Toryism is a traditionalist and conservative political philosophy which grew out of the Cavalier faction in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. It is a prominent ideology in the politics of the United Kingdom, but also features in parts of The Commonwealth, particularly in Canada. Historically it also had exponents in former parts of the British Empire, for instance the Loyalists of British North America who sided with Britain and Crown during the Revolutionary War. The Tory ethics can be summed up with the phrase 'God, King and Country'. Tories generally advocate monarchism, are usually of a High Church Anglican or Recusant Catholic religious heritage, and are opposed to the radical liberalism of the Whig faction.

The Tory political faction emerged within the Parliament of England to uphold the legitimist rights of James, Duke of York to succeed his brother Charles II to the throne. James II was a Catholic, while the state institutions had broken from the Catholic Church—this was an issue for the Exclusion Bill supporting Whigs, the political heirs to the nonconformist Roundheads and Covenanters. There were two Tory ministries under James II; the first led by Lord Rochester, the second by Lord Belasyse. Some were later involved in his usurpation with the Whigs, which they saw as defending the Anglican Church. Tory sympathy for the Stuarts ran deep however and some supported Jacobitism, which saw them isolated by the Hanoverians until Lord Bute's ministry under George III.

Conservatism emerged by the end of the 18th century—which synthesised moderate Whig positions and some of the old Tory values to create a new political ideology, in opposition to the French Revolution. The likes of Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger led the way in this. Due to this faction eventually leading to the formation of the Conservative Party, members of that party are colloquially referred to as ''Tories'', even if they are not traditionalists. Actual adherents to traditional Toryism in contemporary times tend to be referred to as ''High Tories'' to avoid confusion.

History of the term

The word "Tory" derives from the Middle Irish word ''tóraidhe''; modern Irish ''tóraí'': outlaw, robber or brigand, from the Irish word ''tóir'', meaning "pursuit", since outlaws were "pursued men". It was originally used to refer to an Irish outlaw and later applied to Confederates or Royalists in arms. The term was thus originally a term of abuse, "an Irish rebel", before being adopted as a political label in the same way as ''Whig''.

Towards the end of Charles II's reign (1660–85) there was some debate about whether or not his brother, James, Duke of York, should be allowed to succeed to the throne. 'Whigs' was the abusive term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Roman Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled 'Abhorrers' and later 'Tories'. Titus Oates applied the term "Tory," which then signified an Irish robber, to those who would not believe in his Popish plot, and the name gradually became extended to all who were supposed to have sympathy with the Catholic Duke of York.”

With both 'Whig' and 'Tory', the suffix -ism was quickly added to make Whiggism and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction.

English and British politics

Historically, the term Tory has been applied in various ways to supporters of the British monarchy. The term was initially applied in Ireland to the isolated bands of guerrillas resisting Oliver Cromwell's nine-month 1649–1650 campaign in Ireland, who were allied with Royalists through treaty with the Parliament of Confederate Ireland, signed at Kilkenny in January 1649; and later to dispossessed Catholics in Ulster following the Restoration.

During the Exclusion Bill Crisis the word Tory was applied in England as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, called the Abhorrers. The word 'Tory' had connotations of Papist and outlaw derived from its previous use in Ireland.

English Tories from the time of the Glorious Revolution up until the Reform Bill of 1832 were characterized by strong monarchist tendencies, support for the Church of England, and hostility to reform, while the Tory Party was an actual organization which held power intermittently throughout the same period.

Currently, the term "Tory" is commonly used in the media to refer to the Conservative Party and its members.

Canada

The term was used to designate the pre-Confederation British ruling classes of Upper Canada and Lower Canada, known as the Family Compact and the Château Clique, an elite within the governing classes, and often members within a section of society known as the United Empire Loyalists.

In post-Confederation Canada the terms "Red Tory" and "Blue Tory" have long been used to describe the two wings of the Conservative and previously the Progressive Conservative (PC) parties. The diadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, French-Canadian traditionalists, and the monarchist and loyalist leaning sections of the emerging commercial classes at the time - many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and annexationist tendencies within the liberal Grits. Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, and Manitoba.

By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either the urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of the party (in the manner of John Farthing and George Grant). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada.

Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by MacDonaldian Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to the English-Canadian traditions of Monarchy, Empire-Commonwealth, parliamentary government, nationalism, protectionism, social reform, and eventually, acceptance of the necessity of the welfare state.

