Flames of charcoal.

Laminar flame of a burning candle.

A flame (from Latin flamma) is the visible (light-emitting), gaseous part of a fire. It is caused by a highly exothermic reaction (for example, combustion, a self-sustaining oxidation reaction) taking place in a thin zone.^[1] Some flames, such as the flame of a burning candle, are hot enough to have ionized gaseous components and can be considered plasma.^[2] There is, however, disagreement on this subject.^[3]

Mechanism[link]

Color and temperature of a flame are dependent on the type of fuel involved in the combustion, as, for example, when a lighter is held to a candle. The applied heat causes the fuel molecules in the candle wax to vaporize. In this state they can then readily react with oxygen in the air, which gives off enough heat in the subsequent exothermic reaction to vaporize yet more fuel, thus sustaining a consistent flame. The high temperature of the flame causes the vaporized fuel molecules to decompose, forming various incomplete combustion products and free radicals, and these products then react with each other and with the oxidizer involved in the reaction. Sufficient energy in the flame will excite the electrons in some of the transient reaction intermediates such as CH and C₂, which results in the emission of visible light as these substances release their excess energy (see spectrum below for an explanation of which specific radical species produce which specific colors). As the combustion temperature of a flame increases (if the flame contains small particles of unburnt carbon or other material), so does the average energy of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the flame (see blackbody).

Other oxidizers besides oxygen can be used to produce a flame. Hydrogen burning in chlorine produces a flame and in the process emits gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl) as the combustion product.^[4] Another of many possible chemical combinations is hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide which is hypergolic and commonly used in rocket engines. Fluoropolymers can be used to supply fluorine as an oxidizer of metallic fuels, e.g. in the magnesium/teflon/viton composition.

The chemical kinetics occurring in the flame are very complex and involves typically a large number of chemical reactions and intermediate species, most of them radicals. For instance, a well-known chemical kinetics scheme, GRI-Mech,^[5] uses 53 species and 325 elementary reactions to describe combustion of biogas.

There are different methods of distributing the required components of combustion to a flame. In a diffusion flame, oxygen and fuel diffuse into each other; where they meet the flame occurs. In a premixed flame, the oxygen and fuel are premixed beforehand, which results in a different type of flame. Candle flames (a diffusion flame) operate through evaporation of the fuel which rises in a laminar flow of hot gas which then mixes with surrounding oxygen and combusts.

Flame color[link]

Different flame types of a Bunsen burner depend on oxygen supply. On the left a rich fuel with no premixed oxygen produces a yellow sooty diffusion flame; on the right a lean fully oxygen premixed flame produces no soot and the flame color is produced by molecular radicals, especially CH and C2 band emission. The purple color is an artifact of the photographic process^{[citation needed]}

Flame color depends on several factors, the most important typically being blackbody radiation and spectral band emission, with both spectral line emission and spectral line absorption playing smaller roles. In the most common type of flame, hydrocarbon flames, the most important factor determining color is oxygen supply and the extent of fuel-oxygen pre-mixing, which determines the rate of combustion and thus the temperature and reaction paths, thereby producing different color hues.

In a laboratory under normal gravity conditions and with a closed oxygen valve, a Bunsen burner burns with yellow flame (also called a safety flame) at around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F). This is due to incandescence of very fine soot particles that are produced in the flame. With increasing oxygen supply, less blackbody-radiating soot is produced due to a more complete combustion and the reaction creates enough energy to excite and ionize gas molecules in the flame, leading to a blue appearance. The spectrum of a premixed (complete combustion) butane flame on the right shows that the blue color arises specifically due to emission of excited molecular radicals in the flame, which emit most of their light well below ~565 nanometers in the blue and green regions of the visible spectrum.

The colder part of a diffusion (incomplete combustion) flame will be red, transitioning to orange, yellow, and white as the temperature increases as evidenced by changes in the blackbody radiation spectrum. For a given flame's region, the closer to white on this scale, the hotter that section of the flame is. The transitions are often apparent in fires, in which the color emitted closest to the fuel is white, with an orange section above it, and reddish flames the highest of all.^[6] A blue-colored flame only emerges when the amount of soot decreases and the blue emissions from excited molecular radicals become dominant, though the blue can often be seen near the base of candles where airborne soot is less concentrated.^[7]

Specific colors can be imparted to the flame by introduction of excitable species with bright emission spectrum lines. In analytical chemistry, this effect is used in flame tests to determine presence of some metal ions. In pyrotechnics, the pyrotechnic colorants are used to produce brightly colored fireworks.

