The ''Suda'' or ''Souda'' () is a massive 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Suidas. It is an encyclopedic lexicon, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries, many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from medieval Christian compilers. The derivation is probably from the Byzantine Greek word ''souda'', meaning "fortress" or "stronghold," with the alternate name, ''Suidas'', stemming from an error made by Eustathius, who mistook the title for the proper name of the author.

The ''Suda'' is somewhere between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense. It explains the source, derivation, and meaning of words according to the philology of its period, using such earlier authorities as Harpocration and Helladios. There is nothing especially important about this aspect of the work. It is the articles on literary history that are valuable. These entries supply details and quotations from authors whose works are otherwise lost. They use older scholia to the classics (Homer, Thucydides, Sophocles, etc.), and for later writers, Polybius, Josephus, the ''Chronicon Paschale'', George Syncellus, George Hamartolus, and so on.

This lexicon represents a convenient work of reference for persons who played a part in political, ecclesiastical, and literary history in the East down to the tenth century. The chief source for this is the encyclopedia of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (912-59), and for Roman history the excerpts of John of Antioch (seventh century). Krumbacher (''Byzantinische Literatur'', 566) counts two main sources of the work: Constantine VII for ancient history, and Hamartolus (Georgios Monachos) for the Byzantine age.

Background

Little is known of the compilation of this work, except that it must have been before Eustathius (12th century), who frequently quotes it. Under the heading "Adam" the author of the lexicon (which a prefatory note states to be "by Suidas") gives a brief chronology of the world, ending with the death of the emperor John I Tzimiskes (975), and under Constantinople his successors Basil II (976-1025) and Constantine VIII (1025–1028) are mentioned. It would thus appear that the ''Suda'' was compiled in the latter part of the 10th century. Passages referring to Michael Psellus (end of the 11th century) are considered later interpolations.

It includes numerous quotations from ancient writers; the scholiasts on Aristophanes, Homer, Sophocles and Thucydides are also much used. The biographical notices, the author avers, are condensed from the ''Onomatologion'' or ''Pinax'' of Hesychius of Miletus; other sources were the excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, the chronicle of Georgius Monachus, the biographies of Diogenes Laertius and the works of Athenaeus and Philostratus.

The work deals with biblical as well as pagan subjects, from which it is inferred that the writer was a Christian. A prefatory note gives a list of dictionaries from which the lexical portion was compiled, together with the names of their authors. Although the work is uncritical and probably much interpolated, and the value of its articles is very unequal, the ''Suda'' contains much useful information on ancient history and life.

The ''Suda'' has a near-contemporaneous Islamic parallel, the ''Kitab al-Fehrest'' of Ibn al-Nadim.

Organization

The lexicon is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations(from common vowel order and place in the Greek alphabet and including the homophonous diphthongs). According to a system (formerly common in many languages) called ''antistoichia'' (ἀντιστοιχία); namely the letters follow phonetically, in order of sound (of course in the pronunciation of the tenth century, which is similar to that of Modern Greek). So alpha-iota comes after epsilon and the latter after delta; eta and iota come together after epsilon-iota and the latter after zeta; omega after omicron and the latter after xi; finally upsilon after omicron-iota and the latter after tau. The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but some editors—for example, Immanuel Bekker -- rearranged the ''Suda'' alphabetically.

Sources

References

External links

''Suda'' On Line. An on-line edition of the Ada Adler edition with ongoing translations and commentary by registered editors.

Category:10th century in the Byzantine Empire Category:Greek encyclopedias Category:10th-century books Category:Byzantine literature

bg:Свидас br:Souda ca:Suides cs:Suda (slovník) da:Suda de:Suda el:Σούδα (λεξικό) es:Suda eo:Suido eu:Suda fr:Souda ko:수다 hy:Սուդա (հանրագիտարան) id:Suda it:Suda (enciclopedia) he:סודא ka:სვიდა la:Suda hu:Szuda-lexikon nl:Suda new:सुदा ja:スーダ辞典 no:Suda pl:Księga Suda pt:Suda ru:Суда (византийский словарь) simple:Suda fi:Suda sv:Suda uk:Суда zh:苏达辞书

name
years active	1990-present
birth date	August 11, 1965
birth place	Yamaguchi Prefecture,Japan
title	Founder and CEO of Tango Gameworks
occupation	Video game designer, game director, game producer
website	http://www.tangogameworks.com/ }}

is a Japanese video game designer best known for creating the seminal survival horror series ''Resident Evil''. He also contributed to some of Capcom's most popular post-32-bit era franchises, including ''Viewtiful Joe'', ''Devil May Cry'', and ''Ace Attorney'', where he served as an executive producer. He was also the creator of the third-person shooter games ''Resident Evil 4'' and ''Vanquish''. After working with Platinum Games, he started his own studio Tango Gameworks, which has been acquired by the American company ZeniMax Media.

