Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Songs of Silence - Live in Tokyo
type	Live album
artist	Sonata Arctica
cover	SonataArctica_SongsOfSilence_Euro.jpg
released	July, 01 2002 (Finland)
recorded	September 4, 2001 at Shibuya On Air East, Tokyo, Japan
genre	Power metal
length	82:40
label	Spinefarm Records
last album	''Orientation(2001)
this album	''Songs of Silence''(2002)
next album	''Winterheart's Guild''(2003)
misc	}}

''Songs of Silence'' is a live album by Finnish power metal band Sonata Arctica. Both Japanese and Korean versions have an exclusive cover art and one bonus track, and their first edition had a bonus CD containing 3 tracks.

Track listing

Disc one

# "Intro" # "Weballergy" # "Kingdom For a Heart" # "Sing in Silence" # "False News Travel Fast" # "Last Drop Falls" # "Respect the Wilderness" # "FullMoon" # "The End of This Chapter" # "The Power of One" (Asian bonus track) # "Replica" # "My Land" # "Black Sheep" # "Wolf & Raven"

Disc two

(Asian 1st edition only) # "Blank File" # "Land of the Free" # "PeaceMaker" (studio version)

Personnel

Tony Kakko - Vocals

Jani Liimatainen - Guitar

Marko Paasikoski - Bass

Mikko Härkin - Keyboards

Tommy Portimo - Drums

Info

Mixed by Mikko Karmila at Finnvox Studios

Mastered by Mika Jussila Finnvox Studios

Cover art by Janne "ToxicAngel" Pitkänen

Photos in cover taken by Timo Isoaho and Mape Ollila

Notes

At the end of ''False News Travel Fast'', Jani Liimatainen plays a riff that is closely similar to the main riff of the song ''Speed Of Light'' by Stratovarius (a similar riff is also used in ''Future Shock''). Jani Liimatainen also plays that riff before the first chorus of ''Blank File'' in the same concert.

Category:Sonata Arctica albums Category:2002 live albums Category:Double live albums

bg:Songs of Silence es:Songs Of Silence eo:Songs of Silence fr:Songs of Silence Live In Tokyo it:Songs of Silence nl:Songs of Silence pl:Songs of Silence pt:Songs of Silence fi:Songs of Silence sv:Songs of Silence - Live in Tokyo

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
{{infobox musical artist| background	non_vocal_instrumentalist | instrument Guitar
name	Pat Metheny
born	August 12, 1954Lee's Summit. Missouri, United States
instrument	Electric guitar, acoustic guitar, guitar synthesizer
occupation	Musician, songwriter
genre	Jazz, jazz fusion, world fusion, post-bop, jazz-rock, crossover jazz
associated acts	Pat Metheny Group, Noa, The Orb, Steve Reich
label	ECM, Geffen, Nonesuch
notable instruments	Gibson ES-175 Ibanez PM20 Signature ModelIbanez PM100 Signature ModelIbanez PM35Roland GR-300Pikasso guitar
years active	1974–present
website	}}

Patrick Bruce "Pat" Metheny (pronounced ; born August 12, 1954) is an American jazz guitarist and composer.

One of the most successful and critically acclaimed jazz musicians to come to prominence in the 1970s and '80s, he is the leader of the Pat Metheny Group and is also involved in duets, solo works and other side projects. His style incorporates elements of progressive and contemporary jazz, post-bop, latin jazz and jazz fusion. Pat Metheny has three gold albums and 17 Grammy Awards. He is the brother of jazz flugelhornist and journalist Mike Metheny.

Biography

Metheny was born and raised in Lee's Summit, Missouri, a suburb southeast of Kansas City. Following his graduation from Lee's Summit High School, he briefly attended the University of Miami in Coral Gables, Florida in 1972, where he was quickly offered a teaching position. He then moved to Boston to take a teaching assistantship at the Berklee College of Music with jazz vibraphonist Gary Burton. He first made his name as a teenage prodigy under the wing of Burton. In the liner notes on the 2-disc Montgomery compilation ''Impressions: the Verve Jazz Sides'', Metheny is quoted as saying, "(Smokin' at the Half Note) is the absolute greatest jazz-guitar album ever made. It is also the record that taught me how to play."

The angular compositions, asymmetrical lines, relentless rhythmic drive, and deep blues feeling of Ornette Coleman's ''New York is Now'' (Blue Note) inspired Metheny to find his own direction. He has recorded Coleman compositions on a number of his records (starting with a medley of "Round Trip" and "Broadway Blues" on his debut ''Bright Size Life''); worked extensively with Coleman collaborators such as Charlie Haden, Dewey Redman, and Billy Higgins; and has even made a record, ''Song X'', with Coleman.

Metheny's playing (as well as his tone) also show significant influence by Jim Hall, Joe Diorio, Kenny Burrell, Joe Pass, and other classic jazz players. Metheny has often been quoted saying that he is as likely to name non-guitarists as significant stylistic influences as fellow guitar players, giving as examples players like Clifford Brown and John Coltrane. He has stated that Miles Davis' live album Four & More was hugely influential on his pursuit into jazz music. He has also admitted to being heavily influenced by The Beatles, going so far as to say that everything by The Beatles has impacted him as a musician. He has paid significant attention to the evolution of guitar playing across genres, however, and is familiar with the playing of notables from the likes of rocker Eddie Van Halen to Leo Kottke.

In particular, he has been influenced by Brazilian music--both the European-influenced jazz sound of the bossa nova and the intensely polyrhythmic Afro-Brazilian sounds of the country's northeast. Metheny made 3 albums on ECM with the Brazilian vocalist and percussionist Naná Vasconcelos in the early 1980s. He also lived in Brazil from the late 1980s to the early 1990s and performed with several local musicians such as Milton Nascimento and Toninho Horta. He also played with Antonio Carlos Jobim as a tribute, in a live performance in Carnegie Hall Salutes The Jazz Masters: Verve 50th Anniversary before Jobim’s passing away.

He is also a fan of several pop music artists, especially singer/songwriters including The Beatles; James Taylor (after whom he named the song "James" on ''Offramp''); Bruce Hornsby, Cheap Trick, Joni Mitchell, with whom he performed on her Shadows and Light (1980, Asylum/ Elektra) live tour. Metheny is also fond of Buckethead's music. He also worked with, sponsored or helped to make attractive recordings of unique singer/songwriters from all over the world such as Pedro Aznar (Argentina), David Bowie (UK), Silje Nergaard (Norway), Noa (Israel), and Anna Maria Jopek (Poland).

Two of Metheny's recordings, ''The Way Up'' and ''Orchestrion'', evidence the influence of American minimalist composer Steve Reich and utilize similar rhythmic figures structured around pulse. Reich's composition ''Electric Counterpoint'' was first recorded by Metheny and appears on the ''Different Trains'' CD released by Nonesuch Records in 1987.

The Metheny Brothers

Pat took part in recording some of the CDs by his older brother, trumpeter Mike Metheny, a talented jazz musician and a trumpet player based in Kansas City, Missouri, among them ''Day In - Night Out'' (1986) and more recently ''Close Enough for Love'' (2001). and

Bibliography

Discography

Early recognition

Chuck Lorre (producer of ''Two and a Half Men'' and ''The Big Bang Theory'') mentions Pat Metheny in his weekly 'vanity card' (shown briefly after the credits of the Season 1 Episode 12 episode of ''The Big Bang Theory'' entitled "The Jerusalem Duality"). To summarize, Chuck Lorre was a professional guitarist at the age of 22. He was invited to audit a jazz guitar class at the University of Miami, and his ego was crushed when Pat Metheny began to play. Chuck says that this experience played a part in shifting his focus toward television.

Awards

In 1995, Pat Metheny was granted the Miles Davis Award by the Montreal International Jazz Festival.

References

External links

The Pat Metheny homepage - biographies, discographies, discussion and songbook forums, tour dates, etc.

The most complete Pat Metheny discography with radio shows, promos a. o.

Pat Metheny entry at AllMusic.com

Pat Metheny profile, NNDB

Pat Metheny's guitar rig

Pat Metheny's artist file on the Montreal International Jazz Festival's website

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:People from Lee's Summit, Missouri Category:Article Feedback Pilot Category:Lead guitarists Category:American jazz guitarists Category:Jazz fusion guitarists Category:Post-bop guitarists Category:Berklee College of Music faculty Category:Grammy Award winners Category:University of Miami alumni Category:University of Miami faculty Category:Musicians from Missouri Category:ECM artists Category:Geffen Records artists Category:Nonesuch Records artists

cs:Pat Metheny da:Pat Metheny de:Pat Metheny es:Pat Metheny fr:Pat Metheny gl:Pat Metheny ko:팻 메시니 id:Pat Metheny it:Pat Metheny he:פט מתיני nl:Pat Metheny ja:パット・メセニー no:Pat Metheny nn:Pat Metheny pl:Pat Metheny pt:Pat Metheny ru:Мэтини, Патрик Брюс fi:Pat Metheny sv:Pat Metheny th:แพท เมธินี tr:Pat Metheny

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Sonata Arctica
landscape	Yes
alias	Tricky Beans, Tricky Means,
background	group_or_band
origin	Kemi, Finland
genre	Power metal, progressive metal
years active	1996−present
label	Spinefarm, Nuclear Blast
website
current members	Tony KakkoElias ViljanenTommy PortimoMarko PaasikoskiHenrik Klingenberg
past members	Jani LiimatainenMikko HärkinJanne KivilahtiPentti Peura }}

Sonata Arctica are a Finnish power metal band from the town of Kemi, originally assembled in 1995. Their later works (most notably ''The Days of Grays'', ''Unia'' and a few tracks on ''Reckoning Night'') contain several elements typical of progressive metal.