Flame temperature[link]

A flame test for sodium. Note that the yellow color in this gas flame does not arise from the blackbody emission of soot particles (as the flame is clearly a blue premixed complete combustion flame) but instead comes from the spectral line emission of sodium atoms, specifically the very intense sodium D lines.

When looking at a flame's temperature there are many factors which can change or apply. One important one is that a flame's color does not necessarily determine a temperature comparison because black-body radiation is not the only thing that produces or determines the color seen; therefore it is only an estimation of temperature. Here are other factors that determine its temperature:

• Adiabatic flame; i.e., no loss of heat to the atmosphere (may differ in certain parts).
• Atmospheric pressure
• Percentage oxygen content of the atmosphere.
• The fuel being burned (i.e., depends on how quickly the process occurs; how violent the combustion is.)
• Any oxidation of the fuel.
• Temperature of atmosphere links to adiabatic flame temperature (i.e., heat will transfer to a cooler atmosphere more quickly).
• How stoichiometric the combustion process is (a 1:1 stoichiometricity) assuming no dissociation will have the highest flame temperature... excess air/oxygen will lower it and likewise not enough air/oxygen.

In fires (particularly house fires), the cooler flames are often red and produce the most smoke. Here the red color compared to typical yellow color of the flames suggests that the temperature is lower. This is because there is a lack of oxygen in the room and therefore there is incomplete combustion and the flame temperature is low, often just 600–850 °C (1,112–1,562 °F). This means that a lot of carbon monoxide is formed (which is a flammable gas if hot enough) which is when in Fire and Arson investigation there is greatest risk of backdraft. When this occurs flames get oxygen, carbon monoxide combusts and temporary temperatures of up to 2,000 °C (3,632 °F) occur.^{[citation needed]}

Flame temperatures of common items include a candle at 1,400 °C (2,600 °F),^[8] a blow torch – at around 1,600 °C (2,900 °F) a propane torch at 1,995 °C (3,620 °F), or a much hotter oxyacetylene combustion at 3,000 °C (5,400 °F).

Common flame temperatures[link]

This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (September 2009)

This is a rough guide to flame temperatures for various common substances (in 20 °C air at 1 atm. pressure):

Hottest flame temperature[link]

Cyanogen produces a very hot flame with a temperature of over 4,525 °C (8,180 °F) when it burns in oxygen.^[9] Dicyanoacetylene, a compound of carbon and nitrogen with chemical formula C₄N₂ burns in oxygen with a bright blue-white flame at a temperature of 5260 K (4990 °C, 9010 °F), and at up to 6000 K in ozone.^[10] This high flame temperature is also the result of the absence of hydrogen, and, therefore, water as a combustion product. Because of its high specific heat, water vapor as a combustion product tends to lower the flame temperature of hydrogen containing compounds. The endothermic dissociation of water at high temperatures above 2000 °C also prevents flame temperatures to rise above 3000 to 4000 °C.

Cool flames[link]

At temperatures as low as 120 °C, fuel-air mixtures can react chemically and produce very weak flames called cool flames. The phenomenon was discovered by Humphry Davy in 1817. The process depends on a fine balance of temperature and concentration of the reacting mixture, and if conditions are right it can initiate without any external ignition source. Cyclical variations in the balance of chemicals, particularly of intermediate products in the reaction, give oscillations in the flame, with a typical temperature variation of about 100 K, or between "cool" and full ignition. Sometimes the variation can lead to explosion.^[11][12]

Flames in microgravity[link]

In zero gravity, convection does not carry the hot combustion products away from the fuel source, resulting in a spherical flame front.

In 2000, experiments by NASA confirmed that gravity plays an indirect role in flame formation and composition.^[13] The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on convection, as soot tends to rise to the top of a flame (such as in a candle in normal gravity conditions), making it yellow. In microgravity or zero gravity environment, such as in orbit, natural convection no longer occurs and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become bluer and more efficient. There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely is the hypothesis that the temperature is sufficiently evenly distributed that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs.^[14] Experiments by NASA reveal that diffusion flames in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidized after they are produced than do diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behave differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.^[15] These discoveries have potential applications in applied science and industry, especially concerning fuel efficiency.

