:''Record keeping redirects here''.

A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it. Historians are concerned with the continuous, methodical narrative and research of past events as relating to the human race; as well as the study of all history in time. If the individual is concerned with events preceding written history, the individual is a historian of prehistory. Although "historian" can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline. Some historians, though, are recognized by equivalent training and experience in the field. "Historian" became a professional occupation in the late nineteenth century at roughly the same time that physicians also set standards for whom could enter the field.

Objective historian

During the ''Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt'' trial it became evident that the court need to identify what was an "objective historian" in the same vein as the reasonable person, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of "the man on the Clapham omnibus".

Justice Charles Gray leant heavily on the research of one of the expert witnesses, Richard J. Evans, who compared illegitimate distortion of the historical record practice by holocaust deniers with established historical methodologies.

In summarising Gray's judgement, Wendie E. Schneider distils these seven points for what he meant by an objective historian:

History analysis

The process of historical analysis involves investigation and analysis of competing ideas, facts and purported facts to create coherent narratives that explain "what happened" and "why or how it happened". Modern historical analysis usually draws upon other social sciences, including economics, sociology, politics, psychology, anthropology, philosophy and linguistics. While ancient writers do not normally share modern historical practices, their work remains valuable for its insights within the cultural context of the times. An important part of the contribution of many modern historians is the verification or dismissal of earlier historical accounts through reviewing newly discovered sources and recent scholarship or through parallel disciplines like archaeology.

Historiography

Ancient

Herodotus and Thucydides were as the founders of the discipline of history. Concerning Herodotus (5th century BC), one of the earliest historians whose work survives, his recount of strange and unusual tales are gripping but not necessarily representative of the historical record. Despite this, ''The Histories of Herodotus'' displays many of the techniques of more modern historians. He interviewed witnesses, evaluated oral histories, studied multiple sources and then pronounced his particular version. Herodotus's works covered what was then the entire known world of the Greeks, or at least the part regarded as worthy of study, ''i.e.'', the peoples surrounding the Mediterranean. Herodotus was also known for visiting the various battle sites he wrote about, including the battle of Thermopylae. About 25 years after Herodotus, Thucydides, perhaps the most important of historians, pioneered a different form of history, one much closer to reportage. In his work, ''History of the Peloponnesian War'', Thucydides wrote about a single long conflict that lasted 27 years between Athens and Sparta with its origins and results. But, as it was mainly within living memory and Thucydides himself was alive throughout the conflict and a participant in many of the events, there was less room for myths and tall tales. Moreover, he included transcriptions of speeches that were delivered by historic figures, although sometimes they were made up by Thucydides himself according to what those people should have said at the moment they delivered them.

Other noteworthy and famous Greek historians include Plutarch (2nd century AD), who wrote several biographies, the ''Parallel Lives'', in which he wanted to assess the morality of its characters by comparing them in pairs, and Polybius (3nd century BC), who developed Thucydides's method further, becoming one of the most objective historians of classical antiquity. Polybius is also credited for being the first historian to write a History of the World, and to offer argued explanations and interpretations of history facts, and not only a record of them. The most important Roman historian of the classical world was Tacitus (late 1st and early 2nd century AD). The foremost Roman historian, he wrote an extremely influential account on Rome in the first century, the ''Annals''. Due to his literary style and the thoroughness of his research—which seemingly included studying Roman imperial archives and heavily relying on Thucydides—and his apparent rigor—for he tended not to support any character or subject, taking an impartial point of view—he was by far the most read and admired historian during the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and the early Modern Era. Thus, his historian style has been imitated all through the ages, and had a strong impact in Edward Gibbon and Montesquieu.

Polybius, one of the first historians to attempt to present history as a sequence of causes and effects, carefully conducted his research—partly based on what he saw and partly on the communications of eye-witnesses and the participants in the events.

India

India has a long record of historiography with chronicles being maintained by dynasties, monks and communities. The texts of ancient and medieval India are in verse, unlike Europe where serious work in history was in prose. The Vedas, Puranas and the two epics, Ramayana and Mahabharata narrate many events in ancient India although not always in a linear fashion. The Mahabharata is in fact an epic centered mainly around the House of the Kurus, who ruled a large part of northern India. It was progressively called ''Jai'', ''Vijaya'', ''Bharata'' and finally ''Mahabharata''. The Puranas are also chronicles of past events and owe their name to the Sanskrit word ''Purah'' ( Before ). Jain and Buddhist monks also chronicled many events in ancient India in their scriptures.

China

Sima Qian (145-86 BC), a Prefect of the Grand Scribes (太史令) of the Han Dynasty (202 BC - 220 AD), is regarded as the father of Chinese historiography because of his universal history, the ''Records of the Grand Historian'' (史記). It provides an overview of the history of China covering more than two thousand years from the legendary Yellow Emperor to Sima's contemporary Emperor Han Wudi (漢武帝). His work laid the foundation for the Twenty-Four Histories which, unlike Sima's independent endeavor, were government-sponsored works usually commissioned by new dynastic houses after the conquest of the previous dynasty.

Arabs

Ibn Abd-el-Hakem was an Egyptian who wrote the ''History of the Conquest of Egypt and North Africa and Spain'', which was the earliest Arab account of the Islamic conquests of those countries. Much like Herodotus' works, it mixes facts with legends, and was often quoted by later Islamic historians. Al-Jahiz was a famous Arab scholar and historian. Hamdani, an Arab historian,was the best representatives of Islamic culture during the last effective years of the Abbasid caliphate. Ali al-Masudi was an Arab historian, known as the "Herodotus of the Arabs." Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) was a famous Arab Muslim historian who engaged in historiography philosophy of history. He is best known for his ''Muqaddimah'' "Prolegomenon".

Enlightenment

Voltaire was a highly influential historian during The Enlightenment; he stressed the need to move away from great men and to study the people and their culture. Sakmann points out that he complained that too much historical writing combined boring detail, outrageous lies, and narrow-minded presentation. Good history, Voltaire argued, agrees with reason and natural science, and is based on the corroborating evidence. Equally influential was Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755). His wide-ranging ''Spirit of the Laws'' (1748) spanned legal, geographical, cultural, economic, political and philosophical studies and was greatly influential in forging the fundamentally interdisciplinary historian. Often called "the first modern historian", the English scholar Edward Gibbon wrote his magnum opus, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' (1776–1788).

19th century Germany

Modern historiographical techniques were dramatically advanced in the German universities of the 19th century. Leopold von Ranke (1795 – 1886) was a founder of modern source-based historiography. His research seminar for graduate students set professional standards for historical training at the University of Berlin (1824 - 1871). His many books and demonstrated how to rely upon primary sources in writing narrative history on international politics (''Aussenpolitik''). He dug through the archives of Europe, especially those of the Vatican and Venice, whose ambassadors followed events very closely and reported on them at length. Ranke thus sent the research to the archives for primary sources; there he should transcend his personal predispositions and parochial loyalties, and write objective history "wie es ezgentlich gewesen" ("as it actually happened.") Highly influential German classicists historians were Barthold Georg Niebuhr (1776-1831) and Theodor Mommsen (1817-1903) Historians of Germany included Johann Gustav Droysen (1808-84), Heinrich von Sybel (1817-95), and Heinrich von Treitschke (1834-96). They deliberately avoided social, economic, and cultural topics because they might undermine the national political development which their writing celebrated. Von Sybel in 1859 founded the ''Historische Zeitschrift'', which set the world standard for a scholarly history journal.