By the 1970s the Progressive Conservative Party was a Keynesian-consensus party. With the onset of stagflation in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of neo-liberal developments in Great Britain and the United States, which highlighted the policies for privatization and supply-side interventions. In Canada, these tories have been labeled neoconservatives - which has a somewhat different connotation in the US. By the early 1980s there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but Brian Mulroney, who became leader in 1983, eventually came to adopt many policies from the Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan governments.

As Mulroney took the Progressive Conservative Party further in this direction, with policy initiatives in the areas of deregulation, privatization, free-trade, and a consumption tax called the Goods and Services Tax (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party.

The 1986 creation of the Reform Party of Canada attracted some of the neo-liberals and social conservatives away from the Tory party, and as some of the neoconservative policies of the Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned, rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the PCs in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make toryism relevant in provinces such as Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia that had never had a strong tory tradition and political culture.

Thereafter in the 1990s, the PCs were a small party in the Canadian House of Commons, and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the Senate of Canada. Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. Joe Clark returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down the combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada.

By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further Liberal majorities. Many tories - both red and blue - opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The Canadian Alliance party (as the Reform Party had become), and some leading tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed the notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada.

After the merger of the PCs with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Although it was widely believed that some Alliance members would take offence to the term, it was officially accepted by the newly-merged party during the 2004 leadership convention. Stephen Harper, leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, and the Prime Minister as a result of the January 23, 2006 election, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and has suggested that the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement in Canada.

American Revolution

The term Tory or "Loyalist" was used in the American Revolution to include those who remained loyal to the British Crown. Since early in the 18th century, Tory had described those upholding the right of the Kings over parliament. During the revolution, particularly after the Declaration of Independence in 1776 this use was extended to cover anyone who remained loyal to the British Crown. Those Loyalists who settled in Canada, Nova Scotia, or the Bahamas after the American Revolution are known as United Empire Loyalists.

Texas Revolution

In Texas 1832-36 support for the Texas Revolution was not unanimous. The "Tories" were men who supported the Mexican government. The Tories generally were long-term property holders whose roots were outside of the lower South. They typically had little interest in politics and sought conciliation rather than war or they withheld judgment from both sides. The Tories preferred to preserve the economic, political, and social gains that they enjoyed as citizens of Mexico, and the revolution threatened to jeopardize the security of their world.

Current Usage

In Britain after 1832 the Tory Party was replaced by the Conservative Party, and "Tory" has become shorthand for a member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general. Many Conservatives still call themselves "Tory" to differentiate themselves from opponents, and the term is common in the media.

In Canada, the term "Tory" may describe any member of the Conservative Party of Canada, its predecessor party the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, or any similar affiliated conservative provincial party; the term is frequently used in contrast to "Grit", a shorthand for the Liberal Party of Canada.

In Australia, "Tory" is used as a pejorative term by members of the Australian Labor Party to refer to members of the conservative coalition Liberal and National parties.

See also

Blue Tory

Cavalier

Conservatism

High Tory

Jacobitism

Red Tory

Tory (political faction)

Traditionalist conservatism

Ultra-Tories

References

Canada section:

W. Christian and C. Campbell (eds), ''Parties, Leaders and Ideologies in Canada''

J. Farthing, ''Freedom Wears a Crown''

G. Grant, ''Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism''

G. Horowitz, "Conservatism, Liberalism and Socialism in Canada: An Interpretation", CJEPS (1966).

External links

Tory Act

Karl Marx on the Tories and the Whigs (1852)

Category:Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom Category:American Revolution Category:Political history of Canada Category:Georgian era Category:Jacobitism Category:Political philosophy Category:Corporatism Category:Reclaimed words Category:Conservatism Category:Political terms in the United Kingdom

fr:Tories nl:Tory

name	Harry Enfield
birth date	May 30, 1961
birth place	Horsham, West Sussex, England
medium	Television, Film, Stand up
nationality	British
active	1984–present
genre	Sketch shows, Character comedy, Satire
influences	Dick Emery, Ben Elton
influenced	Kathy Burke, Paul Whitehouse }}

Henry Richard "Harry" Enfield (born 30 May 1961) is a BAFTA-winning English comedian, actor, writer and director.

Early life

Born in Horsham, West Sussex, Enfield is the oldest of three children, the son of English television, radio and newspaper journalist and presenter Edward Enfield. He has two sisters, Elizabeth (born 1966) and Lucy Katherine (born 1969). He was educated at the independent Arundale School in Pulborough, Dorset House School, Worth School, Collyer's Sixth Form College (all in West Sussex) and the University of York, where he was a member of Derwent College and read politics. He worked for a while as a milkman.

