name	The Observer
type	Weekly newspaper
format	Berliner (ex-Broadsheet)
foundation
language	English
owners	Guardian Media Group
political	Centre-left
headquarters	Kings Place, 90 York Way, London
issn	0029-7712
oclc	50230244
editor	John Mulholland
website	observer.guardian.co.uk
circulation	253,022 (February 2012)
sister newspapers	''The Guardian'',''The Guardian Weekly'' }}

name	The Observer (International Edition)
issn	9976-1971
oclc	436604553 }}

''The Observer'' is a British newspaper, published on Sundays. In the same place on the political spectrum as its daily sister paper ''The Guardian'', which acquired it in 1993, it takes a liberal or social democratic line on most issues. First published in 1791, it is the world's oldest Sunday newspaper.

History[link]

Origins[link]

The first issue, published on 4 December 1791 by W.S. Bourne, was the world's first Sunday newspaper. Believing that the paper would be a means of wealth, Bourne instead soon found himself facing debts of nearly £1,600. Though early editions purported editorial independence, Bourne attempted to cut his losses and sell the title to the government. When this failed, Bourne's brother (a wealthy businessman) made an offer to the government, which also refused to buy the paper but agreed to subsidise it in return for influence over its editorial content. As a result, the paper soon took a strong line against radicals such as Thomas Paine, Francis Burdett and Joseph Priestley.

19th century[link]

In 1807, the brothers decided to relinquish editorial control, naming Lewis Doxat as the new editor. Seven years later, the brothers sold ''The Observer'' to William Innell Clement, a newspaper proprietor who owned a number of publications. The paper continued to receive government subsidies during this period; in 1819, of the approximately 23,000 copies of the paper distributed weekly, approximately 10,000 were given away as "specimen copies", distributed by postmen who were paid to deliver them to "lawyers, doctors, and gentlemen of the town." Yet the paper began to demonstrate a more independent editorial stance, criticising the authorities' handling of the events surrounding the Peterloo Massacre and defied an 1820 court order against publishing details of the trial of the Cato Street Conspirators who were alleged to have plotted to murder members of the Cabinet. The woodcut pictures published of the stable and hayloft where the conspirators were arrested reflected a new stage of illustrated journalism that the newspaper pioneered during this time.

Clement maintained ownership of ''The Observer'' until his death in 1852. During that time, the paper supported parliamentary reform, but opposed a broader franchise and the Chartist leadership. After Doxat retired in 1857, Clement's heirs sold the paper to Joseph Snowe, who also took over the editor's chair. Under Snowe, the paper adopted a more liberal political stance, supporting the North during the American Civil War and endorsing universal manhood suffrage in 1866. These positions contributed to a decline in circulation during this time.

In 1870, wealthy businessman Julius Beer bought the paper and appointed Edward Dicey as editor, whose efforts succeeded in reviving circulation. Though Beer's son Frederick became the owner upon Julius's death in 1880, he had little interest in the newspaper and was content to leave Dicey as editor until 1889. Henry Duff Traill took over the editorship after Dicey's departure, only to be replaced in 1891 by Frederick's wife, Rachel Beer, of the Sassoon family. Though circulation declined during her tenure, she remained as editor for thirteen years, combining it in 1893 with the editorship of ''The Sunday Times'', a newspaper that she had also bought.

20th century[link]

Upon Frederick's death in 1905, the paper was purchased by the newspaper magnate Lord Northcliffe. After maintaining the existing editorial leadership for a couple of years, in 1908 Northcliffe named James Louis Garvin as editor. Garvin quickly turned the paper into an organ of political influence, boosting circulation from 5,000 to 40,000 within a year of his arrival as a result. Yet the revival in the paper's fortunes masked growing political disagreements between Garvin and Northcliffe. These disagreements ultimately led Northcliffe to sell the paper to William Waldorf Astor in 1911, who transferred ownership to his son Waldorf four years later.

During this period, the Astors were content to leave the control of the paper in Garvin's hands. Under his editorship circulation reached 200,000 during the interwar years, a figure which Garvin fought to maintain even during the depths of the Great Depression. Politically the paper pursued an independent Tory stance, which eventually brought Garvin into conflict with Waldorf's more liberal son, David. Their conflict contributed to Garvin's departure as editor in 1942, after which the paper took the unusual step of declaring itself non-partisan.