Twentieth-century developments

The whig approach emphasizes the origins of today's positive political features, with history seen as a force that pushes society forward. It studies the past with reference to the present."

Since the 1960s, academic history has seen the emergence of new approaches and topics such as social history, demographic history, ethnic history, women's history, environmental history and cultural history. There has been a shift of emphasis away from national topics to the experiences of ordinary people. For example, labor history has shifted away from the study of union leaders to the study of the workers. Slavery studies used to be about debates among politicians. In ''Roll, Jordan, Roll'', historian Eugene D. Genovese ignored all that and focused on the interaction on the plantation between slaves and their owners. Edward Said's ''Orientalism'' examines how and why Western societies came to consider non-Western ones as inherently inferior.

While there has been a flowering of new historical approaches and microscopic studies there has been much less attention to the pre-1960 staple of teaching, the development of one's own nation state and its values and practices. As historians provide highly detailed narratives of increasingly smaller subjects there is less concern for the larger picture of the meaning of it all. Fewer historians try to tackle all of the various historiographies relevant to a broader interpretive or analytic synthesis, and some suggest that a post-modern perspectives does not allow any real synthesis. On the other hand many scholars have been calling for a "new synthesis" in American history for years. Thomas H. Bender has argued that synthesis raises its own unresolved issues such as teleology, causation, agency, and subjective meaning; and inclusion and exclusion. Richard D. Brown worries that if historians fail to synthesize they, "run the risk of confirming the anti-academic canard that "historians know more and more about less and less."

Education and profession

An undergraduate history degree is often used as a stepping stone to graduate studies in business or law. Many historians are employed at universities and other facilities for post-secondary education. In addition, it is normal for colleges and universities to require the PhD degree for new full-time hires, and a Masters degree for part-timers. Publication is increasingly required by smaller schools, so graduate papers become journal articles and PhD dissertations become published monographs. The graduate student experience is difficult—those who finish take on average 8 or more years; funding is scarce except at a few very rich universities. Being a teaching assistant in a course is required in some programs; in others it is a paid opportunity awarded a fraction of the students. Until the 1980s it was rare for graduate programs to teach how to teach; the assumption was that teaching was easy and that learning how to do research was the main mission.

Professional historians typically work in colleges and universities, archival centers, government agencies, museums, and as freelance writers and consultants. The job market for new PhDs in history is poor and getting worse, with many relegated to part-time "adjunct" teaching jobs with low pay and no benefits.

See also

Historiography

List of historians

List of historians by area of study

Antiquarian

Auxiliary sciences of history

Notes

Further reading

''The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature'' (ed. by Mary Beth Norton and Pamela Gerardi (3rd ed. 2 vol, Oxford U.P. 1995) 2064 pages; annotated guide to 27,000 of the most important English language history books in all fields and topics vol 1 online, vol 2 online

Allison, William Henry. ''A guide to historical literature'' (1931) comprehensive bibliography for scholarship to 1930. online edition

Barnes, Harry Elmer. ''A history of historical writing‎'' (1962)

Barraclough, Geoffrey. ''History: Main Trends of Research in the Social and Human Sciences,'' (1978)

Bentley, Michael. ed., ''Companion to Historiography'', Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0-415-28557-7 990pp; 39 chapters by experts

Bender, Thomas, et al. '' The Education of Historians for Twenty-first Century'' (2003) report by the Committee on Graduate Education of the American Historical Association

Breisach, Ernst. ''Historiography: Ancient, Medieval and Modern'', 3rd edition, 2007, ISBN 0-226-07278-9

Boia, Lucian ''et al.'', eds. ''Great Historians of the Modern Age: An International Dictionary'' (1991)

Cannon, John, et al., eds. ''The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians''. Blackwell Publishers, 1988 ISBN 0-631-14708-X.

Gilderhus, Mark T. ''History an Historiographical Introduction'', 2002, ISBN 0-13-044824-9

Iggers, Georg G. ''Historiography in the 20th Century: From Scientific Objectivity to the Postmodern Challenge'' (2005)

Kelly, Boyd, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing''. (1999). Fitzroy Dearborn ISBN 1-884964-33-8

Kramer, Lloyd, and Sarah Maza, eds. ''A Companion to Western Historical Thought'' Blackwell 2006. 520pp; ISBN 978-1-4051-4961-7.

Todd, Richard B. ed. ''Dictionary of British Classicists, 1500–1960'', (2004). Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004 ISBN 1-85506-997-0.

Woolf D. R. ''A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing'' (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities) (2 vol 1998) excerpt and text search

External links

Selected texts by the most known historians

Category:Humanities occupations

ar:مؤرخ an:Historiador cv:Историк cs:Historik es:Historiografía et:Ajaloolane eo:Historiisto fr:Historien fy:Skiedkundige hr:Povjesničar he:היסטוריון ka:ისტორიკოსი la:Rerum gestarum scriptor mk:Историчар mr:इतिहासकार nl:Historicus ja:歴史家 no:Historiker nn:Historikar pt:Historiador ro:Istoric ru:Историк simple:Historian sk:Historik sl:Zgodovinar sv:Historiker tl:Manunulat ng kasaysayan tr:Tarihçi ur:مؤرخ zh:历史学家

name	Robert Caro
birth name	Robert Allan Caro
birth date	October 30, 1935
birth place
spouse	Ina Caro
occupation	Biographer
nationality	American
genre	Non-fiction
notableworks	''The Power Broker''''The Years of Lyndon Johnson''
website	http://www.robertacaro.com }}

Robert Allan Caro (born October 30, 1935) is an American journalist and author known for his celebrated biographies of United States political figures Robert Moses and Lyndon B. Johnson.

After working for many years as a reporter, Caro wrote ''The Power Broker'' (1974), a biography of New York urban planner Robert Moses, and chosen by the Modern Library as one of the hundred greatest nonfiction books of the twentieth century. He has since written four of a planned five volumes of ''The Years of Lyndon Johnson'' (1982, 1990, 2002, 2012), a biography of the former president.

For his biographies, he has won two Pulitzer Prizes in Biography, the National Book Award, the Francis Parkman Prize (awarded by the Society of American Historians to the book that "best exemplifies the union of the historian and the artist") two National Book Critics Circle Awards, the H.L. Mencken Award, the Carr P. Collins Award from the Texas Institute of Letters, and an Gold Medal in Biography from the American Academy of Art and Letters.

