osborn Gwen Stacy George Stacy Black Cat Flash Thompson Sally Avril Betty Brant Debra Whitman Ben Urich Richard Parker and Mary Parker Robbie Robertson Glory Grant Liz Allan Prowler Randy Robertson Ned Leeds Jean DeWolff Scarlet Spider (Ben Reilly · Kaine) Silver Sable Madame Web John Jameson Rocket Racer Carlie Cooper Villains Beetle (Abner Jenkins) Boomerang Burglar Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Enforcers Green Goblin Hammerhead Hobgoblin Hydro-Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Molten Man Morbius Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion IV/Venom II Shocker Silvermane Sinister Six Alistair Smythe Spencer Smythe Spider-Slayer (List) Spot Swarm Tinkerer Tombstone Venom Vulture Locations Daily Bugle Empire State University Alternative versions Gerry Drew Spider-Ham Spider-Girl Spider-Man 2099 Spider-Woman Ultimate Spider-Man II Related topics Powers and equipment In other media (Film Television Video games) Publications (Storylines) Symbiote Anya Corazon See also: Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom v t e Thor (Marvel Comics) Creators Stan Lee Larry Lieber Jack Kirby Allies Balder Beta Ray Bill Frey Frigga Jane Foster Gaea Heimdall Hermod Hercules Hoder Hrimhari Idunn Kelda Odin Sif Thor Girl Thunderstrike Eric Masterson Kevin Masterson Tyr Valkyrie Vidar Volla Warriors Three Fandral Hogun Volstagg Zeus Enemies Absorbing Man Atum Bloodaxe Cobra Desak Destroyer Ego the Living Planet Enchantress Executioner Fafnir Fenris Wolf Grey Gargoyle Hela Karnilla Kurse Laufey Loki Lorelei Malekith the Accursed Man-Beast Mangog Midgard Serpent Mr. Hyde Mongoose Perrikus Quicksand Radioactive Man Ragnarok Seth Surtur Ulik Wrecking Crew Wrecker Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Ymir Zarrko Bibliography Journey into Mystery Thor: Blood Oath Thor: Son of Asgard Thor: Vikings In other media Television The Marvel Super Heroes The Incredible Hulk Returns Film Hulk Vs Thor soundtrack Thor: Tales of Asgard Thor 2 Video games Thor: God of Thunder Related articles Thor in Norse mythology Alternative versions Ultimate Thor Asgard Elves Giants of Jotunheim Mjolnir Norns Valkyrior v t e X-Men Creators Stan Lee Jack Kirby Members Angel Anole Ariel Armor Aurora Banshee Beast Bishop Blindfold Boom-Boom Box Cable Caliban Cannonball Chamber Changeling Cipher Cloak and Dagger Colossus Cyclops Cypher Darwin Dazzler Deadpool Doctor Nemesis Domino Dust Elixir Fantomex and E.V.A. Forge Frenzy Emma Frost Gambit Gentle Graymalkin Havok Hellion Hepzibah Hope Husk Iceman Ink Joseph Jubilee Karma Lady Mastermind Lifeguard Lockheed Longshot Maggott Magik Magma Marrow Marvel Girl Mercury Mimic Moonstar Namor Nightcrawler Northstar Omega Sentinel Petra Phoenix Pixie Polaris Prodigy Professor X Psylocke Revanche Cecilia Reyes Rockslide Rogue Sage Shadowcat Slipstream Stacy X Storm Sunfire Sunspot Surge Sway Thunderbird (John Proudstar) Thunderbird (Neal Shaara) Warlock Warpath Wolf Cub Wolverine X-23 X-Man Shen Xorn Secondary teams Excalibur Generation X Lights New Mutants X-Club X-Corporation X-Factor X-Force X-Men-In-Training X-Terminators Villains Apocalypse Arcade Bastion Black Tom Cassidy Dark Beast Exodus Graydon Creed Cameron Hodge Juggernaut Senator Kelly Kid Omega Krakoa Lady Deathstrike Steven Lang Legion Magneto Mastermind Mesmero Mr. Sinister Mojo Mystique Nimrod Cassandra Nova Omega Red Onslaught Predator X Proteus Madelyne Pryor Sabretooth Sauron Selene Shadow King Silver Samurai Spiral Stryfe William Stryker Sublime Sugar Man Bolivar Trask Vulcan X-Cutioner Kuan-Yin Xorn Villain teams Acolytes Alliance of Evil Brood Brotherhood of Mutants (Members) · Children of the Vault Externals Fenris Friends of Humanity Gene Nation Humanity's Last Stand Hellfire Club Hellions Horsemen of Apocalypse Marauders Mutant Liberation Front Nasty Boys Neo Norman Osborn's X-Men Phalanx Purifiers Reavers Savage Land Mutates Sentinels Shadow-X U-Men Weapon X Locations Asteroid M Avalon Crossmore District X/Mutant Town Genosha Graymalkin Industries Limbo Madripoor Massachusetts Academy Muir Island Providence Savage Land Utopia X-Mansion Equipment & Vehicles Cerebro Danger Room X-Jet Miscellanea Alpha Flight Crimson Dawn Fastball Special Legacy Virus M'Kraan Crystal Morlocks Mutants Mutant Registration Act Phoenix Force Project Wideawake Shi'ar Siege Perilous Starjammers Technarchy Third Summers Brother See also: X-Men in other media X-Men storylines X-Men comics v t e Sinister Six Creators Stan Lee Steve Ditko Members Original Doctor Octopus Electro Kraven the Hunter Mysterio The Sandman The Vulture Other Beetle Boomerang Chameleon Gog Green Goblin Grim Reaper Hammerhead Hobgoblin Hydro-Man Kraven the Hunter Lizard Rhino Scorpia Shocker Tombstone Trapster Venom Eddie Brock Mac Gargan In other media "Insidious Six/Battle of the Insidious Six" Spider-Man: Return of the Sinister Six Spider-Man 2: The Sinister Six Other Ultimate Six Sinister Syndicate Savage Six All Spider-Man enemies