Ownership passed to Waldorf's sons in 1948, with David taking over as editor. He remained in the position for 27 years, during which time he turned it into a trust-owned newspaper employing, among others, George Orwell, Paul Jennings and C. A. Lejeune. Under Astor's editorship ''The Observer'' became the first national newspaper to oppose the government's 1956 invasion of Suez, a move which cost it many readers. In 1977, the Astors sold the ailing newspaper to US oil giant Atlantic Richfield (now called ARCO) who sold it to Lonrho plc in 1981. Since June 1993, it has been part of the Guardian Media Group.

In 1990, Farzad Bazoft, a journalist for ''The Observer'', was executed in Iraq on charges of spying. In 2003, ''The Observer'' interviewed the Iraqi colonel who had arrested and interrogated Barzoft and who was convinced that Barzoft was not a spy.

21st century[link]

On 27 February 2005, ''The Observer'' Blog was launched, making ''The Observer'' the first newspaper to purposely document its own internal decisions, as well as the first newspaper to release podcasts. The paper's regular columnists include Andrew Rawnsley and Nick Cohen.

In addition to the weekly Observer Magazine which is still present every Sunday, for several years each issue of ''The Observer'' came with a different free monthly magazine. These magazines had the titles Observer Sport Monthly, Observer Music Monthly, Observer Woman and Observer Food Monthly.

Content from ''The Observer'' is included in ''The Guardian Weekly'' for an international readership.

''The Observer'' followed its daily partner ''The Guardian'' and converted to 'Berliner' format on Sunday 8 January 2006.

''The Observer'' was announced as ''National Newspaper of the Year'' at the British Press Awards 2007.

Whitehall Editor Jo Revill had, as Health Editor, been named ''Medical Journalist of the Year'' in 2000 and 2006 by two different organisations, when she was Health Editor.

On 24 October 2007, it was announced that editor Roger Alton was stepping down at the end of the year to be replaced by his deputy, John Mulholland.

In early 2010, the paper was rejuvenated. An article on the paper's website previewing the new version stated that "The News section, which will incorporate Business and personal finance, will be home to a new section, Seven Days, offering a complete round-up of the previous week's main news from Britain and around the world, and will also focus on more analysis and comment."

Supplements and features[link]

After the paper was rejuvenated in early 2010, the main paper came with only a small number of supplements – ''Sport'', ''The Observer Magazine'', ''The New Review'' and ''The New York Times International Weekly'', an 8-page supplement of articles selected from ''The New York Times'', has been distributed with the paper since 2007. Every four weeks the paper includes ''The Observer Food Monthly'' magazine.

Previously, the main paper had come with a vast range of supplements including ''Sport'', ''Business & Media'', ''Review'', ''Escape'' (a travel supplement), ''The Observer Magazine'' and various special interest monthlies, such as ''Observer Food Monthly'', ''Observer Women monthly'', ''Observer Sport Monthly'' and ''The Observer Film Magazine''.

The Newsroom[link]

''The Observer'' and its sister newspaper ''The Guardian'' operate a visitor centre in London called The Newsroom. It contains their archives, including bound copies of old editions, a photographic library and other items such as diaries, letters and notebooks. This material may be consulted by members of the public. The Newsroom also mounts temporary exhibitions and runs an educational program for schools.

In November 2007, ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian'' made their archives available over the internet. The current extent of the archives available are 1791 to 2000 for ''The Observer'' and 1821 to 2000 for ''The Guardian''. These archives will eventually go up to 2003.

Editors[link]

W. S. Bourne & W. H. Bourne (1791–1807)

Lewis Doxat (1807–1857)

Joseph Snowe (1857–1870)

Edward Dicey (1870–1889)

Henry Duff Traill (1889–1891)

Rachel Beer (1891–1904)

Austin Harrison (1904–1908)

James Louis Garvin (1908–1942)

Ivor Brown (1942–1948)

David Astor (1948–1975)

Donald Trelford (1975–1993)

Jonathan Fenby (1993–1995)

Andrew Jaspan (1995–1996)

Will Hutton (1996–1998)

Roger Alton (1998–2007)

John Mulholland (2008–)

Awards[link]

''The Observer'' was named the British Press Awards ''National Newspaper of the Year'' in 2007. Its supplements have twice won "Regular Supplement of the Year" (''Sport Monthly'', 2001; ''Food Monthly'', 2006).

