Trunk (anatomy)
The human male torso.
Latin	truncus

Trunk or torso is an anatomical term for the central part of the many animal bodies (including that of the human) from which extend the neck and limbs.^[1] The trunk includes the thorax and abdomen.

Anatomy[link]

Major organs[link]

Surfa projections of major organs of the trunk, using the vertebral column and rib cage as main reference sources.

Most critical organs are housed within the trunk. In the upper chest, the heart and lungs are protected by the rib cage, and the abdomen contains the majority of organs responsible for digestion: the liver, which respectively produces bile necessary for digestion; the large and small intestines, which extract nutrients from food; the anus, from which fecal wastes are excreted; the rectum, which stores feces; the gallbladder, which stores and concentrates bile and produces chyme; the ureters, which passes urine to the bladder; the bladder, which stores urine; and the urethra, which excretes urine and passes sperm through the seminal vesicles. Finally, the pelvic region houses both the male and female reproductive organs.

Major muscle groups[link]

The trunk also harbours many of the main groups of muscles in the body, including the:

• pectoral muscles
• abdominal muscles
• lateral muscle

Innervation[link]

The organs and muscles etc. are innervated by various nerves, mainly originating from thoracic vertebral segments. For instance, the cutaneous innervation is provided by:

• Ventral cutaneous branches
• Lateral cutaneous branches
• Dorsal cutaneous branches

See also[link]

Look up trunk (anatomy) in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Belly cast
• Waist

References[link]

v t e Human regional anatomy (TA A01.1) Head Forehead · Ear · Jaw · Face (Cheek, Eye, Nose, Mouth, Chin) · Occiput · Scalp · Temple Neck Throat · Adam's apple Trunk Chest (Breast) · Abdomen (Navel) · Back · Pelvis (Sex organs) Limbs Upper limb Shoulder · Axilla · Arm Elbow · Forearm Wrist · Hand · Finger (Thumb · Index · Middle · Ring · Little) Lower limb/ (see also leg) Hip · Buttocks · Thigh Knee · Calf · Crus Ankle · Heel · Foot · Toe (Hallux · Long  • Third  • Fourth  • Fifth) · Sole General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

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Robert Jennings Leatham (born January 27, 1961 in Mesa, Arizona), also known as "TGO" (a nickname coined by his good friend Brian Enos, it stands for "The Great One" and has since been used by Springfield Armory on a series of Leatham-inspired pistols) is a successful professional shooter. He is a 24-time USPSA National champion and 6-time International Practical Shooting Confederation (IPSC) World Champion.

Biography[link]

Leatham was born to parents Nyle and Carol at the Southside Hospital in Mesa, Arizona. From the time he could walk, he always carried a stick with him wherever he went. His mother believes it was his weapon of choice before the introduction to guns.

Leatham developed an interest in firearms at an early age and was fortunate enough to be surrounded by them as he grew up. His earliest childhood memories from the age of five or six entail many weekends that his mom and dad would pack up the family and head to the desert to shoot. Leatham has an older brother, Alan, and two younger siblings, David and sister Susan, and they all spent a substantial portion of their childhood shooting and competing with handguns, shotguns and rifles. While tin cans and paper plates were the standard targets, Leatham was rarely the winner in the family competitions.

On Leatham's twelfth birthday, he received his first gun. His family surprised him with a new Smith & Wesson Model 34 revolver on one of their trips to shoot in the desert. As the family desert competitions evolved, Leatham's father designed the five-yard game: if the target was missed you were out, but if you hit it, you moved back five yards and shot again. Whoever got the furthest back, won the game. Leatham would often lose and his mother feels his siblings beat him simply because they tried harder.

Leatham continued desert shooting throughout his teenage years but also became involved in other sports. He wasn't an academic star, but loved to play basketball and compete in track-and-field after school. Leatham fit the profile of an athlete, tall, lean, fit and muscular, but never thought of becoming a professional pistol shooter. He developed a keen interest in racing motorcycles, which continues to this day - he currently owns a Honda RC30 and has stated he will never sell the bike. Leatham's mother never allowed him to own a motorcycle while living at home, so he moved out after graduation and bought his first street bike.

