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Antipatris
This article incorporates text from Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897), a publication now in the public domain.
Antipatris, one of two places known as Tel Afek (Hebrew: תל אפק), was a city built by Herod the Great, and named in honour of his father, Antipater II of Judea. It lay between Caesarea Maritima and Lydda, two miles inland, on the great Roman road from Caesarea to Jerusalem.
Tel Afek had earlier served as a fortress and major strategic points in battles between the Egyptians, Israelites and Philistines in the Bronze and Iron Age, until it fell into ruin prior to Herod's rebuilding. The city was destroyed in 363 CE by an earthquake.
Tel Afek lies east of Petah Tikva and west of Kafr Qasim and Rosh HaAyin, near the source of the Yarkon River.
Ottoman records indicate that a Mamluk fortress may have stood on the site. However, the present Ottoman fortress was built following the publication of a firman in 1573 A.D. (981 H.):
"You have sent a letter and have reported that four walls of the fortress Ras al-Ayn have been built, [..] I have commanded that when [this firman] arrives you shall [..have built] the above mentioned rooms and mosque with its minaret and have the guards remove the earth outside and clean and tidy [the place].
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Arad, Israel
Arad (Hebrew: עֲרָד
(audio) (help·info); Arabic: عِرَادَ) is a city in the South District of Israel. It is located on the border of the Negev and Judean Deserts, 25 kilometers (15.5 mi) west of the Dead Sea and 45 kilometers (28.0 mi) east of the city Beersheba. The city is home to a diverse population of 23,400 including Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, both secular and religious, Bedouins and Black Hebrews, as well as native-born Israelis and new immigrants. The city is notable for its clean, dry air and serves as a major attraction to asthmatics worldwide.
Although attempts to settle the area were made as early as 1921, the city was founded only in November 1962 as one of the last two development towns to be established, and the first planned city in Israel. Arad's population grew significantly with the Aliyah from the Commonwealth of Independent States in the 1990s, and peaked in 2002 at 24,500 residents. The city has seen a decline in population ever since.
As the second-largest city in Israel in terms of jurisdiction, Arad contains a number of large public places and facilities, such as the ruins of Tel Arad, the Arad Park, an airfield serving domestic flights, and Israel's first legal race circuit. It is also well known for its annual music festival, which was one of the most popular annual music events in the country until 1995.
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Ashdod
Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד (audio) (help·info); Arabic: اشدود, إسدود Isdud), is the sixth-largest city in Israel, located in the Southern District of the country, on the Mediterranean coast, located 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Tel Aviv and 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Ashkelon and 53 kilometres (33 mi) west of Jerusalem. Ashdod is an important regional industrial center. The Port of Ashdod is Israel's largest port accounting for 60% of the country's imported goods.
The first documented settlement in Ashdod dates to the Canaanite culture of 17th century BCE, making the city one of the oldest in the world. Ashdod is mentioned 13 times in the Bible. During its history the city was settled by Philistines, Israelites, Byzantines, Crusaders and Arabs.
Modern Ashdod was established in 1956 on the sand hills near the site of the ancient town, and incorporated as a city in 1968, with a land-area of approximately 60 square kilometres (23 sq mi). Being a planned city, expansion followed a main development plan, which facilitated traffic and prevented air pollution in the residential areas, despite population growth. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, Ashdod had a population of 206,400 at the end of 2009, the sixth largest city in Israel, and had an area of 47,242 dunams (47.242 km2; 18.240 sq mi).
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Beersheba
Beersheba (/bɪərˈʃiːbə/; officially Be'er Sheva; Hebrew: בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע [bəʔe̞rˈʃe̞va]; Greek: Βηρσαβεε; Latin: Bersabee; Arabic: بئر السبع, Bi'r as-Sab` (info); Turkish: Birüssebi) is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. Often referred to as the "Capital of the Negev", it is the seventh-largest city in Israel with a population of 194,300.
Beersheba grew in importance in the 19th century, when the Ottoman Turks built a regional police station there. The Battle of Beersheba was part of a wider British offensive in World War I aimed at breaking the Turkish defensive line from Gaza to Beersheba. In 1947, Bir Seb'a (Arabic: بيئر شيبع), as it was known, was envisioned as part of the Arab state in the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine. Following the declaration of Israel's independence, the Egyptian army amassed its forces in Beersheba as a strategic and logistical base. In October 1948, the city was conquered by the Israel Defense Forces.
Beersheba has grown considerably since then. A large portion of the population is made up of Jews who immigrated from Arab countries after 1948, and has been significantly boosted since 1990 by immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union. With the influx of Russian immigrants, chess became a major sport in Beersheba. The city is now Israel's national chess center, home to more chess grandmasters than any city in the world.
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Beit-Shean
Beit She'an (help·info) (Hebrew: בֵּית שְׁאָן Beth Šəān; Arabic: بيسان, Beesān (help·info), Beisan or Bisan) is a city in the North District of Israel which has played an important role historically due to its geographical location at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and Jezreel Valley. It has also played an important role in modern times, acting as the regional center for the numerous villages in the Beit She'an Valley Regional Council.
Beit She'an's location has often been strategically significant, as it sits at the junction of the Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley, essentially controlling access from the interior to the coast, as well as from Jerusalem to the Galilee.
In 1933, archaeologist G.M. FitzGerald, under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania Museum, carried out a “deep cut” on Tell el-Hosn, the large mound of Beth Shean in order to determine the earliest occupation of the site. His results suggest that settlement began in the Late Neolithic or Early Chalcolithic periods (sixth to fifth millennia BCE. Occupation continued intermittently up to the late Early Bronze Age I (3200-3000), according to pottery finds, and then resumes in the Early Bronze Age III. A large cemetery on the northern side of the mound was in use from the Bronze Age to Byzantine times.Canaanite graves dating from 2000-1600 BCE were discovered in 1926.
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Beth Shemesh
Beit Shemesh (Hebrew: בֵּית שֶׁמֶשׁ,; Greek: Βαιθσαμύς; Latin: Bethsames) is a city located approximately 30 kilometres (19 mi) west of Jerusalem in Israel's Jerusalem District, with a population of 80,600 in 2010. The history of Beit Shemesh goes back to pre-biblical times. The modern city of Beit Shemesh was founded in 1950.
The ancient city of Beit Shemesh ("house of the sun" or "temple of the sun" in Hebrew) was originally named after the Canaanite sun-goddess Shemesh, who was worshipped there in antiquity. The ruins of the ancient biblical city can still be seen in the tell of Beit Shemesh, located near the modern city.
Several important and unique archaeological discoveries have been made in recent digs at the tel. The most ancient iron workshop in the world was discovered here in 2003. The only remnants of a fortified city with an advanced water system, from the time of the early Kingdom of Judah was found here. The bones of animals found in the 12th-11th centuries BCE layer indicate a diet typical of the Israelites who inhabited the hill country in this period. These together with the pottery finds indicate the cultural influences on the inhabitants of this border town. However, it is not possible to determine their specific ethnic identity, which could be Canaanite, Philistine or Israelite.
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Caesarea
Caesarea (Hebrew: קֵיסָרְיָה; Arabic: قيسارية, Kaysaria; Greek: Καισάρεια) is a town in Israel located mid-way between Tel Aviv and Haifa (45 km), on the Israeli coastal plain near the city of Hadera. Modern Caesarea as of December 2007 has a population of 4,500 people. It is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization, the Caesarea Development Corporation, and also one of the most populous localities not recognized as a local council. It lies under the jurisdiction of the Hof HaCarmel Regional Council.
The town was built by Herod the Great about 25-13 BCE as the port city Caesarea Maritima. It served as an administrative center of Judaea Province of the Roman Empire, and later the capital of the Byzantine Palaestina Prima province during the classic period. Following the Arab conquest in the 7th century, the city fell into obscurity until Crusader renovation, but was again abandoned after the Mamluk conquest. It was populated in 1884 by Muslim Bosnyak immigrants, making it a small fishing village. In 1940, kibbutz Sdot Yam was established on Jewish lands next to the Bosnyak village. During the Civil War in Mandatory Palestine, the town was abandoned by the Bosnyak residents, and in 1952 a Jewish town of Caesarea established near the ruins of the old city, which were made into the national park of Caesarea Maritima.
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City of David
The City of David (Hebrew: עיר דוד, Ir David; Arabic: مدينة داوود) is the oldest settled neighborhood of Jerusalem and a major archaeological site due to recognition as biblical Jerusalem. It is a narrow ridge running south from the Temple Mount. It was a walled city in the Bronze Age and, according to tradition, it is the place where King David built his palace and established his capital. The City of David was naturally defended by the Tyropoeon Valley on its west, the Hinnom valley to the south, and the Kidron Valley on the east; although over time the once-steep valley to the west has been largely filled in.
In the ancient pred-Israelite period, the City of David was separated from the Temple Mount by the Ophel, an uninhabited area which became the seat of government under Israelite rule. During the reign of Hezekiah, the walls of the city were expanded westward, enclosing a previously unwalled suburb in the area now known as the Old City of Jerusalem, west of the Temple Mount.
Although there is currently both Muslim and Jewish housing in the area, archeological digs are ongoing under many of the homes and it is proposed to make the entire ridge into an archaeological park.
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Deir Alla
Coordinates: 32°11′20″N 35°36′11″E / 32.18889°N 35.60306°E / 32.18889; 35.60306
Deir Alla (Arabic: دير علا), (in modern Balqa Governorate, Jordan) is the site of an ancient Near Eastern town thought to be Pitru/Pethor.
The town was a sanctuary and metal-working centre, ringed by smelting furnaces built against the exterior of the city walls, whose successive rebuildings, dated by ceramics from the Late Bronze Age, sixteenth century BCE, to the fifth century BCE, accumulated as a tell based on a low natural hill. The hopeful identification of the site as the Biblical Sukkot is not confirmed by any inscription at the site.
Deir Alla was the first Bronze Age city excavated in Jordan. The initial expectations were of establishing a relative chronology of Palestine pottery in the transition between the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, established through meticulous stratigraphy. It was intended to span a gap between established chronologies at Jericho and Samaria.
The oldest sanctuary at Deir Alla dates to the Late Bronze Age; it was peacefully rebuilt at intervals, the floor being raised as the tell accumulated height, and the squared altar stone renewed, each new one placed atop the previous one. The final sanctuary was obliterated in a fierce fire; the blackened remains of an Egyptian jar bearing the cartouche of Queen Twosret gives a terminus post quem of ca 1200 BCE, a date consonant with other twelfth-century urban destruction in the Ancient Near East. Unlike some other destroyed sites, Deir Alla's habitation continued after the disaster, without a break, into the Iron Age; the discontinuity was a cultural one, with highly developed pottery of a separate ceramic tradition post-dating the destruction. On 20 August 2010 it recorded a scorching temperature of 51.1C, the new official highest temperature in the history of Jordan.
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Gath (city)
Gath, Gat, or Geth (Hebrew: גַּת, Winepress; Latin: Geth), often referred to as Gath of the Philistines, was one of the five Philistine city-states, established in northwestern Philistia. According to the Bible, the king of the city was Achish, in the times of Saul, David, and Solomon. It is not certain whether this refers to two or more kings of the name 'Achish' or not. Gath was also the home city of Goliath, as well as of Itai and his 600 soldiers who aided David in his exile from Absalom. David, while running from Saul, escaped to Gath, and served under its king Achish. During Solomon's reign, Shemei goes to Gath to return his escaped slave (I Kings 2:39–2:40). In II Kings 12:18, the city of Gath is mentioned as being captured by Hazael of Aram Damascus. Recent excavations at the site have produced dramatic evidence of a siege and subsequent destruction of the site in the late 9th century BC, most probably related to this event.
Gath is also mentioned in the El-Amarna letters as Gimti/Gintu, ruled by a king Shuwardata, and possibly by Abdi-Ashtart as well.
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Gezer
Gezer (Hebrew: גֶּזֶר) was a Canaanite city-state and biblical town in ancient Israel.Tel Gezer (also Tell el-Jezer), an archaeological site midway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, is now an Israeli national park.
Interesting discoveries related to Biblical archaeology are eight monumental megaliths; a double cave beneath the high place, probably used for divinatory purposes; 9 inscribed boundary stones, making it the first positively identified Biblical city; a 6-chambered gate similar to those found at Hazor and Megiddo; and a large water-system comprising a tunnel going down to a spring, similar to that found in Jerusalem.
Gezer was located on the northern fringe of the Shephelah, approximately thirty kilometres west of Jerusalem. It was strategically situated at the junction of the international coastal highway and the highway connecting it with Jerusalem through the valley of Ajalon. Verification of the identification of this site with Biblical Gezer comes from Hebrew inscriptions found engraved on rocks several hundred meters from the tel. These inscriptions from the 1st century BCE read "boundary of Gezer."
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Hebron
Hebron (Arabic: الخليل (help·info) al-Ḫalīl; Hebrew: חֶבְרוֹן (help·info), Standard Hebrew: Ḥevron, Tiberian: Ḥeḇrôn ISO 259-3: Ḥebron), is located in the southern West Bank, 30 km (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judean Mountains, it lies 930 meters (3,050 ft) above sea level. It is the largest city in the West Bank and home to an estimated 175,000 Palestinians, and over 500 Jewish settlers concentrated in and around the old quarter. The city is most notable for containing the traditional burial site of the biblical Patriarchs and Matriarchs and is therefore considered the second-holiest city in Judaism after Jerusalem. The city is also venerated by Muslims for its association with Abraham and was traditionally viewed as one of the "four holy cities of Islam."
Hebron is a busy hub of West Bank trade, responsible for roughly a third of the area's gross domestic product, largely due to the sale of marble from quarries. It is locally well known for its grapes, figs, limestone, pottery workshops and glassblowing factories, and is the location of the major dairy product manufacturer, al-Junaidi. The old city of Hebron is characterized by narrow, winding streets, flat-roofed stone houses, and old bazaars. The city is home to Hebron University and the Palestine Polytechnic University.
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Hezekiah tunnel
Hezekiah's Tunnel, or the Siloam Tunnel (Hebrew: נִקְבַּת השילוח, Nikbat HaShiloah) is a tunnel that was dug underneath the City of David in Jerusalem before 701 BC during the reign of Hezekiah of Judah. The tunnel is mentioned in 2 Kings 20:20 in the Bible. The Bible also tells us that King Hezekiah prepared Jerusalem for an impending siege by the Assyrians, by "blocking the source of the waters of the upper Gihon, and leading them straight down on the west to the City of David" (2 Chronicles 32). The tunnel has been securely dated both by the written inscription found on its wall (Siloam Inscription), and by dating organic matter contained in the original plastering. It is one of the few intact, 8th century BC structures in the world that the public can not only visit, but enter and walk through.
The tunnel, leading from the Gihon Spring to the Pool of Siloam, was designed as an aqueduct to provide Jerusalem with water during an impending siege by the Assyrians, led by Sennacherib. The curving tunnel is 533 m long, and by using a 30 cm (0.6‰) gradient altitude difference between each end, conveyed water along its length from the spring to the pool.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] (
listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Jaffa
Jaffa (English pronunciation: /ˈdʒæfə/, /ˈdʒɑːfə/;Hebrew: יָפוֹ, Yāfō (help·info); Arabic: يَافَا Yāfā (help·info); Latin: Joppe; also Japho, Joppa (transliteration from the Greek "Ιόππη") is an ancient port city believed[by whom?] to be one of the oldest in the world. Jaffa was incorporated with Tel Aviv in 1950 creating the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel. Jaffa is famous for its association with the biblical story of the prophet Jonah.
The name of the city is mentioned in Egyptian sources and the Amarna Letters as Yapu. There are several legends about the origin of the name Jaffa. Some say it is named for Japheth, one of the sons of Noah, who built it after the Great Flood.[citation needed] The Hellenist tradition links the name to "Iopeia", which is Cassiopeia, the mother of Andromeda. An outcropping of rocks near the harbor is reputed to have been the place from which Andromeda was rescued by Perseus. Pliny the Elder associates the name with Jopa, the daughter of Aeolus, god of wind. The Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi mentions it under the name Yaffa, which is used by Arabic speakers today.
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Jericho
Jericho ( /ˈdʒɛrɪkoʊ/; Arabic: أريحا ʼArīḥā [ʔæˈriːħɑː] ( listen)); Hebrew: יְרִיחוֹ Yeriẖo [jeʁiˈħo] ( listen) is a city located near the Jordan River in the West Bank of the Palestinian territories. It is the capital of the Jericho Governorate and has a population of more than 20,000. Situated well below sea level on an east-west route 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the Dead Sea, Jericho is the lowest permanently inhabited site on earth. It is also believed to be one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.
Described in the Old Testament as the "City of Palm Trees", copious springs in and around Jericho have made it an attractive site for human habitation for thousands of years. It is known in Judeo-Christian tradition as the place of the Israelites' return from bondage in Egypt, led by Joshua, the successor to Moses. Archaeologists have unearthed the remains of more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho, the first of which dates back 11,000 years (9000 BCE), almost to the very beginning of the Holocene epoch of the Earth's history.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem ( /dʒəˈruːsələm/; Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם Yerushaláyim ; Arabic: القُدس al-Quds and/or أورشليم Ûrshalîm) is the capital of Israel, though not internationally recognized as such, and one of the oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Judean Mountains, between the Mediterranean Sea and the northern edge of the Dead Sea. If the area and population of East Jerusalem is included, it is Israel's largest city in both population and area, with a population of 801,000 residents over an area of 125.1 km2 (48.3 sq mi). Jerusalem is also a holy city to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
During its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed twice, besieged 23 times, attacked 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times. The oldest part of the city was settled in the 4th millennium BCE. In 1538, walls were built around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent. Today those walls define the Old City, which has been traditionally divided into four quarters—known since the early 19th century as the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Modern Jerusalem has grown far beyond its boundaries.
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Jordan
Jordan ( /ˈdʒɔr.dən/;Arabic: اَلأُرْدُنّ, Al-'Urdunn), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: اَلمَمْلَكَة اَلأُرْدُنِيَّة اَلهَاشِمِيَّة), Al-Mamlakah Al-Urdaniyyah Al-Hashimiyyah) is a kingdom on the East Bank of the River Jordan. The country borders Saudi Arabia to the east and south-east, Iraq to the north-east, Syria to the north and the West Bank and Israel to the west, sharing control of the Dead Sea with the latter. Jordan's only port is at its south-western tip, at the Gulf of Aqaba, which is shared with Israel, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. Over half of Jordan is covered by the Arabian Desert. However, the western part of Jordan is arable land and forests. Jordan is part of the Fertile Crescent. The capital city is Amman. According to the CIA World Factbook, Jordan has the second highest life expectancy in the Middle East, after Israel. The average life expectancy is one position behind the United Kingdom, although the age remains exactly the same (80.05 years).
The precursor to modern Jordan was founded in 1921 as the Hashemite Emirate, and it was recognized by the League of Nations as a state under the British mandate in 1922 known as The Emirate of Transjordan. In 1946, Jordan became an independent sovereign state officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan. After capturing the West Bank area of Cisjordan during the 1948–49 war with Israel, Abdullah I took the title King of Jordan and Palestine, and he officially changed the country's name to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in April 1949.
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Lachish
Lachish (Hebrew: לכיש; Greek: Λαχις; Latin: Lachis) was an ancient Near East town located at the site of modern Tell ed-Duweir in the Shephelah, a region between Mount Hebron and the maritime plain of Philistia (Joshua 10:3, 5; 12:11). The town was first mentioned in the Amarna letters as Lakisha-Lakiša (EA 287, 288, 328, 329, 335). According to the Bible, the Israelites captured and destroyed Lachish for joining the league against the Gibeonites (Joshua 10:31-33), but its territory was later assigned to the tribe of Judah (15:39) and became a part of the Kingdom of Israel.
Occupation at the site of Lachish began in the Neolithic period, reaching appreciable size during the Early Bronze Age. The next significant development of the city came during the Middle Bronze II period when the area began to come under strong Egyptian influence. The next peak was the late Late Bronze Age, when Lachish is mentioned in the Amarna Letters. This phase of the city was destroyed during the general devastation of the region ca. 1150 BC sometimes ascribed to the Sea Peoples. Rebuilding began in the Early Iron Age ca. 900 BC.
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London
London
i/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Mareshah
Tel Maresha (Hebrew: תל מראשה), also Marissa, is an antiquity site in Israel's southern lowlands. The tel was first excavated by the British archaeologists Bliss and Macalister on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund. The majority of the artifacts are to be found today in the Museum of Archaeology in Istanbul.
Maresha was one of the cities of Judea during the time of the First Temple and is mentioned among the conquests of the ancient Israelites in the Book of Joshua and later in the Books of Chronicles as one of King Rehoboam's fortifications. In the 6th century BCE, as result of Zedekiah's rebellion against the Babylonian kingdom and its king Nebuchadnezzar II, the latter occupied the Judean kingdom and sent many of its inhabitants into exile. This marked the end of Maresha as a Jewish (or Judean) city.
Following these events, Edomites who had lived south of the Dead Sea migrated north to the area. Hence, from the Persian rule and throughout the Hellenistic kingdoms' rule in the region (6th - 1st century BCE), Maresha was part of the area known as Idumea.
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Masada
Masada (Hebrew מצדה, pronounced Metzada (help·info), from מצודה, metzuda, "fortress") is the name for a site of ancient palaces and fortifications in the Southern District of Israel, on top of an isolated rock plateau, or horst, on the eastern edge of the Judaean Desert, overlooking the Dead Sea. Masada is best known for the violence that occurred there in the first century CE. In the final accords of the First Jewish–Roman War, the Siege of Masada by troops of the Roman Empire led to the mass suicide of the Sicarii rebels. Masada is located at 31°18'56"N, 35°21'14"E, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) east of Arad.
The cliffs on the east edge of Masada are about 1,300 feet (400 m) high and the cliffs on the west are about 300 feet (91 m) high; the natural approaches to the cliff top are very difficult. The top of the plateau is flat and rhomboid-shaped, about 1,800 feet (550 m) by 900 feet (270 m). There was a casemate wall around the top of the plateau totaling 4,300 feet (1.3 km) long and 12 feet (3.7 m) high, with many towers, and the fortress included storehouses, barracks, an armory, the palace, and cisterns that were refilled by rainwater. Three narrow, winding paths led from below up to fortified gates.
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Moab
Moab (/ˈmoʊæb/; Moabite: 𐤌𐤀𐤁 Mʾb; Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Modern Mo'av Tiberian Môʼāḇ ; "seed of father"; Greek Μωάβ Mōav; Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab ; Egyptian Mu'ab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in Jordan. The land lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. The Moabite capital was Dibon. In Biblical times, the nation was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.
Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet (910 m) above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet (1,300 m) above the Dead Sea, and rising gradually from north to south.
It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but in general it may be said to have been represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.
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Nag Hammadi
Nag Hammadi (Arabic: نجع حمادى, IPA: [ˈnæɡʕe ħæmˈmæːdi]), is a city in Upper Egypt. Nag Hammadi was known as Chenoboskion (Greek: Χηνοβόσκιον) in classical antiquity[citation needed], meaning "geese grazing grounds". It is located on the west bank of the Nile in the Qena Governorate, about 80 kilometres north-west of Luxor.
It has a population of about 30,000, who are mostly farmers. Sugar and aluminium are produced in Nag Hammadi.
The town of Nag Hammadi was established by Mahmoud Pasha Hammadi, who was a member of the Hammadi family in Sohag, Egypt. Mahmoud Pasha Hammadi was a major landholder in Sohag, and known for his strong opposition to the British occupation.
Mahmoud Pasha Hammadi created Nag Hammadi for the indigenous people from Sohag who were forced to abandon their homeland by the British occupation. In recognition of this, the new town was given the name "Hammadi".[citation needed]
Nag Hammadi is best known for being the site where local farmers found a sealed earthenware jar containing thirteen leather-bound papyrus codices, together with pages torn from another book, in December 1945. The mother of the farmers burned one of the books and parts of a second (including its cover). Thus twelve of these books (one missing its cover) and the loose pages survive. The writings in these codices, dating back to the 2nd century AD, comprised 52 mostly Gnostic tractates (treatises), believed to be a library hidden by monks from the nearby monastery of St Pachomius when the possession of such banned writings, denounced as heresy, was made an offence.[citation needed]
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Nahal Tut
Nahal Tut (Hebrew: נחל תות, also Nachal Toot) is an archaeological site excavated along the streambed of the same name in northern Israel's Menashe Heights from February to July of 2005 by Amir Gorzalczany and Gerald Finkielsztejn in preparation for the northward extension of Highway 6. Trig Point N-568 is situated south of Nahal Melah highway (Hwy 70) about halfway between modern Bat Shlomo and Yokneam.
