General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

GPRS usage charging is based on volume of data, either as part of a bundle or on a pay-as-you-use basis. An example of a bundle is up to 5 GB per month for a fixed fee. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged for per megabyte or disallowed. The pay as you use charging is typically per megabyte of traffic. This contrasts with circuit switching data, which is typically billed per minute of connection time, regardless of whether or not the user transfers data during that period.

GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/second. 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as ''2.5G'', that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases.

Technical overview

2.5G and 3G systems rely on double core network infrastructures; traditional circuit-switched network nodes (switching points) for telephony, and packet-switched GPRS nodes for various data services. Dedicated nodes handle the SMS service. 4G systems are expected to be all-IP, meaning that the core network is based on IP routers.

Services offered

GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible:

SMS messaging and broadcasting

File manipulation functions

Active process block process

"Always on" internet access

Multimedia messaging service (MMS)

Push to talk over cellular (PoC)

Instant messaging and presence—wireless village

Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP)

Point-to-point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP)

Point-to-Multipoint (P2M) service: point-to-multipoint multicast and point-to-multipoint group calls

If SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be achieved. This is much faster than using the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.

Protocols supported

GPRS supports the following protocols:

Internet protocol (IP). In practice, built-in mobile browsers use IPv4 since IPv6 is not yet popular.

Point-to-point protocol (PPP). In this mode PPP is often not supported by the mobile phone operator but if the mobile is used as a modem to the connected computer, PPP is used to tunnel IP to the phone. This allows an IP address to be assigned dynamically to the mobile equipment.

X.25 connections. This is typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals, although it has been removed from the standard. X.25 can still be supported over PPP, or even over IP, but doing this requires either a network based router to perform encapsulation or intelligence built in to the end-device/terminal; e.g., user equipment (UE).

When TCP/IP is used, each phone can have one or more IP addresses allocated. GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during handover. The TCP handles any packet loss (e.g. due to a radio noise induced pause).

Hardware

Devices supporting GPRS are divided into three classes:

;Class A: Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS), using both at the same time. Such devices are known to be available today. ;Class B: Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS), but using only one or the other at a given time. During GSM service (voice call or SMS), GPRS service is suspended, and then resumed automatically after the GSM service (voice call or SMS) has concluded. Most GPRS mobile devices are Class B. ;Class C: Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM service (voice, SMS). Must be switched manually between one or the other service.

A true Class A device may be required to transmit on two different frequencies at the same time, and thus will need two radios. To get around this expensive requirement, a GPRS mobile may implement the dual transfer mode (DTM) feature. A DTM-capable mobile may use simultaneous voice and packet data, with the network coordinating to ensure that it is not required to transmit on two different frequencies at the same time. Such mobiles are considered pseudo-Class A, sometimes referred to as "simple class A". Some networks support DTM since 2007.

USB 3G/GPRS modems use a terminal-like interface over USB 1.1, 2.0 and later, data formats V.42bis, and RFC 1144 and some models have connector for external antenna. Modems can be added as cards (for laptops) or external USB devices which are similar in shape and size to a computer mouse, or nowadays more like a pendrive.

Addressing

A GPRS connection is established by reference to its access point name (APN). The APN defines the services such as wireless application protocol (WAP) access, short message service (SMS), multimedia messaging service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access.

In order to set up a GPRS connection for a wireless modem, a user must specify an APN, optionally a user name and password, and very rarely an IP address, all provided by the network operator.

Coding schemes and speeds

The upload and download speeds that can be achieved in GPRS depend on a number of factors such as:

the number of BTS TDMA time slots assigned by the operator

the channel encoding used.

the maximum capability of the mobile device expressed as a GPRS multislot class

Multiple access schemes

The multiple access methods used in GSM with GPRS are based on frequency division duplex (FDD) and TDMA. During a session, a user is assigned to one pair of up-link and down-link frequency channels. This is combined with time domain statistical multiplexing; i.e., packet mode communication, which makes it possible for several users to share the same frequency channel. The packets have constant length, corresponding to a GSM time slot. The down-link uses first-come first-served packet scheduling, while the up-link uses a scheme very similar to reservation ALOHA (R-ALOHA). This means that slotted ALOHA (S-ALOHA) is used for reservation inquiries during a contention phase, and then the actual data is transferred using dynamic TDMA with first-come first-served scheduling.