Biography

Formation and early years (1996–1999)

The band was founded by Marko Paasikoski, Jani Liimatainen and Tommy Portimo in Kemi at the end of 1995 (Tony Kakko and Pentti Peura joined in early 1996). Originally named ''Tricky Beans'', they played hard rock rather than the power metal with which they grew to fame. During their early career, they recorded three demos which were never sent to any recording label — ''Friend 'till the End'', ''Agre Pamppers'' and ''PeaceMaker''.

In 1997 the band changed their name to ''Tricky Means'', and from that point until 1999 their style was thoroughly worked upon and ultimately was drastically changed, acquiring strong emphasis on the keyboard melodies and relying on an easily distinguishable rhythm line maintained both by the bass and the guitar. Vocalist Tony Kakko developed a clean singing style which relies both on falsetto and tenor voices and second guitarist Marko Paasikoski left the band. Kakko has stated that the change of sound was influenced by fellow Finnish power metal band Stratovarius.

In 1999 (after they changed their name to ''Sonata Arctica''), the band recorded a demo entitled ''FullMoon'' in Kemi's Tico Tico Studios, which was their first real metal recording. The line-up consisted of vocalist and keyboardist Tony Kakko, guitarist Jani Liimatainen, bassist Janne Kivilahti and drummer Tommy Portimo. The demo was sent to Spinefarm Records by a friend of the band and a recording deal soon followed.

''Ecliptica'' and ''Silence'' (1999–2002)

Later that year, Sonata Arctica's first single, entitled ''UnOpened'' was released in Finland. It entered the Finnish Top 20 sales chart on the week of its release and, soon after, the band had closed deals with labels from around the world, prior to the release of their debut album. The debut ''Ecliptica'' arrived by the end of 1999 and had a worldwide release, obtaining rave critics from the specialized press.

Tony Kakko then decided to focus on singing and began seeking a new keyboard player for Sonata Arctica; Mikko Härkin (ex-Kenziner) was eventually invited to fill the position.

In the beginning of 2000, Sonata Arctica was chosen to support the well known power metal band Stratovarius throughout their European tour. Marko Paasikoski returned to the band to play bass in the wake of Janne Kivilahti's departure after the tour.

From late 2000 to late 2001, the band worked on composing and recording their next album — ''Silence'' — which was released in June 2001. An extensive tour followed, which included concerts throughout Europe (together with Gamma Ray) and Japan. In 2002 Sonata Arctica made its first incursion to America, putting on shows in Brazil and Chile. According to some of the musicians from the band, it was one of their best tours to date — the other being the Japanese tour from 2003. A live album entitled ''Songs of Silence'' was also released that year, consisting of gigs from their tour in Japan. By the end of 2002, Mikko Härkin left the band due to personal reasons.

''Winterheart's Guild'' (2003)

Their third album — ''Winterheart's Guild'' — was recorded with the help of the seasoned keyboard player Jens Johansson from Stratovarius who recorded the keyboard solos, while Kakko took care of the basics. The album was released in 2003.

In the search for another keyboardist, the band received many applications and two of them were invited for auditions. Since they were well aware of the candidates' ability, the band decided to pick the new member based on personality. To this end they spent a night drinking with each of the potentials in order to find out which one would fit best into the band's personality and mentality. Henrik Klingenberg was eventually chosen and joined the band in time to take part in the tour that followed the release of ''Winterheart's Guild''. Most of the concerts on the tour were sold out.

With the end of their contract with Spinefarm Records, the band received invitations from most European recording labels, and eventually opted for Nuclear Blast.

''Reckoning Night'' (2004–2005)

In early 2004, the band was chosen as the opener for Iron Maiden's Japanese tour. Additionally, Tommy Portimo became a father; his wife gave birth to a baby girl in March. ''Reckoning Night'' was recorded in three months and released in October. Both the single and the EP of this release remained on the top of the Finnish charts simultaneously for over six weeks. A promotional tour was to follow, but Sonata Arctica was invited by the popular Nightwish to join their European tour, and thus made a change of plans. The concerts that followed were played for audiences of over ten thousand people. Fans took notice that Reckoning Night was more progressive than previous Sonata Arctica albums. At that time in interviews, Tony Kakko and Henrik Klingenberg began to claim that they saw themselves as more so just a rock band than Power Metal. Another notable feature about this album was that Henrik Klingenberg introduced use of the organ (music) to the band.

In early 2005, Nightwish invited the band to open the concerts of their North American tour. This tour eventually got cancelled, but the members of Sonata Arctica opted to still make a short tour, playing concerts in Canada and the USA. On October 21, 2005, Sonata Arctica opened for Nightwish at the Hartwall Areena, Helsinki.

''For the Sake of Revenge'' and Winterheart's Guild video game (2006)

In 2006, the band released a live CD and DVD entitled ''For the Sake of Revenge'', which was recorded in Tokyo in February 2005. Then, Spinefarm Records released a compilation album in order to get the most out of their contract with the band, since Sonata Arctica changed their recording label. The compilation is entitled ''The End of This Chapter'' and was released in Japan in August 2005 and in Europe on May 2006.

A computer video game was also planned, based on Sonata Arctica characters and music. The name of the game was going to be ''Winterheart's Guild'', like their album. The game was to be developed by Zelian Games, and was to be an Action-RPG in a style between Fallout and Diablo. The game was cancelled for unannounced reasons but a demo was shown at the ''Leipzig video game conference'' in 2006, featuring Henrik Klingenberg as the playable character. As of December 2006, the band began recording their fifth studio album.

''Unia'' (2007–2008)

On May 25, 2007, ''Unia'' was released. The album's first single, "Paid In Full", was released on April 27, 2007. Interestingly, the cover for ''Unia'' features a barely perceptible image of a person's hair and eyes looking out through a crack in the background in the lower right-hand corner. It is likely an allusion to the person in the song "Caleb" on ''Unia''.

On August 6, 2007, the band announced on their website that guitarist Jani Liimatainen had been asked to leave the band due to problems related to his conscription. He was replaced by Elias Viljanen who had already filled in for him in the band's Finnish and Japanese shows during the spring and summer.

In October 2007 Sonata Arctica headlined the ProgPower USA VIII. Later the band supported Nightwish across their 2008 tour of United States and Canada and headlined at the shows that Nightwish cancelled due to Anette Olzon's sudden severe sickness.

In 2008 Tony Kakko collaborated with English Singer/Songwriter and arranger Mark Deeks to perform choral arrangements of some of the band's works at a special one off concert at The Sage Centre in Gateshead.

It was announced on September 4, 2008 that the band's first two albums would be re-released by Spinefarm UK on October 6.

''The Days of Grays'' (Since 2009)

::''Main Article: The Days of Grays'' Sonata Arctica's latest album was released on September 16, 2009 in Finland and September 22 in the USA. Henrik stated that the new album will be in the same vein as ''Unia'', but not as complex and darker. Singles from this album include "Flag in the Ground" and "The Last Amazing Grays". On August 28, 2009, the music video of "Flag In The Ground" was released to the web. The limited 2CD European edition of the album featured many of the album tracks with all instruments performed by a symphony orchestra.

The band also recently toured with DragonForce for the third U.S. leg of the Ultra Beatdown tour, and will be touring the US "two or three times," as well as doing a European tour and Asian tour covering Indonesia, Taiwan, China, and Japan. In early 2010 they engaged on an Australian tour with Ensiferum and Melbourne band Vanishing Point.

In April 2010, Sonata Arctica embarked on their USA and Canada Headlining tour for The Days of Grays. In October they headlined in Chile in support of the same album.

Future plans

In January 2011, the band hinted in an online interview for Metaleater magazine that they are currently writing songs for a new album while on their current tour. Elias is quoted as saying, "I've been working on some new riffs, quite dark. Tony's been stuck in his bed scratching notes about some girl and her 'Luna Lust'." Tommy states later, "We've just got back from Cozumel, we had a good time, had lots of beers, loads more sun and thought about putting a bit more Queen stuff back into the music again."