The salvage operation exposed habitation layers of the following periods:
The most significant finds reported thus far:
The buildings were found relatively intact (upright walls with doorways and window lintels still in-situ).
Gorzalczany, of the Israel Antiquities Authority, speculates that "the site probably functioned as an administrative and government center at the end of the 8th century BCE, and may have been fortified."
Nahal Tut joins 3 other northern sites where LMLK handles have been recovered (Nahalal, Khirbet Sharta, and Jezreel). Speculation is abounding with possible reasons for their appearance in this isolated region apart from the vast majority found in the southern kingdom of Judah:
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Negev Desert
The Negev (Hebrew: נֶּגֶב, Tiberian vocalization: Néḡeḇ; Arabic: النقب al-Naqab) is a desert and semidesert region of southern Israel. The region's largest city and administrative capital is Beersheba (pop. 185,000), in the north. At its southern end is the Gulf of Aqaba and the resort city of Eilat. It contains several development towns, including Dimona, Arad and Mitzpe Ramon, as well as a number of small Bedouin cities, including Rahat and Tel as-Sabi. There are also several kibbutzim, including Revivim and Sde Boker; the latter became the home of Israel's first Prime Minister, David Ben-Gurion, after his retirement from politics.
The desert is home to the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, whose faculties include the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research and the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, both located on the Midreshet Ben-Gurion campus adjacent to Sde Boker.
The origin of the word negev is from the Hebrew root denoting 'dry'. In the Bible the word Negev is also used for the direction 'south'. In Arabic, the Negev is known as al-Naqab, although it was created with the establishment of the Egypt-Palestine frontier in the 19th century and has no single traditional Arabic name. During the British Mandate it was called Beersheba sub-district.
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Nimrud
Coordinates: 36°5′57″N 43°19′39″E / 36.09917°N 43.3275°E / 36.09917; 43.3275 Nimrud is an ancient Assyrian city located south on the river Tigris in modern Iraq. In ancient times the city was called Kalhu. The Arabs called the city Nimrud after the Biblical Nimrod, a legendary hunting hero (cf. Genesis 10:11-12, Micah 5:6, and 1Chronicles 1:10).
The city covered an area of around 16 square miles (41 km2). Ruins of the city are found in modern day Iraq, some 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Mosul. The ruins are located in the District of Al Hamdaniya, within 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) of the village of Noomanea. Nimrud has been suggested as the site of the biblical city of Calah or Kalakh.
Assyrian king Shalmaneser I made Nimrud, which existed for about a thousand years, the capital in the 13th century BC. The city gained fame when king Ashurnasirpal II of Assyria (c. 880 BC) made it his capital. He built a large palace and temples on the site of an earlier city that had long fallen into ruins.
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Nineveh
Coordinates: 36°21′34″N 43°09′10″E / 36.35944°N 43.15278°E / 36.35944; 43.15278
Nineveh (English pronunciation: /ˈnɪn.ɪv.ə/; Akkadian: Ninwe; Classical Syriac: ܢܸܢܘܵܐ; Hebrew: נינוה Nīnewē; Greek: Νινευη Nineuē; Latin: Nineve; Arabic: نينوى Naynuwa; Persian: نینوا Nainavā) was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern bank of the Tigris River, and capital of the Neo Assyrian Empire. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day major city of Mosul, in the Ninawa Governorate of Iraq.
The origin of the name Nineveh is obscure. Possibly it meant originally the seat of Ishtar, since Nina was one of the Babylonian names of that goddess. The ideogram means "house or place of fish," and was perhaps due to popular etymology (comp. Aramaic "nuna," denoting "fish").
Ancient Nineveh's mound-ruins of Kouyunjik and Nabī Yūnus are located on a level part of the plain near the junction of the Tigris and the Khosr Rivers within a 7 km² (1732 acres) area circumscribed by a 12-kilometre (7.5 mi) brick rampart. This whole extensive space is now one immense area of ruins overlaid in parts by new suburbs of the city of Mosul.
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Persian empire
The Achaemenid Empire (/ækəˈmɛnɪˌdi/; Old Persian: Parsā, name of ruling dynasty: Haxāmanišiya) (c. 550–330 BCE), sometimes known as First Persian Empire, was an Iranian empire in Southwest Asia, founded in the 6th century BCE by Cyrus the Great who overthrew the Median confederation. It expanded to eventually rule over significant portions of the ancient world which at around 500 BCE stretched from the Indus Valley in the east, to Thrace and Macedon on the northeastern border of Greece making it the biggest empire the world had yet seen. The Achaemenid Empire would eventually control Egypt as well. It was ruled by a series of monarchs who unified its disparate tribes and nationalities by constructing a complex network of roads.
Calling themselves the Parsa after their original Aryan tribal name Parsua, Persians settled in a land which they named Parsua, bounded on the west by the Tigris River and on the south by the Persian Gulf. This became their heartland for the duration of the Achaemenid Empire. It was from this region that eventually Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II of Persia) would advance to defeat the Median, the Lydian, and the Babylonian Empires, opening the way for subsequent conquests into Egypt and Asia minor.
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Pool of Siloam
Pool of Siloam (Hebrew: בריכת השילוח) (Breikhat Hashiloah) is a rock-cut pool on the southern slope of the City of David, the original site of Jerusalem, located outside the walls of the Old City to the southeast. The pool was fed by the waters of the Gihon Spring, carried there by two aqueducts.
The Pool of Siloam is mentioned several times in the Bible. Isaiah 8:6 mentions the pool's waters, while Isaiah 22:9 ff. references the construction of Hezekiah's tunnel. For Christians, the pool has additional significance as it is mentioned in the Gospel of John, as the location to which Jesus sent a man who had been blind from birth, as part of the act of healing him.
A substantial remodeling of a nearby pool, thought to be the Siloam Pool, was constructed in the 5th century, under Byzantine direction, and is said to have been built at the behest of the Empress Aelia Eudocia. This pool, having been somewhat abandoned and left to ruin, partly survives to the present day; surrounded by a high wall of stones on all sides (except for an arched entrance to Hezekiah's tunnel – which was only rediscovered in the 19th century).
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Rockefeller Museum
The Rockefeller Museum, formerly the Palestine Archaeological Museum, is an archaeological museum located in East Jerusalem that houses a large collection of artifacts unearthed in the excavations conducted in Mandate Palestine, in the 1920s and 1930s.
The museum is under the management of the Israel Museum and houses the head office of the Israel Antiquities Authority.
In 1906, the Jewish National Fund planned to purchase a site known as Karm el-Sheikh to house the Bezalel School of Art and Crafts. The founder of the school, Boris Schatz envisaged a museum and university that would overlook the Temple Mount. In 1919, British Mandate authorities designated the site for an archaeological museum.
Visiting Palestine in 1925, during the days of the British Mandate, James Henry Breasted, founder and director of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute, decided that Jerusalem needed an archaeological museum to house important regional finds. Encouraged by Lord Plumer, the British High Commissioner, Breasted approached American philanthropist John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who agreed to donate two million dollars toward the project. Previously, he had offered to build an archeological museum in Cairo, Egypt, but he was turned down, possibly due to pressure from the British government, which was anxious to keep America from establishing a foothold in the region.
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Samaria
Samaria ( /sə.ˈmɛr.iː.ə/), or the Shomron (Hebrew: שֹׁמְרוֹן, Standard Šoməron Tiberian Šōmərôn; Greek: Σαμάρεια; Arabic: سامريّون, Sāmariyyūn or السامرة, as-Samarah – also known as جبال نابلس, Jibal Nablus) is a mountainous region in the northern part of the geographical area to the west of the Jordan River, roughly corresponding to the northern part of the West Bank. The name derives from the ancient city Samaria, the capital of the Kingdom of Israel. During the 1967 Six-Day War, the entire West Bank was captured by Israel. Jordan ceded its claim to the area to the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in November 1988. In 1994, control of Areas 'A' and 'B' were transferred to the Palestinian Authority.
The name Samaria is of biblical origin, derived from the individual [or clan] Shemer, from whom Omri purchased the site. (1 Kings 16:24). It was the only name used for this area from ancient times until the Jordanian conquest of 1948, at which point the Jordanians coined the term West Bank.
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Sippar
Coordinates: 33°03′32″N 44°15′08″E / 33.058829°N 44.252153°E / 33.058829; 44.252153 (Sippar)
Sippar (Sumerian: Zimbir) was an ancient Near Eastern city on the east bank of the Euphrates river, located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah in Iraq's Babil Governorate, some 60 km north of Babylon and 30 km southeast of Baghdad.
Given that thousands of cuneiform tablets have been recovered at the site, relatively little is known about the history of Sippar. As was often the case in Mesopotamia, it was part of a pair of cities, separated by a river. Sippar was on the east side of the Euphrates, while its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum, was on the west.
While pottery finds indicate that the site of Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period, substantial occupation occurred only in the Early Dynastic period of the 3rd millennium BC, the Old Babylonian period of the 2nd millennium BC, and the Neo-Babylonian time of the 1st millennium BC. Lesser levels of use continued into the time of the Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian Empires.
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Sippara
Coordinates: 33°03′32″N 44°15′08″E / 33.058829°N 44.252153°E / 33.058829; 44.252153 (Sippar)
Sippar (Sumerian: Zimbir) was an ancient Near Eastern city on the east bank of the Euphrates river, located at the site of modern Tell Abu Habbah in Iraq's Babil Governorate, some 60 km north of Babylon and 30 km southeast of Baghdad.
Given that thousands of cuneiform tablets have been recovered at the site, relatively little is known about the history of Sippar. As was often the case in Mesopotamia, it was part of a pair of cities, separated by a river. Sippar was on the east side of the Euphrates, while its sister city, Sippar-Amnanum, was on the west.
While pottery finds indicate that the site of Sippar was in use as early as the Uruk period, substantial occupation occurred only in the Early Dynastic period of the 3rd millennium BC, the Old Babylonian period of the 2nd millennium BC, and the Neo-Babylonian time of the 1st millennium BC. Lesser levels of use continued into the time of the Achaemenid, Seleucid and Parthian Empires.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Tel Hazor
Coordinates: 33°01′06″N 35°34′09″E / 33.018236°N 35.569053°E / 33.018236; 35.569053
Tel Hazor (Hebrew: תל חצור), also Hatzor, present day Tell el-Qedah, is a tell above the site of ancient Hazor, whose archaeological remains are the largest and richest known in modern Israel. Hazor was an ancient city located in the Upper Galilee, north of the Sea of Galilee, between Ramah and Kadesh, on the high ground overlooking Lake Merom. In 2005, the remains of Hazor were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as part of the Biblical Tels - Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba.
During the Egyptian Second Intermediate Period and early New Kingdoms (together running between 18th century BC and 13th century BC), Canaan was an Egyptian vassal state; thus 14th century documents, from the El Amarna archive in Egypt, describe the king of Hazor (in Amarna letters called Hasura), Abdi-Tirshi, as swearing loyalty to the Egyptian Pharaoh. However, EA 148 specifically reports that Hasura's king has gone over to the Habiru who were invading Canaan. In these documents, Hazor is described as an important city in Canaan. Hazor is also mentioned in the Execration texts, that pre-date the Amarna letters, and in 18th century BCE documents found in Mari on the Euphrates River.
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Tel Zayit
Tel Zayit (Hebrew: תל זית, Arabic: Tell Zeita, Kirbat Zeita al Kharab) is an archaeological tell in the Shephelah, or lowlands, of Israel. It may have been the site of the biblical city of Libnah (Joshua 10:32, 2 Kings 19:8) or Ziklag (1 Samuel 27:6).
The site, roughly 0.8-acre (3,200 m2), shows evidence of human settlement throughout the Late Bronze Age, and Iron Age I and II. The city was destroyed by fire twice, in 1200 BC and the ninth century BC. Hazael of Aram may have been the military leader who ordered the destruction of the city in the ninth century. The Aramean's siege tactics are known from the Zakkur stele, and the Hebrew Bible records that Hazael devastated cities in the Shephelah during the ninth century, including Philistine Gath. The similar siege and destruction of Tell es-Safi (Gath) in the ninth century, a nearby site usually identified as Gath, has been cited by archaeologists there as possible evidence of Hazael's campaign.
From at least the 16th century until some time during the 20th century, the site was occupied by the Arab village Zayta. During the period of the British mandate, the village moved 1.5km to the north, until it was depopulated in 1948.
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Tell el-Hesi
Tell el-Hesi (Hebrew: תל חסי) is a 25-acre archaeological site in Israel. It was the first major site excavated in Palestine, first by Flinders Petrie in 1890 and later by Frederick Jones Bliss in 1891 and 1892, both sponsored by the Palestine Exploration Fund (PEF). Petrie's excavations were one of the first to systematically use stratigraphy and seriation to produce a chronology of the site.Tell el-Hesi is located southwest of the modern Israeli city of Qiryat Gat.
The site was occupied from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period to the Hellenistic period, though not continuously. The city reached a size of 25 acres in the Early Bronze Age during the middle of the 3rd Millennium BCE. It then fell into disuse until the middle of the 2nd millennium during the Late Bronze Age when it was rebuilt, staying in use for around a thousand years. A military trench system was dug into the top of the mound during the 1948 Arab –Israeli War. Petrie identified Tell el-Hesi as the Biblical site of Lachish, and Bliss accepted this identification, but it is no longer accepted. In 1924 W. F. Albright proposed that Tell el-Hesi was Biblical Eglon, an identification still accepted by Yohanan Aharoni in the 1970s. This identification, too, is unlikely and the site should be considered unidentified.
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Tell es-Safi
Tell es-Safi (Arabic: تل الصافي, Tall aṣ-Ṣāfī, "the white hill"; Hebrew: תל צפית, Tel Tzafit) was a Palestinian village, located on the southern banks of Wadi 'Ajjur, 35 kilometers (22 mi) northwest of Hebron that was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
Archaeological excavations at the site of the village reveal that it had been continuously inhabited since the 5th millennium BCE. On the Madaba Map, its name is transcribed as Sapitha, while the Crusaders called it Blanch Garde. Described in the writings of Arab geographers in the 13th and 16th centuries CE, at the time of the rule of the Ottoman Empire in Palestine, it was part of the district of Gaza. In modern times, the houses were built of sun-dried brick, and there was a mosque, a walī for a local sage, and a marketplace. The villagers were Muslim and cultivated cereals and orchards.
The village was forcibly depopulated in July 1948 following an order issued to the 51st Battalion by Shimon Avidan, commander of the Givati Brigade. Today it is part of the modern-day state of Israel and serves as an archaeological site.
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Ahab
Ahab (Hebrew: אַחְאָב, Modern Aẖ'av Tiberian ʼAḥʼāḇ ; "Brother of the father"; Greek: Αχααβ; Latin: Achab) was king of Israel and the son and successor of Omri according to the Hebrew Bible. His wife was Jezebel.
Ahab became king of Israel in the thirty-eighth year of Asa, king of Judah, and reigned for twenty-two years.William F. Albright dated his reign to 869 – 850 BC, while E. R. Thiele offered the dates 874 – 853 BC.Michael D. Coogan dates his reign to 871-852 BCE.
Omri (Ahab's father and founder of the short lived Omri Dynasty) seems to have been a successful military leader being reported in the text of the Moabite Mesha Stele to have "oppressed Moab for many days". Ahab was succeeded by Ahaziah and Jehoram who reigned over Israel until Jehu's revolt of 842 BC. Ahab married Jezebel, the daughter of the King of Tyre, and the alliance was doubtless the means of procuring political support. Jezreel has been identified as Ahab's fortified chariot and cavalry base. 1 Kings chapters 16-22 tells the story of Ahab and Jezebel, and indicates that Jezebel was a bad influence on Ahab.
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Alan Rowe
Alan Rowe (14 December 1926 – 21 October 2000) was a New Zealand-born English actor, perhaps best known for his appearances on the British science fiction programme Doctor Who.
Rowe appeared in four Doctor Who serials between 1967 and 1980. His first role was Dr. Evans in The Moonbase. His other roles in the show included; Edward of Wessex in The Time Warrior, Colonel Skinsale in Horror of Fang Rock and Garif in Full Circle, which was his final Doctor Who appearance.
He took the role of William III in the prizewinning 1969 BBC series "The First Churchills".
His other work included roles in Wycliffe, Inspector Morse, Rumpole of the Bailey, Minder, Forever Green, Young Charlie Chaplin, Lovejoy and BBC2 Playhouse.
Rowe died in 2000. His long-term partner was Geoffrey Bayldon.
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Amihai Mazar
Amihai "Ami" Mazar (Hebrew: עמיחי מזר) (born 1942) is an Israeli archaeologist. Born in Haifa, Israel (then the British Mandate of Palestine), he is currently (since 1994) Professor at the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, holding the Eleazer Sukenik Chair in the Archaeology of Israel.
Mazar has directed archaeological excavations at a number of sites in Israel that include:
Mazar is an author in the field of Biblical archaeology, his Archaeology of the Land of the Bible is a text used in many universities.[citation needed]
Mazar is married with three children and resides in Jerusalem. He is the nephew of Benjamin Mazar, one of the first generation of pioneering Israeli archaeologists after Independence, and cousin to fellow archaeologist Eilat Mazar.
In 2009, Prof. Mazar was awarded the Israel Prize in archaeology.
While excavating the ancient city of Rehov (pop. about 2,000 residents at that time) Mazar discovered 30 intact hives, dating from c.900 BC. The beehives, made of straw and unbaked clay were found in orderly rows and may be the oldest complete beehives ever discovered.
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Aren Maeir
Aren Maeir is a professor at Bar Ilan University and director of the Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project ([1]). Born in 1958 in Rochester, New York, USA, he moved to Israel in 1969 and has lived there since. Following his service in the Israel Defence Forces (where he reached the rank of captain), he did his undergraduate and graduate studies at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem (PhD 1997 summa cum laude), and did a post-doctorate (2002-2003) at the (now defunct) Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology at MIT. He has been teaching at Bar-Ilan University since 1993.
He has participated in, and directed, numerous archaeological excavations in Israel, including at the following sites: Jerusalem, Hazor, Yoqneam, Tell Qasile, Beth-Shean, and since 1996, at Tell es-Safi/Gath. He is married to Adina (née Hartman), and they have three sons (and a female Labrador Retriever).
His expertise lies in the Bronze and Iron Age cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean, with special emphasis on those of the Ancient Levant. Among the topics that he has studied are: ancient trade; metallurgy; pottery production and provenience; scientific applications in archaeology; archaeological survey; the archaeology of Jerusalem; The Middle Bronze Age of the Levant; chronology of the 2nd Millennium BCE; the Sea Peoples and the Philistines; relations between Egypt and the Levant; ancient weapons and warfare; ancient cult and religion.
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Austen Henry Layard
Sir Austen Henry Layard GCB, PC ( /ˈɔːstɪn ˈhɛnriː ˈlɛərd/; 5 March 1817 – 5 July 1894) was a British traveller, archaeologist, cuneiformist, art historian, draughtsman, collector, author, politician and diplomat, best known as the excavator of Nimrud.
Layard was born in Paris, France, to a family of Huguenot descent. His father, Henry Peter John Layard, of the Ceylon Civil Service, was the son of Charles Peter Layard, Dean of Bristol, and grandson of Daniel Peter Layard, the physician. Through his mother, Marianne, daughter of Nathaniel Austen, banker, of Ramsgate, his English descent was consolidated. His uncle was Benjamin Austen, a London solicitor and close friend of Benjamin Disraeli in the 1820s and 1830s. His brother was the ornithologist Edgar Leopold Layard.
Much of Layard's boyhood was spent in Italy, where he received part of his schooling, and acquired a taste for the fine arts and a love of travel; but he was at school also in England, France and Switzerland. After spending nearly six years in the office of his uncle, Benjamin Austen, he was tempted to leave England for Sri Lanka (Ceylon) by the prospect of obtaining an appointment in the Civil Service, and he started in 1839 with the intention of making an overland journey across Asia.
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Avraham Biran
Avraham Biran (Hebrew: אברהם בירן, born (23 October 1909 – 16 September 2008) was an Israeli archaeologist, best known for heading excavations at Tel Dan in northern Israel. He headed the Institute of Archaeology at Hebrew Union College in Jerusalem for many years.
Avraham Bergman (later Biran) was born in 1909 in Petah Tikva, then part of the Ottoman Empire. He liked to refer to himself as a Mayflower Israeli, since his ancestors were among the founders of the settlement of Rosh Pina. During his youth his family moved to Egypt, where his father managed a farm in a small village. His Romanian-born great-grandfather came to Palestine decades before Theodor Herzl launched political Zionism in 1897. After his father's death the family returned to Palestine and he grew up in his grandparents house until the age of 13. He studied at the Hebrew Reali School of Haifa which he says left a lifelong impression on him. He said:
My initial interest in archaeology began when I was a student at the Reali school in Haifa, under the influence of the principle Dr. Arthur Biram, who taught us Bible combined with ancient history. During those days we went on many hikes, and we loved to hike with the Bible in hand. Among other places, we visited ancient Samaria and the archaeological digs of the American expedition; we visited Jerusalem, the Western Wall, Hebron and the Cave of the Patriarchs. I think that these were the seeds that later sprouted when Professor Albright, one of the great archaeologists, invited me to come study with him.
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Balaam
Balaam (Hebrew: בִּלְעָם, Standard Bilʻam Tiberian Bilʻām) is a diviner in the Torah, his story occurring towards the end of the Book of Numbers (Hebrew: במדבר). The etymology of his name is uncertain, and discussed below. Every ancient reference to Balaam considers him a non-Israelite, a prophet, and the son of Beor, though Beor is not so clearly identified. Though other sources describe the apparently positive blessings he delivers upon the Israelites, he is reviled as a "wicked man" in the major story concerning him. Balaam attempted to curse God's people. He failed all three tries, each time producing blessings, not curses (Numbers 22-24). Balaam's error and the source of his wickedness came not from the curses he never delivered on, but from sabotaging the Israelites as they entered the Promised Land. According to Numbers 31:16 and St. John (Revelation 2:14), Balaam returned to King Balak and informed the king on how to get the Israelites to curse themselves by enticing them with prostitutes and unclean food sacrificed to idols. The Israelites fell into transgression due to these traps and YHWH sent a deadly plague to them as a result (Numbers 31:16).
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Benjamin Mazar
Benjamin Mazar (Hebrew: בנימין מזר, born Binyamin Zeev Maisler, June 28, 1906 - September 9, 1995) was a pioneering Israeli historian, recognized as the "dean" of biblical archaeologists. He shared the national passion for the archaeology of Israel that also attracts considerable international interest due to the region's biblical links. He is known for his excavations at the most significant biblical site in Israel: south and south west of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. In 1932 he conducted the first archaeological excavation under Jewish auspices in Israel at Beit She'arim (the largest catacombs ever found in Israel) and in 1948 was the first archaeologist to receive a permit granted by the new State of Israel (Tell Qasile, 1948). Mazar was trained as an Assyriologist and was an expert on biblical history, authoring more than 100 publications on the subject. He developed the field of historical geography of Israel. For decades he served as the chairman of the Israel Exploration Society and of the Archaeological Council of Israel (which he founded as the authority responsible for all archaeological excavations and surveys in Israel). Between 1951 and 1977, Mazar served as Professor of Biblical History and Archaeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. In 1952 he became Rector of the University and later its president for eight years commencing in 1953.
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Bryant Wood
Bryant G. Wood is a Young Earth creationist and biblical archaeologist and Research Director of the inerrantist Associates for Biblical Research. He is known for his 1990 proposed redating of the destruction of Jericho to accord with the biblical chronology of c. 1400 BC. The proposal was later (1995) contradicted by new radiocarbon evidence, and Kathleen Kenyon's dating of c. 1550 BC remains the date accepted in scholarly publications.