Channel encoding

Channel encoding is based on a convolutional code at different code rates and GMSK modulation defined for GSM. The following table summarises the options: :{| class="wikitable" align=center !  Coding scheme !  Speed (kbit/s) |- align="center" | CS-1 | 8.0 |- align="center" | CS-2 | 12.0 |- align="center" | CS-3 | 14.4 |- align="center" | CS-4 | 20.0 |}

The least robust, but fastest, coding scheme (CS-4) is available near a base transceiver station (BTS), while the most robust coding scheme (CS-1) is used when the mobile station (MS) is further away from a BTS.

Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using this scheme the cell coverage is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0 kbit/s per time slot, but has 98% of normal coverage. Newer network equipment can adapt the transfer speed automatically depending on the mobile location.

In addition to GPRS, there are two other GSM technologies which deliver data services: circuit-switched data (CSD) and high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD). In contrast to the shared nature of GPRS, these instead establish a dedicated circuit (usually billed per minute). Some applications such as video calling may prefer HSCSD, especially when there is a continuous flow of data between the endpoints.

The following table summarises some possible configurations of GPRS and circuit switched data services.

:{| class="wikitable" align=center !  Technology  !  Download (kbit/s)  !  Upload (kbit/s)  !  TDMA Timeslots allocated  |- align="center" | CSD | 9.6 | 9.6 | 1+1 |- align="center" | HSCSD | 28.8 | 14.4 | 2+1 |- align="center" | HSCSD | 43.2 | 14.4 | 3+1 |- align="center" | GPRS | 80.0 | 20.0 (Class 8 & 10 and CS-4) | 4+1 |- align="center" | GPRS | 60.0 | 40.0 (Class 10 and CS-4) | 3+2 |- align="center" | EGPRS (EDGE) | 236.8 | 59.2 (Class 8, 10 and MCS-9) | 4+1 |- align="center" | EGPRS (EDGE) | 177.6 | 118.4 (Class 10 and MCS-9) | 3+2 |}

Multislot Class

The multislot class determines the speed of data transfer available in the Uplink and Downlink directions. It is a value between 1 to 45 which the network uses to allocate radio channels in the uplink and downlink direction. Multislot class with values greater than 31 are referred to as high multislot classes.

A multislot allocation is represented as, for example, 5+2. The first number is the number of downlink timeslots and the second is the number of uplink timeslots allocated for use by the mobile station. A commonly used value is class 10 for many GPRS/EGPRS mobiles which uses a maximum of 4 timeslots in downlink direction and 2 timeslots in uplink direction. However simultaneously a maximum number of 5 simultaneous timeslots can be used in both uplink and downlink. The network will automatically configure the for either 3+2 or 4+1 operation depending on the nature of data transfer.

Some high end mobiles, usually also supporting UMTS also support GPRS/EDGE multislot class 32. According to 3GPP TS 45.002 (Release 6), Table B.2, mobile stations of this class support 5 timeslots in downlink and 3 timeslots in uplink with a maximum number of 6 simultaneously used timeslots. If data traffic is concentrated in downlink direction the network will configure the connection for 5+1 operation. When more data is transferred in the uplink the network can at any time change the constellation to 4+2 or 3+3. Under the best reception conditions, i.e. when the best EDGE modulation and coding scheme can be used, 5 timeslots can carry a bandwidth of 5*59.2 kbit/s = 296 kbit/s. In uplink direction, 3 timeslots can carry a bandwidth of 3*59.2 kbit/s = 177.6 kbit/s.