While playing in Sheffield (UK) Tony stated to the audience that they were in fact hoping to start recording the new album this autumn and have it available for purchase before summer 2012.

In April, the band recorded a live DVD in Oulu, Finland, due for release in late 2011.

Influences

In a 2007 interview with C.B.Liddell, Tony Kakko cited the English rock band Queen as his biggest musical influence. "A lot of people seem to mention a Queen influence in our music," he said. "Queen have always been the biggest band for me."

Members

Current

Tony Kakko

*Vocals (1996−present)

*Keyboards (1996–2001, 2003, 2007–present)

Elias Viljanen

*Guitars (2007−present)

*Backing vocals (2007−present)

Marko Paasikoski

*Bass guitar (2000−present)

*Backing vocals (2000−present)

*Guitars (1996–1997)

Tommy Portimo

*Drums (1996−present)

Henrik Klingenberg

*Keyboards/keytar (2002−present)

*Backing vocals (2002−present)

Former

Pentti Peura

*Bass guitar (1996−1998)

*Backing vocals (1996−1998)

Janne Kivilahti

*Bass guitar (1998−2000)

*Backing vocals (1998−2000)

Mikko Härkin

*Keyboards (2000−2002)

*Backing vocals (2000−2002)

Jani Liimatainen

*Guitars (1996−2007)

*Backing vocals (1996−2007)

Guest musicians

Raisa Aine − flute (on "Letter to Dana")

Nik Van-Eckmann − spoken passages (on "...of Silence", "The End of This Chapter", "Last Drop Falls" and "The Power of One" from ''Silence'' and "Don't Say a Word", "White Pearl, Black Oceans..." and "Wildfire" from ''Reckoning Night'')

Timo Kotipelto − vocals (on "False News Travel Fast")

Renay Gonzalez − spoken female passage (on "The End of This Chapter")

Jens Johansson − keyboard solos (on "The Cage", "Silver Tongue", "Victoria's Secret" and "Champagne Bath")

Peter Engberg − acoustic guitars, bouzouki, chromaharp, cavaquinho and Q-chord (on "They Follow", "Under Your Tree", "The Harvest", "It Won't Fade" and "Fly With the Black Swan")

Johanna Kurkela − female vocals (on "Deathaura" and "No Dream Can Heal a Broken Heart")

Discography

Studio albums:

''Ecliptica'' (1999)

''Silence'' (2001)

''Winterheart's Guild'' (2003)

''Reckoning Night'' (2004)

''Unia'' (2007)

''The Days of Grays'' (2009)

Cover songs

"Black Diamond" − Stratovarius (live, short clip in ''Stratovarius - Infinite Visions VHS/DVD'')

"Speed of Light" − Stratovarius (in the end of "False News Travel Fast" in ''Songs of Silence'')

"Fade to Black" − Metallica (''Victoria's Secret'', ''Takatalvi'')

"Wind Beneath My Wings" − Bette Midler (''Orientation'')

"Die With Your Boots On" − Iron Maiden (''Last Drop Falls'', ''Orientation'')

"World in My Eyes" − Depeche Mode (''Don't Say a Word'')

"Two Minds, One Soul" − Vanishing Point (''Don't Say a Word'')

"Still Loving You" − Scorpions (''Takatalvi'')

"I Want Out" − Helloween (''Takatalvi'')

"Out in the Fields" − Gary Moore (''Paid in Full'', ''Unia'')

"Silent Jealousy" − X Japan (live)

"Crash & Burn" − Yngwie Malmsteen (live)

"Excuse Me While I Kill Myself" − Sentenced (live)

"I Was Made for Lovin' You" − KISS (live)

"Smoke on the Water" − Deep Purple (live)

"Child in Time" - Deep Purple (live)

"Gaston y'a l'téléfon qui son" − Nino Ferrer (live)

"One" − Metallica (live)

"We Will Rock You" − Queen (live)

"No More Tears" − Ozzy Osbourne (live)

"Hava Nagila" ("The Cage"/"Vodka", "For the Sake of Revenge")

"Master of Puppets" − Metallica (live)

"The Trooper" − Iron Maiden (live)

"Cowboys From Hell" - Pantera (live, Jani Liimatainen's Young Guitar DVD and Into The Storm bootleg DVD)

"Metropolis" - Dream Theater" (live)

"Total Eclipse Of The Heart" - Bonnie Tyler" (live)

"Runaway" - Del Shannon (live)

"Hell Is Living Without You" - Alice Cooper (One For All, All For One)

References

External links

Sonata Arctica's official website

Sonata Arctica's official fanclub

Winterheart's Guild video game

Category:Finnish power metal musical groups Category:Finnish progressive metal musical groups Category:Finnish heavy metal musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1996 Category:Musical quintets

an:Sonata Arctica bg:Соната Арктика ca:Sonata Arctica cs:Sonata Arctica da:Sonata Arctica de:Sonata Arctica es:Sonata Arctica eo:Sonata Arctica fa:سناتا آرتیکا fr:Sonata Arctica gl:Sonata Arctica ko:소나타 아티카 hr:Sonata Arctica id:Sonata Arctica it:Sonata Arctica he:סונטה ארקטיקה ka:სონატა არქტიკა lb:Sonata Arctica lt:Sonata Arctica hu:Sonata Arctica nl:Sonata Arctica ja:ソナタ・アークティカ no:Sonata Arctica pl:Sonata Arctica pt:Sonata Arctica ru:Sonata Arctica sco:Sonata Arctica simple:Sonata Arctica sk:Sonata Arctica sl:Sonata Arctica fi:Sonata Arctica sv:Sonata Arctica tr:Sonata Arctica uk:Sonata Arctica fiu-vro:Sonata Arctica wa:Sonata Arctica zh:極光奏鳴曲樂團

Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
Name	William Cody
Birth name	William Frederick Cody
Birth date	February 26, 1846
Birth place	near LeClaire, Iowa
Death date	January 10, 1917
Death place	Denver, Colorado
Death cause	|resting_place Lookout Mountain, Golden, Colorado |resting_place_coordinates |residence |nationality |other_names |known_for |education |employer |occupation |title |salary |networth |height |weight |term |predecessor |successor |party |boards |religion |spouse |partner |children Four children, two of whom died young: Kit died of scarlet fever in April, 1876, and his daughter Orra died in 1880 |parents |relatives |signature |website |footnotes
Signature	Buffalo Bill Cody signature.svg }}

William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917) was a United States soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was born in the Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), near LeClaire but lived several years in Canada before his family moved to the Kansas Territory. Buffalo Bill received the Medal of Honor in 1872 for service to the US Army as a scout. One of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, Buffalo Bill became famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes, which he toured in Great Britain and Europe as well as the United States.

Nickname and work

William Frederick Cody ("Buffalo Bill") got his nickname after the American Civil War when he had a contract to supply Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with buffalo meat. Cody earned the nickname by killing 4,280 American bison (commonly known as buffalo) in eight months, (1867–68). Bill Comstock also had the nickname. Cody and Comstock competed in a buffalo-shooting match over the exclusive right to use the name, which Cody won by killing 69 bison to Comstock's 48.

Cody had documented service as a soldier during the Civil War and as Chief of Scouts for the Third Cavalry during the Plains Wars. He claimed to have had many jobs, including as a trapper, bullwhacker, "Fifty-Niner" in Colorado, a Pony Express rider in 1860, wagonmaster, stagecoach driver, and a hotel manager, but historians have had difficulty documenting them, and he may have fabricated some for publicity.

He became world famous for his Wild West Shows, which toured in Great Britain and Europe. Audiences were enthusiastic about seeing a piece of the American West. The adventure story writer Emilio Salgari met Buffalo Bill in Italy, saw his show, and later featured him as a hero in some of his novels.

Early life and education

Born in the Iowa Territory, he was baptized as William Cody in the Dixie Union Chapel in Peel County (present-day Peel Region), Ontario, Canada in 1847, not far from his family's farm. His parents Isaac and Mary Cody were Canadians. The Chapel was built with Cody money and the land was donated by Philip Cody of Toronto Township. The Cody family were originally Quakers and opposed to slavery. They had emigrated from the United States with other Quaker families from Vermont, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, shortly before or after the Revolutionary War, when slavery was still legal in those states, to buy land and farm in York, Peel, and Ontario counties.

thumb|left|William Cody at age 19 When Bill was seven, his family moved in 1853 from Canada to Leavenworth, Kansas Territory. In these years before the Civil War, Kansas was running high with emotion and physical conflict on both sides of the slavery question. When his father gave an antislavery speech at the local trading post, pro-slavery men formed a mob and one stabbed him. The boy helped to drag his father to safety, although the man never fully recovered from his injuries.