Career

Enfield first came to public attention when appearing on Channel 4's ''Saturday Live'' as several different characters created with Paul Whitehouse. These quickly entered the national consciousness. Among these characters were Stavros, a Greek restaurant owner with fractured English; and Loadsamoney, an obnoxious character who constantly boasted about how much money he earned. Loadsamoney spawned a hit single in 1988 and a sell-out live tour. As a foil to Loadsamoney Enfield and Whitehouse created the Geordie "Bugger-All-Money" and in 1988 Enfield appeared as both characters during the Nelson Mandela Birthday Tribute Concert at Wembley Stadium. In time Whitehouse and Enfield became disturbed that Loadsamoney was being seen in a positive light, rather than as a satirical figure, and they had him run over during a Comic Relief Red Nose Day show while leaving the studio after presenting host Lenny Henry with "the biggest cheque of the night"—a physically huge cheque for ten pence.

In 1989 Enfield realised a personal project, ''Norbert Smith - a Life'', a spoof on British theatrical knights slumming in the film industry. He also provided voices for the British satirical puppet show ''Spitting Image'', and starred as Dirk Gently in the BBC Radio adaptations of ''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency'' and ''The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul''.

TV series

In 1990 Enfield developed his BBC sketch show, ''Harry Enfield's Television Programme'', later called ''Harry Enfield and Chums'', with Whitehouse and Kathy Burke. Eschewing the alternative comedy style prevalent at the time, both versions of the show were indebted to early '70s comedians such as Dick Emery and Morecambe and Wise. Enfield and his co-performers created another group of nationally recognised characters for these shows, such as ''Stan and Pam Herbert'', who use the catchphrase "We are considerably richer than you" (in an exaggerated West-Midlands accent), ''Tim Nice-But-Dim'', ''The Scousers'', ''Smashie and Nicey, Wayne and Waynetta Slob, Annoying Kid Brother'', who grew into ''Kevin the Teenager'', and two old-fashioned BBC presenters, ''Mr Cholmondley-Warner and Grayson''.

In 1991, Enfield played Dermot in the sitcom ''Men Behaving Badly'' along with Martin Clunes, Caroline Quentin and Leslie Ash, originally on Thames Television. Enfield left after the first series, and was replaced in the second series by Neil Morrissey as Tony. Enfield is a professed fan of opera and fronted a Channel 4 documentary series on the subject. In 1991 Harry also starred in the series Gone to the Dogs (TV series) as Little Jim.

After a short break from television Enfield signed a new contract with BSkyB, but produced only one series, ''Harry Enfield's Brand Spanking New Show''. In 2002 Enfield returned to the BBC with ''Celeb'', a new series based on the comic strip of the same title in ''Private Eye'', as the ageing rockstar Gary Bloke.

In 2002 Enfield was the first guest on the revamped version of BBC's ''Top Gear'' and also appeared on the show on 23 November 2008. Enfield has also narrated various TV documentaries such as the Discovery Wings channel "Classic British Aircraft".

In 2007, he played Jim Stonem in the Channel 4 series ''Skins''. He reprised this role in the second series in 2008, and the third series in 2009.

He appears often on mainstream television shows. His current comedy series ''Harry & Paul'' (originally titled ''Ruddy Hell! It's Harry & Paul'') started in 2008.

Films

In 2000 Enfield appeared in his first leading film role playing Kevin alongside Kathy Burke, who played the character's (male) friend Perry—roles originally created for Enfield's television series—in ''Kevin & Perry Go Large''. The film charted the pair's attempt to become professional DJs by travelling to the nightclubs of Ibiza and pestering their idol, the DJ Eyeball Paul, played by Rhys Ifans, while gaining love and losing their virginity. Enfield also appeared as King George VI in ''Churchill: The Hollywood Years'' (2004), a satire on Hollywood's tendency to change elements of history. In 2012 he starred with Simon Callow in the film " Acts of Gordfrey" which opened in UK cinemas on 27 January.