Multislot Classes for GPRS/EGPRS

:{| class="wikitable" !  Multislot Class  !  Downlink TS  !  Uplink TS  !  Active TS  |- align="center" | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |- align="center" | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 |- align="center" | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 |- align="center" | 4 | 3 | 1 | 4 |- align="center" | 5 | 2 | 2 | 4 |- align="center" | 6 | 3 | 2 | 4 |- align="center" | 7 | 3 | 3 | 4 |- align="center" | 8 | 4 | 1 | 5 |- align="center" | 9 | 3 | 2 | 5 |- align="center" | 10 | 4 | 2 | 5 |- align="center" | 11 | 4 | 3 | 5 |- align="center" | 12 | 4 | 4 | 5 |- align="center" | 30 | 5 | 1 | 6 |- align="center" | 31 | 5 | 2 | 6 |- align="center" | 32 | 5 | 3 | 6 |- align="center" | 33 | 5 | 4 | 6 |- align="center" | 34 | 5 | 5 | 6 |}

Attributes of a multislot class

Each multislot class identifies the following:

the maximum number of Timeslots that can be allocated on uplink

the maximum number of Timeslots that can be allocated on downlink

the total number of timeslots which can be allocated by the network to the mobile

the time needed for the mobile phone to perform adjacent cell signal level measurement and get ready to transmit

the time needed for the MS to get ready to transmit

the time needed for the MS to perform adjacent cell signal level measurement and get ready to receive

the time needed for the MS to get ready to receive.

The different multislot class specification is detailed in the Annex B of the 3GPP Technical Specification 45.002 (Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path)

Usability

The maximum speed of a GPRS connection offered in 2003 was similar to a modem connection in an analog wire telephone network, about 32-40 kbit/s, depending on the phone used. Latency is very high; round-trip time (RTT) is typically about 600-700 ms and often reaches 1 s. GPRS is typically prioritized lower than speech, and thus the quality of connection varies greatly.

Devices with latency/RTT improvements (via, for example, the extended UL TBF mode feature) are generally available. Also, network upgrades of features are available with certain operators. With these enhancements the active round-trip time can be reduced, resulting in significant increase in application-level throughput speeds.

See also

Code division multiple access (CDMA)

Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE)

Universal mobile telephone system (UMTS)

GPRS core network

Sub-network dependent convergence protocol (SNDCP)

IP Multimedia Subsystem

High-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA)

Cellular data communication protocol

List of device bandwidths

References

External links

3GPP AT command set for user equipment (UE)

GPRS security information (archive.org)

Free GPRS resources

Free online tutorial.

GSM World, the trade association for GSM and GPRS network operators.

Palowireless GPRS resource center

GPRS attach and PDP context activation sequence diagram

Category:3rd Generation Partnership Project standards Category:Link protocols Category:1997 introductions

ar:جي بي آر إس az:GPRS bn:জেনারেল প্যাকেট রেডিও সার্ভিস be-x-old:GPRS bs:GPRS bg:GPRS ca:GPRS cs:General Packet Radio Service da:GPRS de:General Packet Radio Service et:GPRS es:Servicio general de paquetes vía radio eo:GPRS fa:سرویس بسته امواج رادیویی fr:General Packet Radio Service glk:GPRS ko:GPRS hi:जीपीआरऍस hr:GPRS id:GPRS it:General Packet Radio Service he:General Packet Radio Service lt:GPRS lmo:GPRS hu:GPRS mk:GPRS ms:GPRS nl:General Packet Radio Service ne:जी पी आर एस ja:GSM#GPRS no:GPRS pms:GPRS pl:GPRS pt:Serviço de Rádio de Pacote Geral ru:GPRS sk:General Packet Radio Service sl:GPRS sr:ГПРС мрежа su:GPRS fi:GPRS sv:General Packet Radio Service ta:ஜி.பி.ஆர்.எசு th:จีพีอาร์เอส tr:GPRS uk:GPRS vi:Dịch vụ vô tuyến gói tổng hợp zh:通用分组无线服务