References[link]

See also[link]

• Fire
• Flame detector
• Plasma (physics)
• Pyranoscope

External links[link]

• A candle flame strongly influenced and moved about by an electric field due to the flame having ions.
• Ultra-Low Emissions Low-Swirl Burnerlez:ЦӀай

Jaden Smith
Jaden Smith at The Nobel Peace Prize Concert in 2009
Born	Jaden Christopher Syre Smith (1998-07-08) July 8, 1998 (age 13) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupation	Actor, artist, songwriter, dancer, rapper
Years active	2002–present

Jaden Christopher Syre Smith (born July 8, 1998)^[1][2] is an American child actor, rapper, songwriter, dancer, and the son of Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. He is the elder brother of singer Willow Smith. His breakthrough role was in the 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness, and he has also starred in the remakes of The Day the Earth Stood Still and The Karate Kid.

Career[link]

Jaden made a cameo along with his older brother Trey Smith in the 2002 sequel of Men in Black. Smith then made his major role debut in the 2006 film The Pursuit of Happyness as Christopher, the son of Will Smith's character, Chris Gardner.^[3] For his role, Smith won the award for the Best Breakthrough Performance at the 2007 MTV Movie Awards. At the 79th Academy Awards, Smith presented the award for the Best Animated Short and the Best Live Action Short, along with acting nominee Abigail Breslin. Smith next appeared as Jacob in the 2008 Scott Derrickson science fiction film, The Day the Earth Stood Still,^[3] a remake of the 1951 classic of the same name

In 2010, along with Jackie Chan, Smith starred in The Karate Kid, a remake of the 1984 film.^[4] Smith rapped alongside Canadian singer Justin Bieber in the song "Never Say Never".^[5]

Personal life[link]

Smith was born in Los Angeles, California to actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. He has an older half-brother, Trey Smith, and a younger sister, Willow Smith. Smith is African-American, and also has more distant West Indian, Creole, and Portuguese-Jewish ancestry on his mother's side.^[6] Smith was homeschooled,^[7] and also attends the New Village Leadership Academy, which was co-founded by his parents in the Los Angeles suburb of Calabasas.^[6] Along with his siblings, Smith is a youth ambassador for Project Zambia in conjunction with the Hasbro corporation, which helps children orphaned by AIDS in Africa.^[8]

Discography[link]

Jaden smith has made a latest single "Flame Just cuz"

Album appearances[link]

Filmography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

Wins[link]

• 2006 - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role - Male (The Pursuit of Happyness)
• 2007 - MTV Movie Award for Breakthrough Performance (The Pursuit of Happyness)
• 2007 - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie - Chemistry (The Pursuit of Happyness) **Shared with Will Smith**
• 2009 - Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Young Actor (The Day the Earth Stood Still)
• 2010 - ShoWest Award for Breakthrough Male Star of the Year
• 2011 - BET Award: YoungStars Award
• 2011 - Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor (The Karate Kid)

Nominations[link]

• 2007 - Broadcast Film Critics Association Award: Critics Choice Award for Best Young Actor (The Pursuit of Happyness)
• 2007 - Black Reel Award for Best Breakthrough Performance (The Pursuit of Happyness)
• 2007 - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture (The Pursuit of Happyness)
• 2007 - Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie - Breakout Male (The Pursuit of Happyness)
• 2010 - Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Performance by a Youth in a Leading or Supporting Role - Male (The Karate Kid)
• 2010 - Teen Choice Award for Choice Summer Movie Star - Male (The Karate Kid)
• 2011 - Black Reel Award for Best Actor (The Karate Kid)
• 2011 - Black Reel Award for Best Song (The Karate Kid) **Shared with Justin Bieber for the song "Never Say Never"**
• 2011 - Empire Award for Best Newcomer (The Karate Kid)
• 2011 - NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture (The Karate Kid)
• 2011 - MTV Movie Award for Biggest Badass Star (The Karate Kid)
• 2011 - People's Choice Award for Favourite On-Screen Team (The Karate Kid) **Shared with Jackie Chan**
• 2011 - Teen Choice Award for Choice Red Carpet Fashion Icon - Male
• 2011 - Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award: Blimp Award for Favourite Movie Actor

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jaden Smith at the Internet Movie Database

Brandon Green, better known by his stage name Bei Maejor (pronounced Bee Major), is a Grammy nominated American recording artist, songwriter and record producer, signed to Jive/RCA Records.