Biography

Robert Caro "grew up on Central Park West at 94th Street. His father, a businessman, spoke Yiddish as well as English, but he didn’t speak either very often. He was 'very silent,' Caro said, and became more so after Caro’s mother died, after a long illness, when he [Caro] was 12." It was his mother’s deathbed wish that he should go to the Horace Mann School, an exclusive private school in the Riverdale section of The Bronx. As a student there, Caro translated an edition of his school newspaper into Russian and mailed 10,000 copies to students in the USSR. He graduated in 1953. He went on to Princeton University, where he majored in English. He became managing editor of ''The Daily Princetonian'', second to R.W. Apple, Jr., later a prominent editor at ''The New York Times''.

His writings, both in class and out, had been lengthy since his years at Horace Mann. A short story he wrote for ''The Princeton Tiger'', the school's humor magazine, took up almost an entire issue. His senior thesis on existentialism in Hemingway was so long, Caro claims, that the university's English department subsequently established a maximum length for senior theses by its students. He graduated in 1957.

According to a 2012 ''New York Times Magazine'' profile, "Caro said he now thinks that Princeton, which he chose because of its parties, was one of his mistakes, and that he should have gone to Harvard. Princeton in the mid-'50s was hardly known for being hospitable toward Jews, and though Caro says he did not personally suffer from anti-Semitism, he saw plenty of students who did." He had a sports column in the ''Princetonian'' and also wrote for the ''Princeton Tiger'' humor magazine. He was a Carnegie Fellow at Columbia University and a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University.

Caro began his professional career as a reporter with the ''New Brunswick Daily Home News'' (now merged into the ''Home News Tribune'') in New Jersey. He took a brief leave to work for the Middlesex County Democratic Party as a publicist. He left politics after an incident where he was accompanying the party chair to polling places on election day. A police officer reported to the party chair that some African-Americans Caro saw being loaded into a police van, under arrest, were poll watchers who "had been giving them some trouble." Caro left politics right there. "I still think about it," he recalled in the 2012 ''Times Magazine'' profile. "It wasn't the roughness of the police that made such an impression. It was the—meekness isn't the right word—the acceptance of those people of what was happening."

From there he went on to six years as an investigative reporter with the Long Island newspaper ''Newsday''. One of the articles he wrote was a long series about why a proposed bridge across Long Island Sound from Rye to Oyster Bay, championed by Robert Moses, would have been inadvisable, requiring piers so large it would disrupt tidal flows in the sound, among other problems. Caro believed that his work had influenced even the state's powerful governor Nelson Rockefeller to reconsider the idea, until he saw the state's Assembly vote overwhelmingly to pass a preliminary measure for the bridge.

"That was one of the transformational moments of my life," Caro said years later. It led him to think about Moses for the first time. "I got in the car and drove home to Long Island, and I kept thinking to myself: 'Everything you've been doing is baloney. You've been writing under the belief that power in a democracy comes from the ballot box. But here's a guy who has never been elected to anything, who has enough power to turn the entire state around, and you don't have the slightest idea how he got it.'"

Work

''The Power Broker''

Caro spent the academic year of 1966-1967 as a Nieman Fellow at Harvard University. During a class on urban planning and land use, the experience of watching Moses returned to him.

To do so, Caro began work on a biography of Moses, ''The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York'', also a study of Caro's favorite theme: the acquisition and use of power. He expected it would take nine months to complete, but instead it took him until 1974. The work was based on extensive research and 522 interviews, including seven interviews with Moses himself, several with Michael Madigan (who worked for Moses for 35 years); and numerous interviews with Sidney Shapiro (Moses's General Manager for forty years); as well as interviews with men who worked for and knew Moses’s mentor, New York Governor Al Smith.

His wife Ina functioned as his research assistant. Her master's thesis on the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge stemmed from this work. At one point she sold the family home and took a teaching job so Robert would be financially able to finish the book.

''The Power Broker'' is widely viewed as a seminal work because it combined painstaking historical research with a smoothly flowing narrative writing style. The success of this approach was evident in his chapter on the construction of the Cross-Bronx Expressway, where Caro reported the controversy from all perspectives, including that of neighborhood residents. The result was a work of powerful literary as well as academic interest.

''The Years of Lyndon Johnson''

Following this success, Caro turned his attention to Lyndon B. Johnson. Caro retraced Johnson's life by temporarily moving to rural Texas and Washington, D.C., in order to better understand Johnson's upbringing and to interview anyone who had known Johnson. The work, entitled ''The Years of Lyndon Johnson'', is projected to run to five volumes:

# The first, ''The Path to Power'' (1982), covers Johnson's life up to his failed 1941 campaign for the United States Senate. # The second volume, ''Means of Ascent'' (1990), commences in the aftermath of that defeat and continues through his election to that office in 1948. # The third volume, ''Master of the Senate'' (2002), chronicles Johnson's rapid ascent and rule as Senate Majority Leader. # The fourth volume, ''The Passage of Power'' (2012), covers LBJ's life from 1958 to 1964. # In November 2011, Robert Caro also announced that the full project had expanded to five volumes with the fifth volume requiring another two to three years to write.

Caro's books portray Johnson as a most complex and contradictory character: at the same time a scheming opportunist and visionary progressive. Caro argued, for example, that Johnson's victory in the 1948 runoff for the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate was only achieved through extensive fraud and ballot box stuffing, though this is set in the practices of the time and in the context of Johnson's previous defeat in his 1941 race for the Senate. Caro also highlighted some of Johnson's campaign contributions, such as those from the Texas construction firm Brown and Root; in 1962 the company was acquired by another Texas firm, Halliburton, which became a major contractor in the Vietnam War. In addition, Caro argued that Johnson was awarded the Silver Star in World War II mainly for political reasons, and that he later lied to journalists and the public about the circumstances for which it was awarded. Caro's portrayal of Johnson also notes his struggles on behalf of progressive causes such as the Voting Rights Act, and his consummate skill in getting this enacted in spite of intense opposition from certain Southern Senators.

Amongst sources close to the late president, Johnson's widow Lady Bird Johnson "spoke to [Caro] several times and then abruptly stopped without giving a reason, and Bill Moyers, Johnson’s press secretary, has never consented to be interviewed, but most of Johnson’s closest cronies, including John Connally and George Christian, Johnson’s last press secretary, who spoke to Caro practically on his deathbed, have gone on the record".

Publisher-editor

Caro's books have been published by Alfred A. Knopf, first under editor in chief Robert Gottlieb and then by Sonny Mehta, "who took over the Johnson project — enthusiastically — after Gottlieb’s departure in 1987." Gottlieb, five years Caro's senior, suggested the Johnson project to Caro in 1974 in preference to the planned follow-up to the Moses volume, a biography of Fiorello LaGuardia that was thence abandoned. The ex-President had recently died and Caro was also decided, before meeting with Gottlieb on the subject, to undertake the Texan's biography; he "wanted to write about power." Gottlieb has continued as editor of Caro's books since leaving Knopf and excerpted Volume 2 of the Johnson biography at ''The New Yorker'' when he was editor in chief there.