Following high school, Leatham landed a job with the Arizona Republic, the leading newspaper in the Phoenix metropolitan area, as an operator in their computer room. At the time, the computer room was a room full of mainframes that had less computing power than the average PC today. Leatham loved the job, especially when things went wrong, as he loved the challenge and pressure of being under the gun. He worked the second and third shifts which allowed him to practice shooting during daylight hours.

Competition shooting[link]

Leatham's first competition took place in the late 1970s at a night shoot at the Mesa Police Department range. He shot a Smith & Wesson Model 27 revolver with a 6-inch barrel loaded with 200-grain round-nose bullets that Leatham loaded himself, including a custom holster made by local leather worker, Jess Bird, who had built holsters for Leatham's father for many years. Leatham finished third revolver behind Mike Henry and Charlie Mills and cites this competition for causing his addiction to competitive shooting.

Leatham would skip church on Sundays and go to matches at the Cactus Combat Match League in Phoenix. Soon he was threatening to win every category entered. At those events there were categories for Auto, Revolver, Snubby, Rifle and Shotgun. The Cactus League also had a best-of-the-day competition, that pitted the top revolver shooter against the top auto shooter in a one-on-one shoot-off. This is where Leatham grew to love, and excel at, shoot-offs.

Leatham met Brian Enos in the early 1980s and they began a tight friendship that continues to this day. The two fed off each other, and their love of firearms and the desire to learn drove them to performance levels not previously seen in the sport of shooting. They questioned everything they had been taught about shooting and developed techniques that worked specifically for them, discarding fad and traditional methods. Both Leatham and Enos started trends that, to this day, are considered state-of-the-art. They don't consider themselves to be "form shooters" and Leatham dislikes the concept of "do it this way because I do" that he was originally taught when beginning practical competition.

When Enos returned from a successful Steel Challenge competition in 1981, Leatham asked him about the match and Enos replied that he didn't feel he (Leatham) would do well, as it was a match which placed more emphasis on accuracy than the IPSC competitions they had been shooting. Up until this point, Leatham had been renowned more for his speed than his accuracy. This angered Leatham and became a turning point because he "wanted to prove [Enos] wrong." The two practiced heavily all year long and went to the 1981 IPSC US Nationals, Leatham's first big match, where he finished tenth and Enos followed in eleventh. Leatham has attended every US Nationals since.

Leatham first shot the Steel Challenge and The Bianchi Cup in 1982. These two events, plus the IPSC US Nationals, were the pinnacle of action shooting. The IPSC principles of diligentia, vis and celeritas (Latin for Accuracy, Power and Speed) had been equally represented in practical shooting. However, the Bianchi Cup and Steel Challenge did not follow these guidelines. Bianchi places all its emphasis on accuracy with comparatively little speed while the Steel Challenge is more about speed with some accuracy. Neither has the power equation factored in. Together, the three principles (accuracy, power, speed) are a good test of everything an action pistol shooter should be. Over the next few years, Leatham shot these the three majors and a host of local events. In 1985, he won the Triple Crown of practical pistol shooting: the IPSC US Nationals, the Bianchi Cup and the Steel Challenge. He is the only competitor to ever win all three matches in the same year.

Leatham quit working at the Arizona Republic newspaper in 1987 to start his firearms training business. With the business and the support of sponsors, he was able to further his career in shooting. In 1989, he was offered a major contract with Springfield Armory that enabled him to become a full-time, professional shooter. Since that time, Leatham has been practicing, competing, and conducting live-fire demonstrations for sponsors around the world.

Personal Life[link]

Leatham married fellow Team Springfield member Kippi Boykin, a three-time USPSA National Champion. They have one daughter together, Patience Leatham, and Leatham has 2 sons, Robert and Thomas, from a previous marriage.

