{{Interventions infobox | Name = Biopsy | Image = Brain biopsy under stereotaxy.jpg | Caption = Brain biopsy | ICD10 = 0?D???X (without force),
0?B???X (with force) | ICD9 = | MeshID = D001706 | OPS301 = (without incision)
(with incision) | OtherCodes = | }} A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon or an interventional radiologist involving sampling of cells or tissues for examination. It is the medical removal of tissue from a living subject to determine the presence or extent of a disease. The tissue is generally examined under a microscope by a pathologist, and can also be analyzed chemically. When an entire lump or suspicious area is removed, the procedure is called an ''excisional biopsy''. When only a sample of tissue is removed with preservation of the histological architecture of the tissue’s cells, the procedure is called an ''incisional biopsy'' or ''core biopsy''. When a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle in such a way that cells are removed without preserving the histological architecture of the tissue cells, the procedure is called a needle aspiration biopsy.

Etymology[link]

Biopsy is of Greek origin, coming from the words bio, meaning life, and opsia, meaning to see.

French dermatologist Ernest Besnier introduced the word “biopsy” to the medical community in 1879.

History[link]

One of the earliest diagnostic biopsies was developed by the Arab physician Abulcasim (1013–1107). A needle was used to puncture a goiter, and the material issuing was characterized.

Conditions identified with biopsies[link]

Cancer[link]

When cancer is suspected, a variety of biopsy techniques can be applied. An ''excisional biopsy'' is an attempt to remove an entire lesion. When the specimen is evaluated, in addition to diagnosis, the amount of uninvolved tissue around the lesion, the ''surgical margin'' of the specimen is examined to see if the disease has spread beyond the area biopsied. "Clear margins" or "negative margins" means that no disease was found at the edges of the biopsy specimen. "Positive margins" means that disease was found, and a wider excision may be needed, depending on the diagnosis.

When intact removal is not indicated for a variety of reasons, a wedge of tissue may be taken in an ''incisional biopsy''. In some cases, a sample can be collected by devices that "bite" a sample. A variety of sizes of needle can collect tissue in the lumen (''core biopsy''). Smaller diameter needles collect cells and cell clusters, fine needle aspiration biopsy.

Pathologic examination of a biopsy can determine whether a lesion is benign or malignant, and can help differentiate between different types of cancer. In contrast to a biopsy that merely samples a lesion, a larger excisional specimen called a resection may come to a pathologist, typically from a surgeon attempting to eradicate a known lesion from a patient. For example, a pathologist would examine a mastectomy specimen, even if a previous nonexcisional breast biopsy had already established the diagnosis of breast cancer. Examination of the full mastectomy specimen would confirm the exact nature of the cancer (subclassification of tumor and histologic "grading") and reveal the extent of its spread (pathologic "staging").

Precancerous conditions[link]

For easily detected and accessed sites, any suspicious lesions may be assessed. Originally, this was skin or superficial masses. X-ray, then later CT, MRI, and ultrasound along with endoscopy extended the range.

Inflammatory conditions[link]

A biopsy of the temporal arteries is often performed for suspected vasculitis. In inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), frequent biopsies are taken to assess the activity of disease and to assess changes that precede malignancy.

Biopsy specimens are often taken from part of a lesion when the cause of a disease is uncertain or its extent or exact character is in doubt. Vasculitis, for instance, is usually diagnosed on biopsy.

Kidney disease: Biopsy and fluorescence microscopy are key in the diagnosis of alterations of renal function. The immunofluorescence plays vital role in the diagnosis of Crescentic glomerulonephritis.

Infectious disease: Lymph node enlargement may be due to a variety of infectious or autoimmune diseases.

Metabolic disease: Some conditions affect the whole body, but certain sites are selectively biopsied because they are easily accessed. Amyloidosis is a condition where degraded proteins accumulate in body tissues. In order to make the diagnosis, the gingival.

