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225 South Sixth
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7th Street Entry
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Andover, Minnesota
Andover is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 26,588 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Andover_Minnesota -
Anoka, Minnesota
Anoka is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 18,076 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Anoka County. Anoka is also the self-proclaimed "Halloween Capital of the World", because it hosted one of the first Halloween parades in 1920. In 1937, city officials persuaded the United States Congress to officially grant the title. It continues to celebrate the holiday each year with several parades. Anoka is a northern suburb of the Twin Cities.
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Arlington, Texas
http://wn.com/Arlington_Texas -
Atlanta
Atlanta (, ) is the capital and most populous city in the U.S. state of Georgia. Atlanta had an estimated population of about 540,900 people. Its metropolitan area is the ninth largest in the country, inhabited by more than 5.4 million people. The Atlanta Combined Statistical Area has a population approaching six million, making it the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. Like many areas in the Sun Belt, the Atlanta region has seen explosive growth since about 1976, and it added about 1.1 million residents between 2000 and 2008.
http://wn.com/Atlanta -
Austin, Minnesota
Austin is a city in Mower County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 23,314 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Mower County. The southern part of the city is in Austin Township while the northern part is in Lansing Township; the city is politically independent of both. Austin is located at the intersection of Interstate Highway 90 and U.S. Highway 218 in the southeastern part of the state. The town was originally settled along the Cedar River and it has two man-made lakes called East Side Lake and Mill pond.
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Austin, Texas
Austin is the capital of the U.S. state of Texas and the seat of Travis County. Located in Central Texas on the eastern edge of the American Southwest, it is the fourth-largest city in Texas and the fifteenth most populous city in the United States. It was the third-fastest-growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006. Austin has a population of 786,382 (2009 U.S. Census estimate). The city is the cultural and economic center of the metropolitan area, with a population of 1,750,224 (2009 U.S. Census estimate), making it the 35th-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Austin_Texas -
Baltimore
Baltimore () is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the U.S. state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore City in order to distinguish it from surrounding Baltimore County. Founded in 1729, Baltimore is a major U.S. seaport and is situated closer to major Midwestern markets than any other major seaport on the East Coast. Baltimore's Inner Harbor was once the second leading port of entry for immigrants to the United States and a major manufacturing center. The harbor is now home to Harborplace, a shopping, entertainment, and tourist center, and the National Aquarium in Baltimore. After a decline in manufacturing, Baltimore shifted to a service-oriented economy. Johns Hopkins University and Johns Hopkins Hospital are now the city's largest employers.
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Bemidji, Minnesota
Bemidji () is a city in Beltrami County, Minnesota, United States. Its population was estimated at 13,419 in 2007. It is the county seat of Beltrami County. Bemidji is the most major city in North Central Minnesota and the largest commercial center between Grand Forks, North Dakota and Duluth, Minnesota. Bemidji houses many Native American services, including the Indian Health Service. The city is the central hub of the Red Lake Indian Reservation, White Earth Indian Reservation and the Leech Lake Indian Reservation. Bemidji lies on the southwest shore of Lake Bemidji, the northernmost lake feeding the Mississippi River and, as such, is deemed "the first city on the Mississippi." Bemidji is also dubbed the "curling capital," of the U.S.
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Big Lake, Minnesota
Big Lake is a city in Sherburne County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 6,063 at the 2000 census.
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Blaine, Minnesota
Blaine, Minnesota is a city in Anoka and Ramsey counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 44,942 at the 2000 census. The city is located mainly in Anoka County, and is part of the Minneapolis-Saint Paul urban area.
http://wn.com/Blaine_Minnesota -
Boston
Boston (pronounced ) is the capital and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. Boston city proper had a 2009 estimated population of 645,169, making it the twentieth largest in the country. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region includes six Massachusetts counties, Essex, Middlesex, Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth, and Worcester, all of Rhode Island and parts of New Hampshire; it is home to 7.5 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
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Boundary Waters
http://wn.com/Boundary_Waters -
Brainerd, Minnesota
Brainerd is a city in Crow Wing County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,178 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Crow Wing County and one of the largest cities in Central Minnesota. Brainerd straddles the Mississippi River several miles upstream from the confluence with the Crow Wing River, having been founded as a site for a railroad crossing above that confluence.
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Broadway theatre
Broadway theatre, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 40 large professional theatres with 500 seats or more located in the Theatre District, New York and in Lincoln Center, in Manhattan, New York City.Although theater is the preferred spelling in the U.S.A. (see further at American and British English Spelling Differences), the majority of venues, performers, and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre. Along with London's West End theatre, Broadway theatre is usually considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world.