In Kansas, the family was frequently persecuted by pro-slavery supporters, forcing Isaac Cody to spend much of his time away from home. His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on the way. The young Cody, despite his youth and the fact that he was ill, rode 30 miles (48 km) to warn his father. Cody's father died in 1857 from complications from his stabbing.

After the father's death, the Cody family suffered financially. At age 11, Bill Cody took a job with a freight carrier as a "boy extra." He would ride up and down the length of a wagon train, and deliver messages to the drivers and workmen. Next he joined Johnston's Army as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide the Army to Utah to put down a rumored rebellion by the Mormon population of Salt Lake City. According to Cody's account in ''Buffalo Bill's Own Story'', the Utah War was where he first began his career as an "Indian fighter".

''Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore this war-bonnet of the Sioux, at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my old muzzle-loader and fired. The figure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. 'What is it?' called McCarthy, as he hurried back. 'It's over there in the water.' 'Hi!' he cried. 'Little Billy's killed an Indian all by himself!' So began my career as an Indian fighter.''

At the age of 14, Cody was struck by gold fever, but on his way to the gold fields, he met an agent for the Pony Express. He signed with them, and after building several stations and corrals, Cody was given a job as a rider, which he kept until he was called home to his sick mother's bedside.

Military service

After his mother recovered, Cody wished to enlist as a soldier, but was refused for his age. He began working with a United States freight caravan which delivered supplies to Fort Laramie. In 1863 he enlisted as a teamster with the rank of Private in Company H, 7th Kansas Cavalry and served until discharged in 1865.

The next year Cody married Louisa Frederici, and they had four children together. Two died young.

From 1868 until 1872 Cody was employed as a scout by the United States Army. Part of the time he scouted for Indians. At other times, he hunted and killed bison to supply the Army and the Kansas Pacific Railroad. In January 1872 Cody was a scout for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia's highly publicized royal hunt.

Medal of Honor

In 1872 Cody was awarded a Medal of Honor for "gallantry in action" while serving as a civilian scout for the 3^rd Cavalry Regiment. In 1917, the U.S.Army—after Congress revised the standards for award of the medal—removed from the rolls 911 medals previously awarded either to civilians, or for actions that would not warrant a Medal of Honor under the new higher standards. Among those revoked was Cody's.

In 1977 Dr. Mary Edwards Walker's medal was restored, and other reviews began. Cody's medal—along with those given to four other civilian scouts—was re-instated on June 12, 1989.

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

In December 1872 Cody traveled to Chicago to make his stage debut with friend Texas Jack Omohundro in ''The Scouts of the Prairie'', one of the original Wild West shows produced by Ned Buntline. During the 1873–74 season, Cody and Omohundro invited their friend James Butler "Wild Bill" Hickok to join them in a new play called ''Scouts of the Plains''.

The troupe toured for ten years. Cody's part typically included an 1876 incident at the Warbonnet Creek, where he claimed to have scalped a Cheyenne warrior. He said it was in revenge for the death of George Armstrong Custer

In 1883, in the area of North Platte, Nebraska, Cody founded "Buffalo Bill's Wild West," a circus-like attraction that toured annually. (Despite popular misconception, the word "show" was not a part of the title.) With his show, Cody traveled throughout the United States and Europe and made many contacts. He stayed, for instance, in Garden City, Kansas, in the presidential suite of the former Windsor Hotel. He was befriended by the mayor and state representative, a frontier scout, rancher, and hunter named Charles "Buffalo" Jones.

In 1893 Cody changed the title to "Buffalo Bill's Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World". The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire. Turks, Gauchos, Arabs, Mongols and Georgians, displayed their distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors would see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many historical western figures participated in the show. For example, Sitting Bull appeared with a band of 20 of his braves.

Cody's headline performers were well known in their own right. People such as Annie Oakley and her husband Frank Butler did sharp shooting, together with the likes of Gabriel Dumont. Performers re-enacted the riding of the Pony Express, Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. The show was said to end with a re-enactment of Custer's Last Stand, in which Cody portrayed General Custer, but this is more legend than fact. The finale was typically a portrayal of an Indian attack on a settler's cabin. Cody would ride in with an entourage of cowboys to defend a settler and his family. This finale was featured predominantly as early as 1886, but vanished after 1907; in total, it was used in 23 of 33 tours. The show influenced many 20th-century portrayals of "the West" in cinema and literature.

With his profits, Cody purchased a ranch near North Platte, Nebraska, in 1886. Scout's Rest Ranch included an eighteen-room mansion and a large barn for winter storage of the show's livestock.

In 1887 Cody took the show to Great Britain in celebration of the Jubilee year of Queen Victoria. It played in London before going on to Birmingham and Salford near Manchester, where it stayed for five months.

In 1889 the show toured Europe, and in 1890 Cody met Pope Leo XIII. He set up an independent exhibition near the Chicago World's Fair of 1893, which greatly contributed to his popularity. It vexed the promoters of the fair, who had first rejected his request to participate.

In 1908 Pawnee Bill and Buffalo Bill joined forces and created the "Two Bills" show. That show was foreclosed on when it was playing in Denver, Colorado.

Irrigation

Larry McMurtry, along with historians such as RL Wilson, asserts that at the turn of the 20^th century, Buffalo Bill Cody was the most recognizable celebrity on earth. While Cody's show brought appreciation for the Western and American Indian cultures, he saw the American West change dramatically during his life. Bison herds, which had once numbered in the millions, were now threatened with extinction. Railroads crossed the plains, barbed wire, and other types of fences divided the land for farmers and ranchers, and the once-threatening Indian tribes were now confined to reservations. Wyoming's resources of coal, oil and natural gas were beginning to be exploited toward the end of his life.

Even the Shoshone River was dammed for hydroelectric power as well as for irrigation. In 1897 and 1899 Cody and his associates acquired from the State of Wyoming the right to take water from the Shoshone River to irrigate about of land in the Big Horn Basin. They began developing a canal to carry water diverted from the river, but their plans did not include a water storage reservoir. Cody and his associates were unable to raise sufficient capital to complete their plan. Early in 1903 they joined with the Wyoming Board of Land Commissioners in urging the federal government to step in and help with irrigation development in the valley.

The Shoshone Project became one of the first federal water development projects undertaken by the newly formed Reclamation Service, later to become known as the Bureau of Reclamation. After Reclamation took over the project in 1903, investigating engineers recommended constructing a dam on the Shoshone River in the canyon west of Cody. Construction of the Shoshone Dam started in 1905, a year after the Shoshone Project was authorized. When it was completed in 1910, it was the tallest dam in the world. Almost three decades after its construction, the name of the dam and reservoir was changed to Buffalo Bill Dam by an act of Congress to honor Cody.

Life in Cody, Wyoming

In 1895, William Cody was instrumental in the founding of Cody, the seat of Park County in northwestern Wyoming. The Old Trail Town museum is at the center of the community and honors the traditions of Western life. Cody first passed through the region in the 1870s. He was so impressed by the development possibilities from irrigation, rich soil, grand scenery, hunting, and proximity to Yellowstone Park that he returned in the mid-1890s to start a town. He brought with him associates for whom streets were named: Beck, Alger, Rumsey, Bleistein and Salsbury. The town was incorporated in 1901.

In November 1902, Cody opened the Irma Hotel, which he named after his daughter. He envisioned a growing number of tourists coming to Cody via the recently opened Burlington rail line. He expected that they would proceed up the Cody Road along the North Fork of the Shoshone River to visit Yellowstone Park. To accommodate travelers, Cody completed construction of the Wapiti Inn and Pahaska Tepee in 1905 along the Cody Road.

Cody also established the TE Ranch, located on the South Fork of the Shoshone River about thirty-five miles from Cody. When he acquired the TE property, he sent cattle from Nebraska and South Dakota. His new herd carried the TE brand. The late 1890s were relatively prosperous years for "Buffalo Bill's Wild West", and he bought more land to add to the TE Ranch. Eventually Cody held around 8,000 acres (32 km²) of private land for grazing operations and ran about 1,000 head of cattle. He also operated a dude ranch, pack horse camping trips, and big game hunting business at and from the TE Ranch. In his spacious ranch house, he entertained notable guests from Europe and America.

Life in Staten Island, New York

Cody brought his "Wild West Show" to an area of Mariners Harbor called Erastina (named for Staten Island promoter Erastus Wiman) for two seasons from June to October in 1886 and again in 1887. During the winter of 1886, the show moved indoors to Madison Square Garden. His show, featuring Native Americans, trick riders, "the smallest cowboy" and sharpshooters (including Annie Oakley), is said to have drawn millions of visitors to the island.

His 1879 autobiography is titled ''The Life and Adventures of Buffalo Bill''.