Group	Overseas Filipinos
Poptime	8,579,378-11,000,000 estimates
Region1
Pop1	3,177,947
Region2
Pop2	1,159,003
Region3
Pop3	639,686
Region4
Pop4	609,704
Region5
Pop5	336,140
Region6
Pop6	263,980
Region7
Pop7	243,877
Region8
Pop8	241,268
Region9
Pop9	210,617
Region10
Pop10	200,987
Region11
Pop11	168,550
Region12
Pop12	163,090
Region13
Pop13	155,744
Region14
Pop14	119,508
Region15
Pop15	94,283
Region16
Pop16	81,395
Region17
Pop17	55,309
Region18
Pop18	51,656
Region19
Pop19	50,695
Region20
Pop20	50,013
Region21
Pop21	41,000
Region22
Pop22	39,002
Region23
Pop23	32,896
Region24
Pop24	31,348
Region25
Pop25	29,824
Region26
Pop26	27,139
Region27
Pop27	23,713
Region28
Pop28	23,563
Region29
Pop29	22,431
Region30
Pop30	20,683
Region31
Pop31	20,284
Region32
Pop32	20,063
Region33
Pop34	19,807
Languages	Philippine languages, English, Spanish and language(s) of country of residence.
Religions	Mostly Christianity (Catholic or other denominations), minorities practice Islam, Buddhism, Paganism, Atheism, and other religions.
Related	Filipino people }}

An Overseas Filipino is a person of Philippine origin who lives outside of the Philippines. This term applies both to people of Filipino ancestry who are citizens or residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens abroad on a more temporary status.

Most overseas Filipinos migrate to other nations to find employment or support their families in the Philippines. As a result of this migration, many countries have substantial Filipino communities.

Often, these Filipinos are referred to as Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). The term "Global Filipino" is another word of more recent vintage but less widely used.

Former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo applied the term "Overseas Filipino Investor" or "OFI" for Filipino expatriates who contribute to the economy through remittances, buying properties and creating businesses.

Population

Around 8.6 million to 11 million overseas Filipinos are the estimated count worldwide or about 11% of the total population of the Philippines.

More than a million Filipinos try their luck each year to work abroad through overseas employment agencies and other programs, including government-sponsored initiatives. A majority of them are women applying as domestic helpers and personal service workers. Others emigrate and become permanent residents of other countries. Overseas Filipinos often work as doctors, physical therapists, nurses, accountants, IT professionals, engineers, architects, entertainers, technicians, teachers, military servicemen, seafarers, students, caregivers, domestic helpers and maids.

The exodus includes an increasing number of skilled workers taking on unskilled work overseas, resulting in what has been referred to as a brain drain, particularly in the health and education sectors. Also, the exodus can result in underemployment, for example, in cases where doctors undergo retraining to become nurses.

Economic impact

Remittances sent by OFWs to the Philippines contribute to the country's economy, with a value of more than US$10 billion in 2005. This makes the country the fourth largest recipient of remittances with India, China, and Mexico in the top list. OFW remittances represent 13.5% of the country's GDP, the largest in proportion to the domestic economy among the four countries.

In 2008, overseas Filipinos sent US$15.9 billion worth of remittances to the Philippines, up from the US$14.4 billion in 2007, and US$13 billion in 2006.

In 2009, about US$17.348 billion in remittances was sent to the Philippines by overseas Filipinos, higher than in previous years.

Countries with Filipino populations

United States. Despite race relations problems of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the American Northwest, most Filipino Americans today find it easy to integrate into American society, with a majority belonging to the middle class.

Filipinos are the second-largest Asian American group in the country; Tagalog is the fifth most spoken language in the U.S. Filipinas comprise a large portion of the roughly 4,000-6,000 women who annually come to the U.S. through method of mail-order bride, internet courtship, or direct contact when travel to the Philippines. The US State Department estimated that there are 4 million Filipinos in the US as of 2007.

United Kingdom. Nurses and caregivers have begun flocking to the United Kingdom in recent years. The island nation has welcomed about 20,000 nurses and other Filipinos of various employment and lifestyle during the past 5 years. The United Kingdom is home to around 200,000 OFWs.

Mexico. There are about 200,000 Mexicans of Filipino ancestry living in Mexico, some of whom are of mixed blood heritage. They are descendants of Filipino slaves and immigrants who settled in Mexico during the colonial period. More recently, there were Filipinos who arrived as refugees to Mexico which left during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos. Their communities are found in Guerrero, Michoacán, and Colima.