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Buffalo Ridge
Buffalo Ridge is a large expanse of rolling hills in the southeastern part of the larger Coteau des Prairies. It stands 1,995 feet (608 m) above sea level. Buffalo Ridge is sixty miles long and part of Lincoln County in the southwest corner of Minnesota. It is located near the small towns of Hendricks and Lake Benton.
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Buffalo, Minnesota
Buffalo is located 45 minutes NW of Minneapolis in Wright County, Minnesota. According to the 2000 census the town's population was 10,097. According to 2008 U.S. Census estimates the population has grown to over 14,222.
http://wn.com/Buffalo_Minnesota -
Cambodia
http://wn.com/Cambodia -
Canada
Canada () is a country in North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area. Canada's common border with the United States to the south and northwest is the longest in the world.
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Capella University
Capella University is a for-profit online university based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.
http://wn.com/Capella_University -
Champlin, Minnesota
Champlin is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 22,193 at the 2000 census. It was once named chepaquepa, which roughly means "Land of the Bitner People".
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Chaska, Minnesota
Chaska is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 17,449 as of the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Carver County.
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Chicago
Chicago ( or ) is the largest city in the state of Illinois. With over 2.8 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous city in the country. Its metropolitan area, commonly named "Chicagoland," is the 26th most populous in the world, home to an estimated 9.7 million people spread across the U.S. states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and Indiana. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County.
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Chile
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China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
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Cleveland
Cleveland () is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and is the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (100 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location at the head of numerous canals and railroad lines. With the decline of heavy manufacturing, Cleveland's businesses have diversified into the service economy, including the financial services, insurance, legal, and healthcare sectors, though the city's population has continued to decline. Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
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Cloquet, Minnesota
Cloquet () is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States, located at the junction of Interstate 35 and Minnesota State Highway 33. A portion of the city lies within the Fond du Lac Indian Reservation and also serves as one of three administrative centers for the Indian Reservation. The population was 11,201 at the 2000 census.
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Columbus, Ohio
Columbus is the capital and largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio, the state's third largest metropolitan area behind Cincinnati and Cleveland, and the fourth largest city in the American Midwest. It is the county seat of Franklin County, yet the city has expanded and annexed portions of adjoining Delaware County and Fairfield County. Named for explorer Christopher Columbus, the city was founded in 1812 at the confluence of the Scioto and Olentangy rivers, and assumed the functions of state capital in 1816. The city has a diverse economy based on education, government, insurance, banking, fashion, defense, aviation, food, logistics, steel, energy, medical research, health care, hospitality, retail, and technology.
http://wn.com/Columbus_Ohio -
Corcoran, Minnesota
Corcoran is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 5,630 at the 2000 census.
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Crystal, Minnesota
Crystal is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 22,698 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Crystal_Minnesota -
Cuernavaca
Cuernavaca (; ) is the capital and largest city of the state of Morelos in Mexico. Established at the archeological site of Gualupita I by the Olmecs, "the mother culture" of Mesoamerica, approximately 3200 years ago. It is also a municipality located about south of Mexico City on the D-95 freeway.
http://wn.com/Cuernavaca -
Dallas
Dallas () is the third-largest city in Texas and the ninth-largest in the United States. As of 2009, the population of Dallas was at 1.3 million according to the US Census Bureau. The city is the largest economic center of the 12-county metropolitan area that according to the March 2010 U.S. Census Bureau release, had a population of roughly 6.5 million as of July 2009. The metropolitan area is the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the United States.
http://wn.com/Dallas -
Dayton, Minnesota
Dayton is a city in Hennepin and Wright counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 4,699 at the 2000 census. Dayton is mainly in Hennepin County, but a part of the city extends into Wright County as well. It is the northernmost city in Hennepin County.
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Deephaven, Minnesota
Deephaven is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, on the shores of Lake Minnetonka. It is 16 miles from Minneapolis. The population was 3,853 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Deephaven_Minnesota -
Delaware Valley
http://wn.com/Delaware_Valley -
Denmark
http://wn.com/Denmark -
Denver
The City and County of Denver (pronounced ) is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the High Plains, just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the "Mile-High City" because its elevation is one mile, or above sea level. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
http://wn.com/Denver -
Detroit
http://wn.com/Detroit -
Duluth, Minnesota
Duluth ( in English) is a port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County. The fourth largest city in Minnesota, Duluth had a total population of 86,918 in the 2000 census and 84,419 according to July 1, 2009 census estimates. The Duluth MSA had a population of 275,486 in 2000. At the westernmost point of the Great Lakes on the north shore of Lake Superior, Duluth is linked to the Atlantic Ocean away via the Great Lakes and Erie Canal/New York State Barge Canal or Saint Lawrence Seaway passages and is the Atlantic Ocean's westernmost deep-water port.