Death

William F. Cody died of kidney failure on January 10, 1917, surrounded by family and friends at his sister's house in Denver. Cody was baptized into the Catholic Church the day before his death by Father Christopher Walsh of the Denver Cathedral. Upon the news of Cody's death, tributes were made by King George V of the United Kingdom, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Imperial Germany, and President Woodrow Wilson. His funeral was in Denver at the Elks Lodge Hall. The Wyoming governor John B. Kendrick, a friend of Cody's, led the funeral procession.

242px|right|thumb|Cody's grave lies atop Lookout Mountain in Golden, Colorado.

At his death, Cody's once great fortune had dwindled to less than $100,000. He left his burial arrangements up to his wife Louisa. She said that he had always said he wanted to be buried on Lookout Mountain, which was corroborated by their daughter Irma, Cody's sisters, and family friends. But other family members joined the people of Cody to say Buffalo Bill should be buried in the town he founded. The controversy continued.

On June 3, 1917, Cody was buried on Colorado's Lookout Mountain in Golden,west of the city of Denver, on the edge of the Rocky Mountains, overlooking the Great Plains. His burial site was selected by his sister, Mary Decker. In 1948 the Cody chapter of the American Legion offered a reward for the 'return' of the body, so the Denver chapter mounted a guard over the grave until a deeper shaft could be blasted into the rock.

Philosophy

As a frontier scout, he respected Native Americans and supported their rights. He employed many more natives than Sitting Bull, as he thought his show offered them good pay for a better life. He called them "the former foe, present friend, the American", and once said, "Every Indian outbreak that I have ever known has resulted from broken promises and broken treaties by the government."

Buffalo Bill also supported the rights of women. He said, "What we want to do is give women even more liberty than they have. Let them do any kind of work they see fit, and if they do it as well as men, give them the same pay."

In his shows the Indians were usually depicted attacking stagecoaches and wagon trains in order to be driven off by cowboys and soldiers. He also had the wives and children of his Indian performers set up camp – as they would in the homelands – as part of the show, so that the paying public could see the human side of the "fierce warriors"; that they were families like any other, just part of a different culture.

He supported conservation by speaking out against hide-hunting and pushing for a hunting season.

Legacy and honors

Buffalo Bill and his exploits became well known in American culture and he was portrayed in many literary works, television shows, and movies, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, when they were most popular. He is featured as a character in the Broadway musical ''Annie Get Your Gun''.

He was honored by two U.S. postage stamps. One was a 15¢ Great Americans series postage stamp.

On television, his character was featured on shows such as ''Bat Masterson'' and even ''Bonanza''. His persona has been portrayed as anything from an elder statesman to a flamboyant, self-serving exhibitionist. He has been played by a wide variety of actors over the years.

''Buffalo Bill's / defunct''

A free verse poem on mortality by E E Cummings uses Buffalo Bill as an image of life and vibrancy. The poem is commonly known by its first two lines: "Buffalo Bill's / defunct". In ''Poetry,'' edited by J. Hunter, it is titled "portrait". The poet expresses Buffalo Bill's showmanship by describing his "watersmooth-silver / stallion", and using a staccato beat for the quick shooting of clay pigeons.

Other Buffalo Bills

Buffalo Bill is also the name of a musician/producer/M.C. from the group ''Mechanics of Sound. He is most known for his work with Melodic Undertone Production Group''' and his help in the underground hiphop movement of San Antonio.

Buffalo Bill was the first song written by Australian country music singer Sara Storer. Living in Camooweal, north of Mount Isa, she met a retired water buffalo shooter whose stories inspired her to write Buffalo Bill, her first song. Buffalo Bill won a Golden Guitar at the Tamworth Country Music Festival in 2001 for New Talent of the Year and appears on her first album, Chasing Buffalos.

Buffalo Bill is also the name of a fictional character from Thomas Harris's ''The Silence of the Lambs'', who was also parodied in the movie ''Joe Dirt'' under the name Buffalo Bob.

Two television series, ''Buffalo Bill, Jr.'' (1955–6) starring Dickie Jones and ''Buffalo Bill'' (1983–4) starring Dabney Coleman, had nothing to do with the historic person.

The Buffalo Bills, an NFL team based in Buffalo, New York, were named after Buffalo Bill. Prior to that team's existence, other early football teams (such as Buffalo Bills (AAFC)) used the nickname, solely due to name recognition, as Bill Cody had no special connection with the city.

The Buffalo Bills are a barbershop-quartet singing group consisting of Vern Reed, Al Shea, Bill Spangenberg, and Wayne Ward. They appeared in the original Broadway cast of ''The Music Man'' (opened 1957) and in the 1962 motion-picture version of that play.

Buffalo Bill is the title of a song by the jam band Phish.

Buffalo Bill is the name of a bluegrass band in Wisconsin.

Samuel Cowdery, buffalo hunter, "wild west" showman and aviation pioneer changed his surname to "Cody" and was often taken for the original "Buffalo Bill" in his touring show ''Captain Cody King of the Cowboys''.

William Wilson "Buffalo Bill" Quinn: Retired Lieutenant General and Silver Star recipient. He served in World War II as a colonel and became a full colonel in Korea; and at the end of Korea became a Brigadier General.

The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill is the title of a song by the Beatles that indirectly refers to Buffalo Bill.

Buffalo Bill is the title of a song by American rapper Eminem

In The Three Stooges short ''Goofs and Saddles'' Moe Howard's character is known as "Buffalo Bill".

Bubble O' Bill is the name of an ice-cream available in New Zealand & Australia with the depiction of Buffalo Bill, with a gum ball for his nose

The image of 19 year old Buffalo Bill is being used as the cover of Tyler The Creator's sophomore release, Goblin

Buffalo Bills is also the name of a bar and nightclub in Whistler, BC, Canada.

See also

List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars

Ned Buntline: Contemporary of Buffalo Bill and author of successful dime novel series "Buffalo Bill Cody – King of the Border Men"

William "Doc" Carver

Pony Express

Show Indians

References

Further reading

Buffalo Bill Days (June 22–24, 2007). A 20-page special section of ''The Sheridan Press'', published in June 2007 by Sheridan Newspapers, Inc., 144 Grinnell Avenue, Post Office Box 2006, Sheridan, Wyoming, 82801, USA. ''(Includes extensive information about Buffalo Bill, as well as the schedule of the annual three-day event held in Sheridan, Wyoming.)''

Story of the Wild West and Camp-Fire Chats by Buffalo Bill (Hon. W.F. Cody.) "A Full and Complete History of the Renowned Pioneer Quartette, Boone, Crockett, Carson and Buffalo Bill.", c1888 by HS Smith, published 1889 by Standard Publishing Co., Philadelphia, PA.

''The life of Hon. William F. Cody, known as Buffalo Bill, the famous hunter, scout and guide. An autobiography'', F. E. Bliss. Hartford, Conn, 1879 Digitized from the Library of Congress.

"Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: Celebrity, Memory and Popular History", by Joy S. Kasson, published by Hill & Wang publishing co., 2001

External links

Heppler, Jason. "The Wild West Show and the Progressive Image of American Indians". University of Nebraska–Lincoln and Buffalo Bill Historical Center. Retrieved August 23, 2011.

Category:1846 births Category:1917 deaths Category:American folklore Category:American hunters Category:American people of the Indian Wars Category:American people of Jersey descent Category:American pioneers Category:American Roman Catholics Category:American stage actors Category:American writers Category:Bison hunters Category:Civilian recipients of the Medal of Honor Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism Category:Deaths from renal failure Category:History of Nebraska Category:International Circus Hall of Fame inductees Category:People from New York City Category:People from North Platte, Nebraska Category:People from Park County, Wyoming Category:People from Scott County, Iowa Category:People from Staten Island Category:People of the Great Sioux War of 1876–77 Category:Pony Express riders Category:Tall tales Category:Union Army soldiers Category:Utah War Category:Wild west shows

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Coordinates	55°45′06″N37°37′04″N
name	Simon & Garfunkel
landscape	Yes
background	group_or_band
origin	Forest Hills, Queens, New York City, NY, USA
alias	Tom and Jerry
years active	1957–19701972197519771981–1983199019932003–present
genre	Folk rock, world music, soft rock, folk music
label	Columbia
website	www.simonandgarfunkel.com
Current members	Paul SimonArt Garfunkel
notable instruments	}}

Simon & Garfunkel was an American duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They formed the group Tom & Jerry in 1957 and had their first success with the minor hit "Hey, Schoolgirl". As Simon & Garfunkel, the duo rose to fame in 1965, largely on the strength of the hit single "The Sound of Silence". Their music was featured in the landmark film ''The Graduate'' (1967), propelling them further into the public consciousness.

They are well known for their vocal close harmonies and were among the most popular recording artists of the 1960s. Their biggest hits — including "The Sound of Silence" (1964), "I Am a Rock" (1965), "Homeward Bound" (1965), "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" (1966), "A Hazy Shade of Winter" (1966), "Mrs. Robinson" (1968), "Bridge over Troubled Water" (1969), "The Boxer" (1969), and "Cecilia" (1969) — peaked at number one in several charts. They have received several Grammys and were inducted in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and the Long Island Music Hall of Fame in 2007.