Wood attended Syracuse University, graduating with a B.S. in mechanical engineering, later earning a M.S. in mechanical engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy NY. He later pursued Biblical and archaeological studies and received an M.A. in Biblical History from the University of Michigan in 1974 and a Ph.D. in Syro-Palestinian archaeology from the University of Toronto in 1985. Wood is a specialist in Canaanite pottery of the Late Bronze Age. He is author of The Sociology of Pottery in Ancient Palestine: The Ceramic Industry and the Diffusion of Ceramic Style in the Bronze and Iron Ages (1990), as well as numerous articles on archaeological subjects. In addition, Wood serves as editor of the quarterly publication Bible and Spade.
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Caiaphas
Joseph, son of Caiaphas, Hebrew יוסף בַּר קַיָּפָא or Yosef Bar Kayafa, commonly known simply as Caiaphas (Greek: Καϊάφας) in the New Testament, was the Roman-appointed Jewish high priest who is said to have organized the plot to kill Jesus. Caiaphas is also said to have been involved in the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus.
According to the Gospel accounts, Caiaphas was the major antagonist of Jesus. An ossuary of the high priest, Joseph Caiaphas, was found in Jerusalem in 1990. However, the authenticity of that discovery has been challenged by some scholars on various grounds.
The first-century Jewish historian Josephus is considered the most reliable literary source for Caiaphas. His works contain information on the dates for Caiaphas's tenure of the high priesthood, along with reports on other high priests, and also help to establish a coherent description of the responsibilities of the high-priestly office. Josephus (Antiquitates Judaicae 18.33-35) relates that Caiaphas became a high priest during a turbulent period. He also states that the proconsul Vitellius deposed him (Antiquitates Judaicae 18.95-97). Josephus' account is based on an older source in which incumbents of the high priesthood were listed chronologically.
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Carl Watzinger
Carl Watzinger (1877–1948) was a German-born archaeologist that was part of a team that worked on uncovering the site of the ancient city of Jericho from 1907 to 1908. His partner was the German theologian Ernst Sellin.
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David Gordon Lyon
David Gordon Lyon (24 May 1852-4 December 1935) was an American theologian.
Lyon was born in Benton, Alabama, the son of a doctor. He received his A.B. from Howard College (now Samford University) in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1875. He studied at the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary under Crawford Howell Toy, and went to Germany, where he married Tosca Woehler (d. 1904) and received his Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig in 1882, in the study of Syriac.
He occupied the Hollis Chair at Harvard Divinity School from 1882 to 1910, when he assumed the Hancock professorship of Hebrew and other Oriental languages. Six years after Tosca Woehler's death (1904) he married Mabel E. Harris (d. 1931). He was the founding curator of the Semitic Museum. He retired from Harvard in 1921.
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David Ussishkin
David Ussishkin is an Israeli archaeologist. Now retired (2005) as Professor of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University, Ussishkin has directed and co-directed important excavations at a variety of sites, including Lachish, Jezreel and Megiddo.
In 1968 he undertook the first complete survey of the First Temple period rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel atop which the village of Silwan was built.
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Duncan Mackenzie
Duncan Mackenzie (1861–1934) was a Scottish archaeologist, whose work focused on one of the more spectacular 20th century archaeological finds, Crete's palace of Knossos, the supposed centre of Minoan civilisation.
He was born to a poor Highland family in Ross and Cromarty, Scotland; studied philosophy at Edinburgh University; and received his PhD from Vienna in classical archaeology. After earning a great reputation as a field archaeologist at Phylakopi, he was recommended to Sir Arthur Evans to help him run his dig at Knossos. The two would work together for the next thirty years.
Mackenzie was Evans' second in command during his excavations of Knossos. He kept detailed records as Evans' assistant of daily discoveries and served as a middle man between Evans and the inhabitants of Crete. Despite the crucial role he played in the excavations, Mackenzie was eventually fired by Evans. In Time and Chance, Joan Evans said that Mackenzie became very difficult to work during the latter years of his curatorship because of "the gradual onset of his illness."[citation needed] It has also been said that Evans found Mackenzie one night passed out on a table and fired him the next day.[citation needed] Friends of Mackenzie disputed this, saying he did not drink. In any case, this removal devastated Mackenzie and exacerbated the mental illness from which he already suffered.[citation needed]
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Elihu Grant
Elihu Grant (1873-died 2 November 1942) was an American scholar and writer on Palestine.
Grant was ordained Methodist minister in 1900, and between 1901 and 1904 he was superintendent of the American Friends Schools in Ramallah and Jerusalem. Returning to the US he was a Professor of Biblical literature at Smith College from 1907 to 1917, and thereafter at Haverford College until his retirement in 1938.
Between 1928 and 1933 he directed four campaigns of excavations at Ain Shems (Beth Shemesh), and Time Magazine reported that he found jugs and vases which represented a bronze age culture.
One of his life-long interest was the life of the Palestinian fellahin, an interest which started when he first worked for the American Friends School, and which resulted in three books., where the 1907 book The Peasantry of Palestine: The Life, Manners, and Customs of the Village is described as "a vividly accurate portrait of rural life in Palestine."
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Emmanuel Anati
Emmanuel Anati (Florence, 14 May 1930) is an Italian archaeologist.
Anati Emmanuel was born in Florence in 1930 to Ugo and Elsa Castelnuovo, a family of Jewish origin.
In 1948 got the scientific maturity in the "Righi" institute of Rome. He then moved to Jerusalem, where he graduated in archaeology from the local Hebrew University in 1952. In 1959 Anati specialized in anthropology and social sciences at Harvard University. In 1960 he obtained a Ph.D. in Literature at the Sorbonne in Paris.
Anati has performed excavations and archaeological research in Israel (especially in the Negev desert), Spain, France and other European countries. Based on the results of his discoveries in the Sinai Peninsula Anati has become a supporter of the thesis that the Biblical Mount Sinai is not to be identified in the Gebel Katherina, but in Har Karkom instead.
In the fifties Anati explored Val Camonica, whose rock carvings are one of the largest sites for rock art in Europe. In 1964 he founded the Centro Camuno di Studi Preistorici (CCSP) in Capo di Ponte, in order to study the prehistoric and tribal art and contribute to the enhancement of this cultural heritage.
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Flinders Petrie
William Matthew Flinders Petrie FRS (3 June 1853 – 28 July 1942), commonly known as Flinders Petrie, was an English Egyptologist and a pioneer of systematic methodology in archaeology and preservation of artifacts. He held the first chair of Egyptology in the United Kingdom, and excavated at many of the most important archaeological sites in Egypt, such as Naukratis, Tanis, Abydos and Amarna. Some consider his most famous discovery to be that of the Merneptah Stele, an opinion with which Petrie himself concurred.
Born in Maryon Road, Charlton, Kent (now part of south-east London), England, the son of William Petrie (1821–1908) and Anne (née Flinders (1812–1892). Anne was the daughter of Captain Matthew Flinders, surveyor of the Australian coastline.
He was raised in a devout Christian household (his father being Plymouth Brethren), and was educated at home. He had no formal education. His father taught his son how to survey accurately, laying the foundation for a career excavating and surveying ancient sites in Egypt and the Levant.
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G. Ernest Wright
George Ernest Wright (1909–1974), was a leading Old Testament scholar and biblical archaeologist. Expert in Ancient Near Eastern archaeology, he was especially known for his work in the study and dating of pottery.
He was born in Ohio, son of a Presbyterian minister. He received his B.A. from the College of Wooster (Ohio) and his Bachelor of Divinity from McCormick Theological Seminary in 1934. The same year he was ordained in the Presbyterian church. Wright was a staunch defender of the relevance of Old Testament study to the Christian faith.
He studied with William Foxwell Albright at Johns Hopkins University, where he received his M.A. (1936) and PhD. (1937). He taught Old Testament History and Theology at McCormick Seminary from 1939-1958. He joined the faculty of Harvard Divinity School in 1958, where he was Parkman Professor and the Curator of the Semitic Museum (the latter beginning in 1961) until his death in 1974.
Professor Wright published numerous monographs and articles on subjects ranging from biblical theology to Palestinian archaeology. He was also the founder of the periodical The Biblical Archaeologist, a magazine now known as Near Eastern Archaeology Magazine.
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Gabriel Barkay
Gabriel Barkay is an Israeli archaeologist. Born in 1944 in Hungary, he immigrated to Israel in 1950. He received his PhD in Archaeology from Tel Aviv University in 1985. His dissertation was about LMLK seal impressions on jar handles. He participated in the Lachish excavations with David Ussishkin. His academic areas of interest include the archaeology of Jerusalem, biblical archaeology, burials and burial customs, art, epigraphy, and glyptics in the Iron Age. Dr. Barkay's most famous discoveries are small silver scroll amulets containing the priestly benediction from the Book of Numbers, which he discovered in 1979 at Ketef Hinnom. These amulets contain the oldest surviving biblically-related inscription discovered to date, dating back to 600 BC. He also excavated the Iron Age tombs on the grounds of the École Biblique in the early 1970s.
Barkay frequently appears on the History Channel show The Naked Archaeologist, which is hosted by Simcha Jacobovici.
Barkay is currently an external lecturer at Bar Ilan University. In 2005, together with archaeologist Zachi Zweig, Barkay established the Temple Mount Antiquities Salvage Operation, a project funded by the Ir David Foundation and dedicated to recovering archaeological artifacts from 400 truckloads of earth removed from the Temple Mount by the Waqf and Israeli Islamic movement during 1996–2001. The construction included the establishment of an underground mosque (el-Marwani) at an ancient structure known as "Solomon's Stables", excavating a huge pit as an entrance to the structure, and reducing the platform level at the area north to the entrance. One of the findings of this project is a bulla (round clay seal affixed to documents) containing three lines of writing in Hebrew. The project detected artifacts from various periods, but Barkay pointed out the ones from Byzantine times (mainly ceramics and coins, including rare coins) as indicating that the Temple Mount was inhabited in those times.
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George Ernest Wright
George Ernest Wright (1909–1974), was a leading Old Testament scholar and biblical archaeologist. Expert in Ancient Near Eastern archaeology, he was especially known for his work in the study and dating of pottery.
He was born in Ohio, son of a Presbyterian minister. He received his B.A. from the College of Wooster (Ohio) and his Bachelor of Divinity from McCormick Theological Seminary in 1934. The same year he was ordained in the Presbyterian church. Wright was a staunch defender of the relevance of Old Testament study to the Christian faith.
He studied with William Foxwell Albright at Johns Hopkins University, where he received his M.A. (1936) and PhD. (1937). He taught Old Testament History and Theology at McCormick Seminary from 1939-1958. He joined the faculty of Harvard Divinity School in 1958, where he was Parkman Professor and the Curator of the Semitic Museum (the latter beginning in 1961) until his death in 1974.
Professor Wright published numerous monographs and articles on subjects ranging from biblical theology to Palestinian archaeology. He was also the founder of the periodical The Biblical Archaeologist, a magazine now known as Near Eastern Archaeology Magazine.
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George L. Kelm
George L. Kelm (born 1931 -) is Professor Emeritus of Archaeology and Biblical Backgrounds at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, Fort Worth, Texas, and while serving at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, he and Amihai Mazar uncovered Timnah.
Kelm was serving as professor of Biblical Backgrounds and Archaeology at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary when he and Amihai Mazar uncovered biblical Timnah,Tel Batash in the Sorek Valley of Israel through 1977-1979.
Originally from Alberta, Canada Kelm and his wife Linda Kelm immigrated to the United States.
Benjamin Hawkins (2007), "A Tradition of Biblical Archaeology", Southwestern News (Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary) 66 (1), http://www.swbts.edu/swnews/articles_detail.cfm?Article_ID=99
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Goliath
Goliath (Hebrew: גָּלְיָת, Modern Golyat Tiberian Golyāṯ; Arabic: جالوت, Ǧālūt (Qur'anic term), جليات Ǧulyāt (Christian term)) or Goliath of Gath (one of five city states of the Philistines) is a figure in the Hebrew Bible (Christian Old Testament). Described as a giant Philistine warrior, he is famous for his combat with the young David, the future king of Israel. The fight between them is described in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament and, more briefly, in the Qur'an.
The purpose of the original story was to show David's identity as the true king of Israel. Post-Classical Jewish traditions stressed Goliath's status as the representative of paganism, in contrast to David, the champion of the God of Israel. Christian tradition gave him a distinctively Christian twist, seeing in David's battle with Goliath the victory of God's King over the enemies of God's helpless people as a prefiguring of Jesus' victory over sin on the Cross and the Church's ongoing struggle against Satan.
The account of the battle between David and Goliath is given in 1 Samuel, chapter 17.Saul and the Israelites are facing the Philistines at the Valley of Elah. Twice a day for 40 days, Goliath, the champion of the Philistines, comes out between the lines and challenges the Israelites to send out a champion of their own to decide the outcome in single combat, but Saul and all the Israelites are afraid. David, bringing food for his elder brothers, hears that Saul has promised to reward any man who defeats Goliath, and accepts the challenge. Saul reluctantly agrees and offers his armor, which David declines, taking only his sling and five stones from a brook.
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Gottlieb Schumacher
Gottlieb Schumacher (1857-1925) was a German-American civil engineer, architect and archaeologist who was an important figure in the early archaeological explorations of Palestine.
Schumacher was born in Zanesville, Ohio, where his parents had immigrated from Tübingen, Germany. His father Jacob Schumacher was a member of the Temple Society, a German Protestant sect which in the 1860s established a colony in Haifa, Palestine. In 1869, Jacob Schumacher settled with his family in the Templer colony, where he became the chief architect and builder.
Gottlieb studied engineering in Germany, and then returned to Palestine in 1881.
He quickly became a leading figure in the construction of roads and houses. He was appointed Chief Engineer for the Province of Akko by the Ottoman government. Among his many works were the Scottish hostels in Safed and Tiberias, the Russian hostel in Nazareth, the cellars of the Rothschild winery at Rishon LeZion, and the bridge over the Kishon River.
One of his most important projects was the survey of the Golan, Hauran, and Ajlun districts, in preparation for the construction of the Damascus-Haifa railway, which branched off from the Hejaz railway at Deraa. As part of the same development he also extended the mole of the port of Haifa. In the course of this survey he produced the first accurate maps of these regions, along with detailed descriptions of the archaeological remains and the contemporary villages.
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Hazael
Hazael ([pronunciation?];Hebrew: חֲזָהאֵל or חזאלḤaZa'eL; Aramaic, from the triliteral Semitic root h-z-y, "to see"; his full name meaning, "God has seen") was a court official and later an Aramean king who is mentioned in the Bible. Under his reign, Aram-Damascus became an empire that ruled over large parts of Syria and Palestine.
Hazael is first referred to by name in 1 Kings 19:15 when God told the prophet Elijah to anoint him king over Syria. Years after this, the Syrian king Hadadezer was ill and sent his court official Hazael with gifts to Elijah's successor Elisha. Elisha asked Hazael to tell Hadadezer that he would recover, and he revealed to Hazael that the king would recover but would die of other means. The day after he returned to Hadadezer in Damascus, Hazael suffocated him and seized power himself.
During his approximately 37-year reign (c. 842 BC-805 BC), King Hazael led the Arameans in battle against the forces of King Jehoram of Israel and King Ahaziah of Judah. After defeating them at Ramoth-Gilead, Hazael repelled two attacks by the Assyrians, seized Israelite territory east of the Jordan, the Philistine city of Gath, and sought to take Jerusalem as well (2 Kings 12:17). A monumental Aramaic inscription discovered at Tel Dan is seen by most scholars as having been erected by Hazael, after he defeated the Kings of Israel and Judah. Recent excavations at Tell es-Safi/Gath have revealed dramatic evidence of the siege and subsequent conquest of Gath by Hazael. The destruction of the settlement at Tell Zeitah during the ninth century may also be the result of Hazael's campaign. King Joash of Judah forestalled Hazael's invasion by bribing him with treasure from the royal palace and temple, after which he disappears from the Biblical account.
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Herod the Great
Herod (Hebrew: הוֹרְדוֹס, Hordos, Greek: Ἡρῴδης, Hērōdēs), also known as Herod the Great (born 73 or 74 BCE, died 4 BCE in Jericho), was a Roman client king of Judea. His epithet of "the Great" is widely disputed as he is described as "a madman who murdered his own family and a great many rabbis." He is also known for his colossal building projects in Jerusalem and elsewhere, including his expansion of the Second Temple in Jerusalem (sometimes referred to as Herod's Temple) and the construction of the port at Caesarea Maritima. Important details of his biography are gleaned from the works of the 1st century CE Roman-Jewish historian Josephus Flavius.
The Romans made Herod's son Herod Archelaus ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea (biblical Edom) from 4 BCE to 6 CE, referred to as the tetrarchy of Judea. Archelaus was judged incompetent by the Roman emperor Augustus who then combined Samaria, Judea proper and Idumea into Iudaea province under rule of a prefect until 41. Herod's other son Herod Antipas was tetrarch of Galilee from 4 BCE – 39 CE.
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Hezekiah
Hezekiah /ˌhɛzɨˈkaɪ.ə/ (Hebrew: חִזְקִיָּ֫הוּ, חִזְקִיָּ֫ה, יְחִזְקִיָּ֫הוּ, Modern H̱izkiyyahu, H̱izkiyya, Yeẖizkiyyahu Tiberian Ḥizqiyyā́hû, Ḥizqiyyā, Yəḥizqiyyā́hû; Greek: Ἐζεκίας, Ezekias, in the Septuagint; Latin: Ezechias; also transliterated as Ḥizkiyyahu or Ḥizkiyyah) was the son of Ahaz and the 14th king of Judah.Edwin Thiele has concluded that his reign was between c. 715 and 686 BC. He is also one of the most prominent kings of Judah mentioned in the Hebrew Testament.
According to the Hebrew Testament, Hezekiah witnessed the destruction of the northern Kingdom of Israel by Sargon's Assyrians in c 720 BC and was king of Judah during the invasion and siege of Jerusalem by Sennacherib in 701 BC. Hezekiah enacted sweeping religious reforms, during which he removed the worship of foreign deities from the Temple in Jerusalem, and restored the worship of Yahweh, God of Israel, as instructed by the Torah.Isaiah and Micah prophesied during his reign.
Hezekiah, more properly transliterated as Ḥizkiyyahu (and sometimes as Ezekias) (Hebrew: חִזְקִיָּ֫הוּ Ḥizqiyyāhu, Khizkiyahu; or יְחִזְקִיָּ֫הוּ Yəḥizqiyyāhu, Y'khizkiyahu); ; or Ḥizkiyyah (Hebrew: חִזְקִיָּ֫ה Ḥizqiyyāh). The root of the name חִזְקִיָּהוּ Ḥizkiyyahu is חזק, a verb stem that can mean
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Historical Jesus
The term historical Jesus refers to scholarly reconstructions of the 1st-century figure Jesus of Nazareth. These reconstructions are based upon historical methods including critical analysis of gospel texts as the primary source for his biography, along with consideration of the historical and cultural context in which he lived.
The historical Jesus is believed to be a Galilean Jew who undertook at least one pilgrimage to Jerusalem, then part of Roman Judaea, during a time of messianic and apocalyptic expectations in late Second Temple Judaism. He was baptized by John the Baptist, whose example he may have followed, and after John was executed, began his own preaching in Galilee for only about two to three years prior to his death. He was an eschatological prophet and an autonomous ethical teacher. He told surprising and original parables, many of them about the coming Kingdom of God. Some scholars credit the apocalyptic declarations of the Gospels to him, while others portray his Kingdom of God as a moral one, and not apocalyptic in nature. He sent his apostles out to heal and to preach the Kingdom of God. Later, he traveled to Jerusalem where he caused a disturbance at the Temple. It was the time of Passover, when political and religious tensions were high in Jerusalem. The Gospels say that the temple guards (believed to be Sadducees) arrested him and turned him over to the Roman governor Pontius Pilate for execution. The movement he had started survived his death and was carried on by his brother James the Just and the apostles who proclaimed the resurrection of Jesus. After splitting with Rabbinic Judaism, it developed into Early Christianity.
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Hoshea
See also Hosea, who has the same name in Biblical Hebrew.
Hoshea (Hebrew: הושע, Modern Hoshea Tiberian Hôšēăʻ ; "salvation"; Latin: Osee) was the last king of the Israelite Kingdom of Israel and son of Elah (who may or may not be the Israelite king Elah). William F. Albright dated reign to 732 – 721 BC, while E. R. Thiele offered the dates 732 – 723 BC.
Assyrian records basically confirm the Biblical account of how he became king. According to 2 Kings, Hoshea conspired against and slew his predecessor, Pekah (2 Kings 15:30). Shalmaneser V then campaigned against Hoshea, and forced him to submit and render tribute (2 Kings 17:3). An undated inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III boasts of making Hoshea king after his predecessor had been overthrown:
Israel (lit. : "Omri-land" Bit-Humria)…overthrew their king Pekah (Pa-qa-ha) and I placed Hoshea (A-ú -si') as king over them. I received from them 10 talents of gold, 1,000(?) talents of silver as their [tri]bute and brought them to Assyria.
The amount of tribute exacted from Hoshea is not stated in Scripture, but Menahem, about ten years previously (743 or 742 BC) was required to pay 1,000 talents of silver to Tiglath-Pileser in order to "strengthen his hold on the kingdom" (2 Kings 15:19), apparently against Menahem's rival Pekah. The Assyrian Eponym Canon shows that Shalmaneser campaigned "against" (somewhere, name missing) in the years 727, 726, and 725 BC, and it is presumed that the missing name was Samaria. The Babylonian Chronicle states that Shalmaneser ravaged the city of Sha-ma-ra-in (Samaria). Additional evidence that it was Shalmaneser, not Sargon II who initially captured Samaria, despite the latter's claim, late in his reign, that he was its conqueror, was presented by Tadmor, who showed that Sargon had no campaigns in the west in his first two years of reign (722 and 721 BC).
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Israel Finkelstein
Israel Finkelstein (b.1949) is an Israeli archaeologist and academic. He is currently the Jacob M. Alkow Professor of the Archaeology of Israel in the Bronze Age and Iron Ages at Tel Aviv University and is also the co-director of excavations at Megiddo in northern Israel. Previously, he served as Director of the Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv University from 1996-2002. In 2005 he received the Dan David Prize.
Born in Petah Tikva, he completed his studies at Tel Aviv University, writing his Ph.D. thesis on The Izbet Sartah excavations, for which he was also the Field Director.
Finkelstein specializes in Middle Eastern archaeology of the ancient history of the Land of Israel. Critical of an earlier generation of scholars who read the results of their excavations as confirming the biblical narratives of conquest, Finkelstein earned a reputation for being a "lightning rod" for controversy. In particular, his description of 10th century BCE Jerusalem, the period associated with the biblical kings David and Solomon, as a mere 'village' or tribal center, has been the subject of considerable discussion and criticism.
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Jean-Pierre Thiollet
Jean-Pierre Thiollet (born December 9, 1956 in Poitiers) is a French writer and journalist. He usually lives in Paris and is the author of numerous books.
Since 2007, he has been a member of the World Grand Family of Lebanon (RJ Lebanon Club).
He was one of the guest writers at the 2005 Beirut Book Fair (BIEL) for Je m'appelle Byblos (My Name Is Byblos).
In 1999, he co-produced Studies (Chopin) recorded by Radoslav Kvapil.
In 1997, he played a discreet and influential role in the parliamentary election in Toulon. He was arbitrarily dismissed the morning after the successful poll and then published Le Chevallier à découvert (Laurens, Paris), a strongly suggestive and humorous book some months later.
From 1988 to 1994, he was editor-in-chief for Le Quotidien de Paris (Daily Press Group).