Life and career[link]

Maejor has produced and written for many artists including; Trey Songz, Tinie Tempah, Ciara, Sean Kingston, Cody Simpson, Lloyd, Kid Ink, Chrisette Michelle, Keri Hilson, Drake, T-Pain, Bow Wow, New Boyz, LeToya Luckett, Ne-Yo, Wiz Khalifa, Bun B, Monica, Ginuwine, Plies, Soulja Boy, Rock City and Travis Porter and Australian rapper Iggy Azalea's debut single "Murda Bizness" featuring T.I..

He has produced soundtracks for Bratz: The Movie in 2007 and The Princess and the Frog in 2009, and the television series Jersey Shore (TV series) in 2011. He received his first Gold Plaque for production on Bun B's Trill in 2005 while still in college at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. He was nominated for a Grammy for his work on Trey Songz' album in 2010 and Monica's album in 2011.

He graduated from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan in 2008. After graduation he moved to Atlanta and joined the Compound Entertainment team working with Ne-Yo. Maejor was signed by Jive Records in January 2010 as a recording artist. Maejor released his first mixtape titled Upside Down on August 4, 2010, which featured Keri Hilson, Trey Songz, Drake and T-Pain. He produced and is featured on the official remix for Ciara's "Ride" with André 3000 and Ludacris. He was also featured on Plies' "She Got It Made". Maejor's debut single is titled "Trouble", which features rapper J. Cole and was released August 12, 2011.^[2] Maejor released his fourth mixtape, maejorMaejor on September 12, 2011. A collection of 20 tracks including a piano remix of Frank Ocean’s "Swim Good" and a remix of Foster the People’s "Pumped Up Kicks" dedicated to the "Little Haters.”^[3]

Maejor was named one of Rap-Up's 10 artists to watch in 2012.^[4]

Creative Works[link]

Singles[link]

Movie Credits[link]

Think Like a Man (2012)

• "Need a Reason"^[6] Also featured as a singer.

The Princess and the Frog (2009)

• "Never Knew I Needed"^[7]

Bratz: The Movie (2007)

• "It's My Party"^[8]

TV Credits[link]

Jersey Shore (2011)

• "The Tequila Song" aired in the season finale on March 24, 2011. Written and sung by Janine the Machine.

Producer Credits[link]

Songwriting Credits[link]

Mixtapes[link]

• ǝpısdn uʍop (Presented by Clinton Sparks & Monsters Ink) (2010)
• ǝpısdn uʍop 2 (Presented by Clinton Sparks, DJ ill Will & DJ Rockstar) (2010)
• Throwback (2011)
• maejorMaejor(Presented by DJ ill Will & DJ Rockstar) (2011)
• Upscale (March 2012)

Featured Singing Artist on[link]

• 2012 – "Need a Reason" by Kelly Rowland, movie Think Like a Man
• 2012 - "Magazine Cover" by Jae Millz
• 2011 – "So Addicted" by Tinie Tempah, album Disc-Overy
• 2011 - "Start Me Up" by New Boyz, album Too Cool to Care
• 2011 - "Center of the Stage" by T-Pain featuring R. Kelly
• 2011 - "Radio" by Hot Chelle Rae, album Whatever
• 2011 - "They Call Me" by Bei Maejor featuring Mike Posner
• 2011 - "I Wish" by Nelly
• 2011 - "Birthday Girl" by Travis Porter
• 2010 – "She Got It Made" by Plies
• 2010 – "Great Expectations" by Diggy Simmons
• 2010 – "Ride Remix" by Ciara featuring Bei Maejor, André 3000

Music Video Credits[link]

• 2012 - "Mesmerized"
• 2012 - "The Truth"
• 2011 - "Trouble (feat. J.Cole)"
• 2011 - "Still Ballin"
• 2011 - "Hit Me Up Angel"
• 2011 - "Sing A lil Song"
• 2011 - "The lala Song"
• 2011 - "Upside Down (feat. Jack Johnson)"
• 2011 - "Abduction"
• 2011 - "Upside Down (Bonus Track)"
• 2011 - "Impressed"
• 2011 - "Racks (Piano Remix)"
• 2011 - "I'm On One (Piano Remix)"
• 2011 - "Bout That Life"
• 2011 - "It's On U"
• 2011 - "Swim Well"
• 2010 - "She Was (A Broken Love Story)"
• 2010 - "July"
• 2010 - "Lemme Get That Freestyle"
• 2010 - "Facelifts & Waterfalls"