Their sometimes rocky relationship led to their last album, ''Bridge Over Troubled Water,'' being delayed several times due to artistic disagreements and as a result the duo broke up in 1970. It was their most-successful album worldwide to date, peaking at number one in several countries, including in the United States, and receiving 8× Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America, making it their highest-selling studio album in the US and second-highest album overall. Simon and Garfunkel have reunited to perform and sometimes tour together in every decade since the 1970 breakup, most famously for 1981's "The Concert in Central Park," which attracted more than 500,000 people, making it the 7th most attended concert in the history of music. In 2004, they were ranked #40 of the 100 greatest artists of all time by ''Rolling Stone'' magazine.

History

Early history

Close friends through childhood, Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel grew up in Forest Hills, Queens, New York, just blocks away from each other. They met in elementary school in 1953, when they both appeared in the school play ''Alice in Wonderland'' (Simon as the White Rabbit, Garfunkel as the Cheshire Cat). They were classmates at Parsons Junior High School and Forest Hills High School, and began performing together in their junior year as Tom and Jerry, with Simon as Jerry Landis (whose last name he borrowed from a girl he had been dating) and Garfunkel as Tom Graph (so called because he was fond of tracking ("graphing") hits on the pop charts). They began writing their own songs in 1955, and made their first professional recording, "Hey, Schoolgirl", for Sid Prosen of Big Records in 1957. Released on 45 rpm and 78 rpm vinyl records, with the flip-side song "Dancin' Wild", the recording sold 100,000 copies, hitting #49 on the ''Billboard Magazine'' charts. Both Simon and Garfunkel have acknowledged the tremendous impact of The Everly Brothers on their style, and many of their early songs (including "Hey, Schoolgirl") bear the mark of this influence.

They later performed their hit on ''American Bandstand,'' right after Jerry Lee Lewis performed "Great Balls of Fire".

Subsequent efforts in 1958 did not reach near their initial success, and after high school the duo went to separate colleges, with Simon enrolling at Queens College and Garfunkel at Columbia University. While enrolled in college, they both joined their campus chapters of the Jewish fraternity, Alpha Epsilon Pi.

In 1963, they found prominence as part of the Greenwich Village folk music scene. Simon, who had finished college but dropped out of Brooklyn Law School, had — like Garfunkel — developed an interest in the folk scene. Simon showed Garfunkel a few songs that he had written in the folk style: "Sparrow", "Bleecker Street", and "He Was My Brother"— which was later dedicated to Andrew Goodman, a friend of both Simon and Garfunkel and a classmate of Simon's at Queens College, who was one of three civil rights workers murdered in Neshoba County, Mississippi, on June 21, 1964.

These three efforts were among five original songs by Simon included on their first album for Columbia Records, ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.,'' which initially flopped upon its release on October 19, 1964.

First breakup

Shortly after finishing recording, the duo split and Simon moved to the United Kingdom, where he performed at Les Cousins and The Troubadour in London and toured provincial folk clubs. While in England, he recorded his solo ''The Paul Simon Songbook'' in 1965. Recorded on three different dates in June and July at Levy's Studio, London, the album was released as an LP. By agreement, the album was supposed to go out of print after ten years. However, Billboard reported in early 1978 that Simon filed legal papers to get CBS to delete the album, noting that they were violating their agreement by keeping it in print and stating that it was "not representative of the performer's style." Many years later in March, 2004, Simon responded to fan requests by re-releasing the album on CD with bonus tracks. During this period in London he also collaborated on a number of songs with Bruce Woodley of The Seekers, including "I Wish You Could Be Here", "Cloudy", and "Red Rubber Ball", which would be a U.S. #1 hit for The Cyrkle in 1966.

While Simon was in England that summer of 1965, radio stations around Cocoa Beach and Gainesville, Florida, began to receive requests for a song from the album ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.'' called "The Sound of Silence". The song also began to receive radio airplay in Boston. Seizing the chance, the duo's U.S. producer, Tom Wilson, inspired by The Byrds' hugely popular electric versions of Bob Dylan songs, used Dylan's studio band (who had collaborated with him on his landmark hit ''Like a Rolling Stone'' that year) to dub electric guitars, bass and drums onto the original "Sound of Silence" track, and released it as a single, backed with "We've Got a Groovy Thing Goin'". The dubbing turned folk into folk rock, the debut of a new genre for the Top 40, much to Simon's surprise. (A few months earlier the duo had briefly reunited and experimented with a more contemporary sound and recorded a couple of songs including "Groovy Thing".)

In September 1965, Simon first learned that it had entered the pop charts while he was about to go on stage in a Danish folk club. The song hit #1 on the pop charts by New Year's Day, 1966.

Reformation and success

Simon immediately returned to the United States and the duo re-formed to record more tracks in a similar style, though neither approved of what Wilson had done with "The Sound of Silence". The result was a sequence of folk rock records which have endured as well as any in the genre. On January 17, 1966, the duo released the album ''Sounds of Silence,'' which — helped by the title track's success — hit #21, while ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.'' was re-released and reached #30. Among the tracks on ''The Paul Simon Songbook'' that were rerecorded (some with electric backing) for ''Sound of Silence'' were "I Am a Rock" (which as a single reached U.S. #3 in the summer of 1966), "Leaves That Are Green", "April Come She Will", "A Most Peculiar Man", and "Kathy's Song".

Further hit singles came, including "Scarborough Fair/Canticle", based on a traditional English ballad with an arrangement by Martin Carthy, and "Homeward Bound" (later U.S. #5), about life on the road while Simon was touring in England in 1965. The song is reputed to have been written when Simon was stranded overnight on a platform at Widnes Central railway station after mis-reading the timetable. A plaque commemorates this event at the station.

More tracks from ''The Paul Simon Songbook'' were included along with recent compositions on their October 10, 1966, album ''Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme,'' which refined the folk rock sound hastily released on ''Sound of Silence.'' "Cloudy", co-written earlier with Bruce Woodley, was included on ''Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme.'' However, a Woodley credit was incorrectly omitted. The following year, Woodley's band The Seekers recorded it for their studio album ''Seen in Green'', on which Simon received a credit.

In early 1967, Pickwick Records, which had a reputation as a low-quality label, decided that it would capitalize on the duo's newfound fame by releasing an album titled ''The Hit Sounds of Simon and Garfunkel.'' This album consisted of ten tracks recorded from the late 1950s and early 1960s while the duo still called themselves Tom & Jerry, including their hit "Hey, Schoolgirl", and its B-side, "Dancin' Wild". Simon and Garfunkel then sued Pickwick because the company was presenting the music as recently recorded material, not as songs written and released over five years earlier. Soon afterwards, Pickwick withdrew ''The Hit Sounds of Simon and Garfunkel'' from the market.

On June 16, 1967, the duo performed at the Monterey Pop Festival. That same year, Simon and Garfunkel contributed heavily to the soundtrack to Mike Nichols' film ''The Graduate'', which was released on January 21, 1968, and instantly rose to #1 as an album. According to a ''Variety'' article by Peter Bart in the May 15, 2005, issue, Nichols had become obsessed with Simon and Garfunkel's music while shooting the film. Larry Turman, his producer, made a deal for Simon to write three new songs for the movie. By the time they were nearly finished editing the film, Simon had written only one new song. Nichols begged him for more but Simon, who was touring constantly, told him he didn't have the time. He did play him a few notes of a new song he had been working on; "It's not for the movie... it's a song about times past—about Mrs. Roosevelt and Joe DiMaggio and stuff." Nichols advised Simon, "It's now about Mrs. Robinson, not Mrs. Roosevelt."

As their albums became progressively more adventurous, ''The Graduate'' soundtrack album was immediately followed in March 1968 at the top of the charts by ''Bookends'', which dealt with increasingly complex themes of old age and loss. It features the top 25 hit singles "A Hazy Shade of Winter", "Fakin' It", "At the Zoo", "America" and a full version of "Mrs. Robinson" – the classic #1 single from ''The Graduate'' soundtrack. Simon and Garfunkel returned to England in the fall of 1968 and did a concert appearance at Kraft Hall which was broadcast on the BBC, and also featured Paul's brother Ed sitting in on a performance of the instrumental "Anji".

At the March 1969 Grammy Awards, "Mrs. Robinson" was named Record of the Year, while Simon was also honored with the Grammy for Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special.

Second breakup

By 1969, the duo's success began to take its toll. Garfunkel had begun to pursue a career in acting and was featured in the role of Nately in Nichols's film adaptation of the novel ''Catch-22.'' Garfunkel's filming leave conflicted with and subsequently delayed the recording of the duo's next album. The part in the film which had initially been promised to Simon was completely cut from the script.