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Eagan, Minnesota
Eagan () is a city south of Saint Paul in Dakota County in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The city lies on the south bank of the Minnesota River, upstream from the confluence with the Mississippi River. Eagan and nearby suburbs form the southern portion of Minneapolis-St. Paul, the sixteenth largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.5 million residents. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 63,751 in 2007.
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Edina, Minnesota
Edina () is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, and a first-ring suburb situated immediately southwest of Minneapolis. Edina began as a small farming and milling community in the 1860s. The population was 47,425 at the 2000 census. Edina also has the nickname of "cake-eaters".
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El Paso, Texas
El Paso () is a city in and the county seat of El Paso County, Texas, United States, and lies in West Texas. According to the United States Census Bureau's 2009 population estimates, the city had a population of 620,447 (July 2009). It is the sixth-largest city in Texas and the 22nd-largest city in the United States. Its metropolitan area covers all of El Paso County. In 2009, the El Paso metropolitan area had a population of 751,296. El Paso's metropolitan population for 2010, is estimated at 763,186 according to the US Census.
http://wn.com/El_Paso_Texas -
Eldoret
http://wn.com/Eldoret -
Elk River, Minnesota
Elk River is a city in Sherburne County, Minnesota, United States, about 34 miles northwest of Minneapolis. It is situated at the confluence of the Mississippi and Elk Rivers. The population was 16,447 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Sherburne County. The city's population exceeded 20,000 as of 2005.
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Excelsior, Minnesota
Excelsior is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,393 at the 2000 census.
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Fairmont, Minnesota
Fairmont is a city in Martin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 10,889 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Martin County.
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Faribault, Minnesota
Faribault ( ) is a city in Rice County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 20,818 at the 2000 census, and currently has a population of 22,009. It is the county seat of Rice County. Faribault is approximately 50 miles (80 km) south of Minneapolis and St. Paul.
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Finland
Finland (pronounced ), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden on the west, Norway on the north and Russia on the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
http://wn.com/Finland -
Fort Worth, Texas
Fort Worth is the seventeenth-largest city in the United States of America and the fifth-largest city within the state of Texas. Located in and the western edge of the American South, the city is a cultural gateway into the American West and covers nearly in Tarrant, Parker, Denton, and Wise counties, serving as the seat for Tarrant County. According to the 2010 census estimates, Fort Worth had a population of 727,575. It has been estimated that by 2030 it will have 1,211,665 residents. The city is the second-largest cultural and economic center of the region.
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France
{{Infobox Country
http://wn.com/France -
Fresno, California
Fresno (, ) is a city in California, USA, the county seat of Fresno County. As of 2010, the population was estimated at 505,479, making it the fifth largest city in California, the largest inland city in California, and the 35th largest in the nation. Fresno is located in the center of the wide San Joaquin Valley of Central California, approximately north of Los Angeles and south of the state capital, Sacramento. The city is part of Metropolitan Fresno, which, with a population of 922,516 is the second largest area in the Central Valley after the Sacramento Metropolitan Area. The name Fresno is the Spanish language word for the ash tree, and an ash leaf is featured on the city's flag.
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Fridley, Minnesota
Fridley is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 27,449 at the 2000 census. It was incorporated in 1949 as a village and became a city in 1957. It is part of the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. Fridley is a "first ring" or "inner ring" suburb in the Northern part of the Twin Cities. It borders Minneapolis at its southern border. Neighboring first ring suburbs are Columbia Heights and Brooklyn Center.
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Germany
Germany (), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (, ), is a country in Western Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The territory of Germany covers 357.021 km2 and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state of the European Union, and home to the third-largest number of international migrants worldwide.
http://wn.com/Germany -
Greater Cleveland
Greater Cleveland is a nickname for the metropolitan area surrounding Cleveland, Ohio and is part of what used to be the Connecticut Western Reserve.
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Greater Houston
http://wn.com/Greater_Houston -
Greece
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Greenwood, Minnesota
Greenwood is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 729 at the 2000 census.
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Guthrie Theater
The Guthrie Theater is a Tony Award winning center for theater performance, production, education, and professional training in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the result of the desire of Sir Tyrone Guthrie, Oliver Rea, and Peter Zeisler to create a resident acting company that would produce and perform the classics in an atmosphere removed from the commercial pressures of Broadway.