Italy. There are about 131,000 Filipinos in Italy.

Iraq. In spite of the Philippine government ban on OFWs working in Iraq, an estimated 1,000-3,000 Filipinos work there. Most work on US Military bases around the country as cooks and laundry service, sometimes as third-country national security guards. This is the only foreign country in which Filipino men outnumber Filipino women.

India. Approximately 1,000 Filipinos reside in India. However, government's official figures show some 500 Filipinos.

Canada. Only a small population of Filipinos resided in Canada until the late 20th century. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration has estimated that as of 2006 there were over 400,000 Canadians of Filipino origin. Due to Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Western Canada and the Philippines; contracts in Atlantic Canada; consistent hiring of workers in Central Canada; and increased activity in Northern Canada, it is estimated that there will be some 500,000 Filipinos in Canada as of 2010. As of December 2008, Filipinos overtook China as Canada's leading source of immigrants. See Filipino Canadians.

Spain. There are around 50,000 Filipino legal workers living abroad in Spain. Although many Filipinos did immigrate or ran away to Spain after the United States took over the islands in 1898, most of the Filipinos moved to the old metropolises during the 1960s and 1970s seeking jobs, which in many cases were related to housekeeping, healthcare or industrial activities. There's also a significant group of Spaniards of Filipino origins (some of whom are from 3rd and 4th generations) including some famous people like former Spanish Prime Minister Manila-born Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero or Isabel Preysler, mother of famous singer Enrique Iglesias, which is estimated in at least 40,000 people. Furthermore, since Filipino citizens are entitled to obtain Spanish citizenship by proving two years of legal residence in Spain, it is estimated that there are around 150,000 people holding dual citizenship (Spanish/Filipino). All in all, the entire population of total or partial Filipino origins is around 300,000 , nearly 0,7% of Spanish population.

Ireland. As of 2008, the Philippine embassy in London reported that there are 11,500 Filipinos in Ireland.

Hong Kong. There are approximately 140,000 Filipinos in Hong Kong, of whom most are domestic helpers (30,000 of them being members of the Filipino Migrant Workers Union). Filipino maids are known by the locals as amahs, or more often feiyungs (less politely bun mui or bun bun). A Hong Kong work visa requires some amount of higher education; and in some cases Filipino women with college degrees and perfect command of English are willing to work as maids and nannies for a salary higher than they could make at home in professions.

Singapore. Over 150,000 Overseas Filipinos work and reside in the country of Singapore.

Taiwan. According to the 2006 data of the government of Taiwan, there are 96,000 Filipinos currently living in Taiwan. Of these, 58,704 are in manufacturing industries and 34,602 are in social or personal services (e.g. maids). However, according to 2004 data by the Philippine Government, there are 2,037 Filipinos living in Taiwan permanently, 154,135 are in Taiwan for work contracts, and 4,500 go to Taiwan irregularly, which make a total of 160,672. It is not known why there is such a big difference between these two numbers (96,000 vs. 160,672).

Middle East. Many Filipinos work in the Middle East (mostly Saudi Arabia and UAE) as engineers, nurses or hospital workers, accountants, office workers, construction workers, restaurant workers and maids. It is estimated that more than 2 million Overseas Filipinos are working in the Middle East.

Japan. Some 350,972 Filipinos are listed to be living within Japan's geographic confines. However, this number is speculated to be larger, surpassing the one million mark due to many unlisted and illegal Filipino nationals.

Pakistan. According to the statistics of the Philippine government, an estimated 3,000 Filipinos live and work in Pakistan. Many Filipinos in Pakistan are domestic workers, including the housemaids of high government officials and rich Pakistanis. Many Filipino women came to Pakistan for work married Pakistanis and hold Pakistani citizenship.

South Korea. According to the Commission on Filipinos Overseas, as of December 2006, some 70,000 Filipinos work and live in Korea. Of this number, some 6,000 are permanent residents, some 50,000 work legally, and some 14,000 are "irregular" or do not have the proper documents.