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Bei Maejor on Myspace
• Bei Maejor on Twitter
• "Beat Maejor" – The Michigan Daily
• "A Maejor Star is Born" – The Michigan Daily

Waka Flocka Flame
Background information
Birth name	Juaquin Bertholimule Malphurs
Born	(1986-05-31) May 31, 1986 (age 26) South Jamaica, Queens, New York
Origin	Atlanta, Georgia, United States
Genres	Hip hop
Years active	2008-present
Labels	Brick Squad Monopoly, 1017 Brick Squad Records, Warner Bros., Asylum
Associated acts	1017 Brick Squad, Gucci Mane
Website	www.wakaflocka1017.com

Juaquin Malphurs (born May 31, 1986), better known by his stage name Waka Flocka Flame, is an American rapper signed to 1017 Brick Squad and Warner Bros. He is a Southern hip hop artist best known for his singles "O Let's Do It", "Hard in da Paint" & "No Hands", along with his debut album, Flockaveli. Waka Flocka Flame has announced that his second album, Triple F Life: Friends, Fans and Family, will be released during the spring of 2012.^[1]

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

Juaquin Malphurs was born in South Jamaica, Queens, New York in 1986. His family eventually settled in Riverdale, Georgia.^[2] He is the son of Debra Antney, Gucci Mane's former manager and CEO of So Icey/Mizay Entertainment.^[3] The name "Waka" was given to him by his cousin, after the Muppets character Fozzie Bear's catch phrase, "Waka Waka". The name "Flocka Flame" was given to him by rapper Gucci Mane.^[4] Waka Flocka posed for a nude but unrevealing picture for the company PETA to boycott killing animals. The picture says "Ink not Mink". The picture design is similar to Waka Flocka Flame's album Flockaveli.^[5] Waka Flocka Flame said that he has known Gucci Mane since he was 19^[6]

[edit] 2009-2010: Flockaveli

Waka Flocka Flame came to fame with his breakthrough single "O Let's Do It" in 2009,^[7] which peaked at #62 on the Billboard Hot 100. Waka Flocka Flame is a member of the 1017 Brick Squad with Gucci Mane, OJ Da Juiceman, Frenchie, and Wooh Da Kid.^[8] On January 19, 2010, Malphurs was shot and robbed at a car wash in Atlanta. The bullet went through his right arm.^[9][10] He is currently preparing multiple mixtapes with Brick Squad.^[11] His debut album, Flockaveli was released on October 5, 2010. He was featured on Lil Jon's album Crunk Rock on the track "Throw It Up, Pt. 2 (Remix)". The album debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200. He was named the eighth hottest MC of 2010 by MTV.^[12]

Gucci Mane fired Debra Antney as his manager. Despite rumors, there is no animosity between the two rappers due to this event. In an MTV interview, both he and Waka Flocka Flame affirmed that their relationship is in good standing even though they no longer speak.^[13] In early September, Gucci Mane was seen at Flocka's Flockaveli listening party supporting the artist.^[14]

[edit] 2011-present: Triple F Life: Friends, Fans and Family and mixtapes

Waka Flocka Flame has released previous mixtapes in 2011 including Salute Me or Shoot Me 3, Benjamin Flocka and his last Twin Towers 2 with Slim Dunkin'. On August 9, 2011 his latest compilation with Gucci Mane, Ferrari Boyz was released. The first single was "She Be Puttin On", featuring the now deceased Slim Dunkin, who was shot at an Atlanta recording studio shooting a music video.^[15]

On August 9, 2011, the first single for his sophomore album, "Round of Applause", featuring Canadian-rapper Drake, a confirmed featured guest to appear on the album, was released. It is produced by Lex Luger. The first original version featured only Waka Flocka Flame, and the remix featured Drake, but later the remix was made the original version. Triple F Life: Friends, Fans and Family is slated to be released in the first quarter of 2012.

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• 2010: Flockaveli
• 2012: Triple F Life: Friends, Fans and Family

References[link]

External links[link]

• Waka Flocka Flame Official Website
• Waka Flocka Flame on Myspace