Awards

For his biographies of Robert Moses and Lyndon Johnson, Robert A. Caro has twice won the Pulitzer Prize for Biography, twice won the National Book Critics Circle Award for the Best Nonfiction Book of the Year, and has won virtually every other major literary honor, including the National Book Award, the Gold Medal in Biography from the American Academy of Art and Letters, and the Francis Parkman Prize.

In October 2007, Caro was named a "Holtzbrinck Distinguished Visitor" at the American Academy in Berlin, Germany but then was unable to attend.

In 2010, he received the National Humanities Medal from President Obama, the highest award in the humanities given in this country. Delivering remarks at the end of the ceremony, the President said, "I think about Robert Caro and reading ''The Power Broker'' back when I was 22 years old and just being mesmerized, and I'm sure it helped to shape how I think about politics." In 2011, Robert Caro was the recipient of the 2011 BIO Award given each year by members of Biographers International "to a colleague who had made a major contribution in the advancement of the art and craft of real life depiction."

1964 — The Society of Silurians Award for outstanding achievement in the field of Public Service History for a series entitled “Misery Acres”, exposing fraudulent real estate sales by mail

1964 — The Deadline Club for outstanding newspaper reporting

1965 — The Deadline Club for outstanding newspaper reporting

1965-1966 — Nieman W. Lucius Nieman Fellowship from Harvard University Nieman Foundation

1975 — Washington Monthly American Political Book Award (''The Power Broker'')

1975 — The Francis Parkman Prize awarded by the Society of American Historians to the book that best “exemplifies the union of the historian and the artist” (''The Power Broker'') 1975 — The Pulitzer Prize for Biography (''The Power Broker'')

1975 — AIA Special Citation

1982 — The National Book Critics Circle Award for Best Nonfiction Book of the Year (''The Path to Power'')

1983 — The Blue Pencil Award from the Columbia Daily Spectator

1983 — American Academy of Arts and Letters Award

1983 — The Carr P. Collins Award from the Texas Institute of Arts and Letters (''The Path to Power'')

1983 — The Mencken Award for the best book of 1982 (''The Path to Power'')

1986 — The Gold Medal in Biography from the American Academy of Art and Letters

1991 — Washington Monthly American Political Book Award (''Means of Ascent'')

1990 — The National Book Critics Circle Award for Best Nonfiction Book of the Year (''Means of Ascent'')

2002 — ''The Power Broker'' was chosen by the Modern Library as one of the hundred greatest non-fiction books of the twentieth century.

2002 — The National Book Award (''Master of the Senate'')

2003 — The Los Angeles Times Book Award in Non-Fiction (''Master of the Senate'')

2003 — The Carl Sandberg Award in Literature (''Master of the Senate'')

2003 — The John Steinbeck Award in literature (''Master of the Senate'')

2003 — The Pulitzer Prize for Biography (''Master of the Senate'')

2010 — Inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of Fame

2010 — The National Humanities Medal

Family

Caro has described his wife, Ina Caro, as "the whole team" on all four of his books. She sold their house and and took a job teaching school to fund work on ''The Power Broker'' and is the only person other than himself who conducted research for his books.

Ina is also the author of ''The Road from the Past: Traveling through History in France'', a book which Arthur Schlesinger Jr. called "the essential traveling companion... for all who love France and its history". ''Newsweek'' reviewer Peter Prescott commented, "I'd rather go to France with Ina Caro than with Henry Adams or Henry James. The unique premise of her intelligent and discerning book is so startling that it’s a wonder no one has thought of it before." Ina frequently writes about their travels through France in her Paris to the Past blog. In June 2011, W. W. Norton published her second book, ''Paris to the Past: Traveling through French History by Train''.

The Caros have a son, Chase, who is in the information-technology business.

Caro has a younger sibling, Michael, who is now a retired real estate manager.

Pop culture references

In the television series ''The Simpsons'', the episode "Treehouse of Horror XVI" features the character Lisa seen reading ''Master of the Senate'' in the vignette "Bart A.I."

In the 2004 film ''The Stepford Wives,'' Nicole Kidman's character attends a book club meeting with the Stepford Wives and attempts to discuss the third volume of Caro's ''The Years of Lyndon Johnson'' but the group chooses to review a book of Christmas crafts.

Bibliography

Caro, Robert A., ''The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York''. 1974. Alfred A. Knopf Inc., New York. (ISBN 0394480767). ix + 1246 pp. + xxxiv pp.: illus.

Caro, Robert A., ''The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power''. 1982. Alfred A. Knopf Inc., New York. (ISBN 0394499735). xxiii + 882 p. + 48 p. of plates: illus.

Caro, Robert A., ''The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Means of Ascent''. 1990. Alfred A. Knopf Inc., New York. (ISBN 0394528352). xxxiv + 506 pp.

Caro, Robert A., ''The Years of Lyndon Johnson: Master of the Senate''. 2002. Alfred A. Knopf Inc, New York. (ISBN 0-394-52836-0). xxiv + 1167 pp.

Caro, Robert A., ''The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power''. 2012. Alfred A. Knopf Inc, New York. (ISBN 978-0679405070). 752 pp.

References

Zinsser, William Knowlton (ed.), ''Extraordinary Lives: The Art and Craft of American Biography'', Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0395486173

External links

Official website

Caro, Robert A., Article on Robert Moses and the writing of ''The Power Broker'', ''The New Yorker'', January 5, 1998.

Meis, Morgan, Short essay about Caro, ''3quarksdaily.blogs.com''.

Robert Caro discusses a volume of his biography of President Johnson, ''LOC.gov'' video.

Darman, Jonathan, "The Marathon Man", ''Newsweek'', Feb. 16, 2009.

"Robert Caro: Understanding Power", documentary on the life of Robert Caro, ''youtube''.

Interview with Caro on ''Means of Ascent'', ''Booknotes'', April 29, 1990

Interview with Caro, ''In Depth'' on C-Span, April 7, 2002.

Caro appears as an on camera expert in ''New York: A Documentary Film'' (1999) directed by Ric Burns for PBS.

Jones, Chris, "The Big Book", profile in ''Esquire'', May, 2012.

Category:1935 births Category:Living people Category:Princeton University alumni Category:Columbia University alumni Category:Nieman Fellows Category:Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography winners Category:National Book Award winners Category:American biographers Category:Horace Mann School alumni Category:Official biographers to the Presidents of the United States Category:Sephardi Jews Category:National Humanities Medal recipients Category:Historians of New York City Category:Lyndon B. Johnson Category:Writers from New York City

de:Robert A. Caro fr:Robert Caro fi:Robert Caro

name	Elizabeth Kostova
birth date	December 26, 1964
birth place	New London, Connecticut,
Alma mater	Yale University University of Michigan
occupation	Novelist
nationality	American
period	1980–present
genre	Historical, Gothic
notableworks	''The Historian''
influences	Bram Stoker
website	}}

Elizabeth Johnson Kostova (born December 26, 1964) is an American author best known for her debut novel ''The Historian''.