Titles[link]

• 24-Time USPSA National Champion: 1983–1986, 1988, 1989, 1994, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002 (Limited), 2002 (Limited-10), 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 (Single-Stack and Production), 2007 (Single-Stack and Limited), 2008 (Single-Stack), 2009 (Single-Stack), 2010 (Single-Stack)

• 5-Time IPSC World Champion as a member of 7-time winning "Team USA":
  • 1983 - Virginia, USA
  • 1986 - Florida, USA
  • 1988 - Caracas, Venezuela,
  • 2002 - Pietersburg, South Africa
  • 2005 - Guayaquil, Ecuador

• 16-Time Single Stack Classic Champion: 1995–2010

• 7-Time Steel Challenge Champion: 1985, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2002 (Limited), 2002 (Open), 2009 (Production)

• 6-Time IDPA Custom Defensive Pistol (CDP) National Champion: 1997, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004

• 7-Time NRA Bianchi Cup Champion: 1985, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009

• 3-Time American Handgunner World Shootoff Champion: 1996, 2003, 2004

• Triple Crown Winner: 1985 (Bianchi Cup, Steel Challenge, and the IPSC/USPSA Nationals) - Leatham is the only person to ever achieve this

• Captain, Team Springfield: Since its inception in 1985

References[link]

1. robleatham.com - Personal biography
2. robleatham.com - Shooting history

External links[link]

• Rob Leatham's Official Website
• Rob Leatham Interview on YouTube

John Eric Longden (February 14, 1907 – February 14, 2003) was an American Hall of Fame jockey who was born in Wakefield, Yorkshire, England. His father emigrated to Canada in 1909, settling in Taber, Alberta. By 1912, Longden Sr. had saved enough money to send for his wife and young son to join him in Canada. However, the Longdens' train was late getting to the port of Southampton, and they missed their scheduled voyage to New York City on the Titanic. [1]

As a young man, Johnny Longden worked in the mining industry. His love of horses and horse-racing led him to leave Canada in 1927 to seek opportunities as a jockey in California's burgeoning racing scene. Based at Santa Anita Park, by 1956 he had become thoroughbred racing's winningest rider, breaking the record of 4,870 wins by British jockey Sir Gordon Richards (1904–1988). During his illustrious career, Longden, who was called "The Pumper" by his fellow jockeys because of his riding style, rode many of the great thoroughbreds of the day. In 1943, he captured the United States Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winning the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes and the Belmont Stakes aboard Count Fleet. A sculptured bust of Longden, along with busts of fellow jockeys William Shoemaker and Laffit Pincay, has been placed in the paddock area at Santa Anita Racetrack in Arcadia, California.

A founding member of the Jockeys' Guild in 1940, Longden was the United States' leading jockey in races won in 1938, 1947, and 1948. He was also the leading jockey in purses won in 1943 and 1945. He was voted the prestigious George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award in 1952 that honors a rider whose career and personal conduct exemplify the very best example of participants in the sport of thoroughbred racing. In 1958, Longden was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame. He retired the following year as the jockey with the most wins in racing history with 6,032 victories from his 32,413 mounts. His last ride was in the 1966 San Juan Capistrano Handicap at Santa Anita Park, which he won aboard George Royal in a stretch duel. The clubhouse at Santa Anita Park contains an oil painting of the finish of this race. The image was used for the cover of the Santa Anita official program during the 1967 racing season.

Longden operated a racing stable under the name Alberta Ranches Ltd. in partnership with longtime friend Max Bell. On January 28, 1971, Longden's wife Hazel became the first woman to train a stakes winner at Santa Anita Park when her horse Diplomatic Agent won the San Vicente Stakes. Longden's sons Eric and Vance Longden both became horse trainers.

Following his retirement from riding, Longden turned to training and became the only person to ever win the Kentucky Derby as both a jockey and trainer when he captured the 1969 Derby with Max Bell's colt Majestic Prince. Longden was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame on its formation in 1976. He went on to become the second ever recipient of the Avelino Gomez Memorial Award in 1985, given annually to jockeys who have made significant contributions to the sport. In 1994, he was recognized further by the North American racing industry with a Special Eclipse Award.

Johnny Longden died on his 96th birthday at his home in Banning, California.