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Jehoahaz of Judah
Jehoahaz or Joachaz in the Douay-Rheims and some other English translations (Hebrew: יְהוֹאָחָז, Modern Yeho'aẖaz Tiberian Yəhôʼāḥāz ; "Yahweh has held"; Greek: Ιωαχαζ Iōakhaz; Latin: Joachaz) was king of Judah (3 months in 609 BC) and son of king Josiah whom he succeeded and Hamautal, daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. (2 Kings 23:31) He was born in 633/632 BC and his birth name was Shallum (1 Chronicles 3:15). Although he was two years younger than his brother, Eliakim, he was elected to succeed his father on the throne at the age of twenty-three, under the name Jehoahaz. He reigned for only three months, before being deposed by the Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II (2 Kings 23:31-34) and taken into Egytian captivity.
He disregarded the reforms of his father Josiah. (2 Kings 23:32; Jeremiah 22:15-16)
Both William F. Albright and E. R. Thiele dated his reign to 609 BC, making his birth in 633/632 BC. Jehoahaz was the first king of Judah to die in exile.[citation needed]
In the spring or early summer of 609 BC, Necho II went to war against Babylon, in aid of the Assyrians. He moved his forces along the coast route Via Maris into Syria, the low tracts of Philistia and Sharon and prepared to cross the ridge of hills which shuts in on the south the Jezreel Valley. There he found his passage blocked at Megiddo by the Judean army led by Josiah, who sided with the Babylonians. After a fierce battle Josiah was killed. (2 Kings 23:29; 2 Chronicles 35:20-24) The Assyrians and their allies the Egyptians fought the Babylonians at Harran. The Babylonian Chronicle dates the battle from Tammuz (July–August) to Elul (August–September) of 609 BC. Josiah was therefore killed in the month of Tammuz, 609 BC, 609 BC or the month prior, when the Egyptians were on their way to Harran. Chronological considerations related to his successor limit the month in which Josiah was killed and Jehoahaz took the throne to Tammuz. He was deposed three months later, in the month Tishri (2 Kings 23:31).
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John Garstang
John Garstang (May 5, 1876 – September 12, 1956, Beirut) was a British archaeologist of the ancient Near East, especially Anatolia and the southern Levant.
John Garstang was born to Dr. Walter Garstang of Blackburn and was the younger brother of Walter Garstang, a marine biologist and zoologist. He was educated at Queen Elizabeth's, Blackburn; and Jesus College, Oxford. Following undergraduate studies in mathematics at Oxford, his attentions turned to archaeology.
From 1897 to 1908 he conducted excavations at Roman sites in Britain, Egypt, Nubia, Asia Minor and North Syria; in the Sudan and Meroe between 1909 and 1914, then in Palestine at Ashkelon (1920–1921) and in Trans-Jordan at Jericho (Tell es-Sultan) in 1930–1936.
He was professor of archaeology at the University of Liverpool from 1907 to 1941.
He served as the Director of the Department of Antiquities in the British Mandate of Palestine between 1920 and 1926, as well as filling the position of Head of the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem (1919–1926). He taught at the Egyptology section of the Faculty of Arts when this was established in the 1920s. One of his students was Dr Pahor Labib, late Director of the Coptic Museum, Cairo.
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Kathleen Kenyon
Dame Kathleen Mary Kenyon, DBE (5 January 1906 – 24 August 1978), was a leading archaeologist of Neolithic culture in the Fertile Crescent. She is best known for her excavations in Jericho and Bangalow in 1952-1958.
Kathleen Kenyon was the eldest daughter of Sir Frederic Kenyon, a biblical scholar and later director of the British Museum. She studied at St Paul's Girls' School, read history at Somerville College, Oxford, England, and became the first female president of the Oxford University Archaeological Society. Kenyon never married.
Kathleen Kenyon's first field experience was as a photographer for the pioneering excavations at Great Zimbabwe in 1929, led by Gertrude Caton-Thompson. Returning to England, Kenyon joined the archaeological couple Mortimer and Tessa Wheeler on their excavation of the Romano-British settlement of Verulamium (St Albans), 20 miles north of London. Working there each summer between 1930 and 1935, Kenyon learned from Mortimer Wheeler the discipline of meticulously controlled and recorded stratigraphic excavation. Wheeler entrusted her with the direction of the excavation of the Roman theatre. In the years 1931 to 1934 Kenyon worked simultaneously at Samaria, then under the administration of the British Mandate for Palestine, with John Crowfoot and Grace Crowfoot. There she cut a stratigraphic trench across the summit of the mound and down the northern and southern slopes, exposing the Iron II to the Roman period stratigraphic sequence of the site. In addition to providing crucial dating material for the Iron Age stratigraphy of Palestine, she obtained key stratified data for the study of Eastern terra sigilata ware.
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Kenneth Kitchen
Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (born 1932) is Personal and Brunner Professor Emeritus of Egyptology and Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, England. He is one of the leading experts on Biblical History and the Egyptian Third Intermediate Period, having written over 250 books and journal articles on these and other subjects since the mid-1950s. He has been described by The Times as "the very architect of Egyptian chronology".
His book, The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC), is regarded by historians as the standard and most comprehensive treatment on this era. It noted a hitherto unknown period of coregency between Psusennes I with Amenemope and Osorkon III with Takelot III, and established that Shebitku of the 25th Dynasty was already king of Egypt by 702 BC, among other revelations.
Some of its points are now slightly dated. It stated that Takelot II succeeded Osorkon II at Tanis, whereas most Egyptologists today accept it was Shoshenq III. Secondly, the book presented King Shoshenq II as the High Priest of Amun Shoshenq C, a son of Osorkon I who predeceased his father. However, this interpretation is weakened by the fact that no objects from Shoshenq II's intact burial at Tanis bears Osorkon I's name. Finally, contra Kitchen, most Egyptologists today such as Rolf Krauss, Aidan Dodson and Jürgen von Beckerath accept David Aston's argument that the Crown Prince Osorkon B, Takelot II's son, assumed power as Osorkon III, a king of the 'Theban Twenty-Third Dynasty' in Upper Egypt.
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Moab
Moab (/ˈmoʊæb/; Moabite: 𐤌𐤀𐤁 Mʾb; Hebrew: מוֹאָב, Modern Mo'av Tiberian Môʼāḇ ; "seed of father"; Greek Μωάβ Mōav; Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab ; Egyptian Mu'ab) is the historical name for a mountainous strip of land in Jordan. The land lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel. The Moabite capital was Dibon. In Biblical times, the nation was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.
Moab occupied a plateau about 3,000 feet (910 m) above the level of the Mediterranean, or 4,300 feet (1,300 m) above the Dead Sea, and rising gradually from north to south.
It was bounded on the west by the Dead Sea and the southern section of the Jordan River; on the east by Ammon and the Arabian desert, from which it was separated by low, rolling hills; and on the south by Edom. The northern boundary varied, but in general it may be said to have been represented by a line drawn some miles above the northern extremity of the Dead Sea.
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Nabonidus
Nabonidus ([pronunciation?]; Akkadian Nabû-naʾid, "Nabu is praised") was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, reigning from 556-539 BCE.
Modern perceptions of Nabonidus' reign has been heavily coloured by accounts written well after his reign as king of Babylon, notably by the Persians and the Greeks. As a result, Nabonidus has often been described in very negative terms in both modern and contemporary scholarship. However, an accumulation of evidence and a reassessment of existing material has caused opinions on Nabonidus and the events that happened during his reign to alter significantly in recent decades.
Nabonidus' background is not clear. He said in his inscriptions that he was of unimportant origins. Similarly, his mother Addagoppe, who lived to an old age and may have been connected to the temple of the moon-god Sîn in Harran, does not mention her family background in her inscriptions. There are two arguments for an Assyrian background: repeated references in Nabonidus' royal propaganda and imagery to Ashurbanipal, the last great Neo-Assyrian king; and Nabonidus' originating from, and his special interest in Harran, an Assyrian city and the last stronghold of the Neo-Assyrians after the fall of Nineveh, their main capital. However, it has been pointed out that Nabonidus' royal propaganda was hardly different from his predecessors, while his Persian successor, Cyrus the Great, also referred to Ashurbanipal in the Cyrus cylinder. He certainly did not belong to the previous ruling dynasty, the Chaldeans, of whom Nebuchadnezzar II was the most famous member. He came to the throne in 556 BCE by overthrowing the young king Labashi-Marduk.
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Nehemiah
Nehemiah ( /ˌniːəˈmaɪə/ or /ˌniːhəˈmaɪə/; נְחֶמְיָה, "Comforted of/is the LORD (YHWH)," Standard Hebrew Nəḥemya, Tiberian Hebrew Nəḥemyāh) is the central figure of the Book of Nehemiah, which describes his work rebuilding Jerusalem and purifying the Jewish community. He was the son of Hachaliah, (Neh. 1:1) and probably of the Tribe of Judah, and his career took place probably in the second half of the 5th century BC.
In the 20th year of Artaxerxes, king of Persia, (445/444 BC), Nehemiah was cup-bearer to the king. Learning that the walls of Jerusalem were broken down he asked the king for permission to return and rebuild them, and Artaxerxes sent him to Judah as governor of the province with a mission to rebuild the walls. Once there he defied the opposition of Judah's enemies on all sides - Samaritans, Ammonites, Arabs and Philistines - and rebuilt the walls within 52 days, from the Sheep Gate in the North, the Hananel Tower at the North West corner, the Fish Gate in the West, the Furnaces Tower at the Temple Mount's South West corner, the Dung Gate in the South, the East Gate and the gate beneath the Golden Gate in the East.
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Pontius Pilate
Pontius Pilatus (Ancient Greek: Πόντιος Πιλᾶτος, Pontios Pīlātos), known in the English-speaking world as Pontius Pilate ( /ˈpɒntʃəs ˈpaɪlət/(US), /ˈpɒnti.əs ˈpaɪlət/ (UK)), was the fifth Prefect of the Roman province of Judaea, from AD 26–36. He is best known as the judge at Jesus' trial and the man who authorized the crucifixion of Jesus. As prefect, he served under Emperor Tiberius.
The sources for Pilate's life are the four canonical gospels, Philo of Alexandria, Josephus, a brief mention by Tacitus, and an inscription known as the Pilate Stone, which confirms his historicity and establishes his title as prefect. Based on these sources, it appears that Pilate was an equestrian of the Pontii family, and succeeded Valerius Gratus as prefect of Judaea in AD 26. Once in his post he offended the religious sensibilities of his subjects, leading to harsh criticism from Philo and Josephus. According to Josephus, he was ordered back to Rome after harshly suppressing a Samaritan uprising, arriving just after the death of Tiberius, which occurred on 16 March in the year 37. He was replaced by Marcellus.
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Robert Koldewey
Robert Johann Koldewey (10 September 1855–4 February 1925) was a German architect, famous for his discovery of the ancient city of Babylon in modern day Iraq. He was born in Blankenburg am Harz in Germany, the duchy of Brunswick, and died in Berlin at the age of 70. His digs at Babylon revealed the foundations of the ziggurat Marduk, and the Ishtar Gate; he also developed several modern archaeological techniques including a method to identify and excavate mud brick architecture. This technique was particularly useful in his excavation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon (1899-1917) which was built (ca. 580 BC) using mainly unfired mudbricks.
Koldewey was a self-trained classical era archaeological historian. Although he studied architecture and art history in Berlin and Vienna, he left both those universities without an advanced degree. In 1882 he was signed on as a participant to the excavation of ancient Assus in Turkey, where Koldewey learned several excavation methods and how to best draw ancient remains. A practicing archaeologist for most of his life, he participated in and led many excavations in for example Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy. After he died the Koldewey Society was established to record and mark his architectural service.
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Ruth Amiran
Ruth Amiran (Hebrew: רות עמירן; b. 1914, d. December 14, 2005) was an Israeli archaeologist whose 1970 book Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land: From Its Beginnings in the Neolithic Period to the End of the Iron Age is a standard reference for archaeologists working in Israel. She received the Israel Prize in 1982.
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Saar Ganor
Saar Ganor is an Israeli archaeologist. He is the director, along with Yosef Garfinkel, of excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa, thought to be Biblical Sha'arayim. He is inspector for the Israel Antiquities Authority and a lecturer at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Ganor noticed the unusual scale of the walls at Khirbet Qeiyafa while patrolling the area in 2003. Three years later he persuaded Garfinkel to take a look, and, after a preliminary dig in 2007, they began work in earnest in the summer of 2008. They have excavated only 4 percent of the six-acre settlement so far.
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Sargon II
Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kên "legitimate king", Arabic: سرجون' reigned 722 – 705 BC) was an Assyrian king. Sargon II became co-regent with Shalmaneser V in 722 BC, and became the sole ruler of the kingdom of Babylonia in 722 BC after the death of Shalmaneser V. It is not clear whether he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser III or a usurper unrelated to the royal family. In his inscriptions, he styles himself as a new man, rarely referring to his predecessors; however he took the name Sharru-kinu ("true king"), after Sargon of Akkad — who had founded the first Semitic Empire in the region some 16 centuries earlier.Sargon is the Biblical form of the name.
Beset by difficulties at the beginning of his rule, Sargon II made a pact with the Babylonian king Marduk-apla-iddina II. He was able to free all temples, as well as the inhabitants of the towns of Assur and Harran from taxes. While Sargon was thus trying to gain support in Assyria, Marduk-apla-iddina II conquered Babylon with the help of the new Elamite king Ummanigash and was crowned king in 721 BC.
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Sennacherib
Sennacherib (pronounced /səˈnækərɪb/; Akkadian: Sîn-ahhī-erība "Sîn has replaced (lost) brothers for me") was the son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (705 – 681 BC).
As the crown prince, Sennacherib was placed in charge of the Assyrian Empire while his father, Sargon II, was on campaign. Unlike his predecessors, Sennacherib's reign was not largely marked by military campaigns, but mainly by architectural renovations, constructions, and expansions. After the violent death of his father, Sennacherib encountered numerous problems in establishing his power and faced threats to his domain. However, he was able to overcome these power struggles and ultimately carry out his building projects. During his reign, he moved the empire's capital from his father's newly-constructed city of Dur-Sharrukin to the old city and former capital of Nineveh. It is considered striking that Sennacherib not only left his father's city, but also doesn’t name him in any official inscription during his reign.
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Shalmaneser III
Shalmaneser III (Šulmānu-ašarēdu, "the god Shulmanu is pre-eminent") was king of Assyria (859 BC – 824 BC), and son of the previous ruler, Ashurnasirpal II[1].
His long reign was a constant series of campaigns against the eastern tribes, the Babylonians, the nations of Mesopotamia and Syria, as well as Kizzuwadna and Urartu. His armies penetrated to Lake Van and the Taurus Mountains; the Hittites of Carchemish were compelled to pay tribute, and the kingdoms of Hamath and Aram Damascus were subdued.
In 853 BC a coalition which was formed by the kingdoms of Egypt, Hamath, Arvad, the Ammonites, "Ahab of Israel" and other neighboring states, under the leadership of king Hadadezer of Damascus, fought the Assyrian king at Battle of Qarqar. However, the Assyrian king persevered in his attempts to subjugate Israel and Syria[citation needed]. Other battles soon followed in 849 BC and 846 BC.
In 842 BC, Shalmaneser campaigned against Hadadezer's successor Hazael, forcing him to take refuge within the walls of his capital. While Shalmaneser was unable to capture Damascus, he devastated its territory, and Jehu of Israel (whose ambassadors are represented on the Black Obelisk now in the British Museum), together with the Phoenician cities, prudently sent tribute to him in 841 BC. Babylonia had already been conquered as far as the marshes of the Chaldaeans in the south, and the Babylonian king put to death. It was the Assyrian king who defeated the Western coalition at Qarqar.
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Tiglath-Pileser III
Tiglath-Pileser III (from the Hebraic form of Akkadian: Tukultī-apil-Ešarra, "my trust is in the son of Esharra") was a prominent king of Assyria in the eighth century BC (ruled 745–727 BC) and is widely regarded as the founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
Tiglath-Pileser III seized the Assyrian throne during a civil war and killed the royal family. He made sweeping changes to the Assyrian government, considerably improving its efficiency and security. Assyrian forces became a standing army. Tiglath-Pileser III subjected Babylonia to tribute, severely punished Urartu (Armenia), and defeated the Medes and the Hittites. He reconquered Syria (destroying Damascus) and the Mediterranean seaports of Phoenicia. Tiglath-Pileser III also occupied Philistia and Israel. Later in his reign, Tiglath-Pileser III assumed total control of Babylonia.
Tiglath-Pileser III discouraged revolts against Assyrian rule, with the use of forced deportations of thousands of people all over the empire. He is considered to be one of the most successful military commanders in world history, conquering most of the world known to the Assyrians before his death.
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William G. Dever
William G. Dever (born 1933) is an American archaeologist, specialising in the history of Israel and the Near East in Biblical times. He was Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology and Anthropology at the University of Arizona in Tucson from 1975 to 2002. He is a Distinguished Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology at Lycoming College in Pennsylvania.
Dever is a 1955 graduate of Milligan College. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1966.
Dever was Director of the Harvard Semitic Museum-Hebrew Union College Excavations at Gezer from 1966-71, 1984 and 1990; Director of the dig at Khirbet el-Kôm and Jebel Qacaqir (West Bank) from 1967-71; Principal Investigator at Tell el-Hayyat excavations (Jordan) 1981-85, and Assistant Director, University of Arizona Expedition to Idalion, Cyprus, 1991, among other excavations.
He used his extensive background in Near Eastern field archaeology to argue, in Did God Have a Wife? Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel (2005), for the persistence of the veneration of Asherah in the everyday religion of 'ordinary people' in ancient Israel and Judah. Discussing extensive archaeological evidence from a range of Israelite sites, largely dated between the 12th and the 8th centuries BC, Dever argued that this 'folk' religion, with its local altars and cultic objects, amulets and votive offerings, was representative of the outlook of the majority of the population, and that the Jerusalem-centred 'book religion' of the Deuteronomist circle set out in the Hebrew Bible was only ever the preserve of an elite, a 'largely impractical' religious ideal.
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Yigael Yadin
Yigael Yadin (Hebrew: יִגָּאֵל יָדִין, born Yigael Sukenik (Hebrew: יגאל סוקניק) on 21 March 1917, died 28 June 1984) was an Israeli archeologist, politician, and the second Chief of Staff of the Israel Defense Forces.
Yadin was born in 1917 to noted archeologist Eleazar Sukenik and educationalist and women's rights activist Hasya Feinsod Sukenik. He joined the Haganah at age 15, and served there in a variety of different capacities. In 1946, however, he left the Haganah following an argument with its commander Yitzhak Sadeh over the inclusion of a machine gun as part of standard squad equipment.
He was a university student when, in 1947, shortly before the State of Israel declared its independence, he was called back to active service by David Ben-Gurion. He was Head of Operations during Israel's War of Independence, and was responsible for many of the key decisions made during the course of that war. In June 1948 he threatened to resign during the Generals' Revolt during which he accused Ben-Gurion of attempting "to transform the army as a whole into an army of one political party (Mapai)".
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Yohanan Aharoni
Yohanan Aharoni (1919–1976; Hebrew:יוחנן אהרוני), was an Israeli archaeologist and historical geographer, chairman of the Department of Near East Studies and chairman of the Institute of Archeology at Tel-Aviv University.
Born to the Aronheim family, in Germany, June 7, 1919, Aharoni immigrated to Palestine in 1933. He studied at the Hebrew Reali School in Haifa, and later at the Mikve Yisrael agricultural school. He married Miriam Gross and became a member of kibbutz Alonim.
Aharoni studied archeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and began to teach there in 1954. By 1966 he was a full professor, but in 1968 he moved to Tel-Aviv University and became chairman of the Department of Near East Studies and chairman of the Institute of Archeology.
Aharoni participated in many excavations, including Ramat Rachel, Tel Arad, Tel Be'er Sheva, Tel Hazor and Lachish. He also studied ancient roadways in the Negev, and participated in the discovery of the Bar Kokhba caves while surveying and excavating the Dead Sea region in 1953.
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Yosef Garfinkel
Yosef Garfinkel (1956–) is a professor of Prehistoric Archaeology and of Archaeology of the Biblical Period at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Yosef (Yossi) Garfinkel was born in 1956 in Haifa, Israel. He is a curator of the museum of Yarmukian Culture at Kibbutz Sha'ar HaGolan. Garfinkel specializes in the Protohistoric era of the Near East, the period of time when the world’s earliest village communities were established and the beginning of agriculture took place. He has excavated numerous Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites, including Gesher, Yiftahel, Neolithic Ashkelon, Sha'ar HaGolan, Tel ‘Ali and Tel Tsaf. Garfinkel is the author of 12 books and over 100 articles on ancient architecture, farming, water sources, pottery, art, religion and dance.
Since 2007 he has been conducting excavations at the fortified city of Khirbet Qeiyafa. This site is dated to the early 10th century BC, the period of the biblical King David. In the 2008 season an inscription was discovered written in ink on a pottery shard in the proto-Canaanite script. This might be the earliest Hebrew inscription ever found, although the actual language of the inscription is still under debate.
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Ze'ev Herzog
Ze’ev Herzog (Hebrew: זאב הרצוג, born 1941) is an Israeli archeologist, professor of archaeology at The Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures at Tel Aviv University specializing in social archaeology, ancient architecture and field archaeology. Ze’ev Herzog has been the director of The Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology since 2005, and serves as archaeological advisor to the Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority in the preservation and development of National Parks at Arad and Beer Sheba.
Herzog took part in the excavations of Tel Hazor and Tel Megiddo with Yigael Yadin and in excavations at Tel Arad and Tel Be'er Sheva with Yohanan Aharoni. He directed the excavations at Tel Beer Sheba, Tel Michal and Tel Gerisa and in 1997 began a new exploration project at Tel Yafo (ancient Jaffa).
Herzog is among archaeologists who say that “biblical archaeology is not anymore the ruling paradigm in archaeology and that archaeology became an independent discipline with its own conclusions and own observations which indeed present us a picture of a reality of ancient Israel quite different from the one which is described in the biblical stories.”
wn.com/Ze'ev_Herzog
Archaeology
Host John Rhys-Davies explores various archeological subjects and their link to stories of the past. In addition, we follow the efforts of archaeologists and the methods they use to discover the answers to these mysteries.
Cast
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Episode : Petra, the Red City
USA:1991...
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Episode : The Sphinx
USA:1991...
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Episode : Searching for the Neanderthal
USA:1991...
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Episode : A City in the Clouds
USA:1991...
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Episode : Who Was Cleopatra?
USA:1991...
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Episode : Hitler's Conspiracy
UK:1991...
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Episode : Macedonia
USA:1991...
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Episode : Caesar's Nightmare
USA:1991...
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MOTB - The Bible's Greatest Secrets (archaeology) 1/3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:14
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
bible mysteries: Both contemporary scientists and those from the last century have taken their cues from scripture when digging. Among the digs studied: the excavation of the 3000-year-old remains of the towns of Beersheba and Capernaum. Also, there are accidental finds like a shepherd's 1947 discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in a cave. We examine the relationship between archaeology and the bible by discussing such personalities as Sir William Flinders Petrie, whose ballerina attire convinced the Egyptians it would be harmless to let him measure the pyramids. The husband-and-wife team of Eric and Carol Meyers explain how their work on Masada both confirms and contradicts the only contemporaneous historical account of the siege and mass suicide there. Finally, there's a good example of technology at work: electromagnetic images eliminate random digging and a computer model graphically resurrects ancient Jerusalem. Part 1: www.youtube.com Part 2: www.youtube.com Part 3: www.youtube.com Playlist: www.youtube.com
http://wn.com/MOTB_The_Bible's_Greatest_Secrets_archaeology_1_3
Archaeology: Digging for the Truth of the Bible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:53
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
A Creation Challenge to the Chickens of Evolution - www.youtube.com (Whoops) Researchers: Ancient human remains found in Israel - news.yahoo.com Searching for Evolutionists Who will Defend Their Position (DEBATE DODGERS) www.youtube.com Digging Through the Bible: David and Goliath - www.israelnationalnews.com Among biblical figures whose existence has been attested by archaeology or other preserved ancient records are the following: www.ucg.org Influential archeologists in Israel are declaring that archeology has proved "the Israelites were never in Egypt, did not conquer the land in a military campaign and did not pass it on the 12 tribes of Israel," and "the empire of David and Solomon never existed." At the same time, other leading archeologists strongly disagree, assuring us that such claims "are either grossly misleading, illogical, disingenuous or all three." Can the Old Testament be trusted for its historical account and does archeology provide evidence for its accuracy. What does the evidence say? Dr. Patton has personally investigated the claims and presents the evidence in a way that will allow you to draw your own conclusions. Dr. Patton has a broad educational background; four years at Florida College, Temple Terrace, FL (Bible); two years at Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN (Geology); two years at Indiana Univ./Purdue Univ., Indianapolis, IN (Geology); two years, Pacific School of Graduate Studies. He has worked as Geologist in US, Canada ...
http://wn.com/Archaeology_Digging_for_the_Truth_of_the_Bible
The Naked Archaeologist: Who Wrote the Bible?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 23:56
- Updated: 05 Nov 2012
The Bible is made up dozens of books, but tradition has it that the first five books were dictated to Moses, by God. But could Moses have really written down the words that God spoke, including the Ten Commandments? The Bible says that millions of people witnessed this event—but what does archaeology say? A free episode of the TV series THE NAKED ARCHAEOLOGIST by award-winning filmmaker Simcha Jacobovici.
http://wn.com/The_Naked_Archaeologist_Who_Wrote_the_Bible?