Early life

Elizabeth Z. Johnson was born in New London, Connecticut and raised in Knoxville, Tennessee where she graduated from the Webb School of Knoxville. She received her undergraduate degree from Yale University and a Master of Fine Arts from the University of Michigan, where she won the 2003 Hopwood Award for her Novel-in-Progress. She is married to a Bulgarian scholar.

''The Historian''

Kostova's interest in the Dracula legend began with the stories her father told her about the vampire when she was a child. The family lived in Ljubljana, Slovenia in 1972, while her father was teaching at a local university; during that year, the family traveled across Europe. According to Kostova, "It was the formative experience of my childhood." She "was fascinated by [her father's Dracula stories] because they were ... from history in a way, even though they weren't about real history, but I heard them in these beautiful historic places." Kostova's interest in books and libraries began early as well. Her mother, a librarian, frequently took her and her sisters to the public library—they were each allowed to check out 30 books and had a special shelf for their library books.

As a child, she listened to recordings of Bulgarian folk music and became interested in the tradition. As an undergraduate at Yale, she sang in and directed a Slavic chorus. In 1989, she and some friends traveled to Eastern Europe, specifically Bulgaria and Bosnia, to study local musical customs. The recordings they made will be deposited in the Library of Congress. While Kostova was in Europe, the Berlin Wall collapsed, heralding the fall of Communism in Eastern Europe, events which shaped her understanding of history.

Five years later, in 1994, when Kostova was hiking in the Appalachian Mountains with her husband, she had a flashback to those storytelling moments with her father and asked herself "what if the father were spinning his Dracula tales to his entranced daughter and Dracula was listening in? What if Dracula was still alive?" She immediately scratched out seven pages of notes into her writer's notebook. Two days later, she started work on the novel. At the time she was teaching English as a second language, creative writing, and composition classes at universities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She then moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan and finished the book as she was obtaining her Master of Fine Arts degree at the University of Michigan. In order to write the book, she did extensive research about Eastern Europe and Vlad Ţepeş.

Kostova finished the novel in January 2004 and sent it out to a potential literary agent in March. Two months later and within two days of sending out her manuscript to publishers, Kostova was offered a deal—she refused it. The rights to the book were then auctioned off and Little, Brown and Company bought it for US$2 million (US$30,000 is typical for a first novel from an unknown author). ''Publishers Weekly'' explained the high price as a bidding war between firms believing that they might have the next ''Da Vinci Code'' within their grasp. One vice-president and associate publisher said "Given the success of The Da Vinci Code, everybody around town knows how popular the combination of thriller and history can be and what a phenomenon it can become." Little, Brown, and Co. subsequently sold the rights in 28 countries. The book was published in the United States on 14 June 2005.

The novel blends the history and folklore of Vlad Ţepeş and his fictional equivalent Count Dracula and has been described as a combination of genres, including Gothic novel, adventure novel, detective fiction, travelogue, postmodern historical novel, epistolary epic, and historical thriller. Kostova was intent on writing a serious work of literature and saw herself as an inheritor of the Victorian style. Although based on Bram Stoker's ''Dracula'', ''The Historian'' is not a horror novel, but rather an eerie tale. The novel is concerned with questions about history, its role in society, and how it is represented in books, as well as the nature of good and evil. As Kostova explains, "Dracula is a metaphor for the evil that is so hard to undo in history." The evils brought about by religious conflict are a particular theme and the novel explores the relationship between the Christian West and the Islamic East.

Little, Brown, and Company heavily promoted the book and it became the first debut novel to land at number one on ''The New York Times'' bestseller list and as of 2005 was the fastest-selling hardback debut novel in US history. In general, the reviews of the novel were mixed. Several reviewers noted that she described the setting of her novel well. However, some reviewers criticized the book's structure and its lack of tonal variety. Kostova received the 2006 Book Sense award for Best Adult Fiction and the 2005 Quill Award for Debut Author of the Year. Sony bought the film rights to the novel for $1.5 million.

Current

In May 2007, the Elizabeth Kostova Foundation was created. The Foundation helps support Bulgarian creative writing, the translation of contemporary Bulgarian literature into English, and friendship between Bulgarian authors and American and British authors.

Kostova released her second novel ''The Swan Thieves'' on January 12, 2010.

Novels

The Historian (2005)

The Swan Thieves (2009)

Notes

External links

Elizabeth Kostova Official Website

Elizabeth Kostova Foundation

Category:1964 births Category:Living people Category:People from New London, Connecticut Category:People from Knoxville, Tennessee Category:Writers from Connecticut Category:Writers from Tennessee Category:American historical novelists Category:Yale University alumni Category:University of Michigan alumni Category:Quill Award winners

bg:Елизабет Костова de:Elizabeth Kostova es:Elizabeth Kostova fa:الیزابت کاستووا fr:Elizabeth Kostova it:Elizabeth Kostova pl:Elizabeth Kostova pt:Elizabeth Kostova fi:Elizabeth Kostova tl:Elizabeth Kostova uk:Елізабет Костова

Name	Simon Schama
Birth date	February 13, 1945
Birth place	London
Nationality	British
Work institutions	Columbia University
Alma mater	Christ's College, Cambridge
Footnotes	}}

Simon Michael Schama, CBE (born 13 February 1945) is a British historian and art historian. He is a University Professor of History and Art History at Columbia University. He is best known for writing and hosting the 15-part BBC documentary series ''A History of Britain''. Other works on history and art include ''The Embarrassment of Riches'', ''Landscape and Memory'', ''Dead Certainties'', ''Rembrandt's Eyes'', and his history of the French Revolution, ''Citizens''. Schama is an art and cultural critic for ''The New Yorker''.

Life and early career

The son of Jewish parents with roots in Lithuania, Romania, and Turkey, Schama was born in London. In the mid-1940s, the family moved to Southend-on-Sea in Essex before moving back to London. Schama writes of this period in the Introduction to ''Landscape & Memory'' (pp. 3–4)

I had no hill [the previous paragraph had talked of his enthusiasm for ''Puck of Pook's Hill''], but I did have the Thames. It was not the upstream river that the poets in my Palgrave claimed burbled betwixt mossy banks. ... It was the low, gull-swept estuary, the marriage bed of salt and fresh water, stretching as far as I could see from my northern Essex bank, toward a thin black horizon on the other side. That would be Kent, the sinister enemy who always seemed to beat us in the County Cricket Championship. ...

In 1956 Schama won a scholarship to the independent Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School in Cricklewood, (from 1961 Elstree, Herts.), followed by Christ's College, Cambridge, reading history under J. H. Plumb and graduating with a Starred First in 1966.

He worked for short periods as a lecturer in history at Cambridge, where he became a Fellow and Director of Studies in History, and at Oxford, where he was made a Fellow of Brasenose College in 1976, specialising in the French Revolution. At this time, Schama wrote his first book, ''Patriots and Liberators'', which won the Wolfson History Prize. The book was originally intended as a study of the French Revolution, but as published in 1977, it focused on the effect of the Patriot revolution in The Netherlands, and its aftermath.

His second book, ''Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel'' (1978), is a study of the Zionist aims of Edmond James de Rothschild and James Armand de Rothschild.