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Ham Lake, Minnesota
Ham Lake is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 12,710 at the 2000 census.
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Hampton Roads
Hampton Roads is the name for both a body of water and the Norfolk-Virginia Beach metropolitan area which surrounds it in southeastern Virginia. Hampton Roads is notable for its year-round ice-free harbor, for United States Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, NASA, Marines, and Army facilities, shipyards, coal piers, and hundreds of miles of waterfront property and beaches, all of which contribute to the diversity and stability of the region's economy.
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Hanover, Minnesota
Hanover is a city in Hennepin and Wright counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 1,355 at the 2000 census. Most of Hanover lies in Wright County; only a small part of the city extends into Hennepin County.
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Harbin
Harbin (; ; Russian ), is a sub-provincial city and the capital of the Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China. It lies on the southern bank of the Songhua River. Harbin is the tenth largest city in China (pop. 9.87 million), serving as a key political, economic, scientific, cultural and communications hub in Northeastern China.
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Hastings, Minnesota
Hastings is a city in Dakota and Washington counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota, near the confluence of the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers. The population was 18,204 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Dakota County. The bulk of Hastings is in Dakota County; only a small part of the city extends into Washington County. The city is named for the first elected governor of the state of Minnesota, Henry Hastings Sibley.
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Hibbing, Minnesota
Hibbing is a city in St. Louis County, Minnesota, USA. The population was 17,071 at the 2000 census. The city was built on the rich iron ore of the Mesabi Iron Range. In earlier times, this area was called "meebeega", which roughly is translated to Chippewa as "hard earth or ground". At the edge of town is the largest open-pit iron mine in the world. U.S. Highway 169, State Highway 37, and State Highway 73 are three of the main arterial routes in the city.
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Hiroshima
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Hopkins, Minnesota
View of Mainstreet (the local spelling) in downtown Hopkins
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Houston
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Hugo, Minnesota
Hugo () is a commuter town north of downtown Saint Paul in Washington County in the U.S. state of Minnesota . The city lies north of White Bear Lake on the border of the metropolitan boundary. Hugo and nearby suburbs comprise the northeast portion of Minneapolis-St. Paul, the sixteenth largest metropolitan area in the United States. The U.S. Census Bureau recorded the population of the City of Hugo at 6,363 people in 2000. The Metropolitan Council estimate for 2006 was 10,361, and the Census Bureau estimated for 2008 was 13,139.
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Indianapolis
Indianapolis (), often abbreviated Indy (), is the capital of the U.S. state of Indiana, and the county seat of Marion County, Indiana. The United States Census estimated the city's population, excluding the included towns, at 807,584 in 2009. It is Indiana's largest city and is the 14th largest city in the U.S., the third largest city in the Midwest (behind Chicago and Detroit), the second most populous state capital (after Phoenix, Arizona), and the most populous state capital east of the Mississippi River. Indianapolis is also the fastest growing region in the Midwest.
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Iraq
Iraq ( or , Arabic: ), officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic:
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Italy
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Japan
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Kenya
The Republic of Kenya (pronounced ) is a country in East Africa. Lying along the Indian Ocean to its southeast and at the equator, Kenya is bordered by Somalia to the northeast, Ethiopia to the north, Sudan to the northwest, Uganda to the west and Tanzania to the south. Lake Victoria is to the southwest and is shared between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. Kenya has numerous wildlife reserves, containing thousands of animal species. The capital city is Nairobi. Kenya's area is 580,000 km2 with a population of nearly 39 million which is diverse: more than 40 different ethnic groups are present. The country is named after Mount Kenya, a significant landmark and second among Africa's highest mountain peaks.
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Korea
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Lake Agassiz
Lake Agassiz was an immense glacial lake located in the center of North America. Fed by glacial runoff at the end of the last glacial period, its area was larger than all of the modern Great Lakes combined, and it held more water than contained by all lakes in the world today.
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Lakeville, Minnesota
Lakeville () is a suburb south of downtown Minneapolis in the U.S. state of Minnesota in Dakota County. On the south metro fringe, Lakeville is one of the fastest growing cities in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. The U.S. Census Bureau recorded the population of the city of Lakeville at 43,128 people in 2000. The Metropolitan Council estimate for 2006 was 52,323.
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Laos
Laos (, , or ), officially the '''Lao People's Democratic Republic''', is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and People's Republic of China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west.
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Las Vegas, Nevada
:This article is about the city of Las Vegas, Nevada proper, not to be confused with the Las Vegas Strip or the Las Vegas metropolitan area. For other uses of "Las Vegas", see Las Vegas (disambiguation).