Archaeology and the Bible~~Noah and the Great flood
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:15
- Updated: 10 Nov 2012
To call stories of the Bible mythological is to call the Bible a book of lies. This video highlights the biblical account of pre-flood times, civilization, and Nephilim. As well as the legends of the flood and Noahs ark.
http://wn.com/Archaeology_and_the_Bible~~Noah_and_the_Great_flood
Findings Confirming the Bible - complete - The Greatest Biblical Archaeology Discoveries of All Time
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 86:05
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
From Anchor Stone International: anchorstone.com The Greatest Biblical Archaeology Discoveries of All Time. Based on the Research and Field Work of Ron Wyatt. Noah's Ark Sodom & Gomorrah The Red Sea Crossing Site Mount Sinai The Ark of the Covenant. WARNING, This video contains controversial subject matter and it is being shared for educational purposes only. Please educate yourself so that you can make informed decisions on the things that effect your life. PLEASE READ THIS MESSAGE This video contains information that you may not know about, information that YOU WILL NOT KNOW ABOUT from mainstream media. This video has been uploaded because it contained INFORMATION THAT YOU ARE NOT BEING TOLD ABOUT, AND it is this information that YOU CANNOT MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS WITHOUT, period. To see all the videos I've uploaded just click on my screen name TheTruthAlwaysAddsUp, or type it into the YouTube search window just like my screen name, with no spaces between the words. Oh yeah, if you like what you see, please subscribe, also please see the fair use notice posted on my channel. The truth will set us free. Peace Link to this video: youtu.be
http://wn.com/Findings_Confirming_the_Bible_complete_The_Greatest_Biblical_Archaeology_Discoveries_of_All_Time
The exciting witness of Bible archeology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:16
- Updated: 29 Oct 2012
This video takes a look at the amazing archeological finds and how they prove that Gods work and accurate and reliable. Gods word is sure and can be trusted more than any other book in the world.
http://wn.com/The_exciting_witness_of_Bible_archeology
Archaeology and the Bible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 64:51
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
You won't convince a skeptic of the truth of scripture, but for those who have faith in the God of the bible, archaeology supports in a myriad of little ways the historicity of scripture. Join Jeff Patton in a short slide presentation of the veracity of scripture as supported by archaeological evidence.
http://wn.com/Archaeology_and_the_Bible
Biblical Archaeology - Red Sea Video: Remains of Pharoahs Chariots Found
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:10
- Updated: 11 Nov 2012
Dead Sea Video: Remains of Pharoahs Chariots Found. You will see amazing artifacts found in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the Red sea IE Pharoahs Chariots on the sea floor. Definitive Proof that the Holy Bible is Historically accurate.
http://wn.com/Biblical_Archaeology_Red_Sea_Video_Remains_of_Pharoahs_Chariots_Found
400 reasons in archaeology to believe the bible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 33:07
- Updated: 15 Nov 2012
we have the largest northern ontario canada museum displaying replicas and original bible artifacts proving the bible true......see 400 pics that we have as a presentation ready for your youth, vbs, sunday school, family service free of charge......
http://wn.com/400_reasons_in_archaeology_to_believe_the_bible
Hector Avalos: How Archaeology Killed Biblical History - Part 1 of 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 38:22
- Updated: 20 Nov 2012
Atheist Talk cable program by Minnesota Atheists. "Hector Avalos: How Archaeology Killed Biblical History" recorded 10/23/2007 Part 1 of 2 Hector Avalos is professor of religious studies at Iowa State University and the author or editor of six books on Biblical studies and religion, including his recently published work, The End of Biblical Studies. Join us for a fascinating presentation detailing how the more we discover about the ancient world, the less reliable we find the Bible. From the dust jacket of The End of Biblical Studies: Hector Avalos calls for an end to biblical studies as we know them. He outlines two main arguments for this surprising conclusion. First, academic biblical scholarship has clearly succeeded in showing that the ancient civilization that produced the Bible held beliefs about the origin, nature, and purpose of the world and humanity that are fundamentally opposed to the views of modern society. The Bible is thus largely irrelevant to the needs and concerns of contemporary human beings. Second, Avalos criticizes his colleagues for applying a variety of flawed and specious techniques aimed at maintaining the illusion that the Bible is still relevant in today's world. In effect, he accuses his profession of being more concerned about its self-preservation than about giving an honest account of its own findings to the general public and faith communities. Minnesota Atheists practices positive, inclusive, active, friendly neighborhood atheism in ...
http://wn.com/Hector_Avalos_How_Archaeology_Killed_Biblical_History_Part_1_of_2
Oldest Copy Of The BIBLE PROOF - Ketef Hinnom Israel - 7th Century BC Archaeology
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- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
NO MORE LIES - In 1979 two small rolled pieces of silver were discovered in a burial cave in Jerusalem, Israel. When the little scrolls were carefully unrolled, researchers found words from the Book of Numbers inscribed into the silver, written in characters from an ancient Hebrew script. The amulet scroll is older than the Dead Sea Scrolls by more than 400 years. The scrolls contain the text of the Priestly Benediction, which appears in Chapter 6 of Numbers, and which is still recited today by Jews in synagogue prayer throughout the world. The dating of the silver scrolls is based on new laboratory techniques. The results were very recently published in a scientific journal in the United States. Tests carried out in NASA laboratories confirm that these words were written around 600 BCE, in the days when Solomon's Temple still stood on the Jerusalem mountain. "Archaeologist Gabi Barkai of Bar Ilan University, who discovered the amulets during a salvage excavation on the slopes overlooking the Hinnom Valley in Jerusalem, said that additional fragments of texts on the amulets have been deciphered and one identified as a verse from the book of Deuteronomy." Jewish tradition tells us that the Torah (Genesis through Deuteronomony) was given to Moses on Mt. Sinai. But, scholars have debated the origins of these writings, proposing that it is instead made up of separate strands of religious writings woven together sometime after the Second Temple was destroyed in 587 BCE One of ...
http://wn.com/Oldest_Copy_Of_The_BIBLE_PROOF_Ketef_Hinnom_Israel_7th_Century_BC_Archaeology
Seven Minute Seminary: The Role of Archaeology in Biblical Studies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:33
- Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Archaeology and the Bible are intimately related. Here Dr. Sandra L. Richter discusses this important relationship. See more at seedbed.com
http://wn.com/Seven_Minute_Seminary_The_Role_of_Archaeology_in_Biblical_Studies
69. Ted Wright - Archeology
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- Duration: 1:17
- Updated: 22 Oct 2012
Ted Wright tells us the role of archeology when it comes to apologetics.
http://wn.com/69_Ted_Wright_Archeology
Archaeology vs the Bible (James Randi)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:00
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
http://wn.com/Archaeology_vs_the_Bible_James_Randi
Why I Believe The Bible - Archaeology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 18 Aug 2012
Based on Archaeology Facts
http://wn.com/Why_I_Believe_The_Bible_Archaeology
Dr. Lawrence Stager on the Usage of "Biblical Archaeology"
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- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
From Vision Media Productions. Professor Lawrence Stager of Harvard University discusses the relevance of the term "Biblical Archaeology". Stager was recorded at the Annual Meeting of ASOR (American Schools of Oriental Research) in San Diego, CA, November 2007. Vision Media Productions Producer: Duane Abler
http://wn.com/Dr_Lawrence_Stager_on_the_Usage_of_Biblical_Archaeology
An Archaeologist Defends the Bible
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:54
- Updated: 12 Nov 2012
www.ultimatebiblereferencelibrary.com Respected archaeologist Don Patten, Ph D presents some interesting arguments discussing how recent excavations and discoveries in Jerusalem and Israel confirm the accuracy of the bible record. For more information please visit: www.ultimatebiblereferencelibrary.com
http://wn.com/An_Archaeologist_Defends_the_Bible
Part 3 - Biblical Archaeology: Rediscovering The Holy Land: CANAAN = ETHIOPIA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:30
- Updated: 04 May 2012
Rediscovering the Holy Land. A 10-part documentary highlighting the James Rappai Hypothesis. Produced by Breakthrough Discovery.
http://wn.com/Part_3_Biblical_Archaeology_Rediscovering_The_Holy_Land_CANAAN_=_ETHIOPIA
Ancient Civilizations in the Bible Archaeology Dig Site Prep
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:12
- Updated: 27 May 2012
Creating a simulated dig site for the Genesis Creation Science Institute's Ancient Civilizations in the Bible class with Nate Loper. www.GenesisScience.org
http://wn.com/Ancient_Civilizations_in_the_Bible_Archaeology_Dig_Site_Prep
Biblical Archaeology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 29 Sep 2012
Biblical Archaeology - The Basics of Archaeology. Randall Niles goes on a journey from Treasure Hunting to Soft Science. Biblical Archeology wasnt even a soft science prior to the 19th century -- it was merely treasure hunting and grave robbing. Now, early in the 21st century, we're protecting the excavations and cataloguing the artifacts. We've broken the code on ancient languages such as Sumerian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphics, so we can actually read what we're discovering. We've found tremendous support for the ancient world recorded in scripture! Visit www.allaboutthejourney.org to dig further into Biblical Archaeology and what the latest finds are revealing about the integrity of scripture. Also, go to www.RandallNiles.com to watch more videos surrounding the Basics of Archaeology.
http://wn.com/Biblical_Archaeology
The Biblical Benefits of Biblical Archaeology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 36:15
- Updated: 14 Aug 2012
Black Springs Baptist Church Milledgeville GA 31061
http://wn.com/The_Biblical_Benefits_of_Biblical_Archaeology
Bible Archaeology
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 41:44
- Updated: 19 Nov 2012
Searching for Evolutionists Who will Defend Their Position (DEBATE DODGERS) www.youtube.com Archaeology: Digging for the Truth of the Bible - www.youtube.com Merrill Frederick Unger (1909-1980) was a Bible commentator, scholar, and theologian. He earned his AB and Ph.D degrees at Johns Hopkins University, and his Th.M and Th.D degrees at Dallas Theological Seminary The Location of the Siloam Inscription [...when] (the tunnel) was driven through. And this was the way in which it was cut through: While [...] (were) still [...] axe(s), each man toward his fellow, and while there were still three cubits to be cut through, [there was heard] the voice of a man calling to his fellows, for there was an overlap in the rock on the right [and on the left]. And when the tunnel was driven through, the quarrymen hewed (the rock), each man toward his fellow, axe against axe; and the water flowed from the spring toward the reservoir for 1200 cubits, and the height of the rock above the head(s) of the quarrymen was 100 cubits.
http://wn.com/Bible_Archaeology
Part 4 - Biblical Archaeology: Rediscovering The Holy Land: THE PHARAOH OF THE EXODUS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:26
- Updated: 07 May 2012
Rediscovering the Holy Land. A 10-part documentary highlighting the James Rappai Hypothesis. Produced by Breakthrough Discovery
http://wn.com/Part_4_Biblical_Archaeology_Rediscovering_The_Holy_Land_THE_PHARAOH_OF_THE_EXODUS
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For the movement associated with William F. Albright and also known as biblical archaeology, see Biblical archaeology school. For the interpretation of biblical archaeology in relation to biblical historicity, see The Bible and history, and List of artifacts significant to the Bible.
This article presents technical information on major excavations and artifacts relating to biblical archaeology, defined as that archaeology which concerns itself with the biblical world.
Contents |
Periods in Biblical archaeology[link]
The list of periods for Syro-Palestinian archaeology below is drawn from the definitions provided by the Mercer Dictionary of the Bible, p. 55.[1]
- Bronze age: 3,200-1,200 BCE
- Early Bronze (EB) Age = 3200-2200 BCE
- Middle Bronze (MB) Age = 2200–1550 BCE
- MB I (formerly MB IIA) = 2200–2000
- MB II (formerly MB IIA) = 2,000-1,750
- MB III (formerly MB IIC) = 1750–1550
- Late Bronze (LB) Age = 1550–1200 BCE
- LB I = 1550–1400
- LB II = 1400–1200
- Iron Age: 1200-586 BCE
- Iron I = 1200–1000
- Iron IIA = 1000-930
- Iron IIB = 930-721
- Iron IIC = 721-586
- Babylonian period: 586-539 BCE
- Persian period: 539-332 BCE
- Hellenistic period = 332-63 BCE
- Early Hellenistic = 332-198
- Late Hellenistic = 198-63
- Roman period: 63 BCE-324 CE
Table I: Excavations and surveys[link]
| Year | Site | Biblical name | Excavated by | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1841 | Survey | N/a | Edward Robinson | Robinson's Biblical Researches in Palestine, the Sinai, Petrae and Adjacent Regions, based on his survey of the Near East conducted over several years, proposed Biblical names for modern sites. |
| 1871-77 | Survey | N/a | Charles Warren | The Survey of Western Palestine, published by the Palestine Exploration Fund, reflected Warren's detailed field surveys in Palestine and especially the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Major discoveries included the foundation stones of Herod's Temple, the first Iron Age Hebrew inscriptions (jar handles with LMLK seals), and water shafts under the City of David. |
| 1890 | Tell el-Hesi | Eglon | Sir Flinders Petrie | The site was believed at the time to be the biblical Lachish, but is now commonly identified with Eglon. Petrie noticed strata exposed by waterflow adjacent to the site, and popularized details of pottery groups excavated therefrom. This marked the introduction of scientific stratigraphy to Palestinian archaeology. |
| 1891-92 | Tell el-Hesi | Eglon | Frederick J. Bliss | N/a |
| 1898–1900 | Tell es-Safi | Gath? | Frederick J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister | N/a |
| 1898–1900 | Tell Zakariya | Azekah? | Frederick J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister | N/a |
| 1898–1900 | Tell ej-Judeideh | Moresheth-Gath or Libnah? | Frederick J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister | N/a |
| 1898–1900 | Tell Sandahannah | Mareshah? | Frederick J. Bliss and R.A.S. Macalister | N/a |
| 1902–3, 1907–9 | Gezer | Gezer | R.A.S. Macalister | The Gezer calendar was discovered on the surface during this excavation. |
| 1902–4 | Taanach | Taanach | Ernest Sellin | N/a |
| 1903–5 | Megiddo | Megiddo | Gottlieb Schumacher | N/a |
| 1905–7 | Galilee | Galilee | Herman Kohl, Ernest Sellin, and Carl Watzinger | A survey of ancient synagogues |
| 1907–9 | Shechem | Shechem | Ernest Sellin and Carl Watzinger | N/a |
| 1908, 1910–1 | Samaria | Samaria | David G. Lyon, Clarence S. Fisher, and George A. Reisner | N/a |
| 1911–3 | Beth Shemesh | Beth Shemesh | Duncan Mackenzie | N/a |
| 1921–3, 1925–8, 1930–3 Clarence S. Fisher, Alan Rowe, and Gerald M. Fitzgerald | Beth Shean | Beth Shean | Clarence S. Fisher, Alan Rowe, and Gerald M. Fitzgerald | N/a |
| 1922–3 | Tell el-Ful | Gibeah? | William F. Albright | N/a |
| 1925–39 | Megiddo | Megiddo | Clarence S. Fisher, P.L.O. Guy, and Gordon Loud | N/a |
| 1926, 1928, 1930, 1932 | Tell Beit Mirsim | Eglon or Debir–Kirjath Sepher? | William F. Albright | N/a |
| 1926–7, 1929, 1932, 1935 excavated | Mizpah[disambiguation needed  ] |
Mizpah[disambiguation needed ] |
William F. Bade | N/a |
| 1928–33 | Beth Shemesh | Beth Shemesh | Elihu Grant | N/a |
| 1930–6 excavated | Jericho | Jericho | John Garstang | N/a |
| 1931–3, 1935 excavated | Samaria | Samaria | John W. Crowfoot | N/a |
| 1932–38 | Lachish | Lachish | James L. Starkey | The excavation was tragically terminated when Starkey was killed by armed Arabs[2] near Hebron while on his way to the opening ceremonies of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in Jerusalem |
| 1936–40 | Beit She'arim | Beit She'arim | Benjamin Mazar | N/a |
| 1948–50, 1952–5 excavated | Jaffa | N/a | Jacob Kaplan | N/a |
| 1954, 1959–62 excavated | Ramat Rahel | N/a | Yohanan Aharoni | N/a |
| 1955–8, 1968 | Hazor | Hazor | Yigael Yadin | N/a |
| 1956–7, 1959–60, 1962 excavated | Gibeon | Gibeon | James B. Pritchard | N/a |
| 1961–7 excavated ) | Jerusalem (City of David) | N/a | Kathleen Kenyon | N/a |
| 1962–7 | Arad | Arad | Yohanan Aharoni and Ruth Amiran | N/a |
| 1962–3, 1965–72 | Ashdod | Ashdod | Moshe Dothan | N/a |
| 1963–5 excavated | Masada | N/a | Yigael Yadin | N/a |
| 1964–74 | Gezer | Gezer | G. Ernest Wright, William G. Dever, and Joe Seger | N/a |
| 1968–78 | Jerusalem (southwest corner of the Temple Mount) | Temple Mount | Benjamin Mazar | N/a |
| 1969–76 | Beersheba | Beersheba | Yohanan Aharoni and Ze'ev Herzog | N/a |
| 1969–82 | Jerusalem (Jewish Quarter) | Jerusalem | Nahman Avigad | N/a |
| 1973–94 | Lachish | Lachish | David Ussishkin | N/a |
| 1975–82 | Aroer | Aroer | Avraham Biran | Aroer is an Israelite town in the Negev Desert, not to be confused with the Moabite Aroer located in Jordan |
| 1977–9, 1981–9 | Timnah | Timnah | Amihai Mazar and George L. Kelm | N/a |
| 1978–85 | Jerusalem (City of David) | Jerusalem | Yigal Shiloh | N/a |
| 1979–80 | Ketef Hinnom | N/a | Gabriel Barkay | N/a |
| 1979, 1981–2, 1984–7, 1990–1, 1993–2000 | Khirbet Nisya | Ai (biblical place)? | David Livingston | N/a |
| 1981–2, 1984–8, 1990, 1992–6 | Ekron | Ekron | Trude Dothan and Seymour Gitin | N/a |
| 1989–96 | Beit-Shean | Beit-Shean | Amihai Mazar | N/a |
| 1994–2008 | Megiddo | Megiddo | Israel Finkelstein and David Ussishkin | N/a |
| 1996–2002, 2004–2008 | Tell es-Safi (identified as Biblical Gath of the Philistines) | Gath | Aren Maeir | N/a |
| 1997– | Tel Rehov | Amihai Mazar | N/a | |
| 1999–2001, 2005 | Tel Zayit | Zeitah | Ron Tappy | N/a |
| 2005 | Ramat Rahel | N/a | Oded Lipschits | N/a |
| 2005 | Nahal Tut | N/a | Amir Gorzalczany and Gerald Finkielsztejn excavated | N/a |
| 2007 | Khirbet Qeiyafa | N/a | Yosef Garfinkel and Saar Ganor | N/a |
Table II: Artifacts[link]
| Item | Date of artifact | Provenance | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Foundations stones of Herodian Temple | N/a | Identified during topographic surveys carried out by Charles Warren in the 1860s under the sponsorship of the Palestine Exploration Fund. | N/a |
| LMLK seals | 8th century BC? | Found under controlled conditions at sites throughout Iron Age Palestine. | Seal-impressions bearing the letters LMLK on jar handles, associated with the reign of the biblical king Hezekiah of Judah. |
| Water shafts under the City of David | 9th century BC? | Discovered during Charles Warren's survey of Jerusalem in the 1860s. | N/a |
| Nag Hammadi library | N/a | Discovered by peasants near the town of Nag Hammadi in Egypt. | A collection of early Christian Gnostic texts also known as the "Gnostic Gospels". |
| Dead Sea Scrolls | c.350 BC - 68 AD | Discovered in caves near the Dead Sea between 1947–1956. | The Scrolls comprise some 800 documents in tens of thousands of fragments. Written in Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek, they contain biblical and apocryphal works, prayers and legal texts and sectarian documents. |
| Ketef Hinnom scrolls | Immediately prior to 586 BC | Found under controlled conditions by Gabriel Barkay during the excavation of an ancient burial chamber. | Two small silver scrolls containing texts similar to, although not identical with, the Priestly Blessing from the Book of Numbers and parallel verses of Exodus (20:6) and Deuteronomy (5:10 and 7:9). These are the oldest biblical fragments yet found. |
| Gibeon pool (at el-Jib) | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| Hezekiah tunnel under Jerusalem | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| Walls of Jericho | 1550 BC (destruction of) | N/a | Excavated by John Garstang in the 1930s and dated to around 1400 BC; re-excavated by Kathleen Kenyon in the 1950s and redated to around 1550 BC. Bryant Wood's 1990 proposed reversion of Kenyon's dates to Garstang has not been supported by subsequent studies. |
| Siege ramp of Sennacherib at Lachish | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| Pool of Siloam | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| Western/Wailing wall | 1st century BC | N/a | The wall was originally a retaining wall for the Herodian temple complex. |
| Shechem temple | Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age | N/a | Cf. the "House of (the god) Baalberith" in Judges 9. |
| 19 tumuli located west of Jerusalem | Iron Age | N/a | The 19 tumuli dating to the Judean monarchy possibly represent sites of memorial ceremonies for the kings as mentioned in 2 Chronicles 16:14, 21:19, 32:33, and the book of Jeremiah 34:5 |
| Boundary markers for Gezer walls and city gate. | N/a | N/a | 1st century BC Hebrew inscriptions found engraved on rocks several hundred meters from the tel read "boundary of Gezer." |
| Nehemiah's wall.[3] | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| Arad ostraca | N/a | N/a | A collection of ostraca (inscribed pottery fragments) from Arad. |
| Signet bullae (rings engraved with the owner's name, or impressions left by these rings) | 9th-4th centuries BC | Found in both controlled and non-controlled conditions | The bullae feature many names known from biblical texts. |
| Balaam texts | N/a | Found during controlled excavations at Deir Alla, Jordan. | The texts (painted in ink on a plastered wall and painstakingly reconstructed) describe the visions of seer named Balaam (cf. Numbers 22–24) |
| Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III | N/a | N/a | The obelisk depicts Jehu, son of Omri, king of Israel, and also mentions Hazael of Aram/Damascus/Syria (cf. 2 Kings 8–10) |
| Caiaphas (Qafa) family ossuaries | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| Ebla tablets | 4th millennium BC | N/a | The tablets are the royal archives of the ancient kingdom of Ebla in what is now Syria. |
| Ekron inscription | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| "Goliath" ostracon | N/a | Discovered under controlled conditions during excavations by A. Maeir at Tell es-Safi (biblical Gath) | The ostracon (pottery fragment) is incised with nine letters representing two names (אלות and ולת) etymologically related to Goliath (גלית). |
| Herod's tomb at Herodium | N/a | N/a | N/a |
| Tel Dan Stele | N/a | Discovered as a surface find during a controlled excavation at Dan, a city marking the northern boundary of the ancient kingdom of Israel. | The stele contains an inscription by an Aramean king describing his victory over two other kings, one of them the king of Israel, the other a king described as being of the "House of David", although this is disputed. This represents the earliest known instance of this phrase from an archaeological context. |
| Izbet Sartah ostracon | 1200–1000 BC | Found in the silo of an unfortified village (possibly biblical Eben-Ezer, 2 miles east of Philistine Aphek at Antipatris) occupied from 1200–1000 BC | 5 incised lines of 80–83 letters (readings of epigraphers vary), the last line being an abecedary.[4] |
| Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets | 6th century BC | Excavated from Babylon during 1899–1917 by Robert Koldewey, stored in a barrel-vaulted underground building consisting of rows of rooms near the Ishtar Gate[5] | The tablets describe the rations set aside for a royal captive identified with Jehoiachin, king of Judah (Cf. 2 Kings 24:12,15–6; 25:27–30; 2 Chronicles 36:9–10; Jeremiah 22:24–6; 29:2; 52:31–4; Ezekiel 17:12). The texts are:
|
| Lachish ostraca | Late 7th century BC | N/a | The ostraca (inscribed pottery fragments) describe conditions in Judah shortly before the first Babylonian invasion. Letter #3 mentions a warning from the prophet; letter #4 names Lachish and Azekah as among the last places being conquered (cf. Jeremiah 34:7); letter #6 describes a conspiracy reminiscent of Jeremiah 38:19 and 39:9 using phraseology nearly identical to Jeremiah 38:4. |
| Nabonidus cylinder | N/a | Found in the Temple of Shamash in Sippara | The cylinder names Belshazzar as the son of Nabonidus, the last king of Babylon |
| Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet | N/a | Sippar | The tablet mentions a Babylonian official (Nebo-Sarsekim) who may be an identical with Sarsekim, an official mentioned in Jeremiah 39:3. |
| Pim weights | First specimen found by R.A.S. Macalister at Gezer; many others found since. | N/a | Inscribed with a previously unknown word that facilitated a better translation of 1Samuel 13:21 |
| Lachish reliefs | N/a | Found during excavations of Sennacherib's palace at Nineveh | The reliefs depict the Assyrian conquest of Lachish. |
| Pontius Pilate inscription | 1st century AD | Found in secondary use in a stairway of the Roman theater in Caesarea | The threeline inscription (eroded portion in brackets is speculative but undisputed) reads:
"The prefect of Judaea, Pontius Pilate, erected the Tiberium (in honor of Tiberius Caesar)" |
| Sargon II's Conquest of Samaria inscription (ANET 284) | N/a | Found at Khorsabad (modern Iran) in 1843 by P.E. Botta | The inscription reads: "I besieged and conquered Samaria, led away as booty 27,290 inhabitants of it. ... The town I rebuilt better than it was before and settled therein people from countries which I myself had conquered." (Cf. 2 Kings 17:23–24) |
| Sennacherib Prisms | 7th century BC | Of the three similar specimens (stored in Chicago, London, Jerusalem), the Taylor prism is the only one with provenance (excavated from Nineveh) | The inscription mentions Hezekiah of Judah being left at Jerusalem "like a caged bird" rather than being killed for disloyalty. (Cf. 2 Kings 19:36; 2 Chronicles 32:21-22) |
| Tiglath-Pileser III's inscriptions | N/a | Found at Nimrud by A.H. Layard | ANET 282: "I received the tribute of ... Jehoahaz of Judah" (incident not mentioned in the Bible); ANET 283: "As for Menahem I overwhelmed him ... I placed Hoshea as king over them." (Cf. 2 Kings 15:19 and 17:3) |
| Zayit Stone | 10th century BC or earlier. | Discovered during controlled excavations at Tel Zayit by Ron Tappy | Limestone boulder incised with an abecedary and remnants of other inscriptions in a South Canaanite development of the basic Phoenician script common to the Palestinian Levant. The wall in which the boulder was found was sealed by a destruction layer dated to the 10th century BC, but the inscription pre-dates the destruction layer and may belong to the early-mid 11th century BC. |
| Elephantine papyri | N/a | Upper Egypt. The papyri are not from controlled excavations but their authenticity is undoubted. | The papyri are from a Jewish community living in Egypt during the Persian Empire. They record, among other matters, the relationship of this community with the Temple in Jerusalem. |
| Kurkh Monolith | N/a | Discovered by J.E. Taylor at Diyarbekir, Turkey, in 1861. | This monolith of Shalmaneser III mentions "2,000 chariots, 10,000 foot soldiers of Ahab the Israelite" |
| Merneptah Stele | c.1200 BC (commonly dated to 1207 BC) | Egypt | The stele (monumental stone inscription) of the Egyptian Pharaoh Merneptah contains the earliest reference to a people called Israel. |
| Mesha stele | N/a | Discovered at Dhiban, Jordan (ancient Moab), in 1868. | The stele, erected by the Moabite king Meshe, mentions the Israelite king Omri and records vessels of YHWH received as tribute. |
| Siloam inscription in the Hezekiah tunnel, Jerusalem. | N/a | The tunnel was documented by Robinson in 1838,but the inscription (near the centre of tunnel, where the two work-gangs met) was not discovered until 1880. It was removed from Jerusalem the same year, and is presently in the Archaeological Museum at Istanbul. | The inscription records the completion of the tunnel, intended to bring water into the city. |
See also[link]
- Archaeology of Israel
- Bible
- Biblical maximalism
- Biblical minimalism
- The Bible and History
- History of ancient Israel and Judah
- List of Biblical figures identified in extra-Biblical sources
- List of artifacts significant to the Bible
- Palestinian archaeology
- Synoptic table of the principal old world prehistoric cultures
- Biblical Archaeology Review
Footnotes[link]
- ^ Mills and Bullard, 1990, p. 55.