He is married to Ginny Papaioannou, a geneticist from California; they have two children.

In the United States

In 1980 Schama took up a chair at Harvard University. His next book, ''The Embarrassment of Riches'' (1987), again focused on Dutch history. In it, Schama interpreted the ambivalences that informed the Dutch Golden Age of the seventeenth century, held in balance between the conflicting imperatives, to live richly and with power, or to live a godly life. The iconographic evidence that Schama draws upon, in 317 illustrations, of emblems and propaganda that defined Dutch character, prefigured his expansion in the 1990s as a commentator on art and visual culture.

''Citizens'' (1989), written at speed to a publisher's commission, finally saw the publication of his long-awaited study of the French revolution, and won the 1990 NCR Book Award. ''Citizens'' was very well-received and sold admirably. Its view that the violence of the Terror was inherent from the start of the Revolution, however, has received serious criticism.

In 1991, he published ''Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations)'', a relatively slender work of unusual structure and point-of-view in that it looked at two widely reported deaths a hundred years apart, that of General James Wolfe – and the famous painting by Benjamin West – and that of (by murder) George Parkman, uncle of the better known Francis Parkman. Schama mooted some possible (invented) connections between the two cases, exploring the historian's inability "ever to reconstruct a dead world in its completeness however thorough or revealing the documentation," and speculatively bridging "the teasing gap separating a lived event and its subsequent narration." Not all readers absorbed the nuance of the title: it received a greatly mixed critical and academic reception. Traditional historians in particular denounced Schama's integration of fact and conjecture to produce a seamless narrative but later assessments took a more relaxed view of the experiment. It was an approach soon taken up by such historical writers as Peter Ackroyd, David Taylor and Richard Holmes. Sales in hardback exceeded Schama's earlier works.

Schama's ''Landscape and Memory'' (1995) focused on the relationship between physical environment and folk memory, separating the components of landscape as wood, water and rock, enmeshed in the cultural consciousness of collective "memory" that are embodied in myths, which Schama finds to be expressed outwardly in ceremony and text. While in many ways even more personal and idiosyncratic than ''Dead Certainties'', roaming through widening circles of digressions, this book was also more traditionally structured and better-defined in its approach. While many reviews remained decidedly mixed, the book was a definite commercial success and won numerous prizes.

Appropriately, many of the plaudits came from the art world rather than from traditional academia. This was borne out when Schama became art critic for ''The New Yorker'' in 1995. He held the position for three years, dovetailing his regular column with professorial duties at Columbia University; a selection of his best essays on art for the magazine, chosen by Schama himself, was published in 2005 under the title ''Hang Ups''. During this time, Schama also produced a lavishly illustrated ''Rembrandt's Eyes'', another critical and commercial success. Despite the book's title, it contrasts the biographies of Rembrandt van Rijn and Peter Paul Rubens.

BBC

In 1995 Schama wrote and presented a series called ''Landscape and Memory'' to accompany his book of the same name.

The year 2000 saw Schama return to the UK, having been commissioned by the BBC to produce a series of television documentary programmes on British history as part of their Millennium celebrations, under the title ''A History of Britain''. Schama wrote and presented the episodes himself, in a friendly and often jocular style with his highly characteristic delivery, and was rewarded with excellent reviews and unexpectedly high ratings. There has been, however, some irritation and criticism expressed by a group of historians about Schama's condensed recounting of the British Isles' history on this occasion, particularly by those specialising in the pre-Anglo-Saxon history of insular Celtic civilisation. The series was eventually expanded to three, with 15 episodes produced in total covering the complete span of British history up until 1965; it went on to become one of the BBC's best-selling documentary series on DVD. Schama also wrote a trilogy of tie-in books for the show, which took the story up to the year 2000; there is some debate as to whether the books are the tie-in product for the TV series, or the other way around. The series also had some popularity in the United States when it was first shown on the History Channel.

In 2001 Schama received a CBE. In 2003 he signed a lucrative new contract with the BBC and HarperCollins to produce three new books and two accompanying TV series. Worth £3 million (around US$5.3m), it represents the biggest advance deal ever for a TV historian. The first result of the deal was a book and TV show entitled ''Rough Crossings: Britain, the Slaves and the American Revolution'', dealing in particular with the proclamation issued during the Revolutionary War by Lord Dunmore offering slaves from rebel plantations freedom in return for service to the crown.

In 2006 the BBC broadcast a new TV series, ''Simon Schama's Power of Art'' which, with an accompanying book, was presented and written by Schama. It marks a return to art history for him, treating eight artists through eight key works: Caravaggio's ''David with the Head of Goliath'', Bernini's ''Ecstasy of St Theresa'', Rembrandt's ''Conspiracy of Claudius Civilis'', Jacques-Louis David's ''The Death Of Marat'', J. M. W. Turner's ''The Slave Ship'', Vincent van Gogh's ''Wheat Field with Crows'', Picasso's ''Guernica'', and Mark Rothko's ''Seagram Murals''. It was also shown on PBS in the United States.

In October 2008 BBC broadcast a four-part television series called ''The American Future: A History'' presented and written by Schama. In March 2009, Schama presented a BBC Radio 4 show entitled 'Baseball and Me', both exploring the history of the game and describing his own personal support of the Boston Red Sox.

In 2010, Schama presented a series of ten talks for the BBC Radio 4 series ''A Point of View'':

''Why We Like Tough Guys in Politics'': When times are hard people seem to prefer tough leaders.

''Singing in the Rain'': Schama looks forward to spring with personal reflections on the changing seasons.

''At the Heart of the Matter'': The politics surrounding President Barack Obama's healthcare reforms.

''The Gift of the Gab'': The history of political rhetoric and the power during election campaigns of televised debates.

''Behold, Newstralia!'': Celebrates the distinctive history and culture of New Zealand and regrets any renewed talk of joining forces with Australia.

''A Welcome Slice of American Pie'': Reflection on the quality of American food and eating habits.

''The Drama of Politics'': The timeless drama of British politics.

''When Money is Just an Illusion'': Reflection on the meaning of money as represented by coins and notes and in art.

''Hearts of Oak'': Reflection on the significance of one of the sights that will greet new MPs in the chamber of the House of Commons - the panelling made of solid oak.

''Britain's New Politics'': Reflection on the 2010 United Kingdom General Election, favourably comparing the British system for a swift handover of power to the cumbersome American one.

Politics

Schama is a supporter of the Labour Party, donating £2,000 to Oona King's bid to become Labour's candidate for the 2012 London Mayoral election.

Israel

Schama was critical of a call by British novelist John Berger for an academic boycott of Israel over its policies towards the Palestinians. Writing in ''The Guardian'' in an article co-authored with lawyer Anthony Julius, Schama compared Berger's academic boycott to policies adopted by Nazi Germany, noting "This is not the first boycott call directed at Jews. On 1 April 1933, a week after he came to power, Hitler ordered a boycott of Jewish shops, banks, offices and department stores."