Transplantation: Biopsies of transplanted organs are performed in order to determine that they are not being rejected or that the disease that necessitated transplant has not recurred.

Fertility: A testicular biopsy is used for evaluating the fertility of men and find out the cause of a possible infertility, e.g. when sperm quality is low, but hormone levels still are within normal ranges.

Biopsied sites[link]

! Location	! Description
Bone marrow biopsy
Gastrointestinal tract				Needle core biopsies or aspirates of the pancreas may be made through the duodenum or stomach.
Lung biopsy	Biopsies of the lung can be performed in a variety of ways depending on the location.
Liver biopsy	In hepatitis, most biopsies are not used for diagnosis, which can be made by other means. Rather, it is used to determine response to therapy which can be assessed by reduction of inflammation and progression of disease by the degree of fibrosis or, ultimately, cirrhosis.			Wilson's disease, the biopsy is used to determine the quantitative property>quantitative copper level.
Prostate biopsy	Forms include transrectal biopsy and transurethral biopsy
Nervous system biopsy	Forms include brain biopsy, nerve biopsy, and meningeal biopsy
Urogenital biopsies	Forms include renal biopsy, endometrial biopsy and cervical conization
Other	Other sites include breast biopsy, lymph node biopsy, muscle biopsy, and skin biopsy

Analysis of biopsied material[link]

After the biopsy is performed, the sample of tissue that was removed from the patient is sent to the pathology laboratory. A pathologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing diseases (such as cancer) by examining tissue under a microscope. When the laboratory (see Histology) receives the biopsy sample, the tissue is processed and an extremely thin slice of tissue is removed from the sample and attached to a glass slide. Any remaining tissue is saved for use in later studies, if required. The slide with the tissue attached is treated with dyes that stain the tissue, which allows the individual cells in the tissue to be seen more clearly. The slide is then given to the pathologist, who examines the tissue under a microscope, looking for any abnormal findings. The pathologist then prepares a report that lists any abnormal or important findings from the biopsy. This report is sent to the physician who originally performed the biopsy on the patient.

See also[link]

Interventional radiology

References[link]

External links[link]

Mybiopsyinfo.com - What is a biopsy? How is a biopsy examination performed? This website gives you answers to these and many other questions.

MyBiopsy.org - Information about biopsy results for patients. This site is created by pathologists, the physicians who diagnose cancer and other diseases by looking at biopsies under a microscope.

RadiologyInfo - The radiology information resource for patients: Biopsy

Fine needle aspiration biopsy on Wikisurgery

Core needle (Trucut) biopsy on Wikisurgery

Category:Biopsy Category:Pathology Category:Surgical procedures

ar:خزعة bg:Биопсия bs:Biopsija ca:Biòpsia cs:Biopsie cy:Biopsi da:Biopsi de:Biopsie et:Biopsia es:Biopsia eo:Biopsio eu:Biopsia fa:بافت‌برداری fr:Biopsie ga:Bithóipse hi:उत्तक परीक्षा hr:Biopsija id:Biopsi it:Biopsia he:ביופסיה kn:ಬಾಯಾಪ್ಸಿ kk:Биосынама hu:Biopszia mk:Биопсија nl:Biopsie ja:生体組織診断 no:Biopsi pl:Biopsja pt:Biopsia ro:Biopsie ru:Биопсия simple:Biopsy sk:Biopsia sl:Biopsija sr:Биопсија fi:Biopsia sv:Biopsi ta:உயிரகச்செதுக்கு th:การตัดเนื้อออกตรวจ tr:Biyopsi uk:Біопсія zh:活體組織切片

name	Colin Jackson
nationality	British
sport	Running / Hurdling
club	Brecon Athletics Club
birth date	February 18, 1967
birth place	Cardiff, Wales
height
weight
medaltemplates	}}

}} }}

Colin Ray Jackson CBE (born 18 February 1967) is a British former sprint and hurdling athlete who specialised in the 110 metres hurdles. Over his career representing Great Britain and Wales he won an Olympic silver medal, became world champion three times, went undefeated at the European Championships for 12 years and was a two-time Commonwealth champion. His world record of 12.91 seconds for the 110 m hurdles stood for over a decade, and he is also the 60 metres hurdles world record holder.