- ^ UN Archives REPORT by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the year 1938
- ^ Etgar Lefkovits, "Nehemiah's wall uncovered", The Jerusalem Post
- ^ See Chapter 3 of In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language (Hoffman 2004) for the linguistic importance of the Hebrew. See plates in The Text of the Old Testament (Wurthwein 1995) for a facsimile of the ostracon.
- ^ "Documents from Old Testament Times" by D. Winton Thomas, 1958 (1961 edition), Edinburgh and Longdon: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., p. 84.
Further reading[link]
- William F. Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1940)
- Anati E. Palestine Before the Hebrews: A History, From the Earliest Arrival of Man to the Conquest of Canaan, 1963
- John Bright, A History of Israel(Philadelphia: Westminster, 1959).
- Chapman, and J.N. Tubb, Archaeology & The Bible (British Museum, 1990)
- Cornfeld, G.and D.N. Freedman, Archaeology Of The Bible Book By Book (1989)
- Davies, P.R., In Search of 'Ancient Israel': A Study in Biblical Origins, Sheffield (JSOT Press, 1992). A key resource in the maximalist/minimalist controversy by a leading minimalist scholar.
- Davis, Thomas,, Shifting sands: the rise and fall of Biblical archaeology (2004)
- Dever, William G., "Archaeology and the Bible : Understanding their special relationship", in Biblical Archaeology Review 16:3, (May/June 1990)
- Dever, William G. (2002). What Did the Biblical Writers Know and When Did They Know It?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-2126-X.
- Dever, William G. (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-0975-8.
- Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001), The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts, New York: Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-7432-2338-1, http://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Finkelstein+Bible+Unearthed+Exodus+unoccupied&btnG=Search+Books .
- Frend, William Hugh Clifford, The Archaeology of Early Christianity. A History, Geoffrey Chapman, 1997. ISBN 0-225-66850-5
- Frerichs, Ernest S. and Leonard H. Lesko eds. Exodus: The Egyptian Evidence. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 1997 ISBN 1-57506-025-6 Collection of six essays. Denver Seminary review
- Hallote, R. Bible, Map and Spade: The American Palestine Exploration Society, Frederick Jones Bliss and the Forgotten Story of Early American Biblical Archaeology, (Gorgias Press, 2006) Discusses American involvement in biblical archaeology before 1900.
- Herzog, Ze'ev (October 29, 1999), Deconstructing the walls of Jericho, Ha'aretz, http://mideastfacts.org/facts/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=34 .
- Keller, Werner, The Bible as History, 1955. A widely read but very outdated popular account, approximately fifty years old.
- Kitchen, Kenneth A., On the Reliability of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2003)
- Kuntz, John Kenneth. The People of Ancient Israel: an introduction to Old Testament Literature, History, and Thought, Harper and Row, 1974. ISBN 0-06-043822-3
- Lance, H.D. The Old Testament and The Archaeologist. London, (1983)
- Mazar, A., Archaeology of the Land of the Bible (The Anchor Bible Reference Library, 1990)
- Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2004). Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200–539 B.C.E. SBL Academia Biblica series, no. 12. Atlanta, Ga.: Society of Biblical Literature.
- Mykytiuk, Lawrence J. (2009),"Corrections and Updates to 'Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200-539 B.C.E.,' " Maarav 16/1, pp. 49–132.
- Negev, Avraham, and Gibson, Shimon, (eds.) (2003). Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land. New York, NY: The Continuum International Publishing Group.
- Ramsey, George W. The Quest For The Historical Israel. London (1982)
- Robinson, Edward (1856) Biblical Researches in Palestine, 1838–52, Boston, MA: Crocker and Brewster.
- Thiollet, J-P, Je m'appelle Byblos, Paris (2005).
- Thompson, J.A., The Bible And Archaeology, revised edition (1973)
- Winstone, H.V.F. The Life of Sir Leonard Woolley of Ur, London, 1990
- Wright, G. Ernest, Biblical Archaeology. Philadelphia: Westminster, (1962).
- Yamauchi, E. The Stones And The Scriptures. London: IVP, (1973).
- Biblical Archaeology Society
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There are many people in history who are commonly appended with the phrase "the Great", or who were called that or an equivalent phrase in their own language. Other languages have their own suffixes such as e Bozorg and e azam in Persian and Urdu respectively.
In Persia, the title "the Great" at first seems to be a colloquial version of the Old Persian title "Great King". This title was first used by the conqueror Cyrus II of Persia.[1]
The Persian title was inherited by Alexander III of Macedon (336–323 BC) when he conquered the Persian Empire, and the epithet "Great" eventually became personally associated with him. The first reference (in a comedy by Plautus)[2] assumes that everyone knew who "Alexander the Great" was; however, there is no earlier evidence that Alexander III of Macedon was called "the Great".
The early Seleucid kings, who succeeded Alexander in Persia, used "Great King" in local documents, but the title was most notably used for Antiochus the Great (223–187 BC).
Later rulers and commanders began to use the epithet "the Great" as a personal name, like the Roman general Pompey. Others received the surname retrospectively, like the Carthaginian Hanno and the Indian emperor Ashoka the Great. Once the surname gained currency, it was also used as an honorific surname for people without political careers, like the philosopher Albert the Great.
As there are no objective criteria for "greatness", the persistence of later generations in using the designation greatly varies. For example, Louis XIV of France was often referred to as "The Great" in his lifetime but is rarely called such nowadays, while Frederick II of Prussia is still called "The Great". A later Hohenzollern - Wilhelm I - was often called "The Great" in the time of his grandson Wilhelm II, but rarely later.
Contents |
Rulers[link]
- Abbas I of Persia (1571–1629), Shah of Iran
- Akbar (1542–1605), ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, mainly India
- Alain I of Albret (1440–1522), French aristocrat
- Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), King of Macedonia, Persia, Greece, Egypt, and all of Mesopotamia
- Alexander I of Georgia (1386–1446), King of Georgia
- Alfonso III of León (c. 848-910), King of León, Galicia and Asturias
- Alfred the Great (848/849-899), King of Wessex
- Antiochus III the Great (c. 241–187 BC), ruler of the Seleucid Empire
- Ashoka the Great (c. 304–232 BC), Indian emperor of the Maurya dynasty
- Ashot I of Iberia “the Great”(died 826/830), presiding prince of Iberia (modern Georgia),
- Askia Mohammad I (c. 1442–1538), ruler of the Songhai Empire
- Bhumibol Adulyadej (born 1927), King of Thailand
- Bolesław I Chrobry (967-1025), sometimes called "the Great", first King of Poland
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the following section)
- Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (1736–1809), founder and ruler of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (in what is now Thailand)
- Cnut the Great (c. 985 or 995-1035), King of Denmark, England, Norway and parts of Sweden
- Casimir III the Great (1310–1370), King of Poland
- Catherine the Great (1729–1796), Empress of Russia
- Chandragupta II (reigned 375-413/415), also known as Vikramaditya, ruler of the Gupta empire in India
- Charlemagne (died 814), King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans
- Chulalongkorn (1853–1910), King of Siam (now Thailand)
- Chlothar II (584-629), King of Neustria and King of the Franks
- Conrad, Margrave of Meissen (c. 1097-1157), Margrave of Meissen
- Constantine I (c. 272-337), Roman emperor
- Cyaxares the Great (c. 625-585 BC), third king of Media
- Cyrus the Great (c. 600 BC or 576 BC–530 BC), founder and ruler of the Persian or Achaemenid Empire
- Darius the Great (550 – 486 BC), third ruler of the Persian Empire
- Devapala (died 850), ruler of the Pala Empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Dionysius I, Greek tyrant of Syracuse[3]
- Ferdinand I of León and Castile (c. 1015–1065), King of León and Count of Castile
- Frederick the Great (1712–1786), King of Prussia
- Genghis Khan (1162?-1227), founder and Great Khan of the Mongol Empire
- Gero (c. 900–965), ruler of Marca Geronis, a very large march in Europe
- Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594–1632), King of Sweden, founder of the Swedish Empire, and noted military leader
- Gwanggaeto the Great, King of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea[4][5]
- Hanno the Great, the name of three leaders of Carthage, in the 4th, 3rd, and 2nd centuries BC
- Henry I, Duke of Burgundy (946–1002)
- Henry IV of France (1553–1610), King of France and King of Navarre
- Herod the Great (73/74 BC-4 BC), King of Judea
- Hugh the Great (898-956), Duke of the Franks and Count of Paris
- Hugh Magnus of France (1007–1025), co-King of France
- Hugh I, Count of Vermandois (1057–1101)
- Humphrey I de Bohun (died c. 1123), Anglo-Norman aristocrat
- Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Tsar of Russia
- John I of Portugal (1358–1433), King of Portugal and the Algarve
- John II of Aragon (1398–1479), King of Aragon and, through his wife, King of Navarre
- Justinian I (483-565), Byzantine Emperor
- Kamehameha I (c. 1758-1819), first King of Hawai'i
- Kanishka (died c. 127), ruler of the Kushan Empire in Central Asia and parts of India
- Kvirike III of Kakheti (1010–1029), King of Kakheti in eastern Georgia
- Kublai Khan (1215–1294), Mongol ruler in the 13th century and Emperor of China; founder of the Yuan Dynasty
- Llywelyn the Great (c. 1172–1240), Prince of Gwynedd and de facto ruler of most of Wales
- Louis I of Hungary (1326–1382), King of Hungary, Croatia and Poland
- Mangrai the Great (1238–1317), Lanna, northern Thailand
- Emperor Meiji (1852–1912), Emperor of Japan
- Mircea I of Wallachia (1355–1418)
- Mithridates II of Parthia (died 88 BC), ruler of the Parthian Empire (in present day Iran)
- Mithridates VI of Pontus (134 BC–63 BC), ruler of Pontus and the Bosporan Kingdom
- Mstislav I of Kiev (1076–1132), Grand Prince of Kievan Rus
- Naresuan (1555–1605), King of Ayutthaya
- Narai (1633–1688), King of Ayutthaya (in what is now modern Thailand)
- Odo the Great (died c. 735), Duke of Aquitaine
- Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (912-973)
- K'inich Janaab' Pakal (603-683), ruler of the Mayan city-state of Palenque
- Parakramabahu I of Polonnaruwa (1123–1186), King of Sri Lanka
- Peter Krešimir IV of Croatia (died 1075), King of Croatia
- Peter the Great (1672–1725), Tsar of Russia
- Peter III of Aragon (1239–1285), King of Aragon and King of Sicily
- Pompey (106 BC-48 BC), military and political leader of the late Roman Republic, rival of Julius Caesar
- Radama I (1793–1828), first king of greater Madagascar
- Raja Raja Chola I (c. 947-1014), Indian emperor of the Cholas.[6][7][8]
- Rajendra Chola I (reigned 1014–1044), Tamil King of India
- Ramesses II (reigned 1279 BC – 1213 BC), considered the greatest pharaoh of Ancient Egypt
- Ram Khamhaeng (around 1237 to 1247-1298), King of Sukhothai (in present day Thailand)
- Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona (1082–1131), also Count of Provence and various other counties
- Rhodri the Great (c. 820–878), King of Gwynedd (in present day Wales)
- Roman the Great (after 1160-1205), Grand Prince of Kiev
- Saladin (c. 1138-1193), Kurdish Sultan of Egypt and Syria, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, and victor over the Crusaders
- Samudragupta (c. 335–375), ruler of the Gupta empire in the Indian subcontinent
- Sancho III of Navarre (c. 992-1035), King of Kingdom of Navarre
- Sargon of Akkad (died c. 2215 BC), ruler of the Akkadian Empire
- Sejong the Great (1397–1450), Korean king[9]
- Shapur II (309-379), king of the Sassanid Empire, Persia
- Simeon I of Bulgaria (864/865-927), ruler of the First Bulgarian Empire
- Stephen III of Moldavia (1433–1504), Prince of Moldavia (Romania)
- Stephen Uroš IV Dušan of Serbia (c. 1308-1355), King of Serbia and Emperor of the Serbs and Greeks
- Taksin (1734–1782), King of the Thonburi Kingdom (Thailand)
- Tamar (1160-1123), Queen of the Georgian Empire
- Timur (1336–1405), better known as Tamerlane, founder of the Timurid Dynasty
- Theobald II, Count of Champagne (1090–1151), Count of Blois and of Chartres as Theobald IV, Count of Champagne and of Brie
- Theodoric the Great (454-526), King of the Ostrogoths, regent of the Visigoths and a viceroy of the Byzantine Empire
- Theodosius I (347-395), Roman emperor
- Tigranes the Great (140-55 BC), Emperor of Armenia
- Tiridates III of Armenia (285-339), King of Armenia
- Umar (c. 586 to 590–644), second caliph of the Muslim Empire
- Valdemar I of Denmark (1131–1182), King of Denmark
- Valentinian I (364-375), Roman Emperor
- Vladimir I of Kiev (c. 958-1015), ruler of Kievan Rus
- Vytautas (c. 1350-1430), archduke of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy
- William I, Count of Burgundy (1020–1087), Count of Burgandy and Mâcon
- William V, Duke of Aquitaine (969-1030), also Count of Poitou
- Xerxes I (519-465 BC), King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire (Persia)
- Yu the Great (c. 2200-2100 BC), legendary ruler in ancient China
Religious figures[link]
- Abraham the Great of Kashkar (ca. 492-586), monk and saint of the Assyrian Church of the East
- Abraham Kidunaia (died c. 366, hermit, priest, and Christian saint of Mesopotamia
- Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–1280), medieval German philosopher and theologian
- Anthony the Great (c. 251–356), early Christian saint of Egypt
- Babai the Great (c. 551–628), Assyrian church leader
- Basil of Caesarea (330-379), Greek bishop and theologian
- Bruno the Great (925–965), Archbishop of Cologne and Duke of Lotharingia (also listed in the previous section)
- Euthymius the Great (377-473), abbot and Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox saint
- Gertrude the Great (1256-c. 1302), German Benedictine, mystic, theologian and Roman Catholic saint
- Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604)
- Hiyya the Great, 3rd-century rabbi, Palestine
- Pope John Paul II (1920–2005)
- Pope Leo I (c. 391 or 400-461)
- Macarius of Egypt (c. 300-391), Egyptian hermit
- Pope Nicholas I (c. 800-867)
- Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Eastern Orthodox saint and Patriarch of Constantinople
- William of Maleval (died 1157), founder of the Catholic congregation of Williamites
Other[link]
- Beli Mawr, a figure in medieval Welsh literature and genealogies
- Emmy the Great, folk singer
- Matteo Rosso the Great, Roman politician and father of Pope Nicholas III
- Prokop the Great, Hussite general in Bohemia
See also[link]
- Epithet
- List of monarchs by nickname
- List of nicknames of European Royalty and Nobility: G-I
- James, son of Zebedee, also known as James the Greater, one of the twelve apostles of Jesus
- Ajax (mythology), called Ajax the Greater
- Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, whose common honorific "Mahatma" means "Great Soul"
Notes[link]
- ^ In a clay cylinder (online). The expression was used in a propagandistic context: the conqueror wants to show he is a normal Babylonian ruler. The first Persian ruler to use the title in an Iranian context was Darius I of Persia (Darius the Great), in the Behistun Inscription (online).
- ^ Plautus, Mostellaria 775.
- ^ History, Instituto Geografico De Agostini S.p.A., p. 479
- ^ World and Its Peoples:Korea. Marshall Cavendish Corporation. September 2008. p. 887. ISBN 0-7614-7631-8.
- ^ Alison Behnke (2004). North Korea in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 70. ISBN 0-8225-1908-9. http://books.google.com/?id=ovWvhyLc6hAC&pg=RA1-PA70&dq=%22Gwanggaeto+the+Great%22.
- ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar (December 1919). "An English History of India". Political Science Quarterly 34 (4): 644–653. DOI:10.2307/2142032. JSTOR 2142032. ""The finances of the state were not more centralized under Louis XIV than under Rajaraja the Great.""
- ^ "Heaven sent: Michael Wood explores the art of the Chola dynasty". Royal Academy, UK. http://www.royalacademy.org.uk/ra-magazine/winter2006/features/heven-sent,47,RAMA.html. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ "The Chola Dynasty: Accession of Rajaraja, the Great". Sify.com. http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13219885. Retrieved 2007-04-26.
- ^ Christoph Bluth; Gareth Schott (2007). Korea. Polity. p. 10. ISBN 0-7456-3356-0.
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| Hector Avalos | |
|---|---|
| 280px | |
| Born | (1958-10-08) 8 October 1958 (age 53) Nogales, Sonora, Mexico |
| Residence | Ames IA |
| Fields | Religious Studies |
| Institutions | Iowa State University |
| Alma mater | Harvard University Harvard Divinity School University of Arizona |
| Known for | World renowned opposition to the intelligent design movement, opposition to religion |
Hector Avalos (born in Nogales, Sonora, México, October 8, 1958) is a professor of Religious Studies at Iowa State University and the author of several books about religion.[1] He is a former Pentecostal preacher and child evangelist.[2]
He has a Doctor of Philosophy in Hebrew Bible and Near Eastern Studies from Harvard University (1991), a Master of Theological Studies from Harvard Divinity School (1985), and a Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology from the University of Arizona in 1982.
Avalos arrived at Iowa State University in the Fall of 1993 after completing a postdoctoral fellowship (1991–93) in the departments of Anthropology and Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. In 1996 Avalos was named Professor of the Year at Iowa State University, where he was also named a Master Teacher for 2003–04. Other awards include The Early Achievement in Research and Creative Activity Award (College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 1996), and the Outstanding Professor Award (College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, 1996)[1].
Avalos is an internationally recognized opponent of neo-creationism and the intelligent design movement, and is frequently linked to Guillermo Gonzalez, an astrophysicist and proponent of intelligent design who was denied tenure at Iowa State University in 2007. Avalos co-authored a statement against intelligent design in 2005, which was eventually signed by over 130 faculty members at Iowa State University. That faculty statement became a model for other statements at the University of Northern Iowa and at the University of Iowa.[citation needed] Gonzalez and Avalos are both featured in the movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed (2008).
Avalos is an atheist activist and advocate of secular humanist ethics.