The duo's deteriorating personal relationship continued into their late 1969 tour, which featured performances at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, on November 11 and Southern Illinois University in Carbondale, Illinois, on November 8, recordings of which are supposedly widely bootlegged. Video footage of the tour was shown on their controversial November 30 television special ''Songs of America,'' which TV sponsors refused to endorse because of its distinct anti-Vietnam War message.

The recording of what would be their final album, ''Bridge Over Troubled Water,'' was not without tension. The LP was originally supposed to feature twelve tracks, but the duo could not agree on the twelfth track: Simon refused to record a Bach chorale track favored by Garfunkel, while Garfunkel refused to record a song Simon had written called "Cuba Si, Nixon No". No middle ground was reached, so the album was released with only eleven songs.

''Bridge Over Troubled Water'' was at last released on January 26, 1970. Its title track, featuring Garfunkel's soaring vocals, was a massive hit and one of the best-selling records of the decade, staying #1 on the charts for six weeks and remaining on the charts for far longer. The album includes three other top-twenty hits: "El Cóndor Pasa" (US #18), "Cecilia" (US #4), and "The Boxer" — which, finished in 1968, hit #7 on the charts the following year — as well as a live recording of the Everly Brothers' "Bye Bye, Love" from a 1969 tour concert in Ames, Iowa.

At the subsequent March 1971 Grammy Awards, the album and single were named Album of the Year and Record Of The Year, and also won the awards for Best Engineered Record, Best Contemporary Song, Song Of The Year, and Best Arrangement Accompanying Vocalists. Their 1972 ''Greatest Hits'' album has sold over 14 million copies in the U.S. becoming the number-one selling album by a duo.

The duo finally split in 1970 to much chagrin but little surprise, and the two men went their separate ways.

Simon continued writing and went on to a very successful solo music career, recording several classic albums, including ''There Goes Rhymin' Simon'', ''Still Crazy After All These Years'', and his most highly celebrated solo album, ''Graceland'', collaborating with the Zulu choir Ladysmith Black Mambazo, among others.

Garfunkel split his time between acting and recording solo and collaboration albums, to mixed reviews. His most critically acclaimed album was the 1977 effort ''Watermark'', almost all of the songs for which were penned by acclaimed songwriter Jimmy Webb.

Reunions

Simon and Garfunkel's first reunion after their second breakup was at a June 1972 benefit concert at Madison Square Garden for presidential candidate George McGovern. On October 18, 1975, the duo made an appearance on the second episode of NBC's new show ''Saturday Night Live.'' They performed "The Boxer", "Scarborough Fair", and "My Little Town". The last song was the only new Simon and Garfunkel recording in five years, appearing on both men's solo albums released in 1975 (Simon's ''Still Crazy After All These Years'' and Garfunkel's ''Breakaway'') and reaching #9 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart.

Simon, along with James Taylor, provided harmony vocals on Garfunkel's cover of Sam Cooke's "Wonderful World", on Garfunkel's 1977 album ''Watermark''; the single release of that song reached #1 on the ''Billboard'' Adult Contemporary chart and #17 on the Hot 100. Simon also contributed backing vocals to "In Cars", a song on Garfunkel's 1981 solo album ''Scissors Cut''.

Simon and Garfunkel reunited again for a free concert in New York City's Central Park on September 19, 1981. The concert was attended by over 500,000 people, and a recording of it was subsequently released as a live album, with their cover of "Wake Up Little Susie" released as a single. A video recording was likewise televised by HBO and issued on home video. The success of the Central Park concert prompted the duo to go on a world tour in 1982–1983, including a performance at Shea Stadium in August, 1983.

Simon and Garfunkel went on to complete the recording of their first new studio album in more than a decade, provisionally titled ''Think Too Much'' and featuring some songs previewed on their recent concert jaunt. However, creative differences, coupled with the record company's negative reaction to the decidedly un-Simon-and-Garfunkel-like album, led Simon to remove Garfunkel's vocal tracks and rework the songs himself. The 1983 Simon solo album ''Hearts and Bones'' was the result, and a long period of estrangement for the duo followed.

Their next joint public appearance was in 1990, when the two performed at a ceremony for their induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Simon and Garfunkel appeared together in 1993 for 21 sold out concerts in New York, with half of the show being Paul Simon solo with a band and the other half Simon and Garfunkel. Later the same year, they did some charity concerts, including the Bridge School Benefit concerts and a benefit for United Way Children's Charities at SkyDome in Toronto.

In July 2002, Columbia Legacy issued a previously unreleased live recording of a Simon and Garfunkel concert, ''Live from New York City, 1967.'' It features an almost-complete recording of a performance given by the duo at Philharmonic Hall, at Lincoln Center in New York City on January 22, 1967. The album includes a rendition of "A Church Is Burning", one of the songs that originally appeared on Paul Simon's 1965 solo album, ''The Paul Simon Songbook''.

On February 23, 2003, Simon and Garfunkel reunited to perform in public for the first time in a decade, singing "The Sound of Silence" as the opening act of the Grammy Awards. Before the show, the duo was presented with the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, honoring their musical contributions over the past four and a half decades. They were introduced by Dustin Hoffman, who made his debut in the film ''The Graduate,'' which extensively featured their music.

The good feelings generated by their appearance on the Grammys led to another thaw in their relationship. Soon, Simon and Garfunkel launched a two-month long reunion tour of the United States (and Toronto, Canada), which began October 16 and culminated in Tampa on December 21, 2003. Entitled ''Old Friends,'' their first tour in over twenty years included forty shows in twenty-eight cities and featured special guests The Everly Brothers. The tour featured in its opening video montage a short series of clips and photos taken during the day leading up to the concert around the venue. Simon and Garfunkel performed "Hey, Schoolgirl", which they said was the first song they had written and recorded together. At the tour concert at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, NJ, they performed "Leaves That Are Green" in place of "Song for the Asking", which had been on their set list for the other concerts on this tour, following an announcement that they had not played it in concert since 1967. They also played "Leaves That Are Green" at concerts in Cleveland and Boston after making a similar announcement.

The success of the first ''Old Friends'' tour led to an encore in June and July 2004 with over 25 shows, this time also in Europe. In July 2004, they completed the tour with a flourish, with a finale at the Colosseum in Rome before an audience which, according to the Mayor of Rome, exceeded 600,000 — even larger than the audience at the famous 1981 Central Park concert.

A live CD and DVD from their ''Old Friends'' tour was released in late 2004. It featured a "new" studio duo song, "Citizen of the Planet", one of the songs from the rejected 1983 reunion album that did not originally feature Garfunkel's vocal participation.

In 2007, PBS hosted the first Gershwin Awards, at which Paul Simon was honored. Simon introduced Garfunkel (for a cameo appearance) as "my partner in arguments" and the two sang "Bridge over Troubled Water" together.

Columbia/Legacy announced the September 18, 2007, release of ''Live 1969,'' which was said to feature recently discovered masters recorded on their 1969 tour. The album is now available through Starbucks. Most of the arrangements remain virtually unchanged. That 1969 tour would be their last for over a decade, immediately preceding the release of the 1970 album ''Bridge Over Troubled Water''. The tour was recorded preparing for a subsequent live album, but the release of the live album did not happen, until now, as reported in ''Billboard.''

On February 13, 2009, Simon and his band re-opened New York's legendary Beacon Theatre, which had been closed for seven months for a renovation. As an encore, Simon brought out "[his] old friend" Art Garfunkel. They sang 3 songs: "Sound of Silence", "The Boxer", and "Old Friends".

On April 2, 2009, the duo announced a tour of Australia, New Zealand and Japan for June/July 2009. On October 29–30, they participated together in the 25th anniversary of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concerts at New York's Madison Square Garden. Other artists on the bill included Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band; U2; Metallica; Aretha Franklin; Stevie Wonder, and Crosby, Stills & Nash.

In March 2010, Simon & Garfunkel announced a 13-date spring tour, to kick off in April with a performance at the New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival. Most performances were scheduled for Canada, with four shows in the upper Midwest of the U.S. According to a press release, the set list would focus on their classic catalog, as well as songs from each of their solo careers. On June 17, 2010, Simon & Garfunkel canceled the tour, earlier rescheduled for July 2010, now postponed indefinitely as Garfunkel continues to recover from a vocal cord paresis.

Legacy

From the very beginning of their fame, through the present time years after their break-up, Simon and Garfunkel have had an impact on the popular culture as evidenced by the many references to them made in television, film, music and other aspects of pop culture.

Television

Among the earliest pop culture references or homages came in the late 1960s, when the comedy television show ''Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In'' had a running skit featuring members of the "Farkel" Family, including Fred & Fanny Farkel, "and the twins, Simon and Gar Farkel". In the early '70s sitcom ''The Partridge Family'', the two youngest Partridge children name their pet goldfish "Simon and Garfunkel".