Lebanon. As many as 30,000 OFWs are working in Lebanon. Due to the recent turmoil between Lebanon and Israel, however, many have been repatriated back to the Philippines, while others have been relocated to Cyprus, a part of the Philippine evacuation plan.

Australia. In 2000, Australia recorded about 127,000 Filipinos and/or Filipino Australians.

Greece. The Philippine Embassy has reported an estimated of 40,000 Filipinos in Greece.

Malaysia. As Sabah is very close to the Philippines, there are many Filipino residents, as well as illegal immigrants there. Filipinos make up about 30% of the entire population of Sabah and they enumerate up to 900,000. Many Filipinos in Malaysia come to work in construction industries, fisheries, and other labor intensive sectors in hopes of a better living. Most live in stilt slums scattered behind cities or on offshore islands. The Philippine government also has promised to establish a consulate to provide any necessary help to its nationals. Historically, The Philippines has a dormant claim on the territory.

New Zealand. There are about 17,000 Filipino residents and citizens in New Zealand called KiwiPino's, Filipino New Zealanders. New Zealand, as in the past, are currently recruiting Filipino qualified nurses. Filipinos in New Zealand, as well as prospective immigrants, often lean towards information technology, nursing and, more recently, telecommunications for careers.

Nigeria. Filipinos in Nigeria consist largely of migrant workers in the oil industry, though those in the capital city Abuja also work in the education and medical sectors. By mid-2008, their numbers had grown to an estimated 4,500, up from 3,790 in December 2005. They commonly hold skilled construction positions, among them pipe layers, welders, and engineers, and may earn as much as US$10,000 per month; however, those working in oil areas in Southeast Nigeria often find themselves the target of violence by local militants. Majority of the OFWs are working/residing in Lagos and Abuja. Filipino workers are actively petitioning the Philippine government to lift the travel and work ban in Nigeria.

Norway. The number of people with Filipino background in Norway is estimated to be about 12,000, most of them living in the Oslo urban area. In addition to Filipinos who have intermarried with Norwegians, there are at least 900 licensed Filipino nurses , over a hundred oil engineers employed mostly in offshore projects in the western coast of Norway and Filipinos or Norwegians of Filipino descent working in the government sector, diplomatic missions and NGO's and commercial establishments.

Brazil. , there were 379 Filipinos in Brazil. They consist primarily of Catholic missionaries and migrant workers in the telecommunications and oil sectors. There are also a few former seafarers who settled in port cities, and an increasing number of Filipinas who lived in Japan and married Brazilians who were living there. Since 2008, 33 overseas Filipino workers (11 men, 22 women) have been detained in jails in Brazil on charges of drug trafficking, primarily for attempting to bring in cocaine through airports.

References

External links

General statistics from Philippine government

POEA2004 (overseas Filipinos working and/or living overseas):

* 3,187,586 stay permanently, 3,599,257 stay for work contracts, and 1,296,972 stay irregularly (without proper documents), which make a sum of 8,083,815.

Press release on the 2004 Survey on Overseas Filipinos, Philippine National Statistics Office, on OFWs:

* 1.06 million Overseas Filipinos Workers

* 33.4% are unskilled workers, 15.4% are Trades and related workers, 15.1% are plant and machine operators and assemblers.

* 49.3% are males, 50.7% are females.

* Remittances are 64.7 billion Philippine pesos (equaled 1.2 billion USD then)

Deployed Landbased Overseas Filipino Workers by Destination (New hires and Rehires) (MS Excel format), Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA), 2005, on OFWs:

* 733,970 are landbased, 247,707 are seabased, which make a sum of 981,677. There is a 5.15% growth since 2004's 933,588.

* Remittances are 9,727,138,000 USD. There is a 26.6% growth since 2004.

List of Additional Reports from the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration Statistics Page

From other sources

AUS - . GWM - . HKG - LBN - . NZL - . SAU - . TWN - Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan. MAL - .

USA

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Category:Economy of the Philippines Category:Filipino people by occupation Category:Filipino emigrants

de:Auslands-Filipinos es:Emigración filipina tl:Balikbayan zh:海外菲律賓人