Career

Early years (1990-1994)

Mikami graduated from the Faculty of Commerce at Doshisha University, where he majored in the study of merchandise. He joined Capcom in 1990 and, soon after, created his first title there, a quiz game for the Game Boy titled ''Capcom Quiz: Hatena? no Daibōken'', which took over three months to develop. His following three games were all based on Disney-licensed properties: ''Who Framed Roger Rabbit?'' for the Game Boy, and ''Aladdin'' and ''Goof Troop'' for the Super Nintendo. ''Aladdin'' was his first hit, selling over 1.75 million units worldwide. Mikami also worked on an untitled F1 racing game that was canceled by the company after eight months of development.

''Resident Evil'' and ''Dino Crisis'' (1994-1999)

After the release of ''Goof Troop'', Mikami began development of a horror-themed adventure game for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn set in a haunted mansion, an idea loosely based on ''Sweet Home'' (an earlier Famicom game by Capcom based on the Japanese horror film of the same name). Shinji Mikami has also said that he created the original ''Resident Evil'' game in response to his disappointment with ''Zombie'', a gory 1979 film by Italian director Lucio Fulci; Mikami was determined to make a game with none of the failings of the movie. The resulting game became ''Biohazard'', an action-adventure game which combined 3D polygonal characters and objects with pre-rendered backgrounds and featured zombies (among other monsters) heavily influenced by George A. Romero's ''Dead'' films. The game was retitled ''Resident Evil'' during its English localization under Capcom USA's suggestion and was released in Japan and North America on 22 March 1996 and became one of the PlayStation's first successful titles. It was the first game to be dubbed a survival horror, a term Capcom coined to promote the game.

''Resident Evil'' was considered the defining title for survival horror games and was responsible for popularizing the genre. Its control scheme becoming a staple of the genre, and future titles would imitate its challenge of rationing highly limited resources and items. The game's commercial success is credited with helping the PlayStation become the dominant game console, and also led to a series of ''Resident Evil'' films. Many games have tried to replicate the successful formula seen in ''Resident Evil'', and every subsequent survival horror game has arguably taken a stance in relation to it.

After the success of ''Resident Evil'', Mikami was promoted from planner to producer, becoming more involved in the business side of the company. As producer, he oversaw the development of the ''Resident Evil's'' sequel, ''Resident Evil 2'', which he intended to tap into the classic notion of horror as "the ordinary made strange," thus rather than setting the game in a creepy mansion no one would visit, he wanted to use familiar urban settings transformed by the chaos of a viral outbreak. The game sold over five million copies, proving the popularity of survival horror. Following its released in 1998, he oversaw the development of ''Resident Evil 3: Nemesis'' and also directed another survival horror title ''Dino Crisis'', both of which released in 1999.

Capcom Production Studio 4 (1999-2002)

Shortly after the release of ''Resident Evil 3'' in Japan, Capcom Production Studio 4 was established in 1999. The studio's staff were mainly the key developers in the company's survival horror projects. Mikami was appointed as the general manager of the studio, and worked as executive producer for various games, including the original ''Devil May Cry'' (originally conceived as a ''Resident Evil'' game).

In the year 2000, Mikami became involved as producer of a new ''Resident Evil'' game. ''Resident Evil Code: Veronica''. This game was designed from the ground up for the Dreamcast. Which is a much more powerful console than the PlayStation, the Dreamcast allowed the team behind the game to add for the first time, 3D environments instead of the usual pre-rendered backgrounds. ''Resident Evil Code: Veronica'' was released in the year 2000 and went on to sell 1,140,000 units. That same year, Mikami's ''Dino Crisis 2'' was released, selling 1,190,000 copies worldwide.

In 2001, a special edition of ''Biohazard Code: Veronica'' was developed for the Dreamcast and also for Sony's brand new game console, PlayStation 2. This edition of the game was created to fill some plot holes, although it added other ones in the process. Regardless, ''Biohazard Code: Veronica Complete Edition'', as the special edition was known in Japan, went on to outsell the original. In the States and elsewhere, it was known as ''Resident Evil Code: Veronica X''. The PS2 version went on to sell 1,400,000 units, according to Capcom's sales data for March 2006.