Contents |
Research and publication[link]
Avalos' first major work was Illness and Health Care in the Ancient Near East: The Role of the Temple in Greece, Mesopotamia, and Israel (1995), published in the Harvard Semitic Monograph series. The book was the first to combine systematically critical biblical studies with medical anthropology to reconstruct the health care systems of Greece, Mesopotamia, and Israel.[3] In Health Care and the Rise of Christianity (1999) Avalos outlined the thesis that Christianity began, in part, as a health care reform movement that sought to address the problems voiced by patients in the Greco-Roman world.[4]
Since 2004, Avalos had turned his attention to the study of U.S. Latinos, the name given to people who live in the United States and trace their ancestry to the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America. Latinos are now the largest "minority" in the United States, numbering over 40 million persons. By then, Avalos also served as General Editor of Religion in the Americas book series for Brill Publishers. He was the editor of, and a contributor to, Introduction to the U.S. Latina and Latino Religious Experience (2004), which aimed to be the first general textbook on U.S. Latino/a religions. It was unusual because it covered groups such as Dominicans and Central Americans, which most other books on Latino religion usually overlook.[citation needed]
His book Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence (2005) used scarce resource theory to explain the role of religion in violence. Avalos argues that all conflict is usually the result of some resource that is either scarce or perceived to be scarce. This could range from love in a family to energy on a global scale. When religion causes violence, it does so because it has created a new scarce resource somewhere. Such scarce resources could include sacred space ("The Holy Land"), group privileging, and eternal life. Violence may result from the effort to maintain or acquire these religiously-created resources, and people may be willing to give or take life in pursuit of these resources. However, unlike scarcities that are verifiable (e.g., water, oil), resources such as eternal life are unverifiable and created entirely by religious bellief. Therefore, when one kills for religious reasons, one is usually trading actual lives for resources that are either not scarce or cannot even be verified to exist. He made the further argument that religious violence is always immoral, whereas secular violence is only sometimes immoral. The book also offered a scathing critique of religionist scholars who defended biblical violence and genocide, as well as a critique of the thesis that the Nazi Holocaust was an example of atheistic violence. Avalos and his book were featured on National Public Radio's Talk of the Nation on August 22, 2005. It established his position as a critic of religion alongside Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett.
The same year, Avalos published Strangers in Our Own Land: Religion in U.S. Latina/o Literature (2005), which was the first systematic study of how Latino authors address issues of religion and specific religions (e.g., Judaism, Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, African Religions, and Indigenous religions).
In 2007 Avalos published The End of Biblical Studies (2007) where he argued that academic biblical scholarship was primarily an apologetic religionist enterprise meant to provide the illusion that the Bible was still a culturally and morally superior authority. He critiqued numerous fields (translation, archaeology, history, textual criticism, literary aesthetics) arguing the discipline was permeated with pro-religionist biases. John Merrill of the Biblical Archaeology Review writes that "instead of being constructive, Avalos’s arguments come off in the end as an exercise in emotional nihilism whose conclusions seem ultimately self-defeating."[5]
This Abled Body: Rethinking Disabilities in Biblical Studies, published also in 2007, saw Avalos returning to health care studies. He contributed to, and co-edited (with Sarah Melcher and Jeremy Schipper), an anthology that explores how biblical authors conceptualize the human body and deviations from "normative" views of the human body.[6]
In 2011, Avalos published Slavery, Abolitionism, and the Ethics of Biblical Scholarship (Sheffield Phoenix Press), which seeks to deconstruct the claim that reliance on biblical and Christian ethics was a main factor in the abolition of slavery in western civilizations.[7]
In addition to books, Avalos has published dozens of articles in peer reviewed and semi-scholarly periodicals (e.g., Journal of Biblical Literature, Journal of Hispanic/Latino Theology, Catholic Biblical Quarterly, and Traditio), as well as in standard reference books such as The Anchor Bible Dictionary (1992), The Oxford Companion to the Bible (1993), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East (1996), Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible (2000), and The New Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible (2006–).The subjects have ranged from Astronomy and the Bible to targumic textual criticism.
Books[link]
- Slavery, Abolitionism, and the Ethics of Biblical Scholarship (Sheffield,UK: Sheffield Phoenix Press, 2011) ISBN 978-1-907534-28-7
- This Abled Body: Rethinking Disabilities in Biblical Studies (co-edited with Sarah Melcher and Jeremy Schipper) (Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007) ISBN 1-58983-186-1.
- The End of Biblical Studies (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2007) ISBN 1-59102-536-2.
- Strangers in Our Own Land: Religion in U.S. Latina/o Literature, (Nashville: Abingdon, 2005) ISBN 0-687-33045-9.
- Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence, (Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2005) ISBN 1-59102-284-3
- Introduction to the U.S. Latina and Latino Religious Experience, (Editor; Boston: Brill, 2004) ISBN 0-391-04240-8.
- Se puede saber si Dios existe? [Can One Know if God Exists?]. (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Press, 2003) ISBN 1-59102-043-3.
- Health Care and the Rise of Christianity, (Peabody: Mass: Hendrickson Press, 1999) ISBN 1-56563-337-7.
- Illness and Health Care in the Ancient Near East: The Role of the Temple in Greece, Mesopotamia, and Israel (Harvard Semitic Monographs 54: Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1995) ISBN 0-7885-0098-8.
- A chapter called, "Why Biblical studies must end" p107 in The End of Christianity edited by John W. Loftus, (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2011) ISBN 1-61614-413-5.
References[link]
- ^ "Hector Avalos Publications". Iowa State University. 2007. http://www.las.iastate.edu/latinostudies/avalospubs.shtml. Retrieved 2007-12-17.
- ^ Langfeldt, Bryan. "Hector Avalos: An Unlikely Atheist". Iowa State Daily. Iowa State Daily. http://www.iowastatedaily.com/news/image_5ba2ec2c-eb80-11df-9789-001cc4c002e0.html. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
- ^ Noegel, Scott. "Review of Health Care in the Ancient Near East". Jewish Studies (Association for Jewish Studies). JSTOR 1486871.
- ^ Shelton, W. Brian. "Review of Health Care and the Rise of Christianity". Journal of Early Christian Studies. Journal of Early Christian Studies. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/earl/summary/v009/9.2shelton.html.
- ^ John Merrill, "Review: The End of Biblical Studies", Biblical Archaeology Review.
- ^ https://secure.aidcvt.com/sbl/ProdDetails.asp?ID=060655P&PCS=SBL
- ^ http://www.sheffieldphoenix.com/showbook.asp?bkid=181
External links[link]
- Hector Avalos Faculty Webpage
- Works by or about Hector Avalos in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Hector Avalos debates William Lane Craig — Resurrection of Jesus: Fact or Fiction?
| Persondata | |
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| Name | Avalos, Hector |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | October 8, 1958 |
| Place of birth | Nogales, Sonora, México |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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| Date of birth: | (1913-11-15)November 15, 1913 |
| Place of birth: | Savoy, Texas, U.S. |
| Date of death: | December 1983 (age 70) |
| Career information | |
|---|---|
| Position(s): | Running back |
| College: | North Texas |
| Organizations | |
| As player: | |
| 1934-1935 1935 |
Boston Redskins Brooklyn Dodgers |
| Playing stats at NFL.com | |
Weldon H. Wright (November 15, 1913 – December 1983) was an American football running back in the National Football League for the Boston Redskins and the Brooklyn Dodgers. He played college football at the University of North Texas.
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Wright, Ted |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American football player |
| Date of birth | November 15, 1913 |
| Place of birth | Savoy, Texas, U.S. |
| Date of death | 1983 |
| Place of death | |
 |
This biographical article relating to an American football running back born in the 1910s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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| James Randi | |
|---|---|
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| Born | Randall James Hamilton Zwinge (1928-08-07) August 7, 1928 (age 83) Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Nationality | Canadian American |
| Occupation | Magician, illusionist, writer, skeptic |
| Religion | None (atheist)[1] |
| Website | |
| www.randi.org | |
James Randi (born Randall James Hamilton Zwinge; August 7, 1928[2]) is a Canadian-American stage magician and scientific skeptic[3][4] best known as a challenger of paranormal claims and pseudoscience. Randi is the founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi began his career as a magician named The Amazing Randi, but after retiring at age 60, he began investigating paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims, which he collectively calls "woo-woo".[5]
Although often referred to as a "debunker", Randi rejects that title owing to its perceived bias, instead describing himself as an "investigator".[6] He has written about the paranormal, skepticism, and the history of magic. He was a frequent guest on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and was occasionally featured on the television program Penn & Teller: Bullshit!. The JREF sponsors The One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge offering a prize of US$1,000,000 to eligible applicants[7] who can demonstrate evidence of any paranormal, supernatural or occult power or event under test conditions agreed to by both parties.[8]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Randi was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and has a younger brother and sister.[9] He took up magic after seeing Harry Blackstone, Sr[10] and reading magic books while spending 13 months in a body cast following a bicycle accident. He confounded doctors who expected he would never walk again.[11] Although a brilliant student, Randi often skipped school, and he dropped out of high school at 17 to perform as a conjurer in a carnival roadshow.[12] In his twenties, Randi posed as a psychic to establish that they were actually doing simple tricks and briefly wrote an astrological column in the Canadian tabloid Midnight under the name "Zo-ran," by simply shuffling up items from newspaper astrology columns and pasting them randomly into a column.[13][14] In his thirties, Randi worked in Philippine night clubs and all across Japan.[15] He witnessed many tricks that were presented as being supernatural. One of his earliest reported experiences is that of seeing an evangelist using a version of the "one-ahead"[16] routine to convince churchgoers of his divine powers.[17]
Career[link]
Magician[link]
File:RandiFork.jpg
Fork bent by Randi
Randi worked as a professional stage magician, or "conjurer" as he prefers to be called,[18] and escapologist beginning in 1946, initially under his birth name, Randall Zwinge, and then as The Amazing Randi. Early in his career, Randi was part of numerous stunts involving his escape from jail cells and safes. On February 7, 1956, he appeared live on The Today Show, remaining in a sealed metal coffin submerged in a hotel swimming pool for 104 minutes, breaking what was said to be Houdini's record of 93 minutes.[19][20]
Randi was the host of The Amazing Randi Show on New York radio station WOR in the mid 1960s.[21] This radio show, which filled Long John Nebel's old slot with similar content after Nebel went to WNBC in 1962, had frequent pro-paranormal guests, including Randi's then-friend James Moseley. Randi, in turn, spoke at Moseley's 1967 Fourth Congress of Scientific Ufologists in New York City,[22] stating, "Let's not fool ourselves. There are some garden variety liars involved in all this. But in among all the trash and nonsense perpetrated in the name of Ufology, I think there is a small grain of truth."[23]
Randi also hosted numerous television specials and went on several world tours. Then Randi appeared as "The Amazing Randi" on a television show titled Wonderama from 1967 to 1972,[24] and as host of a failed revival of the 1950s children's show The Magic Clown in 1970.[25] In the February 2, 1974, issue of Abracadabra (a British conjuring magazine), Randi defined the magic community, saying, "I know of no calling which depends so much upon mutual trust and faith as does ours." In the December 2003 issue of The Linking Ring, the monthly publication of The International Brotherhood of Magicians, Points to Ponder: Another Matter of Ethics, p. 97, it is stated, "Perhaps Randi's ethics are what make him Amazing" and "The Amazing Randi not only talks the talk, he walks the walk."
During Alice Cooper's 1973–1974 tour, Randi performed as the dentist and executioner on stage,[26] and designed and built several of the stage props, including the guillotine.[27][28] Shortly after that, in February 1975, Randi escaped from a straitjacket while suspended upside-down over Niagara Falls in the winter on the Canadian TV program World of Wizards.[29]
Randi was once accused of actually using "psychic powers" to perform acts such as spoon bending. James Alcock relates this incident, which occurred at a meeting where Randi was duplicating the performances of Uri Geller: A professor from the University at Buffalo shouted out that Randi was a fraud. Randi said, "Yes, indeed, I'm a trickster, I'm a cheat, I'm a charlatan, that's what I do for a living. Everything I've done here was by trickery." The professor shouted back: "That's not what I mean. You're a fraud because you're pretending to do these things through trickery, but you're actually using psychic powers and misleading us by not admitting it."[30] The famous author and believer in spiritualism Arthur Conan Doyle had years earlier made a similar accusation against the magician Harry Houdini.[31] A similar event involved Senator Claiborne Pell. Pell believed in psychic phenomena. When Randi demonstrated viewing a hidden drawing by using trickery, Pell refused to believe that it was a trick, saying, "I think Randi may be a psychic and doesn't realize it." Randi has consistently denied having any paranormal powers or abilities.[32]
Author[link]
Randi is author of Conjuring (1992), a biographical history of noted magicians. The book is subtitled: Being a Definitive History of the Venerable Arts of Sorcery, Prestidigitation, Wizardry, Deception, & Chicanery and of the Mountebanks & Scoundrels Who have Perpetrated these Subterfuges on a Bewildered Public, in short, MAGIC!. The book selects the most influential magicians and explains their history in the context of strange deaths and careers on the road. This work expanded on the 1976 book Houdini, His Life and Art, co-authored with Bert Randolph Sugar, which focused on Houdini and his cohorts. Randi also wrote a children's book in 1989 titled The Magic World of the Amazing Randi, which introduced children to magic tricks. In addition to his magic books, he has written several educational works about the paranormal and pseudoscientific. These include biographies of Uri Geller and Nostradamus as well as reference material on other major paranormal figures. He is currently working on A Magician in the Laboratory, which recounts his application of skepticism to science,[33] though in January 2011, he expressed doubts as to whether it would be finished. James Randi has since confirmed the that the book will be sent to publishers by May 20, 2012.[34] He is a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the Trap Door Spiders, which served as the basis of Isaac Asimov's fictional group of mystery solvers the Black Widowers.[35]
Skeptic[link]
File:Thetruthuri.jpg
James Randi's The Truth About Uri Geller (1982)
Randi entered the international spotlight in 1972 when he publicly challenged the claims of Uri Geller. Randi accused Geller of being nothing more than a charlatan and a fraud who used standard magic tricks to accomplish his allegedly paranormal feats, and he supported his claims in the book The Truth About Uri Geller.[17][36] Geller sued Randi for $15 million in 1991 and lost.[37] Geller's suit against the Committee for Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP) was thrown out in 1995, and he was ordered to pay $120,000 for filing a frivolous lawsuit.[38]
Randi was a founding fellow and prominent member of CSICOP.[39] During the period when Geller was filing numerous civil suits against him, CSICOP's leadership, wanting to avoid becoming a target of Geller's litigation, requested that Randi refrain from commenting on Geller. Randi refused and resigned. However, he still maintains a respectful relationship with the group and frequently writes articles for its magazine.
Randi has gone on to write several books criticizing beliefs and claims regarding the paranormal.[40] He has also demonstrated flaws in studies suggesting the existence of paranormal phenomena; in his Project Alpha hoax, Randi revealed that he had been able to orchestrate a three-year-long compromise of a privately funded psychic research experiment.[41] The hoax became a scandal and demonstrated the shortcomings of many paranormal research projects at the university level.
Randi has appeared on numerous TV shows, sometimes to directly debunk the claimed abilities of fellow guests. In a 1981 appearance on That's My Line, Randi appeared opposite psychic James Hydrick, who claimed that he could move things with his mind and demonstrated this ability on live television by apparently turning a page in a telephone book without touching it.[42] Randi, having determined that Hydrick was surreptitiously blowing on the book, arranged packaging peanuts (polystyrene foam shapes) on the table in front of the telephone book for the demonstration, preventing Hydrick from demonstrating his abilities, which would have been exposed when the blowing moved the packaging.[43] Many years later, Hydrick admitted his fraud.[44]
Randi was awarded a MacArthur Foundation Genius award in 1986. The money was used for Randi's comprehensive exposé of faith healers, including Peter Popoff, W.V. Grant and Ernest Angley. When Popoff was exposed, he was forced to declare bankruptcy within the year.[45]
In 1988, Randi tested the gullibility of the media by perpetrating a hoax of his own. By teaming up with Australia's 60 Minutes program and by releasing a fake press package, he built up publicity for a spirit channeler named Carlos who was actually artist Jose Alvarez, a friend of Randi's. Randi would tell him what to say through sophisticated radio equipment. The media and the public were taken in, as no reporter bothered to check Carlos's credentials and history, which were all fabricated. The hoax was exposed on 60 Minutes; Carlos and Randi explained how they pulled it off.[46][47]
In the book The Faith Healers, Randi explains his anger and relentlessness as arising out of compassion for the helpless victims of frauds. Randi has also been critical of João de Deus (John of God), a self-proclaimed psychic surgeon who has received international attention.[48] Randi observed, referring to psychic surgery, "To any experienced conjurer, the methods by which these seeming miracles are produced are very obvious."[49]
In 1982, Randi verified the abilities of Arthur Lintgen, a Philadelphia physician who is able to determine the classical music recorded on a vinyl LP solely by examining the groove on the record. However, Lintgen does not claim to have any paranormal ability, merely knowledge of the way that the groove forms patterns on particular recordings.[50]
James Randi stated that Daniel Dunglas Home, who allegedly could play an accordion that was locked in a cage, without touching it, was caught cheating on a few occasions, but the episodes were never made public, and that the accordion in question was a one-octave mouth organ that Home concealed under his large moustache. James Randi writes that one-octave mouth organs were found in Home's belongings after his death.[51] According to Randi 'around 1960' William Lindsay Gresham told Randi he had seen these mouth organs in the Home collection at the Society for Psychical Research.[52] Eric Dingwall, who catalogued Home's collection on its arrival at the SPR does not record the presence of the mouth organs. According to Peter Lamont, the author of an extensive Home biography, "It is unlikely Dingwall would have missed these or did not make them public."[53]
James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF)[link]
Main article: James Randi Educational Foundation
In 1996, Randi established the James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF). Randi and his colleagues update JREF's blog, Swift. Topics have included the mathematics of the one-seventh area triangle. Randi also contributes a regular column, titled "'Twas Brillig," to The Skeptics Society's Skeptic Magazine. In his weekly commentary, Randi often gives examples of what he considers the nonsense that he deals with every day.[54]
He has regularly featured on many podcasts, including The Skeptics Society's official podcast Skepticality[55][56] and the Center for Inquiry's official podcast Point of Inquiry.[57] From September 2006 onwards, he has occasionally contributed to The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe podcast with a column titled "Randi Speaks."[58] In addition, "The Amazing Show" is a podcast in which Randi shares various anecdotes in an interview format.
Views on religion[link]
In his essay "Why I Deny Religion, How Silly and Fantastic It Is, and Why I'm a Dedicated and Vociferous Bright", Randi, who identifies himself as an atheist,[1] has stated that many accounts in religious texts, including the virgin birth, the miracles of Jesus Christ, and the parting of the Red Sea by Moses, are not believable. For example, Randi refers to the Virgin Mary as being "impregnated by a ghost of some sort, and as a result produced a son who could walk on water, raise the dead, turn water into wine, and multiply loaves of bread and fishes" and questions how Adam and Eve "could have two sons, one of whom killed the other, and yet managed to populate the earth without committing incest." He writes that, compared to the Bible, "The Wizard of Oz is more believable. And more fun."[59] In An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural, he looks at a variety of spiritual practices skeptically. Of the meditation techniques of Guru Maharaj Ji (Prem Rawat) he writes: "Only the very naive were convinced that they had been let in on some sort of celestial secret."[60]
The One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge[link]
Main article: The One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge
The James Randi Educational Foundation (JREF) currently offers a prize of one million U.S. dollars to eligible applicants who can demonstrate a supernatural ability under agreed-upon scientific testing criteria. Similar to the paranormal challenges of John Nevil Maskelyne and Houdini, in 1964, Randi put up $1,000 of his own money payable to anyone who could provide objective proof of the paranormal.[61] Since then, the prize money has grown to the current $1,000,000, and has formal published rules. No one has progressed past the preliminary test, which is set up with parameters agreed to by both Randi and the applicant. He refuses to accept any challengers who might suffer serious injury or death as a result of the testing.
On Larry King Live, March 6, 2001, Larry King asked Sylvia Browne if she would take the challenge and she agreed.[62] Then Randi appeared with Browne on Larry King Live on September 3, 2001, and she again accepted the challenge.[63] However, she has refused to be tested and Randi keeps a clock on his website recording the number of weeks that have passed since Browne accepted the challenge without following through.[64] During Larry King Live on June 5, 2001, Randi challenged Rosemary Altea to undergo testing for the million dollars. However, Altea would not even address the question.[65] Instead Altea, in part, replied "I agree with what he says, that there are many, many people who claim to be spiritual mediums, they claim to talk to the dead. There are many people, we all know this. There are cheats and charlatans everywhere."[65] Then on January 26, 2007, Altea and Randi again appeared on Larry King Live. Once again, she refused to answer whether or not she would take the One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge.[66]
Starting on April 1, 2007, only those with an already existing media profile and the backing of a reputable academic were allowed to apply for the challenge.[67] The resources freed up by not having to test obscure and possibly mentally ill claimants will then be used to more aggressively challenge notorious high-profile alleged psychics and mediums such as Sylvia Browne, Allison DuBois and John Edward with a campaign in the media.[67]
JREF maintains a public log of past participants in the Million Dollar Challenge.[68]
Legal disputes[link]
Randi has been involved in a variety of legal disputes but claims that he has "never paid even one dollar or even one cent to anyone who ever sued me."[5] However, he says, he has paid out large sums to personally defend himself in these suits.
Eldon Byrd[link]
A Baltimore District Court found Randi liable for defaming Byrd for calling him a "convicted child molester" because, although Byrd had been found guilty of child pornography offences and admitted to molestation, the admission was part of a plea bargain so he was not actually convicted.[69] No damages were awarded to Byrd.[70]
Uri Geller[link]
According to Randi, Geller tried to sue Randi a number of times,[why?] but never won, save for a ruling in a Japanese court that ordered Randi to pay Geller one third of one percent of what Geller had demanded, but this ruling was canceled, and the matter dropped when Geller decided to concentrate on another legal matter.[71][72]
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
In 1991, Randi commented that Uri Geller's public performances were of the same quality as those found on the backs of cereal boxes. Geller sued both Randi and CSICOP. CSICOP argued that the organization was not responsible for Randi's statements. The court agreed that including CSICOP was frivolous and dropped them from the action, leaving Randi to face the action alone. Geller was ordered to pay substantial damages to CSICOP.[73][74] Randi and Geller subsequently settled their dispute out of court, the details of which have been kept confidential. The settlement also included an agreement that Geller would not pursue Randi for the award in the Japanese case or other outstanding cases.