Commercials

Enfield appeared in some television commercials before becoming famous, including one made in 1987 for Heineken. Enfield's commercials include a series made in 1996 for Dime Bar. One commercial in this series had Enfield as a yokel refusing a Dime bar—smooth on the outside, crunchy on the inside—because he preferred armadillos—smooth on the inside, crunchy on the outside. Later Enfield, with Paul Whitehouse, starred in a series of commercials for Hula Hoops as The Self-Righteous Brothers, characters from Enfield's television show . In 2004 Enfield starred in a series of commercials for Burger King in the United States as Dr. Angus, a character intended to promote the company's newest hamburger. Two more characters from Enfield's TV series, Mr Cholmondley-Warner and Grayson, also appeared in commercials, for Mercury Communications. Also in 2004 Enfield provided the voice of "The Roaming Gnome" character used in Travelocity's U.S. advertising campaign.

Personal life

For several years, Enfield was in a relationship with Alison Owen, the mother of Alfie and Lily Allen. They lived together for three years and he helped look after the children. They intended to get married but separated in 1995. He previously dated producer Debbie Vertue (daughter of Beryl Vertue and sister of Sue Vertue).

In 1997 Enfield married Lucy Lyster and they have one son, Archie Edward (born 1997) and two daughters, Poppy Sophia (born 1999) and Nell Florence (born 2003).

Enfield went to school with Simon Nye, who later wrote ''Men Behaving Badly''.

References

External links

Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:English comedians Category:English television actors Category:English television writers Category:People from Horsham Category:Alumni of the University of York Category:People educated at The College of Richard Collyer Category:People educated at Worth School

fr:Harry Enfield pl:Harry Enfield fi:Harry Enfield

Name	Michael Kors
Nationality	American
Birth date	August 09, 1959
Birth place	Long Island, New York, United States
Education	Fashion Institute of Technology
Spouse	Lance LePere (since 2011)
Label name	Michael Kors
Awards	1999 CFDA award for womenswear designer of the year 2003 CFDA award for menswear designer of the year

Michael Kors (born Karl Anderson, Jr.; August 9, 1959) is an American fashion designer. He is best known for designing classic American sportswear for women.

Personal life

Kors was born Karl Anderson, Jr. on Long Island, New York, the son of Joan Hamburger, a former model, and her first husband, Karl Anderson, a college student. When his mother remarried when he was five, he was told he could change his name, and he chose to become Michael David Kors. He grew up in Merrick, New York and graduated from John F. Kennedy High School in Bellmore, New York. Kors' mother is Jewish and his father was of Swedish descent. Kors currently resides in New York City and married his longtime partner Lance LePere in Southampton, New York on August 16, 2011.

Career

Michael Kors began designing clothes at the age of 19 and studied fashion design at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York City. In 1981, Kors launched the Michael Kors womenswear line at Bloomingdales, Bergdorf Goodman, Lord & Taylor, Neiman Marcus, and Saks Fifth Avenue. Building on his success, Kors was named the first ever women's ready-to-wear designer and creative director for the French fashion house Celine in 1997. In his tenure at Celine, Kors turned the fashion house around with blockbuster accessories and a critically acclaimed ready-to-wear line. Kors left Celine in October 2003 to concentrate on his own brand. Kors launched his menswear line in 2002.

In addition to the Michael Kors runway collection, the MICHAEL Michael Kors and KORS Michael Kors lines were launched in 2004. KORS is considered the mid-tier line, between the runway and MICHAEL collections. The MICHAEL line includes women's handbags and shoes as well as women's ready-to-wear apparel. The KORS line contains footwear and Jeans. Currently, Kors has full collection boutiques in New York, Beverly Hills, Palm Beach, Manhasset, and Chicago. This year, Michael Kors celebrates 30 years in business.

Among the celebrities who have worn Michael Kors' designs are Jennifer Lopez, Rachel McAdams, Michelle Obama, Elissa, Heidi Klum, and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Joan Allen wore his gown when she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the ''The Contender''. In addition, Jennifer Garner wore a custom creation as an Academy Award presenter in 2006. As Creative Director of Celine, Michael Kors designed many outfits for actresses to wear on screen. Gwyneth Paltrow wore Kors' designs in the movie ''Possession''. Cate Blanchett also wore his clothes in the movie ''Bandits''. In addition, he outfitted Rene Russo's character in the 1999 hit remake of ''The Thomas Crown Affair''. Elissa wore his dress in the World Music Awards 2005. The ad campaigns for Michael Kors often reflects the jet-set sportswear that Kors fans are fond of. Previous campaigns include the model Carmen Kass on the tarmac of an airport, on a safari in Africa, and relaxing on a yacht.