''Observer'' journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including

"Interviewer of the Year" (Lynn Barber, 2002; Sean O'Hagan, 2003; Rachel Cooke, 2006; Chrissy Iley (freelance for ''Observer'' and ''Sunday Times'' magazine), 2008)

"Critic of the Year" (Jay Rayner, 2006; Philip French, 2009)

Bibliography[link]

''David Astor and The Observer'' by Richard Cockett. Has endpapers which are facsimiles of ''The Observer'', with other black-and-white photographic plates of personnel linked to ''The Observer''. 294 pages with an index.

See also [link]

Anthony Howard

Cambridge Apostles

Observer Mace debating competition – now known as the ''John Smith Memorial Mace''

References[link]

External links[link]

''Observer'' website

Information about The Newsroom Archive and Visitor Centre

''DigitalArchive'' paid-for service

History of Guardian Media Group 1990 – 1999, Guardian Media Group website; as of 2 March 2003; GMGplc.co.uk (link requires Flash to view timeline)

History of the Observer

Observer Observer, The Observer, The Observer, The Category:1791 establishments in England Category:Sunday newspapers published in the United Kingdom Category:1791 establishments in Great Britain *

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name	Soul Syndicate
background	group_or_band
origin	Kingston, Jamaica
genre	Reggae
years active	early 1970s – present
past members	Earl "Chinna" SmithCarlton "Santa" DavisGeorge "Fully" FullwoodTony ChinBernard "Touter" HarveyKeith SterlingLeroy "Horsemouth" WallaceCleon DouglasEarl LindoTyrone Downie
notable instruments	}}

Soul Syndicate, originally called the Rhythm Raiders, were one of the top reggae session bands in Jamaica from the early 1970s to the mid-1980s.

History[link]

In the first half of the 1970s the band from the Greenwich Farm area of Kingston recorded for producers such as Keith Hudson, Winston Holness (under the pseudonym The Observers), Duke Reid and others on some of the most popular and influential recordings of the era. Core members of the band were guitarist Earl "Chinna" Smith, drummer Carlton "Santa" Davis, bassist and founder of Soul Syndicate George "Fully" Fullwood, rhythm guitarist Tony Chin and keyboard player Bernard "Touter" Harvey, later with Keith Sterling on keyboards. Other members at various times included drummer Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace, guitarist Cleon Douglas, and keyboard players Earl Lindo and Tyrone Downie. Freddie McGregor was at one time the band's featured vocalist. The nucleus of the band also recorded under the name The Agrovators for Bunny Lee. As well as playing on countless releases backing some of Jamaica's top vocalists, including Dennis Brown and Gregory Isaacs, they also released several albums credited to the band. Harvey later became a member of The Wailers Band.

The Soul Syndicate's "Stalag 17" and "Taxi" bass lines, was among many bass lines created by George "Fully" Fullwood ,a instrumental, featuring Ansell Collins on organ, was much-versioned, providing the basis for hits over the two decades that followed for Big Youth, Horace Andy, Augustus Pablo, Frankie Paul, General Echo, Tenor Saw and others.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

''Harvest Uptown, Famine Downtown'' (1977) London/Soul Syndicate

''Moodie In Dub Vol 1'' (1978) Moodie Music (Black Slate & The Soul Syndicate)

''Was, Is, & Always'' (1980) High Times/Epiphany

''Roots Radics Meet Soul Syndicate In Dub'' (198?) Razor Sounds (with Roots Radics)

''Friends and Family'' (1996) Epiphany

;Compilations:

''Freedom Sounds In Dub'' (1996) Blood & Fire (King Tubby & The Soul Syndicate)

''Dub Classics'' (2006) Jamaican Recordings

DVD[link]

''Word, Sound and Power'' (2008), MVD

Notes[link]

References[link]

Barrow, Steve & Dalton, Peter (2004) ''The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn.'', Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-329-4

Larkin, Colin (1998) ''The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae'', Virgin Books, ISBN 0-7535-0242-9

Thompson, Dave (2002) ''Reggae & Caribbean Music'', Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-655-6

External links[link]

Legendary Jamaican bassist Fully Fullwood web site

Legendary Jamaican roots reggae guitarist Tony Chin,member of Soul Syndicate,Big Mountain,the Fully Fullwood Band;and more.