In an episode of '90s sitcom ''Friends'', the character Ross Geller was convincing character Phoebe Buffay to tell him why she was mad at him by asking her a series of questions requiring a rapid response; to the question "Who would you rather be, Simon or Garfunkel?", Phoebe replies "Garfunkel". In the episode "Our Dear Leaders" of ''Scrubs'', Lucy Bennett refers to herself as "Garfunkel" being the second-in-command of her study group and mistakenly asks Drew Suffin to be her Micky Dolenz. In an episode of ''Monk'', the title character Adrian Monk is upstaged by his now-famous assistant Natalie. This leads to him being referred to as the Garfunkel of the pair, a pop culture reference the character doesn't understand.

The lyrics of Simon and Garfunkel songs continue to be referenced many times on television, long after their initial popularity. On an episode of ''How I Met Your Mother'', Marshall commissions a Venn diagram in which one section represents the "people who are breaking his heart" while the other represents "people who are shaking his confidence daily". The section where the two overlap is labelled "Cecilia". The end of the "Lady Bouvier's Lover" episode of ''The Simpsons'' contains one of the series' many homages to ''The Graduate,'' and features a parody of "The Sound of Silence" over the closing credits. ("Hello grandpa my old friend/your busy day is at an end/your words are always sad and boring/ they tell a tale that's worth ignoring".) In another episode, Mr. Burns spins around a lamp post singing, "Hello lamp post. What ya knowin'? I've come to watch your power flowin'", a reference to the lyrics of "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)".

The episode "Bendin' in the Wind" of ''Futurama'', in a double send-up of Simon and Garfunkel and ''Battlestar Galactica,'' features the singing duo "Cylon and Garfunkel" performing a rendition of "Scarborough Fair" in which the robot Cylon's singing is entirely monotone, and Garfunkel – who explains during the performance that he is the descendant of Art – states that he will give Bender the check "over my dead career!".

In an episode of ''Saturday Night Live'''s "Celebrity Jeopardy" parody, there was a category entitled "Members of Simon and Garfunkel". The clue read, "Of Simon and Garfunkel, the one who is not Garfunkel." Once the Sean Connery character rang in, he asked for the question to be repeated and said in response, "I Garfunkeled your mother!" This was one of the running gags of the parody. In another SNL skit, Will Forte and Jason Sudeikis pose as Bon Jovi opposite band, Jon Bovi, but when accused of sounding exactly like Bon Jovi, they say, "Well, if you didn't like that, you're going to love our new opposite Folk Rock band, Gimon & Sarfunkel."

In an episode of ''Flight of the Conchords'', the lead characters form a Simon and Garfunkel tribute band performing "Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme". Garfunkel himself later appears in the episode. In the episode "Unnatural Love", the song "Carol Brown" is an homage to the Paul Simon song "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover".

Film

In the movie "Forrest Gump" the song "Mrs. Robinson" is played.

In the 1993 film ''Wayne's World 2'', the song "Mrs. Robinson" is played when the title character, Wayne Campbell, goes to stop his girlfriend from marrying her new recording producer, a take-off on ''The Graduate''. Similarly, in the 2005 ''Rumor Has It…'', Jennifer Aniston's character realizes that her family are the true Robinsons from ''The Graduate'' and "Mrs. Robinson" plays.

In the 2000 film ''Almost Famous,'' Zooey Deschanel's character Anita Miller and her mother, played by Frances McDormand, argue about the ''Bookends'' album. Later, Anita gives the song "America" as her reason for leaving home to become a stewardess.

"The Sound of Silence" is frequently used as background music in films. For example, it plays in the 2003 ''Old School'' as Will Ferrell's character falls into a pool (a reference to ''The Graduate''), in Emilio Estevez's 2006 ''Bobby'', after Robert F. Kennedy is shot, and in The Comedian's burial scene in ''Watchmen'' (2009).

The soundtrack of the 2004 film ''Garden State'' includes "The Only Living Boy in New York" from Simon & Garfunkel's final album ''Bridge Over Troubled Water''.

Music

Elvis Presley recorded a cover of "Bridge Over Troubled Water" in Nashville's Studio B in 1970, and regularly performed the song in his live concerts. It was also prominently showcased in his two concert movies, ''Elvis: That's The Way It Is'' (1970) and ''Elvis On Tour'' (1972).

In 1971, the Israeli folk group The Parvarim recorded an album of Hebrew cover versions of Simon and Garfunkel songs with some translation changes to better fit into the music, including "cinnamon, jasmine and myrrh" instead of "parsley, sage, rosemary and thyme". In 1993, Austrian electronic music duo Kruder & Dorfmeister modeled the cover of their first album, ''G-Stoned'', after the cover of Simon and Garfunkel's ''Bookends'' album, using similar black-and-white photo, pose, and typography.

John Hiatt's track "Sure Pinocchio" on the 1997 album ''Little Head'' included the lyrics: "You put me in a box/With God and his uncle/Like a pair of gym socks/Lookin like Artie Garfunkel." Japanese-American singer-songwriter Hikaru Utada mentions Simon & Garfunkel in the lyrics of her song "This One (Crying Like A Child)", singing "We should get back on the road, like Simon & Garfunkel..." The Rush song "The Spirit of Radio" riffs on the lyrics of "The Sound of Silence", turning "The words of the prophets are written on the subway walls, and tenement halls...and whispered in the sounds of silence" into the ironic "The words of the ''profits'' are written on the ''studio'' walls, ''concert'' halls... and ''echoes'' with the sounds of ''salesmen.''"

The comedy folk duo Garfunkel and Oates, portrayed by Kate Micucci and Riki Lindhome, gets their name from "two famous rock-and-roll second bananas", Art Garfunkel and John Oates. The Korean band, SG Wannabe, also attributes its name from Simon and Garfunkel.

Trivia

In 1999, the asteroid "91287 Simon-Garfunkel" was named in their honor.

Discography

Studio albums

{|class="wikitable" ! Release date ! Title |- | 1964 | ''Wednesday Morning, 3 A.M.'' |- | 1966 | ''Sounds of Silence'' |- | 1966 | ''Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme'' |- | 1968 | ''Bookends'' |- | 1970 | ''Bridge Over Troubled Water'' |}

Singles with Billboard Hot 100 positions

1965: "The Sound of Silence" (#1) / "We've Got a Groovy Thing Goin'"

1966: "Homeward Bound" (#5) / "Leaves That Are Green"

1966: "I Am a Rock" (#3)/ "Flowers Never Bend with the Rainfall"

1966: "The Dangling Conversation" (#25)/"The Big Bright Green Pleasure Machine"

1966: "A Hazy Shade of Winter" (#13) / "For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her"

1967: "At the Zoo" (#16) / "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)"

1967: "Fakin' It" (#23) / "You Don't Know Where Your Interest Lies"

1968: "Scarborough Fair/Canticle" (#11) / "April Come She Will"

1968: "Mrs. Robinson" (#1) /

1969: "The Boxer" (#7) / "Baby Driver" (#101)

1970: "Bridge over Troubled Water" (#1) / "Keep the Customer Satisfied"

1970: "Cecilia" (#4) / "The Only Living Boy in New York"

1970: "El Cóndor Pasa" (#18) / "Why Don't You Write Me"

1972: "For Emily, Whenever I May Find Her" (live version) (#53) / "America" (#97)

1975: "My Little Town" (#9) / "Rag doll Art Garfunkel" (Art Garfunkel)" / "You're Kind" (Paul Simon)

1982: "Wake Up Little Susie" (#27) / "Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard"

1997: "Old Friends (1997 Simon and Garfunkel album)" / "Bookends"

Awards

Grammy Awards (1969) – Record of the Year, Best Contemporary Pop Performance – Vocal Duo or Group (for "Mrs. Robinson"); Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special (for ''The Graduate'')

Grammy Awards (1971) – Record of the Year, Album of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Contemporary Song, Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s), Best Engineered Recording, Best Contemporary Vocal Group (for "Bridge over Troubled Water")

BRIT Awards (1978) – Best International Album (of the past 25 years) (for ''Bridge Over Troubled Water")

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1990) – Inductee

Grammy Awards (2004) – Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award

References

Further reading

Charlesworth, Chris, ''The Complete Guide to the Music of Paul Simon and Simon & Garfunkel'', Omnibus Press 1996.

External links

Official

Official site

Paul Simon's official site

Art Garfunkel's official site

Biographical and discographical

Illustrative discography of Simon & Garfunkel Recordings

Other

Interview (2004) of both Art Garfunkel and Paul Simon

Category:Celebrity duos Category:Musical duos Category:American folk rock groups Category:BRIT Award winners Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Category:People from Queens Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees Category:Musical groups from New York City Category:Musical groups reestablished in 2003 Category:Musical groups established in 1957 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1964 Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1965 Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1981 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1983 Category:Musical groups reestablished in 1993 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1993 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1970 Category:Paul Simon

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