Kors is a judge on the Emmy-nominated reality television program Project Runway, which aired on Bravo for five seasons; subsequent seasons aired on Lifetime.

In December 2011, Michael Kors Holdings, a Hong Kong based company, filed with the SEC to raise $751 million in a US initial public offering.

Other honors

In 2010, Kors received the Oliver R. Grace Award for Distinguished Service in Advancing Cancer Research, an annual honor bestowed by the Cancer Research Institute, a U.S. nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing immune system-based treatments for cancer. He received the honor at a black-tie ceremony held June 16, 2010 at The Mandarin Oriental in New York City. In June 2010, Kors was the youngest recipient ever of the Geoffrey Beene Lifetime Achievement Award from the CFDA and received the Fragrance Foundation’s FiFi Award for Lifetime Achievement.

Legal issues

In January 2009, the estate of artist/designer Tony Duquette sued Kors for trademark infringement after Kors allegedly used Duquette's name and images in promoting Kors' 2009 resortwear collection.

References

External links

Michael Kors biography, Michael Kors Biography

MichaelKors.com, Michael Kors Official Website

* Company Mission Statement, Mission Statement

''Project Runway'' Season 5

:File:MICHAEL KORS 221.jpg#filelinks, Michael Kors dress

Category:1959 births Category:American fashion designers Category:American Jews Category:High fashion brands Category:Jewish fashion designers Category:LGBT fashion designers Category:LGBT Jews Category:LGBT people from the United States Category:Living people Category:People from Long Island Category:Project Runway Category:Fashion Institute of Technology alumni Category:American fashion businesspeople

de:Michael Kors es:Michael Kors it:Michael Kors nl:Michael Kors ja:マイケル・コース pt:Michael Kors ru:Корс, Майкл fi:Michael Kors sv:Michael Kors zh:邁可·寇斯

Name	Tory Burch
Birth date	June 17, 1966
Birth place	Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, United States
Residence	New York, New York
Nationality	American
Education	University of Pennsylvania
Label name	Tory Burch
Awards	2005 Rising Star, Fashion Group International; 2007 brand launch award, Accessories Council of Excellence; CFDA Accessories Designer of the Year, 2008
Known for	Bohemian chic accessories
Occupation	Fashion designer }}

Tory Burch (born June 17, 1966; née Robinson) is an American fashion designer, business woman and philanthropist who was born, raised and educated in the Philadelphia metropolitan area.

She attended the Agnes Irwin School in Rosemont, PA, and the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a member of the sorority Kappa Alpha Theta. After graduation, she moved to New York City, where she began a career working with fashion designers, including Zoran, a Yugoslavian designer. She worked at ''Harper's Bazaar'' magazine. She was a copywriter for Polo Ralph Lauren and worked for Vera Wang.

She began a fashion label in February 2004. The label was an immediate success and was endorsed by Oprah Winfrey the following year. The label has stores in several large American cities and has lines that are sold in several upscale specialty department stores. Burch has won several fashion awards for her designs. The company has since grown to 36 stores, four of which are outlet stores in Woodbury Commons, NY; San Marcos, TX; Camarillo, CA; and Orlando, FL Premium Outlets. Her fashion label known as "TRB by Tory Burch"—later as "Tory Burch"—began as a business operation in her Upper East Side apartment and quickly blossomed into free-standing boutiques, now numbering 68. In February 2004, Tory Burch opened a flagship store in the NoLIta neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The store was almost completely sold out on the first day. Stories about her and her fashion line have been in a broad spectrum of magazines and newspapers, and in April 2005, Winfrey endorsed her line on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show''.

Personal life

Born in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Burch was raised with her three brothers (Robert, James and Leonard) in a Valley Forge farmhouse where her mother, Reva Robinson, still lived in 2008. The house is a 250-year old Georgian near the Valley Forge National Historical Park. Her mother is a former actress who dated Steve McQueen and Marlon Brando. Her father, Buddy Robinson, who was a wealthy investor, is now deceased. Her father inherited a stock exchange seat and a paper cup company. He dated Grace Kelly and Joan Bennett. Tory's father was fourteen years older than her mother.

Tory served as captain of the tennis team and rode horses while at the Agnes Irwin School. Tory attended the University of Pennsylvania, where she was a member of the Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She majored in art history, and graduated in 1988.