In 2001, in what was to be one of his most controversial business decisions, Mikami formed an exclusivity agreement with Nintendo in which the main ''Resident Evil'' games would be sold only for the Nintendo GameCube. The GameCube would receive, in addition to ports of previous PlayStation and Sega Dreamcast installments, three new numbered entries in the series; a remake of the original ''Resident Evil'', ''Resident Evil Zero'' and ''Resident Evil 4''. ''Resident Evil'' and ''Resident Evil Zero'' were both released in 2002.

The remake of ''Resident Evil'', was released in Japan on the sixth anniversary of the release of the original, March 22, 2002. The remake was billed as the definitive version of the game, selling 490,000 copies in the US and 360,000 copies in Europe. In total, ''Resident Evil'' managed to sell 1,250,000 units during its first year of release. The remake's sales data was made public by Capcom during its Financial Review Report for the year 2002.

On 12 November 2002, ''Resident Evil Zero'' was released. Gaming site gamefront.de reported that 138,855 copies of the game were sold on its first day of release. Capcom expected ''Resident Evil Zero'' to sell 1.42 million copies, but sold only 1.12 million. The fact that ''Resident Evil Zero'' did not match or surpass the remake's sales figures, spread fear among Capcom executives and share holders. They worried that ''Resident Evil 4'' would not sell well enough on GameCube.

Capcom Five and ''Resident Evil 4'' (2002-2004)

In spite of ''Resident Evil Zero''s underwhelming sales, Mikami remained confident in his support for Nintendo and announced four exclusive titles for the GameCube under development by Production Studio 4 in addition to ''Resident Evil 4''; ''P.N.03'', ''Viewtiful Joe'', ''killer7'' and ''Dead Phoenix''. This lineup became known as the Capcom Five.

The first of these games to be released was the Mikami-directed ''P.N. 03''. The game was both a commercial and critical failure, receiving lukewarm reviews from the press and selling below expectations. As a result, Mikami stepped down as manager of Production Studio 4, while remaining as one of the head producers within the team.

After his failure with ''P.N.03'', Mikami decided to concentrate instead on the creative aspects of the Capcom 5. He eventually took over directorial duties for ''Resident Evil 4'' from previous director, Hiroshi Shibata. Under his direction, ''Resident Evil 4'' went through some substantial changes. ''Resident Evil 4'' was released in 2005 and was one of the GameCube's top-selling titles, selling 1,250,000 units worldwide within a year. The game was critically praised, winning many game of the year awards.

''Resident Evil 4'' is regarded as one of the most influential games of the 2000s decade, due to its influence in redefining at least two video game genres: the survival horror and the third-person shooter. ''Resident Evil 4'' attempted to redefine the survival horror genre by emphasizing reflexes and precision aiming, thus broadening the gameplay of the series with elements from the wider action game genre. It helped redefine the third-person shooter genre by introducing a "reliance on offset camera angles that fail to obscure the action." The "over the shoulder" viewpoint introduced in ''Resident Evil 4'' has now become standard in third-person shooters, including titles ranging from ''Gears of War'' to ''Batman: Arkham Asylum''. It has also become a standard “precision aim” feature for action games in general, with examples ranging from ''Dead Space'' and ''Grand Theft Auto'' to the ''Ratchet & Clank Future'' series.

Shinji Mikami touted the game as a GameCube exclusive. In an interview with a Japanese magazine, Mikami even said that he would "commit harakiri" if it came out on another platform. This was loosely translated as Mikami claiming to "cut [his own] stomach" and later parodied in ''God Hand'', which featured a racing dog named "Mikami's Head". Recently in an interview he gave apologies for ''Resident Evil 4'' going multiplatform. He felt quite bad, believing some people bought a GameCube just to play ''Resident Evil 4'' without knowing that it would finally be made available for PlayStation 2.

Clover Studio and ''God Hand'' (2004-2007)

After the success of ''Resident Evil 4'', Mikami left Studio 4 and was transferred over to Clover Studio in 2004. Originally established in July 2004, Clover Studio employed an all-star lineup of Capcom development talent, including Atsushi Inaba (producer of ''Steel Battalion'' and ''Viewtiful Joe''), and Hideki Kamiya (''Devil May Cry'' director).

At Clover, Mikami supervised the development of ''God Hand'', a game in the beat 'em up genre that parodies American and Japanese pop culture. It was released in Japan on 14 September 2006, and on 10 October 2006 in North America. After the dissolution of Clover Studio in 2007, Mikami joined Seeds Inc, now known as Platinum Games, the newly formed successor of his former studio. Platinum Games is composed of several of Mikami's former Capcom colleagues including Hideki Kamiya, Atsushi Inaba, Yuta Kimura, Nao Ueda, Mari Shimazaki, and Masami Ueda. Mikami then worked on ''Vanquish''.