In 2006 on the BBC, Schama debated with Vivienne Westwood the morality of Israel's actions in the Israel-Lebanon war. He characterised Israel's bombing of Lebanese city centres as unhelpful in Israel's attempt to "get rid of" Hezbollah. With regard to the bombing he said: "Of course the spectacle and suffering makes us grieve. Who wouldn't grieve? But it's not enough to do that. We've got to understand. You've even got to understand Israel's point of view."

United States

Schama is a vocal supporter of President Barack Obama and critic of George W. Bush. He appeared on the BBC's coverage of the 2008 U.S. presidential election, clashing with John Bolton.

Writing style

Schama has a literary way of writing that is attractive to both historians and a wider readership. It is "packed with evocative detail: rich fruit cakes crammed with raisins, currants, nuts and glacé cherries all mulled in brandy sauce". He has also received criticism for dumbing down history, presenting a "grossly oversimplified and mythologising view of the history of nations" and not fostering critical thinking.

Criticism

Susan Buck-Morss criticizes Schama's ''The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age'' for its "selective national history" of the Dutch Republic, "that omits much or all of the colonizing story." "One would have no idea that Dutch hegemony in the slave trade (replacing Spain and Portugal as major players) contributed substantially to the enormous 'overload' of wealth that he describes as becoming so socially and morally problematic during the century of Dutch 'centrality' to the 'commerce of the world.'"

Publications

; Books:

''Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands 1780–1813'' (1977)

''Two Rothschilds and the Land of Israel'' (1978)

''The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age'' (1987)

''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution'' (1989)

''Dead Certainties: Unwarranted Speculations'' (1991)

''Landscape and Memory'' (1995) ''Rembrandt's Eyes'' (1999)

''A History of Britain'' Vol. I (2000, ISBN 0-563-48714-3)

''A History of Britain'' Vol. II (2001, ISBN 0-563-48718-6)

''A History of Britain'' Vol. III (2002, ISBN 0-563-48719-4)

''Hang Ups: Essays on Art'' (2005)

''Rough Crossings'' (2005, ISBN 0-06-053916-X)

''Simon Schama's Power of Art'' (2006, ISBN 0-06-117610-9)

''The American Future: A History'' (2009, ISBN 0-06-053923-2)

''Scribble, Scribble, Scribble: Writing on Politics, Ice Cream, Churchill and My Mother''

; Documentaries:

''Landscape and Memory'' (1995), in five parts

''Rembrandt: The Public Eye and the Private Gaze'' (1995)

''Simon Schama's A History of Britain'' – BBC (2000), in 15 parts

''Murder at Harvard'' - PBS (2003)

''Rough Crossings'' – BBC (2005)

''Simon Schama's Power of Art'' – BBC (2006), in eight parts

''The American Future: A History'' – BBC (2008), in four parts

''Simon Schama's: Obama's America'' – BBC (2009).

Prizes & Other Honors

1977 Wolfson History Prize, for ''Patriots and Liberators''

1977 Leo Gershoy Award, for ''Patriots and Liberators''

1987 New York Times Best Books of the Year, for ''The Embarrassment of Riches''

1989 New York Times Best Books of the Year, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''

1989 Yorkshire Post Book Award, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''

1996 Lionel Trilling Book Award, for ''Landscape and Memory''

1996 WH Smith Literary Award, for ''Landscape and Memory''

2001 Broadcasting Press Guild Writer's Award, for ''A History of Britain''

2001 Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialised Programme or Series (Arts, History, Religion and Science), for ''A History of Britain''

2002 Nominated for BAFTA Richard Dimbleby Award for the Best Presenter (Factual, Features and News), for ''A History of Britain''

2006 National Book Critics Circle Award for Non-fiction winner, for ''Rough Crossings''

2006 Hessell-Tiltman Prize Shortlist, for ''Rough Crossings''

2007 Nominated for BAFTA Huw Wheldon Award for Specialized Factual Programme or Series, for ''Simon Schama's Power of Art''

2008 The Daily Telegraph's 110 Best Books: The Perfect Library, for ''Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution''

Notes

References

Binstock, Benjamin. “Rembrandt's Eyes by Simon Schama.” The Art Bulletin, Vol. 82, No. 2 (Jun., 2000), pp. 361–66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3051386 (accessed 30 April 2009).

Cooper, Barbara Roisman. ''"A Wild Ride" Through A History Of Britain With Simon Schama.'' British Heritage 23, No. 6 (November 2002): 48. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 28 April 2009)

Daniel, M., and S. Steinberg. "Simon Schama." Publishers Weekly 238, No. 22 (17 May 1991): 46. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009)

Halttunen, Karen. Review of “Dead Certainties (Unwarranted Speculations.) by Simon Schama.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Sep., 1992), p. 631 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2080071 (accessed 29 April 2009).

JULIE BOSMAN. "National Briefing | Arts: National Book Critics Circle Winners." New York Times (9 March 2007): 20. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 1 May 2009).

Nalley, Richard. "SIMON SCHAMA'S POWER OF ART." Forbes 180 (18 September 2007): 165. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009).

"SIMON SCHAMA; Dumbed Down." New York Times (24 November 2002): 4. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 1 May 2009).

Snowman, Daniel. "Simon Schama." History Today 54, No. 7 (July 2004): 34–36. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed 30 April 2009)

Williams, Michael. Review of: “Landscape and Memory. by Simon Schama.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 87, No. 3 (Sep., 1997), pp. 564–565 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2564086 (accessed 30 April 2009)

External links

Columbia History faculty page

Columbia Art History faculty page

"Free Fight", with Schama, offers "a new look at Britain, the United States, slavery and freedom during the Revolutionary War". ''The Brian Lehrer Show'', 8 May 2006.

Simon Schama’s The American History: A Future A Talk at the Shanghai International Literary Festival

Audio: Simon Schama in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion programme ''The Forum''

''Booknotes'' interview with Schama on ''Citizens'', 14 July 1989.

Category:1945 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge Category:Honorary Fellows of Christ's College, Cambridge Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Fellows of Brasenose College, Oxford Category:Historians of the French Revolution Category:English historians Category:English Jews Category:Romanian Jews Category:English people of Romanian descent Category:Jewish historians Category:British academics Category:British art historians Category:British expatriates in the United States Category:English academics Category:Columbia University faculty Category:NCR Book Award winners Category:People educated at Haberdashers' Aske's Boys' School Category:Historians of the United Kingdom Category:Huizinga Lecturers Category:Harvard University faculty

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Doug Wead (Muncie, Indiana, 1946 ) is a presidential historian, philanthropist and public speaker. He was Special Assistant to U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and is the author of more than thirty books, including the ''New York Times'' best-seller ''All the Presidents’ Children: Triumph and Tragedy in the Lives of the First Families''. He has authored a sequel which examines the parenting of presidents of the United States, ''The Raising of a President: The Mothers and Fathers of Our Nation's Leaders''.

Professional history

In 1979, Doug Wead joined entertainer Pat Boone and Dan O’Neill in co-founding Mercy Corps. In 1991, Wead provided initial funding to help launch a Mercy Corps economic recovery program in the newly formed Republic of Kazakhstan.