From 1997 through 2006, she was married to Christopher Burch, an investor in Internet Capital Group, a venture capital firm founded by Walter Buckley and Ken Fox. Previously she was married to William Macklowe, son of real-estate tycoon Harry B. Macklowe. She dated Lance Armstrong in 2007. More recently, she has been linked to Lyor Cohen. After divorcing from Burch, she continued to live with her children in their New York City apartment. Burch has three sons and three stepdaughters: Children Henry, Nicholas, and Sawyer and step children Alexandra, Elizabeth, and Louisa.

Business

Her company produces caftans, sequined cardigans, tunics, children's swimwear, jewelry, handbags, shoes, and sunglasses. The style has been described as Preppy-boho and Preppy-bohemian luxe. Some select styles of sunglasses, such as the Rounded Aviator, have the signature logo printed on the lens. Her styles are popular with the viewers and fans of the television show ''Gossip Girl'', which they often appear on, and her style transcends generations. Her style is known for being easy to wear. In 2007, there were wait lists to buy her fashions, which are hallmark representations of and homages to 1950s and 1960s fashions. Her fashions are known for including her T-logo medallion. Her clothing is versatile enough to be part of the wardrobe of a clientele ranging from working women and soccer moms to socialites and wealthy women. Burch named her popular line of Reva ballerina flats after her mother. Burch is known as one of the leaders in turning the t-shirt into a fashion item.

In 2008, she beat Marc Jacobs and Michael Kors for the Council of Fashion Designers of America, as the accessories designer of the year. In 2007, she won the Accessory Brand Launch of the year award from the Accessories Council of Excellence. In 2005, she won Rising Star Award to Burch for best new Retail Concept from the Fashion Group International.

In 2009, Burch appeared in the fourth episode of ''Gossip Girl'' season three as herself. As of April 2012, there were 68 Tory Burch stores worldwide, 48 in the US and 20 internationally. Her fashion line is carried at over 1,000 department and specialty stores worldwide, including Saks Fifth Avenue, Bergdorf Goodman, Neiman Marcus Nordstrom and Bloomingdale's. In 2009, Tory Burch sold a minority stake in her company to a Mexican private equity firm, Tresalia Capital.

Philanthropy

In 2008, Burch founded the Tory Burch Foundation, which provides "economic opportunities to women and their families". The Tory Burch Foundation is currently partnered with ACCION USA to provide domestic microfinance to low income entrepreneurs in the United States. ACCION USA is a non-profit domestic microfinance provider founded in 1991. Burch explained the reason for her focus as “I like microfinance in particular because it isn’t charity in the traditional sense. It’s about investing in people who might otherwise not have the chance to pursue their goals and helping families lift themselves out of poverty…It’s also incredibly important to the economic recovery of our country.” Burch’s stores sell several products whose proceeds support the Foundation’s work.

Burch is on the board of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and, in 2006, chaired the spring gala for the American Ballet Theatre which raised an estimated $1.8 million. In 2008, Burch was honored at a Colleague Helpers in Philanthropic Services (C.H.I.P.S.) luncheon that benefited the Children’s Institute, Inc.

Socialite

Her parents were part of Philadelphia high society. Now, she is a socialite and businesswoman. She was co-chair of the American Ballet Theater Spring Gala in 2007 along with Caroline Kennedy, Carolina Herrera, Susan Fales-Hill (Misty Copeland's sponsor), Dayssi Olarte de Kanavos, and Sloan Lindemann Barnett. She is also active in a variety of socialite activities such as the passing out gift bags at The Lung Cancer Research Foundation's "Strides for Life" Race.

Filmography

''America's Next Top Model'' ''Gossip Girl (TV series) ''Fashion King''

Year	! Film	! Role	! Notes
2004	''Just a Clown''
2008	|||(special thanks)
2009	Gossip Girl''||	Herself	(season 3,4th episode)
2012	|	Herself	Cameo

Notes

External links

Tory Burch main website

Tory Burch Foundation website

Category:1966 births Category:Living people Category:American fashion businesspeople Category:American fashion designers Category:American Jews Category:American socialites Category:American women in business Category:Jewish fashion designers Category:People from Chester County, Pennsylvania Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni

ko:토리 버치 it:Tory Burch

bgcolour	khaki
name	Raquel Zimmermann
birth date	May 06, 1983
birth place	Bom Retiro do Sul, RS, Brazil
height	5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
measurements	(US) 34-24-35 ; (EU) 86.5-61-89
eyecolor	Blue
haircolor	Blonde }}

Raquel Zimmermann (born May 6, 1983) is a Brazilian model.