Platinum Games and ''Vanquish'' (2007-2010)

Mikami recently revealed that he formed a private development studio called Straight Story in 2006, shortly before the fall of Clover Studio. The name of the studio is taken from the 1999 David Lynch film. Their works are under the Platinum Games branding and he is a contract employee ("external board member") of Platinum Games. He also collaborated with Grasshopper Manufacture's Goichi Suda on Shadows of the Damned using the Unreal Engine 3. Mikami revealed that Straight Story will close once development of ''Vanquish'' is completed. Straight Story will be replaced with Mikami's new studio, Tango, which has already been established.

Much like ''Resident Evil'' and ''Resident Evil 4'' before it, the third-person shooter game ''Vanquish'', released in 2010, has proven to be an influential title for action games. It significantly improved upon the cover system, where in contrast to previous cover-based shooters, the cover in ''Vanquish'' is easily destructible, with often a single shot from a robotic enemy being enough to blast away the wall the player was hiding behind. The game also penalizes the player's ranking for the number of times they have taken cover, though its most important innovation is the power-slide mechanic that allows the player to slide into and out of cover at high speeds, or in bullet time when the player's health is low. The game was given GameSpot's Best Original Game Mechanic award for its rocket-sliding game mechanic, which acts as both a defensive escape and an offensive setup, opening up new gameplay possibilities for shooter games and increasing the pace significantly. The game has set a new trend, with its influence seen in other first-person shooters that have incorporated similar sliding mechanics, including ''Bulletstorm'', ''Crysis 2'', and ''Killzone 3''. ''Vanquish'' was itself inspired by Tatsunoko's 1970s anime series, ''Casshern''.

Tango Gameworks (2010-present)

A teaser website opened on 18 March 2010 titled "Mikami Project" with a countdown attached. The website changed into a job employment page, for Mikami's new studio, "Tango". On October 28, 2010 ZeniMax Media Inc., parent company of noted game publisher Bethesda Softworks, announces Shinji Mikami, has joined ZeniMax in a deal where ZeniMax acquired Tango Gameworks. Tango Gameworks has 65 staff but soon will have 100. Shinji Mikami's new game won't be released until, at the earliest, 2013. Mikami's new game will use a heavily modified external engine although he wouldn't say what.

Famitsu revealed the codename of Mikami's upcoming Game "Zwei" In an interview, the genre of ''Zwei'' is survival horror and the development is at the early stage. The platform is not yet decided.

Works

! Game	! Year of release	! Role
Zwei	TBA 2013	Director
Shadows of the Damned	2011	Creative producer
	2010	Director
God Hand	2006	Director
Killer 7	2005	Executive producer/Writer
Resident Evil 4	2005	Director
	2004	Executive producer
	2004	Background modeler
Resident Evil Outbreak	2003	Designer
Dino Crisis 3	2003	Executive producer
Viewtiful Joe	2003	Executive producer
P.N. 03	2003	Director
	2003	Executive producer
Resident Evil Zero	2002	Executive advisor
	2002	Director
Resident Evil Survivor 2 Code: Veronica	2001	Supervisor
	2001	Executive producer
	2001	Executive producer
Resident Evil Gaiden	2001	Advisor
Onimusha: Warlords	2001	Advisor
Dino Crisis 2	2000	Executive producer
Resident Evil Code: Veronica	2000	Producer
Resident Evil 3: Nemesis	1999	Producer
Dino Crisis	1999	Director/Producer
Resident Evil 2	1998	Producer
	1996	Director/Producer
	1994	Game designer
	1993	Planner
Untitled F1 game (canceled)	1992	Planner
	1991	Planner
Capcom Quiz: Hatena hatena no Daibôken	1990	Planner

References

http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2012-03-13-resi-creator-shinji-mikami-sheds-light-on-bethesda-zenimax-game?status=ok&previous-comment;=

External links

''Shinji Mikami'' profile on MobyGames

"PlatinumGames"

Fear Itself, ''New York''

Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Japanese video game designers Category:Resident Evil Category:Capcom Category:Video game producers

ar:شينجي ميكامي de:Shinji Mikami es:Shinji Mikami fa:شینجی میکامی fr:Shinji Mikami ja:三上真司 pl:Shinji Mikami pt:Shinji Mikami zh:三上真司

playername	Walter Pandiani
fullname	Walter Gerardo Pandiani Urquiza
dateofbirth	April 27, 1976
cityofbirth	Montevideo
countryofbirth	Uruguay
height
currentclub	Espanyol
clubnumber	20
position	Striker
youthyears1	| youthclubs1
years1	1996–1997 | clubs1 Progreso | caps1 22 | goals1 12
years2	1997–1998 | clubs2 Basañez | caps2 0 | goals2 0
years3	1998–2000 | clubs3 Peñarol | caps3 71 | goals3 29
years4	2000–2005 | clubs4 Deportivo La Coruña | caps4 86 | goals4 31
years5	2002–2003 | clubs5 → Mallorca (loan) | caps5 33 | goals5 13
years6	2005 | clubs6 → Birmingham City (loan) | caps6 14 | goals6 4
years7	2005–2006 | clubs7 Birmingham City | caps7 17 | goals7 2
years8	2006–2007 | clubs8 Espanyol | caps8 52 | goals8 8
years9	2007–2011 | clubs9 Osasuna | caps9 92 | goals9 27
years10	2011– | clubs10 Espanyol | caps10 9 | goals10 3
totalcaps	396 | totalgoals 129
nationalyears1	2001–2004 | nationalteam1 Uruguay | nationalcaps1 4 | nationalgoals1 0
club-update	23 March 2012 }}

Walter Gerardo Pandiani Urquiza (born 27 April 1976) is an Uruguayan footballer who plays for RCD Espanyol as a striker.

Nicknamed ''El Rifle'', his best assets are his strength and aerial ability, and he spent most of his professional career in Spain, where he made a name for himself at his first and last clubs - Deportivo de La Coruña and Osasuna - appearing for a total of four teams.

Club career

Early years / Deportivo

Born in Montevideo, Pandiani started his career with local C.A. Progreso, moving on to Basañez and C.A. Peñarol, the latter also in the country's capital, before signing with Deportivo de La Coruña in 2000. Never an undisputed starter in Galicia, he was one of the team's most important offensive elements, often scoring as a substitute (he netted 13 in the 2003–04 season).

Pandiani, who had a successful loan stint at RCD Mallorca while still at ''Depor'', moved to Birmingham City in the Premier League, also on loan, in January 2005, after a series of run-ins with coach Javier Irureta. He scored a goal on his debut against Southampton in a 2–1 home win, and went on to score three more in the season, prompting manager Steve Bruce to sign him on a permanent contract for reported fee of £3 million.

Espanyol

Failing to continue to display his previous form, Pandiani returned to Spain on 13 January 2006, after completing a move to RCD Espanyol for £1m.

During his first full season, he netted seven La Liga goals, while also being instrumental in the Catalan's UEFA Cup runner-up campaign, as he led the competition's goal charts.

Osasuna

For 2007–08, Pandiani joined CA Osasuna. Scarcely used in his first year, he was instrumental for the Navarrese in the following campaign, especially after the arrival, in mid-October, of coach José Antonio Camacho, finishing as the club's topscorer.

Osasuna's first goal of the 2010–11 season only came in the fourth matchday, and 34-year old Pandiani scored it through a header, as the team came from behind to win it 3–1 against Real Sociedad, at home. On 30 January 2011, during half-time of a 1–0 home win against Real Madrid, he was involved in a verbal spat with Cristiano Ronaldo, later classifying the Portuguese's antics as those of one "having a screw loose".

Late career

35-year old Pandiani returned to Espanyol for 2011–12, signing a one-year contract and acting mainly as backup to youth graduate Álvaro Vázquez. On 22 September 2011, he came from the bench to score the game's only goal at home against Getafe CF, in stoppage time. On 27 October, in the same predicament, he headed home against Real Betis in the 75th minute (same venue and result).

International career

Despite his relatively successful career in Spain, Pandiani only received four caps for Uruguay, the first coming on 28 March 2001, in a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Paraguay, a 0–1 home defeat.

Statistics

Club

International

|- |2001||1||0 |- |2002||0||0 |- |2003||1||0 |- |2004||2||0 |- !Total!!4!!0 |- |}

Honours

;Peñarol

Uruguayan League: 1999

;Deportivo

Spanish Cup: 2001–02

Spanish Supercup: 2002

;Mallorca

Spanish Cup: 2002–03

;Espanyol

Spanish Cup: 2005–06

UEFA Cup: Runner-up 2006–07

References

External links

Espanyol official profile

BDFutbol profile

Transfermarkt profile

Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:People from Montevideo Category:Uruguayan footballers Category:Association football forwards Category:Progreso players Category:C.A. Peñarol players Category:La Liga footballers Category:Deportivo de La Coruña players Category:RCD Mallorca footballers Category:RCD Espanyol footballers Category:CA Osasuna footballers Category:Premier League players Category:Birmingham City F.C. players Category:Uruguay international footballers Category:Uruguayan expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain Category:Expatriate footballers in England

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