In the 1980s, Wead organized the Annual Charity Awards, now under the name International Charity Association. Ten First Ladies and Presidents have served as honorary chairpersons of this prestigious event, including Lady Bird Johnson, Gerald Ford, Jimmy and Rosalyn Carter, Ronald and Nancy Reagan, George H. W. and Barbara Bush, and George W. and Laura Bush.

In 1992, Wead was the Republican candidate for U.S. Congress in Arizona's 6th Congressional District. Despite having lived in Arizona for only a few years, Wead won the Republican nomination after championing a tax limitation initiative and airing a television commercial featuring praise by former President Ronald Reagan for his humanitarian efforts. However, the Democratic nominee, Karan English, received the endorsement of former Arizona Senator and 1964 Republican presidential nominee Barry Goldwater who thought Wead was out of touch with Arizona because of his relatively brief residency in the state — two years to English's 22. Wead countered that Goldwater's support of abortion rights spurred the unexpected crossing of party lines. He ended up losing in the general election to English.

Wead was an active behind-the-scenes player in the 2000 United States presidential election, receiving some credit for George W. Bush's victory in the Iowa straw polls of 1999. From 1984 to 2000, he served as an on-and-off adviser to both presidents George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.

''Time magazine'' called Wead an insider in the Bush family orbit and "the man who coined the phrase 'Compassionate Conservative.'" George W. Bush first picked up the term “Compassionate Conservative” in 1987 from Wead. In 1979, Wead gave a speech titled “The Compassionate Conservative” at the annual Charity Awards Dinner, and tapes of the speech were later sold across the country at corporate seminars.

In March 2008, Wead helped create the website Religious Freedom In America, focusing on government threats to religious observance.

He now serves as an adviser for the Ron Paul 2012 Campaign.

Public speaking

As a presidential historian, Wead is a frequent guest on television shows. He has been interviewed by Matt Lauer, Bill O'Reilly, Connie Chung, Deborah Norville, Diane Sawyer, Dan Rather, Katie Couric, Geraldo Rivera, Terry Moran, Kate Snow, and many others.

Mark Victor Hansen, the author of ''Chicken Soup for the Soul'', describes Doug Wead as "incredibly inspiring and unbelievably motivating." Wead continues to speak around the world. He has spoken to audiences in 30 countries, including Russia, Poland, Hungary, France, Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Australia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Japan, Brazil and across the United States. Steve Siebold, who trains corporate speakers for clients ranging from Toyota to Coldwell Banker, describes Wead as "one of the greatest platform speakers in the world."

Books

Wead has written more than 30 books that have been translated into 30 languages and have sold millions of copies.

"First families" trilogy

His “First Family” trilogy, already 20 years in the making, covers presidential children, presidential parents, and presidential siblings. The first two books of the trilogy, ''All the President's Children'' (2004) and ''The Raising of a President'' (2006), were instant ''New York Times'' bestsellers. A third book, now being written with Mary Achor, will be the first book about presidential siblings.

Wead’s books on first families plow new ground and include the first book ever written on the parents of the presidents. They are significant for their primary sourcing. According to Simon and Schuster, Wead personally interviewed 10 first ladies and presidents from six different presidential families, and 19 of the presidential children. His writings drew on previously unpublished letters, diaries and other documents carefully noted in the large 40-50 pages of source notes at the end of his books.

Political books

In the 1970s and 1980s Wead wrote several instant books including ''Reagan in Pursuit of the Presidency'' (1980), an updated biography available at the time of the president’s election, which sold widely. ''The Iran Crisis'' (1980), covered the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and the hostage crisis during the Carter presidency.

Religious books

Wead began his career as an author by serving as a Protestant apologist for the Catholic Charismatic Movement. He began writing as a student, at the age of 22. Intrigued by the emergence of an ecumenical movement in Ireland he wrote ''Tonight They’ll Kill a Catholic'' (1974), a first person account of the streets of Belfast in the midst of conflict. In subsequent years he teams up with a Catholic priest to tour areas of famine around the world which led to another book ''The Compassionate Touch'' (1980).

Motivational books

Beginning in the 1970s, Wead wrote many motivational and network marketing books that sold extensively. Wead was the co-author of numerous titles with Amway distributor Dexter Yager, including ''Don’t Let Anyone Steal Your Dream'' (1978) and ''Millionaire Mentality'' (1993).

George W. Bush taping controversy

Doug Wead secretly tape-recorded conversations with George W. Bush back in 1998 and released some of them to the media recently, starting with "The New York Times." He subsequently apologized to the president and turned over the tapes to the White House. ''George Bush: Man of Integrity'', which includes accounts of all family members, was published in 1988, written primarily from these taped conversations.

Wead continued his taping of George W. Bush between 1997 and 2000, recording at least nine hours of telephone conversations with Bush, who was then Governor of Texas, as he engaged in his presidential run; the recordings were made without Bush's knowledge. Wead stated that he wanted to create an ongoing record of Bush as a historical figure. In February 2005, a month after Bush was sworn into office for his second term as president, Wead revealed the existence of the tapes to ''The New York Times'', and publicly released twelve excerpts from them, each one ranging in length from five minutes to half an hour. He insisted that the taping was legal, having been made only in U.S. states where there was no law against taping someone without their consent. Several newsworthy revelations emerged from the tapes, such as Bush appearing to acknowledge having previously used marijuana and other drugs, and saying he would not answer press questions about his drug use because he did not want to set a bad example for children; calling then-primary opponent Steve Forbes "mean-spirited" and saying Forbes could not rely on Bush's help if Forbes won the Republican nomination; and calling his eventual Democratic election opponent, Al Gore, "pathologically a liar". Other excerpts seemed to match Bush's public persona, such as his statement that he was not worried about getting corrupted by the presidency because he read the Bible daily, which he called "pretty good about keeping your ego in check"; and his insistence that he was not anti-homosexual, regardless of his opposition to gay marriage.

The release prompted some hostility from members of Bush's inner circle: Bush's wife, Laura Bush, said in an interview, "I don't know if I'd use the word 'betrayed,' but I think it's a little bit awkward for sure"; while Bush evangelical ally James Dobson said he was "shocked by [Wead's] breach of trust". Bush himself did not comment. The tapes' release also provoked negative reaction from some commentators, such as Bill Press, who called Wead "scum", and Bill O'Reilly, who called Wead "the lowest form of debris in the country."

Other activities

Wead is also a an independent business owner in Xango. In the past he was active with Quixtar and Network TwentyOne, and both Amway businesses. In 1995 he joined the Board of Canyonville Christian Academy, a private boarding high school in southern Oregon. Since 2000, the school has enjoyed a full attendance and maintains an annual waiting list. He currently serves as its president.

References

External links

Mercy Corps website

Doug Wead official website

Doug Wead's Blog

Doug Wead's history website

Doug Wead on television

Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:Amway people Category:American biographers Category:Assistants to the President of the United States Category:American political candidates

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