Legendary Jamaican drummer Carlton "Santa" Davis web site

Soul Syndicate at Roots Archives

Category:Jamaican reggae musical groups

name	Emmy the Great
background	solo_singer
birth name	Emma-Lee Moss
origin	London, England
genre	Anti-folk, Indie folk
occupation	Singer-songwriter
years active	2005–present
label	Fear And Records, Close Harbour
associated acts	Younghusband, So Say So, Pengilly's, Three Trapped Tigers, Noah and the Whale, Jeremy Warmsley, Johnny Flynn, Brighton Port Authority, Lightspeed Champion, Ash
website	Official website Myspace
current members	Emma-Lee Moss Euan HinshelwoodGlenn KerriganTom Rogerson Ric HollingberyPete Baker
notable instruments	}}

Emma-Lee Moss (born c. 1984), known by her stage name Emmy the Great, is a London-based singer-songwriter. She has released two albums, ''First Love'' and ''Virtue''.

Early life and education[link]

Moss was born in Hong Kong to an English father and a Chinese mother. Interested in music from a young age, she used to go by train to her nearest Tower Records shop so that she could buy the only non-Chinese music they had and, as a result, she developed a liking for bands such as Weezer, The Smashing Pumpkins, and The Lemonheads.

While in Hong Kong, she attended primary school in Kowloon.

She emigrated with her family to London at the age of 12. She attended the Michael Hall Rudolf Steiner School in West Sussex.

Moss is dating Tim Wheeler of the band Ash, as revealed on 6 Music's coverage of Glastonbury Festival 2011, where they did an interview, followed by a cover of a Pixies track together.

Musical career[link]

She has performed with indie folk groups Lightspeed Champion and Noah and the Whale, but is primarily known for her solo work. She first emerged under the name ''Emmy the Great'' in 2004, when she released a series of free demos over the internet. She says the moniker came about when "[she] wanted to be a backing singer and [...] wanted to have something to hand to people... ‘Emmy’ is a name they called me at university, which I hated, and ‘the Great’ I added on because I hated ‘Emmy’ so much." She formed a backing band which currently includes Euan Hinshelwood of Younghusband, Glenn Kerrigan of So Say So, Tom Rogerson of Three Trapped Tigers and Ric Hollingbery of Pengilly's, and has previously included members of Noah and the Whale and Johnny Flynn.

Her debut single, ''Secret Circus'', was released in April 2006.

She began writing her debut album, ''First Love'', in "dilapidated studios" owned by The Earlies in rural Lancashire and was released in February 2009. It spawned the singles ''We Almost Had A Baby'' and ''First Love''. The album was received with generally positive reviews, while ''The New York Times'' compiled their list of "Best Albums of the Year 2009" and ranked ''First Love'' at #7.

Her second album, Virtue, was released on June 13, 2011. The album's lead single "Iris" was released as a digital download on April 29, 2011. Speaking of the album's recording process, Moss said that, "It’s been a very strange few months, and I can’t wait to make a record of them".

Both albums are released on Emmy's own label Close Harbour Records.

Collaborations[link]

She has collaborated with several other artists, most notably Lightspeed Champion and Fatboy Slim (as part of the Brighton Port Authority project).

She has also worked with alternative rock band Ash (for whom she has shown great admiration) on an acoustic studio re-recording of the single "D" - "Tracers" and also performed with them on their A-Z tour. Moss recorded a cover of Ash's song "Burn Baby Burn" which was the B-side to her single "First Love". She provided guest vocals on "Calling Out Your Name Again", the second single from Darren Hayman's ''Essex Arms'' album.