Jackson won his first major medal, a silver in the 110 m hurdles, at the age of nineteen at the 1986 Commonwealth Games. He soon established himself on the global scene, taking bronze at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and a silver medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics. After winning another silver in the 60 metres hurdles at the 1989 IAAF World Indoor Championships, he won European and Commonwealth gold medals in 1990. The 1993 season saw him reach the pinnacle of his sport: after a silver at the 1993 Indoor Worlds, he went on to set a world record of 12.91 seconds to become the 1993 World Champion. This mark was unbeaten for almost thirteen years and remains the world championship record. Jackson also helped the British 4×100 metres relay team to the world silver medal.

This period was perhaps Jackson's most successful – he had a streak of 44 races undefeated between 1993 and 1995. In addition to European and Commonwealth golds outdoors in 1994, he set another world record, running 7.30 seconds in the 60 m hurdles. A double gold at the 1994 European Athletics Indoor Championships in the 60 m hurdles and sprint events saw him set a European record of 6.49 seconds over 60 metres. Injury affected his 1995–1996 seasons and he only finished in fourth at the 1996 Olympics. He returned to the global podium in 1997 but took silver twice – behind Anier García at the Indoor World Championships and Allen Johnson in the World Outdoors. After winning the European Championships for a third consecutive time in 1998 he became world champion indoors and out in 1999. He finished fifth at the 2000 Summer Olympics and his last major medals came in 2002, taking European indoor and outdoor gold and a Commonwealth silver.

After a period of sports management and coaching, he now works as a sports commentator for athletics and television presenter (predominantly for the BBC) and appeared in ''Strictly Come Dancing'' in 2005.

Athletics career [link]

Jackson, born in Cardiff, Wales, is of Jamaican, Maroon, Taino, and Scottish ancestry. Jackson grew up in Birchgrove, attending Birchgrove Primary School and then Llanedeyrn High School. He played football and cricket for the county and rugby union and basketball for his school and joined the athletics club Birchgrove Harriers, which nurtured his talent.

Under coach and close friend Malcolm Arnold, he started out as a promising decathlete before switching to high hurdles. He won the gold at the 1986 World Junior Championships and he soon switched to the senior ranks. Following a silver medal in the 1986 Commonwealth Games, he won the 110m hurdles silver at the 1988 Olympic Games behind Roger Kingdom. Although his career as an active competitor in the event would last a further fifteen years, the last ten of these as world record holder, and see him twice crowned World Champion, twice Commonwealth Champion and four times European Champion, this would remain his only Olympic medal of any colour. In 1992 he was restricted by a minor injury and could only finish 7th, and in 1996 he came fourth and in 2000, fifth.

He set his world record for the 110 metres hurdles on the 20 August 1993, winning his first World Championships gold medal in Stuttgart, Germany in 12.91 s. The new mark (also a championship record) shaved 0.01 s off the previous record held by Kingdom and stood for nearly thirteen years, only being equalled by Liu Xiang in the 2004 Summer Olympics and finally beaten by the same man on 11 July 2006 at the Super Grand Prix in Lausanne with a time of 12.88 s. However, Jackson remains sole holder of the indoor world record at the 60 metres hurdles with a time of 7.30 seconds set in Sindelfingen, Germany on 6 March 1994. At the 1994 European Indoor Championships he became a double European champion: winning in both the 60 metres hurdles and 60 metres sprint race as well. His 60 m dash time of 6.49 s was a European record, as well as a championship record. These records remained unbettered for 5 years, when Jason Gardener ran 6.46 s in 1999 in Maebashi, Japan.