Other[link]
Allison DuBois, on whose life the television series Medium was based, threatened Randi with legal action for using a photo of her from her website in his December 17, 2004, commentary without her permission.[75] Randi removed the photo and now uses a caricature of DuBois when mentioning her on his site, beginning with his December 23, 2005, commentary.[76]
Late in 1996, Randi launched a libel suit against a Toronto-area psychic named Earl Gordon Curley.[77] Curley had made multiple objectionable comments about Randi on Usenet. Despite prodding Randi via Usenet to sue (Curley's comments had implied that if Randi did not sue, then his allegations must be true), Curley seemed entirely surprised when Randi actually retained Toronto's largest law firm and initiated legal proceedings. The suit was eventually dropped in 1998 when Earl Curley died at the age of 51.[78]
Sniffex, producer of a dowsing bomb detection device, sued Randi and the JREF in 2007 and lost.[79] Sniffex sued Randi for his comments regarding a government test in which the Sniffex device failed. The company was later investigated and charged with fraud.[79]
Personal life[link]
In 1987, Randi became a naturalized citizen of the United States.[80] Randi has said that one reason he became an American citizen was an incident while on tour with Alice Cooper where the Royal Canadian Mounted Police searched the band's lockers during a performance. Nothing was found, yet the RCMP destroyed the room.[81]
In February 2006, Randi underwent coronary artery bypass surgery.[82] In early February 2006, he was declared to be in stable condition and "receiving excellent care" with his recovery proceeding well. The weekly commentary updates to his website were made by guests while he was hospitalized.[83] Randi recovered after his surgery and was able to help organize and attend the 2007 Amazing Meeting in Las Vegas, Nevada (an annual convention of scientists, magicians, skeptics, atheists and freethinkers).[84]
Randi was diagnosed with intestinal cancer in June 2009.[85] He had a ping pong ball-sized tumor removed from his intestines during laparoscopic surgery. He announced this a week later at the July 2009 The Amazing Meeting as well as the fact that he was scheduled to begin chemotherapy in the following weeks.[86] He also said at the conference: "One day, I'm gonna die. That's all there is to it. Hey, it's too bad, but I've got to make room. I'm using a lot of oxygen and such—I think it's good use of oxygen myself, but of course, I'm a little prejudiced on the matter."[86] Randi also said that after he is gone he does not want his fans to bother with a museum of magic named after him or burying him in a fancy tomb. Instead, he said, "I want to be cremated, and I want my ashes blown in Uri Geller's eyes."[86] Randi underwent his final chemotherapy session on December 31, 2009, as he explained in a January 12, 2010 video in which he related that his chemotherapy experience was not as unpleasant as he had imagined.[85] In a video posted April 12, 2010, Randi stated that he has been given a clean bill of health.[3]
In a March 21, 2010, blog entry, Randi came out as gay, a move he explained was inspired by seeing the 2008 biographical drama film Milk, in which Sean Penn portrayed Harvey Milk, the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California.[87][88]
Awards and honors[link]
- In 1981, asteroid 3163 Randi was named after Randi, who has always been an active amateur observer. His friend Carl Sagan encouraged his interest.[11]
- MacArthur Foundation Fellowship for his investigations of the claims of Uri Geller and TV "faith healers." 1986[89]
- American Physical Society Joseph A. Burton Forum Award 1989[90]
- Richard Dawkins Award 2003
- Philip J. Klass Award 2007[91]
- Independent Investigations Group (IIG) awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award, August 2007. Previous recipients Carl Sagan and Harry Houdini.[92]
- Committee for Skeptical Inquiry In Praise of Reason Award, 2009
- Elected a Committee for Skeptical Inquiry Fellow, 2010[93]
- Academy of Magical Arts Lifetime Achievement Fellowship, April 2012[94]
World records[link]
The following are Guinness records:
- Randi was in a sealed casket underwater for an hour and 44 minutes, which broke Harry Houdini's record of one hour and 33 minutes set on August 5, 1926.[11]
- Randi was encased in a block of ice for 55 minutes.[11]
Bibliography[link]
- An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural, 1995, St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-15119-5 OCLC 32167512 (Online Version)
- Conjuring, 1992 St. Martin's Press ISBN 0-312-09771-9
- Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and Other Delusions, 1982, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-198-3
- Houdini, His Life and Art. Co-authored. Putnam Pub Group (November 1976) ISBN 0-448-12552-8
- James Randi: Psychic Investigator, 1991, companion book to the UK Granada TV series. ISBN 1-85283-144-8
- Test Your ESP Potential. Dover Publications Inc. (December 31, 1982) ISBN 0-486-24269-2
- The Faith Healers, 1987, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-369-2. (ISBN 0-87975-535-0 1989 edition) (Foreword by Carl Sagan)
- The Magic of Uri Geller, 1982, ISBN 0-345-24796-5 (later renamed The Truth About Uri Geller ISBN 0-87975-199-1)
- The Magic World of the Amazing Randi. Adams Media Corporation (September 1989) ISBN 1-55850-982-8
- The Mask of Nostradamus: The Prophecies of the World's Most Famous Seer, 1990, Charles Scribner's Sons ISBN 0-684-19056-7 or ISBN 0-87975-830-9.
- Wrong! (Forthcoming[95])
- A Magician in the Laboratory. (Forthcoming[95])
TV and film[link]
Actor[link]
- Good to See You Again, Alice Cooper (1974) as the Dentist/Executioner
- Ragtime (1981) (stunt coordinator: Houdini)
- Penn & Teller's Invisible Thread (1987) (TV)
- Penn & Teller Get Killed (1989) as the 3rd Rope Holder
- Beyond Desire (1994) as the Coroner
Himself[link]
- Wonderama (1955) (TV) as The Amazing Randi
- I've Got a Secret (1965) (TV) as The Amazing Randi
- Happy Days – "The Magic Show" (1978) as the Amazing Randi
- Zembla, 'De trucs van Char' (The tricks Char uses). (March 2008) "De trucs van Char, het medium – 23 maart 2008: ZEMBLA:". http://zembla.vara.nl/Voorpagina.1975.0.html?&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=5316&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=1974&cHash=0e36f258ac.
- ZDF German TV (2007)
- Wild Wild Web (1999)
- West 57th (1980s)
- Welt der Wunder – Kraft der Gedanken (January 2008)
- Today on NBC (1980s)
- The Don Lane Show (1980)
- That's My Line (1980) (Appeared with James Hydrick)
- The View ABC TV (1999)
- The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (32 appearances between 1973 and 1993)
- The Secret Cabaret (produced by Open Media for Channel 4 in the UK)
- The Power of Belief (October 6, 1998) (ABC News Special) (TV)
- People are Talking (1980s)
- The Patterson Show (1970s)
- The Art of Magic (1998) (TV)
- The Ultimate Psychic Challenge (Discovery Channel/Channel 4) (2003)
- Spotlight on James Randi (2002) (TV)
- Secrets of the Super Psychics (Channel 4/The Learning Channel), produced by Open Media, 1997/8
- Scams, Schemes, and Scoundrels (A&E Special) (March 30, 1997)
- Raitre TV Italy (1991)
- Politically Incorrect with Bill Maher
- Penn & Teller: Bullshit!
- End of the World (2003) TV Episode
- ESP (2003) TV Episode
- Signs from Heaven (2005) TV Episode
- Oprah Winfrey
- Lawrence Leung Unbelievable TV Episode
- NOVA: Secrets of the Psychics (1993)
- Mitä ihmettä? (Finland) (2003) TV Series
- Midday Show (Australia) (1990s)
- Magic or Miracle (1983)
- Magic (2004) (mini) TV Series
- Larry King Live of CNN (June 5, 2001, September 3, 2001, and January 26, 2007)
- James Randi: Psychic Investigator (1991) (Open Media series for the ITV network)
- James Randi Budapesten – Hungarian documentary (free download for schools)
- Inside Edition – (1991, 2006, and 2007) TV
- Horizon – Homeopathy: The Test (2002) TV Episode
- Houdini Dead Men Talking (Biography Channel)
- Fornemmelse for snyd (2003) TV Series (also archive footage)
- Extraordinary People – The Million Dollar Mind Reader (September 2008)."home – extraordinary people". five.tv. http://www.five.tv/programmes/extraordinarypeople/. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- Exploring Psychic Powers Live (June 7, 1989) (Hosted by Bill Bixby)
- CBS This Morning (1990s)
- Anderson Cooper 360, CNN (January 19, 2007 and January 30, 2007)
- A Question of Miracles (HBO) (1999)
- 20/20 ABC TV (May 11, 2007) Avila, Jim (May 11, 2007). "Selling Salvation?". 20/20. http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=3164858&page=1. Retrieved March 1, 2007.
- Dilbert (TV series) parodied in "The Infomercial" (1999) TV Episode
Other media[link]
James Randi can be heard speaking an introduction on Tommy Finkes song "Poet der Affen/Poet of the Apes", released on the album of the same name in 2010. The message was recorded by James Randi and sent to Tommy Finke via email.[96]
See also[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b Randi, James. "Our Stance on Atheism", "Swift", JREF, August 5, 2005, Accessed January 27, 2011.
- ^ H.W. Wilson Company (1987). Current Biography Yearbook. Silverplatter International. p. 455.
- ^ "Sullivan", Walter (July 27, 1988). "Water That Has a Memory? Skeptics Win Second Round". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/27/us/water-that-has-a-memory-skeptics-win-second-round.html.
- ^ Cohen, Patricia (February 17, 2001). "Poof! You’re a Skeptic: The Amazing Randi’s Vanishing Humbug". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/17/arts/17RAND.html. Retrieved May 5, 2010.
- ^ a b Randi, James (February 9, 2007). "More Geller Woo-Woo". SWIFT Newsletter. James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/2007-02/020209morebrowne.html#i6. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
- ^ One-Million-Dollar Challenge from MIT Media Lab: Affective Computing Group
- ^ JREF Challenge Application Form, Rule 12, accessed November 23, 2010
- ^ "One Million Dollar Challenge – Challenge Info". James Randi Educational Foundation. October 30, 2008. http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/1m-challenge.html. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ Randi, James (May 9, 2008). "How Wrong Can You Get?". Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/swift-blog/192-swift-may-9-2008.html#i3. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJMTyK0VfdY&feature=g-u&context=G2f4081cFUAAAAAAASAA
- ^ a b c d Orwen, Patricia (August 23, 1986). "The Amazing Randi". The Toronto Star.
- ^ "Floridian: The 'quack' hunter". Sptimes.com. April 14, 1998. http://www.sptimes.com/Floridian/41498/The__quack__hunter.html. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ Randi, James (1982). The Truth About Uri Geller. Prometheus Books. pp. 230–231. Randi reprints two newspaper columns from the Toronto Evening Telegram of August 28, 1950 and August 14, 1950 by Wessely Hicks about Randall Zwinge's psychic predictions. The earlier column states that "Mr. Zwinge said he first became aware that he possessed Extra Sensory Perception when he was nine years old."
- ^ Randi, James (1982). Flim-flam!. Prometheus Books. pp. 61–62.
- ^ "Filipino Justice". Randi.org. May 19, 2006. http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-05/051906sylvia.html#i13. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ Jaroff, Leon (June 24, 2001). "Fighting Against Flimflam". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,149448,00.html?iid=chix-sphere. Retrieved June 18, 2007.
- ^ a b Philip B., Jr., Taft (July 5, 1981). "A Charlatan in Pursuit of Truth". New York Times.
- ^ Randi explained in a February 2007 presentation that he believes the word "magician" implies one who has actual magical abilities, whereas a conjurer is one who uses skills to merely play the part of one. "James Randi's fiery takedown of psychic fraud" TED; Accessed April 24, 2010.
- ^ Sinclair, Gordon, "Television & radio column", Toronto Star, February 7, 1956.
- ^ Bryant, George, "Handcuffs no problem Toronto-born magician laughs at locksmiths", Toronto Star, June 21, 1956.
- ^ "James Randi Biography". James Randi Educational Foundation. 2007. http://randi.org/jr/bio.html. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ Moseley, James W. (2002). Shockingly Close to the Truth! Confessions of a Grave-Robbing Ufologist. Prometheus Books. pp. 189, 204.
- ^ Clopton, Willard (June 27, 1967). "Air Force's UFO Expert Meets the Man From S.A.U.C.E.R.S.". The Washington Post.
- ^ "Wonderama!". TVparty On!. http://www.tvparty.com/lostwonder1.html. Retrieved April 5, 2007. "Sonny Fox hosted another 'Wonderama Thanksgiving Day Party' on Thursday afternoon, November 23, 1961, with guests ventriloquist and cartoon voiceover performer Paul Winchell, magician/escape artist and magic historian The Amazing James Randi and folk singer Pat Woodell." [1]
- ^ Kevin S. Butler. "Bonamo, The Magic Clown". TVparty On!. http://www.tvparty.com/lostny2bonamo.html. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
- ^ "Good To See You Again, Alice Cooper," Live 1973 (DVD 2005), "Billion Dollar Babies Tour"
- ^ Pettigrew, Emily (2007). "Alice Cooper". St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_bio/ai_2419200281. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ "The Amazing Randi". sickthingsuk.co.uk. 2007. http://www.sickthingsuk.co.uk/people/p-randi.php. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ Randi, James (2007). "Hilarious Name-Dropping". James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/050302.html. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ Alcock, James (2001). "Science vs. Pseudoscience, Nonscience, and Nonsense". In Kurtz, Paul. Skeptical Odysseys: Personal accounts by the world's leading paranormal inquirers. Prometheus Books. p. 42. ISBN 1-57392-884-4.
- ^ Arthur Conan Doyle (1930) The Edge of the Unknown, Putnam's
- ^ Martin Gardner, Did Adam and Eve have Navels, 2000, Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-04963-3, p. 178
- ^ "JAMES RANDI – Bio Information", randi.org, accessed January 21, 2011.
- ^ Randi, James. "Teleportation Magic Established By Science, At Last!", randi.org, January 19, 2011
- ^ Asimov 1994, I. Asimov, chapter "120. The Trap Door Spiders".
- ^ Rensberger, Boyce (December 13, 1975). "Magicians Term Israeli 'Psychic' a Fraud". New York Times: p. 29.
- ^ Petit, Charles (May 23, 1991). "Bay Magicians Back Uri Geller's Critic". San Francisco Chronicle: p. A27.
- ^ Levy, Michael (March 13, 1995). "Group Gets $40,000 From 'psychic' Geller Starts Paying Debunkers $120,000". The Buffalo News. http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/BN/lib00142,0EAF986A6473E6E1.html. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
- ^ Michael Kernan, "God's Chariot! Science Looks at the New Occult," The Washington Post, June 11, 1978
- ^ "About James Randi". jref.org. James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/bio.html. Retrieved December 29, 2007.
- ^ Philip J. Hilts, "Magicians Score a Hit On Scientific Researchers," Washington Post March 1, 1983, First Section; A1
- ^ "A Look at the Past". James Randi Educational Foundation. September 22, 2006. http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-09/092206bad.html#i11. Retrieved May 7, 2007.
- ^ Video of Hydrick's page turning debunking from Google Video
- ^ Korem, Dan (1983). Psychic Confession. (also transcript)
- ^ "A Profitable Prophet". Inside Edition. February 27, 2007. http://www.insideedition.com/ourstories/reports/story.aspx?storyid=639. Retrieved May 7, 2007.
- ^ ""Carlos" hoax of Jose Alvarez". Skepdic.com. http://www.skepdic.com/carlos.html. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ "Randi talking about Carlos hoax". Abc.net.au. 1998. http://www.abc.net.au/science/correx/archives/randi4.htm. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ Randi, James (February 18, 2005). "The ABC-TV Infomercial for John of God". James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/021805a.html#1. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
- ^ Randi, James (2006). "An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural: Psychic surgery". St. Martin's Press. http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/psychic%20surgery.html. Retrieved November 18, 2006.
- ^ Randi, James (November 1, 2002). "Myth vs. Reality, A Different Danish, Reading Records, Tests in the Loo, UFO Fakery, MEG Censorship, An Australian Reading, Exeter Sinking?, Sniper Snooping, Houdini Exhibit, Fox Moon Scam — Again, and Bearden Gets Even Sillier....". Swift: Online newsletter of the JREF. http://www.randi.org/jr/110102.html. Retrieved July 11, 2010.
- ^ Randi, James. "An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural". James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/Home,%20Daniel%20Dunglas.html. Retrieved January 5, 2008.
- ^ The First Psychic: The Peculiar Mystery of a Notorious Victorian Wizard by Peter Lamont, Little, Brown, 2005 p 302
- ^ Lamont 2005 p 302
- ^ Randi, James (July 2005). "Fakers and Innocents". Skeptical Inquirer 29 (4). ISSN 0194-6730. Archived from the original on October 27, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061027131225/http://www.csicop.org/si/2005-07/randi.html. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Swoopy; Colanduno, Derek (June 30, 2005), "Ep. #10 - Interview: James Randi (JREF)", Skepticality (Skeptic Magazine), http://www.skepticality.com/the-james-randi-educational-foundation/, retrieved November 27, 2011
- ^ Swoopy; Colanduno, Derek (December 25, 2007), "Ep. #067a: X-Mas Episode - Interview: James Randi", Skepticality (Skeptic Magazine), http://www.skepticality.com/xmas-2007/, retrieved November 27, 2011
- ^ "Point of Inquiry". http://www.pointofinquiry.org/. Retrieved June 30, 2006.
- ^ "The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe". http://theskepticsguide.org/. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ "Commentary, July 25, 2003 — Why I Deny Religion, How Silly and Fantastic It Is, and Why I'm a Dedicated and Vociferous Bright.". http://www.randi.org/jr/072503.html.
- ^ "James Randi Educational Foundation — An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural". http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/Maharaj%20Ji.html. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
- ^ Poulsen, Kevin (January 12, 2007). "Skeptic Revamps $1M Psychic Prize". Wired. http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/01/72482. Retrieved April 11, 2008.
- ^ Are Psychics for Real? appeared with John Edward March 6, 2001, on Larry King Live CNN
- ^ King, Larry (September 3, 2001). "Are Psychics Real?". Larry King Live (CNN). http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/03/lkl.00.html. Retrieved August 18, 2006.
- ^ The Sylvia Browne Clock from the James Randi Educational Foundation website
- ^ a b Spiritual Medium Versus Paranormal Skeptic (Rosemary Altea verses Randi) on Larry King Live June 5, 2001
- ^ "Altea and James Randi". Larry King Live. January 26, 2007. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/26/lkl.01.html. Retrieved February 2, 2007.
- ^ a b Poulsen, Kevin (January 12, 2007). "Skeptic Revamps $1M Psychic Prize". Wired. http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,72482-0.html?tw=wn_index_1. Retrieved January 14, 2007.
- ^ "Challenge Applications". James Randi Educational Foundation. http://forums.randi.org/forumdisplay.php?f=43. Retrieved July 13, 2007.
- ^ "James Randi: Action initiated . . .". skeptictank.org. December 3, 1996. http://www.skeptictank.org/hs/curley2.htm.
- ^ James Randi (June 9, 1993). "Randi found guilty of defamation". The Miami Herald. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&s_site=miami&p_multi=MH&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB4CD802FEBC248&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
- ^ Randi, James (February 9, 2007). "More Geller Woo-Woo". Swift (James Randi Educational Foundation). http://www.randi.org/jr/2007-02/020209morebrowne.html#i7. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
- ^ Marcello Truzzi, An End to the Uri Geller vs. Randi & CSICOP Litigations? [2]
- ^ "Uri Geller Libel Suit Dismissed". www.csicop.org. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. August 1994. Archived from the original on April 6, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070406080201/http://www.csicop.org/articles/uri_dis.html. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
- ^ ""Lawsuit Against CSICOP Dismissed" (CSICOP press release)". Skeptic Tank Text Archive File. http://www.skepticfiles.org/skeptic/randi032.htm. Retrieved June 3, 2007.
- ^ Randi, James (December 17, 2004). "Another Medium Well Done". Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/121704no.html#5. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Randi, James; Paul Hatchman (December 23, 2005). "Medium Well Done". Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/200512/122305hallelujah.html#i2. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Randi, James (December 4, 1996). "Action initiated . . .". James Randi Educational Foundation Info List. http://www.randi.org/hotline/1996/0085.html. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Randi, James (July 8, 1998). "Curley Confirmation + Sony Corp. and ESP, More on Theremin". James Randi Educational Foundation Info List. http://www.randi.org/hotline/1998/0025.html. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ a b Randi, James (July 25, 2008). "An Encouraging Development". James Randi Educational Foundation. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822214803/http://www.randi.org/joom/content/view/204/1/#i1. Retrieved October 29, 2008.
- ^ Randi, James (September 17, 2001). "Commentary: Etc.". Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/091701.html. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ "On the Soap Box". James Randi Educational Foundation. July 15, 2005. http://www.randi.org/jr/071505on.html#1. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ "Randi Update". James Randi Educational Foundation. February 10, 2006. http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-02/021006busted.html#i1. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ Randi, James; Paul Hatchman (February 17, 2006). "introductory paragraph". Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/2006-02/021706hal.html. Retrieved October 29, 2006.
- ^ Randi, James (February 2, 2007). "In Conclusion...". Swift. James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/2007-02/020207geller.html#i11. Retrieved October 29, 2007.
- ^ a b Thorp, Brandon K. "Randi On (and Off) Chemotherapy" Swift randi.org; January 12, 2010
- ^ a b c "The Demystifying Adventures of the Amazing Randi". http://www.sfweekly.com/2009-08-26/news/the-demystifying-adventures-of-the-amazing-randi/1. Retrieved September 5, 2009. SF Weekly, August 24, 2009, lengthy article by Michael J. Mooney, which reported: "He has intestinal cancer and may not have long to live."
- ^ Randi, James. "How To Say It?", "Swift", March 21, 2010
- ^ "James Randi – A Skeptic Comes Out at 81 (podcast)". For Good Reason. March 21, 2010. http://www.forgoodreason.org/james_randi_a_skeptic_comes_out_at_81. Retrieved March 21, 2010.
- ^ "MacArthur Fellows". MacArthur Foundation. August 1986. http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142693/k.79E6/Fellows_List__August_1986.htm. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ^ "Joseph A. Burton Forum Award". Aps.org. http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/awards/burton.cfm. Retrieved June 15, 2009.
- ^ Randi, James (March 23, 2007). "In Closing". James Randi Educational Foundation. http://www.randi.org/jr/2007-03/032307tx.html#i11. Retrieved May 18, 2007.
- ^ "IIG | The IIG Awards". Iigwest.com. 2010-08-21. http://www.iigwest.com/iigawards/2006/index.html. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
- ^ Bupp, Nathan (January 12, 2010). "Sixteen Notable Figures in Science and Skepticism Elected CSI Fellows". Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. http://www.csicop.org/news/press_releases/show/sixteen_notable_figures_in_science_and_skepticism_elected_csi_fellows. Retrieved February 12, 2010.
- ^ McMaster, Shawn (2 April 2012). "The Academy of Magical Arts Awards Results". The Mandala. http://themandalamag.com/2012/04/02/the-academy-of-magical-arts-awards-results/. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
- ^ a b "JAMES RANDI – Bio Information", accessed December 20, 2010
- ^ Video by Tommy Finke about the album (German)
External links[link]
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This article's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references. (February 2012) |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: James Randi |
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: James Randi |
Works by or about James Randi in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Official
- James Randi Educational Foundation – Official website
- James Randi Educational Foundation official YouTube channel
- Video of short talk by Randi in 2007 at TED
Supportive
- James Randi in the Skeptic's Dictionary
- Project Alpha in the Skeptic's Dictionary
- How Randi and fake psychic Carlos fooled millions
- James Randi at the Internet Movie Database
Media
- James Randi interview (May 2009) from the podcast of MagicNewswire.com in which Mr. Randi discusses his career in magic, his feud with Uri Geller and more
- James Randi interview (November 2007) from the BSAlert.com radio show where Mr. Randi discusses the TV show "Phenomenon," the current status of Uri Geller and his thoughts about whether society is becoming more or less superstitious.
- Malmgren, Jeanne (April 14, 1998). "Randi, the quack hunter". St. Petersburg Times. http://www.sptimes.com/Floridian/41498/The__quack__hunter.html.
- "Homeopathy: The Test — webchat with James Randi". BBC. November 26, 2002. http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2002/homeopathyrandi.shtml.
- "20 Major Aspects of Liars, Cheats, and Frauds" by James Randi"
- The Power of Belief (Video clip) from ABC News
- Randi's Internet Audio Show from the James Randi Educational Foundation
- Skepticality Internet Radio
Transcripts
- "Official transcript: Psychic Powers Debunked in Shawn Hornbeck Case". Anderson Cooper 360. January 19, 2007. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/19/acd.01.html. (Sylvia Browne and Randi)
- "Official transcript: Psychic Psychic Reality Check". Anderson Cooper 360. January 30, 2007. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/30/acd.01.html. (Sylvia Browne's manager and Randi)
- "Official transcript: Have Psychics Gone Too Far?". Larry King Live. January 26, 2007. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0701/26/lkl.01.html. (Altea and James Randi)
- "Official transcript: Spiritual Medium Versus Paranormal Skeptic". Larry King Live. June 5, 2001. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0106/05/lkl.00.html. (Rosemary Altea and Randi)
- "Official transcript: Are Psychics Real?". Larry King Live. September 3, 2001. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/03/lkl.00.html. (Sylvia Browne and Randi)
Criticism
- A Skeptical Look At James Randi Michael Prescott
- James Randi's response to criticism James Randi Educational Foundation
- Benveniste, Jacques, and Peter Jurgens. On the Role of Stage Magicians in Biological Research The Anomalist 1998
- Thalbourne, Michael A, “Science versus showmanship: A history of the Randi hoax,” American Society for Psychical Research 89 (4) October 1995
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Randi, James |
| Alternative names | Zwinge, Randall James Hamilton (birth name); The Amazing Randi (stage name) |
| Short description | Magician, skeptic, writer |
| Date of birth | August 7, 1928 |
| Place of birth | Toronto, Ontario, Canada |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/James_Randi
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