She is a mentor for The Joe Strummer Foundation for New Music (Strummerville)

In April 2011, Moss collaborated with writers Jack Underwood, Nikesh Shukla, Joe Dunthorne and Miriam Elia for the London Word Festival, along with musician Elizabeth Sankey of Summer Camp.

In May 2011, Moss and Tim Wheeler covered a song called "Washington Parks" raising money and awareness for multiple sclerosis and the MS Society. Moss said, "I have just recorded a song with Wheeler for the MS Society. The song is called Washington Parks and it was written by Robert Manning. Robert is the word 'awesome'. He writes a really beautiful about his family life and the pain of MS treatment, and also came up with the idea to get people to record his song for charity. So far Ed Harcourt, Marissa Nadler, and loads more have signed up. Tim has a special Ash collaboration version lined up as well."

In November 2011 Emmy and Tim Wheeler released a Christmas album, entitled ''This is Christmas'' (Infectious, 2011).

Writing[link]

Emmy has written for music magazines ''The Stool Pigeon'', ''Artrocker'' and ''Drowned in Sound'', and for the QI Annual. She also has a fortnightly column in the Hong Kong newspaper ''Ming Pao'', and contributed writing to the BBC Radio 4 show The Museum of Curiosity. She claimed in an interview that she has no plans to be a music journalist. An article of hers, based on her time in Omaha with Lightspeed Champion, is featured in the ''Stool Pigeon'' compilation book ''Grace Under Pressure''. She stated that if she had not been a musician, "I’d be a writer of some sort, in different formats." Her writing styles have been praised as being poetic.

She is childhood friends with feminist and columnist Jazz Mellor, who is referenced in several Emmy the Great songs.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

''First Love'' (Close Harbour/ Absolute, 2009)

''Virtue'' (2011) ''This is Christmas'' (Infectious, 2011) with Tim Wheeler

Live albums[link]

''Acoustic Bonus CD - Live at 12 Bar, London'' (Rough Trade Shops, 2009)

EPs[link]

''Take Me I'm Free'' (2006) ''self released''

''My Bad'' (Moshi Moshi, 2007)

''Chris Moss EP'' (Internet release, 2007)

''Edward'' (Close Harbour/ Absolute, 2009)

Singles[link]

"Secret Circus" (Drowned in Sound, 2006)

"The Hypnotist's Son" 7" (Drowned in Sound, 2007)

"Gabriel" 7" (Moshi Moshi, 2007)

"We Almost Had A Baby" (Close Harbour, 2008)

"First Love" (Close Harbour, 2009)

"A Woman, A Woman, A Century of Sleep" free download (2011)

"Iris" (2011)

Music videos[link]

"The Easter Parade" (2007)

"We Almost Had a Baby" (2008)

"First Love" (2009)

"MIA" (2009)

"Iris" (2011)

"Paper Forest" (2011)

References[link]

External links [link]

Official Website

Emmy the Great on Facebook

Emmy the Great on Twitter

Exclusive Interview with Virgin Red Room

Category:1984 births Category:Anti-folk musicians Category:English female singers Category:English people of Hong Kong descent Category:English singer-songwriters Category:Hong Kong female singers Category:Hong Kong people of British descent Category:Hong Kong singer-songwriters Category:Living people

zh-min-nan:Emmy the Great nl:Emmy the Great zh:Emmy the Great

There are many people in history who are commonly appended with the phrase "''the Great''", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as ''e Bozorg'' and ''e azam'' in Persian and Urdu respectively.

In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.

The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus) assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "''the Great''".

The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).

Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.

As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.

Rulers[link]

Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran

Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India

Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat

Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia

Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia

Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias

Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex

Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire

Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty

Ashot I of Iberia “the Great�(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),

Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire

Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand

Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)

Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)

Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden

Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland

Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia

Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India

Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans

Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)

Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks

Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen

Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor

Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media

Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire

Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire

Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent

Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse

Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile

Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia

Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire

Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader

Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea

Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC

Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)

Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre

Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea

Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris

Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France

Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)

Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat

Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia

John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve

John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre

Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor

Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i

Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India

Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia

Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty

Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales

Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland

Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand

Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan

Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)

Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)

Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom

Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus

Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya

Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)

Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine

Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)

K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque

Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka

Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia

Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia

Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily

Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar

Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar

Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.

Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India

Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)

Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties

Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)

Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev

Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders

Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent

Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre

Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire

Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king

Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia

Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire

Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)

Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks

Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)

Tamar (1160-1123), Queen of the Georgian Empire

Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty

Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie

Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire

Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor

Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia

Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia

Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire

Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark

Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor

Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus

Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy

William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon

William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou

Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)

Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China

Religious figures[link]

Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East

Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia

Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian

Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt

Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader

Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian

Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)

Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint

Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint

Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)

Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine

Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)

Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)

Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit

Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)

Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople

William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites

Other[link]

Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies

Emmy the Great, folk singer

Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III

Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia

See also[link]

Epithet

List of monarchs by nickname

List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I

James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus

Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, whose common honorific "Mahatma" means "Great Soul"

Notes[link]

Category:Monarchs Great, List of people known as The Category:Greatest Nationals Category:Epithets

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Name	Stalking Cat
Birth name	Dennis Avner
Birth date	August 27, 1958
Birth place	Flint, Michigan
Nationality	American
Known for	extensive body modifications to look like a tiger
Home town	Tonopah, Nevada
Footnotes	}}

Dennis Avner (born in Flint, Michigan August 27, 1958) of Tonopah, Nevada, United States, is widely known as "Cat Man," though he prefers his Native American name, Stalking Cat. Avner has spent considerable resources to surgically modify his body to resemble that of a tiger. He holds the world record for the most body modifications.

Description of modifications[link]

extensive tattooing, including facial tattooing

hairline modification

saline breast implants

piercing of his upper lip and transdermal implants on his forehead to facilitate the wearing of whiskers

facial subdermal implants to change the shape of the brow, forehead and the bridge of the nose (a planned future implant on the top of his head for mounting tiger-like ears)

flattening of his nose via septum relocation

filing and capping of his teeth to have a more feline appearance

wearing green contact lenses with slit irides

having his ears pointed and the earlobes elongated

silicone injection in his lips, cheeks, chin and other parts of his face

bifurcated upper lip

Avner himself claims not to keep track of the money he has spent on body modification, although some sources do state a total. Avner, whose parents were of Huron and Lakota heritage, states that altering oneself to resemble one's own totem is an ancient Huron tradition. The former Navy sonar technician who currently works as a computer programmer took on the name Stalking Cat and began his modifications after a discussion with a Native chief who reportedly inspired him to 'follow the ways of the tiger'.

As a result of his unusual appearance, Stalking Cat has attained local celebrity status and frequently travels to attend interviews and photo sessions. He has appeared and been interviewed on such television and radio shows as ''Ripley's Believe It or Not!'', ''Larry King Live'', VH1's ''Totally Obsessed'', Kerrang! Radio's ''The Night Before'', BBC Choice's ''Anna in Wonderland'' (Episode 6), and Animal Planet's ''Weird, True & Freaky'' (2008 episode "Humanimals").

Many of Stalking Cat's body modifications were performed by Arizona based artist Steve Haworth. The first artist to begin the extensive tattoo work on Dennis's face was Larry Hanks of San Diego in 1985. He also tattooed scales on him and at this time Stalking Cat was referred to as "Cat Fish" although not by choice.

Medical ethics concerns[link]

Glenn McGee, director of the Center for Bioethics at Albany Medical College in New York, says of Avner, "Cosmetic surgery is a practice based on informed consent that needs to balance the risks with the benefits. It is possible to have a coherent view that is nonetheless detrimental to one's well-being. This is a patient who's being harmed by medicine in the interest of his tradition."

See also[link]

The Lizardman

Katzen

The Enigma

Lucky Diamond Rich

Body modification

References[link]

External links[link]

Dennis Avner's LiveJournal

Cat Man - the human 'tiger' who enjoys climbing trees and eats raw meat every day - an article dated 2008-09-06 from The Daily Mail, which features a photograph of Stalking Cat

Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Body modification Category:Lakota people Category:Wyandot people

de:Stalking Cat es:Stalking Cat ja:ストーキング・キャット pt:Stalking Cat sv:Stalking Cat