The aforementioned achievements coincided with one of the high points of Jackson's career: he was unbeaten between 29 August 1993 and 9 February 1995. He won forty-four races consecutively in this period. His winning time at the 1994 Commonwealth Games was a Commonwealth Games record.

Jackson was a master of the "dip" - the skill of leaning forward at the end of a race to advance the position of the shoulders and improve times (and potentially positions). He was also renowned for being a particularly fast starter, which led to a great deal of success in 60m events. Jackson's technical hurdling ability distinguished him from his peers whether they were faster than him or not.

He was the subject of controversy in 1998 when he decided to run for cash in Tokyo, Japan, rather than compete in the Commonwealth Games for Wales.

Six years after his first world title, Jackson regained his 110m hurdles crown at the 1999 Seville World Championships. This was to be his last gold medal at the very highest level, but he added a final, fourth successive European Championships gold in the 2002 Munich European Championships, extending an unbroken reign as European Champion stretching back to 1990.

Whilst commonly linked to Linford Christie, Colin is also believed to have been the originator of the quote "I started at the B of the Bang".

Post retirement career[link]

Since ending his professional career at the 2003 World Indoor Championships Jackson has been a coach, in athletics and other areas. He coached his close friend the swimmer Mark Foster until Foster's retirement in April 2006. He has coached two of Great Britain's top Olympic prospects, 400m runner Timothy Benjamin and 400m hurdler Rhys Williams. He was also one of the members of the successful London 2012 Olympic bid team and is a key member of the BBC's televisions athletics coverage. However, he started his broadcasting career in 2004 by co-hosting, with Sally Gunnell, the BBC reality TV programme ''Born to Win''.

Already the holder of the MBE that he received in 1990 for his services to athletics, in 1992 he was promoted CBE.

The English reggae band Aswad name-checked him on their 1994 hit song Shine: ''Him a floating like a butterfly, the hurdling man - Yes, me-a-chat about Colin Jackson''.

Jackson has written three books, the first, ''The Young Track and Field Athlete'', which was published in March 1996, by Dorling Kindersley, his second, ''Colin Jackson: The Autobiography'', which was published in April 2004 by BBC Books and his last, ''Life's New Hurdles'', which was published in March 2008 by Accent Press Ltd as part of the Quick Read Initiative.

Colin Jackson: The Autobiography was publshed in 2003 by BBC Books.

After retiring from athletics, he became the face of ''BBC Raise Your Game with Colin Jackson'' in which he interviews high profile, international stars to talk about the importance of learning. Stars such as Luol Deng, Jenson Button, the stars of Strictly Come Dancing and Davina McCall to name but a few.

He is Director of multimedia production company Red Shoes, along with fellow Director and former BBC Exec Producer Richard Owen. Their clients include the IAAF and UEFA.

Colin Jackson took part in an episode of the BBC TV genealogy series ''Who Do You Think You Are?'', broadcast in the UK on 20 September 2006. Of Jamaican descent, genetic tests showed his ancestry to be 55% African, 7% Native American (believed to be from Jamaican Maroon Ancestry on his father's side), and 38% European. His mother was born in Panama, the daughter of Richard Augustus Packer and Gladys McGowan Campbell. Gladys Campbell was from Jamaica, the daughter of a Scottish man Duncan Campbell and his housemaid Albertina Wallace.

In March 2007 Jackson starred as the 'hidden celebrity' in an episode of the award winning CBBC gameshow ''Hider in the House'', hosted by JK and Joel.

In March 2008, an interview with The Voice newspaper, Jackson denied claims that he is gay, adding that he believed the stigma surrounding gay athletes to be a thing of the past.

In 2008, Jackson co-hosted with Louise Minchin, the Sunday morning show ''Sunday Life'' on BBC One.