Discovery and modeling career

Zimmermann was discovered by a scouting agency in Porto Alegre, Brazil at the age of 14 and made her way to Japan and on to Paris. Shortly thereafter, Steven Meisel booked her for the cover of ''Vogue Italia'', September 2000, and her modelling career began in earnest.

Zimmermann's friends at school convinced her to pursue modelling as a career. She is known for being very professional and polite to everyone. As for a plan after modelling, she says she would like to work with something creative.

Zimmermann has campaigned for such brands as: Balenciaga, Bloomingdales, Cavalli jeans, Cerruti, Chanel eyewear, Chloé, Christian Dior, CK by Calvin Klein, Clairol, Dolce & Gabbana, Dsquared, Emanuel Ungaro, Escada, Fendi, GAP, Gucci, Giorgio Armani, H&M;, Hermès, Hugo Boss, Louis Vuitton, Lanvin, MAC Cosmetics, Max Mara, Neiman Marcus, Prada, Roberto Cavalli, Shiatzy Chen, Valentino, Versace, and appears regularly in American ''Vogue'', French ''Vogue'', Italian ''Vogue'', ''W'', ''Harper's Bazaar'', ''Visionaire'', ''POP'' and ''Self Service''. She also appeared in the 2002, 2005 and 2006 Victoria's Secret fashion shows.

Zimmermann has appeared on many magazine covers, such as: ''Vogue'' (Brazil, USA, Italy, France, Japan, China, Greece, Germany, Russia), ''Harper's Bazaar'', ''Elle'', ''Numéro'', ''L'Officiel'', ''Marie Claire'', ''i-D'', ''V'' and ''French''.

In the May 2007 issue of American ''Vogue'' she was featured on the cover with fellow models Doutzen Kroes, Caroline Trentini, Hilary Rhoda, Sasha Pivovarova, Agyness Deyn, Coco Rocha, Jessica Stam, Chanel Iman, and Lily Donaldson as one of the "World’s Next Top Models." In 2008 casting agent James Scully, who is responsible for picking which model is to score a spot on top runways, says in regard to Zimmermann:

The energizer model! I think she's the only model of the last ten years who never goes out of fashion. It's as though she never ages yet gets better-looking each season. Probably the most versatile model of all, she truly could be in any show. Her professionalism rivals any model and her timeliness is equal to Cindy Crawford's, whose punctuality was legendary.

In 2007 Zimmermann appeared on the cover of ''V'' and in the first ever television commercial by Gucci for its new fragrance, Gucci by Gucci directed by David Lynch.

Zimmermann was ranked number one on international model ranking website models.com from December 2007 until February 2010. she is, because of her long run on the Top 100, ranked 14 on the Top Model Icons of All Time list. She has recently been featured in the H&M;, Fendi, Lanvin, Printemps and Roberto Cavalli advertising campaigns. Zimmermann appeared on covers of the June 2008 issue of ''Elle Brazil'', the July 2008 issues of ''Vogue Nippon'' and ''Numéro Tokyo'' and the cover of the August issue of Chinese ''Vogue'', as well as the covers of the ''Vogue Nippon'' issues from December 2008 and October 2009. She was the face of Oscar de la Renta for the spring/summer 2009 advertising campaign photographed by Craig McDean as well the face of Marc Jacobs for the 2009 spring/summer campaign photographed by Juergen Teller.

The May 2009 issue of ''American Vogue'' featured her as one of the faces of the season, alongside Liya Kebede, Lara Stone, Natasha Poly, Caroline Trentini, Jourdan Dunn, Natalia Vodianova, Anna Jagodzinska, and Isabeli Fontana.

''Vogue Paris'' declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s.

She starred in the Lady Gaga music video for "Born This Way", where she was featured wearing designer clothing and helped give birth to a non-prejudice race from the "Mother Monster".

Personal life

Raquel Zimmermann, a German Brazilian, was born in Bom Retiro do Sul, RS, Brazil. She reports that she practices the Transcendental Meditation technique.

Zimmermann is married to Ruy Sanchez Blanco, a surfer and photographer.

References

External links

Raquel Zimmermann's personal website

Raquel Zimmermann's Model Diary on style.com

Raquel Zimmermann Number 1 on models.com

Category:1983 births Category:Brazilian people of German descent Category:Brazilian female models Category:Living people Category:People from Rio Grande do Sul

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