As of 2006, Longden still holds five track records at Santa Anita Park.

Longden was a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.^[1]

During the 1956-57 season of I Love Lucy, Longden portrayed himself in the episode entitled "Lucy And The Loving Cup." Desi Arnaz as "Ricky" awarded the cup to Longden, but it was attached to Lucy's head. Earlier in the day, Lucy put the cup over her head as a joke, but it got stuck and she was unable to remove it.

References[link]

1. ^ Famous Mormon in Rodeo and Horseracing

• Beckwith, B. K. The Longden Legend. (1973) A. S. Barnes Publishing Co. ISBN 0-498-01242-5
• Churchill Dowwns Incorporated profile on Johnny Longden
• Drager, Marvin. The Most Glorious Crown: The Story Of America's Triple Crown Thoroughbreds From Sir Barton To Affirmed (2005) Triumph Books ISBN 1-57243-724-3

• Referenced in Season 5: The Fox Hunt of "I Love Lucy" when Fred Mertz notes, "Yeah, she didn't exactly look like Johnny Longden sitting up there."

• Cameo appearance with wife, Hazel, in Season 6: "Lucy and the Loving Cup" of "I Love Lucy," first broadcast Jan. 7 1957.

• Del Mar Media Guide
• John Eric Longden at the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2010)

Lizzy Mercier Descloux (born Martine-Elisabeth Mercier Descloux, 16 December 1956, Paris – d. 20 April 2004, Saint-Florent) was a French singer and musician, a pioneer in the worldbeat genre, as well as a writer and painter.

She grew up in Lyon, but returned to Paris in her teens to attend art school. With her partner, Michel Esteban, she helped establish the store Harry Cover, temple of the punk movement in France, and the new wave magazine Rock News. She struck up friendships with Patti Smith and Richard Hell when visiting New York in 1975, and both contributed material to her first book, Desiderata.^[1] She and Esteban moved to New York in 1977, meeting Michael Zilkha, with whom Esteban formed ZE Records.

With guitarist D.J. Barnes (Didier Esteban), Mercier Descloux formed the performance art duo Rosa Yemen, and recorded an eponymous mini-album for ZE Records in 1978. The following year, ZE released her solo debut LP, Press Color.^[1] Self-taught as a guitarist, she revealed herself as a supreme minimalist within the No Wave genre, concentrating on spindly, single-note lines combined with wrong-note harmonies and funky rhythms. Although the record had poor sales, she toured in the USA and Europe.

Island Records boss Chris Blackwell bankrolled the sessions in the Bahamas for her second album, Mambo Nassau, with Compass Point All Stars engineer Steven Stanley and keyboardist Wally Badarou co-writing and producing. The album was heavily influenced by African music as well as art rock, funk and soul. Although again unsuccessful in the USA, it won her a contract with CBS in France.

Returning to France, she released two singles before travelling through Africa, drawing on the music of Soweto for the infectious "Mais où Sont Passées les Gazelles ?" ('But where have the gazelles gone?'), a hit in France in 1984, and the award-winning album Zulu Rock, with producer Adam Kidron, with whom she then recorded "One for the Soul" (1986) in Brazil with the jazz trumpeter Chet Baker, and "Suspense" (1988) in London with the British musician Mark Cunningham of Mars. She also acted, composed film scores, and wrote poetry.

In the mid 1990s, she moved to Corsica and devoted herself to painting and to writing an unpublished novel. In 2003, she was diagnosed with cancer, from which she died the following year. Fellow No Wave musician and ZE labelmate Cristina dedicated a song on the 2004 re-release of her album Sleep It Off to Mercier Descloux, "chère copine in adversity ... In loving memory of her talent, her courage, and her kindness".^[2]

Albums[link]

• Rosa Yemen – Live In N.Y.C July 1978 (1978)
• Press Color (1979)
• Mambo Nassau (1981)
• Zulu Rock' (1984)
• One For The Soul (1985)
• Suspense (1988)

References[link]

External links[link]

• More information
• ZE Records site
• Tribute by Richard Hell