Colin Jackson appeared in the BBC One documentary ''The Making of Me'' on July 31, 2008 in attempt to find out what had made him such a talented athlete. A sample of his leg muscle showed that he had 25% super fast twitch fibres, when all previous athletes tested had only 2%. Family support was also thought to have been highly significant. Jamaicans are notable for the high level of support and encouragement they give their children in the area of sports. A notable clip showed a stadium in Jamaica with 30,000 people cheering on children taking part in an average school sports meet. This included their peers, who seemed happy to cheer on their class mates who were 'good at sports'. Although Colin was brought up in the UK, he remembers his parents cheering on Don Quarrie in the 1976 Olympics, inspiring him to want to 'be like that'.

In 2009 Colin shared his writing tips on the adult learning website BBC raw words. He features in a comedy short with Nina Wadia, Rowland Rivron and Anneka Rice about structuring a story and also shares his writing tips gained from writing Life's New Hurdles.

In July 2010, Jackson entered the BBC television programme ''Celebrity MasterChef''.

He is the brother of actress Suzanne Packer who plays Tess Bateman in the BBC One hospital drama ''Casualty''.

Colin Jackson is also Zeitz Foundation Specialist for Culture.

In 2012 Jackson made a cameo appearance as himself in an episode of the UK TV comedy drama Stella.

Performance on Strictly Come Dancing [link]

In 2005 he appeared as one of the celebrity contestants on the BBC TV series ''Strictly Come Dancing'', where he came second with his dance partner Erin Boag, just losing out to cricketer Darren Gough. In 2006 Jackson became the first competitor who hadn't won the main series to win the ''Strictly Come Dancing Christmas special''.

References [link]

Bibliography [link]

''Colin Jackson: The Autobiography'' (BBC Books, 2003)

External links [link]

Biography of Colin Jackson on www.olympics.org.uk

Colin Jackson, athlete and Quick Read author, gives his tips on story writing BBC raw words

BBC Raise Your Game with Colin Jackson

Colin Jackson - athlete from Cardiff, BBC

Colin Jackson on ''Who Do You Think You Are?'' (programme page)

Biography of Colin Jackson on ''Sunday Life'' (programme page)

Speaker profile of Colin Jackson

Agent's biography

Roger Kingdom|title=Men's 110 m Hurdles World Record Holder|years=20 August 1993 – 11 July 2006|after= Liu Xiang}} Ian Woosnam|title=BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year|years=1988|after= Stephen Dodd}} Tanni Grey|title=BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year|years=1993|after= Steve Robinson}} Linford Christie|after= Jonathan Edwards|years=1994}} Iwan Thomas|title=BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year|years=1999|after= Tanni Grey-Thompson}} Roger Kingdom|title=Men's 110 m Hurdles Best Year Performance|years=1990|after= Tony Dees}} Tony Dees|title=Men's 110 m Hurdles Best Year Performance|years=1992—1994|after= Allen Johnson}}

Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1992 Summer Olympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Wales Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Wales Category:Former world record holders in athletics (track and field) Category:British hurdlers Category:People of Taino descent Category:Olympic athletes of Great Britain Category:Sportspeople from Cardiff Category:People of Jamaican Maroon descent Category:Strictly Come Dancing participants Category:Welsh people of Jamaican descent Category:Welsh people of Scottish descent Category:Welsh sprinters Category:Welsh television presenters Category:Black British sportspeople Category:Olympic medalists in athletics (track and field) Category:Black Welsh people

cs:Colin Jackson cy:Colin Jackson da:Colin Jackson de:Colin Jackson et:Colin Jackson el:Κόλιν Τζάκσον es:Colin Jackson fr:Colin Jackson ko:콜린 잭슨 it:Colin Jackson lv:Kolins Džeksons nl:Colin Jackson ja:コリン・ジャクソン no:Colin Jackson pl:Colin Jackson pt:Colin Jackson ru:Джексон, Колин sk:Colin Jackson sl:Colin Jackson fi:Colin Jackson sv:Colin Jackson zh:科林·杰克逊