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Long Lake, Minnesota
Long Lake is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 1,842 at the 2000 census.
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Loretto, Minnesota
Loretto is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 570 at the 2000 census.
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Loring Park
Loring Park is the largest park in the Central Community of Minneapolis, Minnesota on the southwest corner of downtown Minneapolis. It also lends its name to the surrounding neighborhood.
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Los Angeles
Los Angeles ( ; , Spanish for "The Angels") is the second most populous city in the United States, the most populous city in the state of California and the western United States, with a population of 3.83 million within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Los Angeles extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of over 14.8 million and it is the 14th largest urban area in the world, affording it megacity status. The metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is home to nearly 12.9 million residents while the broader Los Angeles-Long Beach-Riverside combined statistical area (CSA) contains nearly 17.8 million people. Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated and one of the most multicultural counties in the United States. The city's inhabitants are referred to as "Angelenos" ().
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Louisville, Kentucky
Louisville (usually ; see Pronunciation below) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kentucky, and the county seat of Jefferson County. Since 2003, the city's borders have been with those of the county because of a city-county merger. The city's estimated population as of 2009 was 721,594 (consolidated; balance total is 566,503), with a population of 1,266,454 in the Louisville metropolitan area. An important internal shipping port in the 19th century, Louisville is today most well known for the Kentucky Derby, the widely watched first race of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.
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Mall of America
Mall of America (also MOA, MoA, the Megamall) is a super-regional shopping mall located in the Twin Cities suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota, USA. The mall is located southeast of the junction of Interstate 494 and Minnesota State Highway 77, north of the Minnesota River and is across the interstate from the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport. It is the second largest mall in North America, after the West Edmonton Mall, in Edmonton, Canada. In the United States, it is the largest mall in terms of retail space but is second largest in terms of total enclosed floor area. Opened in 1992, the mall received 40 million visitors in 2006. Triple Five Group, owned by Canada's Ghermezian family, owns and manages the Mall of America, as well as the West Edmonton Mall.
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Mankato, Minnesota
Mankato is a city in Blue Earth, Nicollet, and Le Sueur counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 32,427 at the 2000 census. In 2009, the estimated population was 36,500 making it the fourth largest city in Minnesota outside of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. The county seat of Blue Earth County, it is located along a large bend of the Minnesota River at its confluence with the Blue Earth River. Mankato is across the Minnesota River from North Mankato. Mankato and North Mankato have a combined population of nearly 50,000. It completely encompasses the town of Skyline. North of Mankato Regional Airport, a tiny non-contiguous part of the city lies within Le Sueur County.
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Maplewood, Minnesota
Maplewood, incorporated in 1957, is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 34,947 at the 2000 census. Maplewood is ten minutes from downtown St. Paul. Maplewood stretches along most of the northern and eastern borders of St. Paul.
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Marshall, Minnesota
Marshall is a city in Lyon County, Minnesota in the United States. The population was 12,735 at the 2000 census. Marshall is a regional center in southwest Minnesota, and the county seat of Lyon County. It is the headquarters of the Schwan Food Company and the home of Southwest Minnesota State University.
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Medina, Minnesota
Medina is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 4,005 at the 2000 census.
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Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis is a city in the southwest corner of the U.S. state of Tennessee, and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the 4th Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers.
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Mesa, Arizona
Mesa ( ) is a city in Maricopa County, in the U.S. state of Arizona and is a suburb located about 20 miles east of Phoenix. Mesa is in the East Valley section of the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. It is bordered by Tempe on the west, the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community on the north, Chandler and Gilbert on the south, and Apache Junction on the east.
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Metro Detroit
The Detroit metropolitan area, often referred to as Metro Detroit, is the metropolitan area located in Southeast Michigan centered on the city of Detroit. The Detroit metropolitan area is the second largest U.S. metropolitan area linking the Great Lakes system. U.S. Army TACOM Life Cycle Management Command (TACOM) is headquartered in Metro Detroit together with Selfridge Air National Guard Base. As a major metropolitan area, it is known for its automotive heritage, arts, and popular music legacies.
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Mexico
Mexico, (pronounced ; ), officially known as the United Mexican States (), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost 2 million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth-largest country in the Americas by total area and the 14th largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of 111 million, it is the 11th most populous country and the most populous Hispanophone country on Earth. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
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Miami
Miami ( or ) is a major city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida, and the eighth-most populous county in the United States, with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city in the United States, with a population of 433,136, it is the principal, central and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area. According to United Nations estimates, the Miami Urbanized Area was the fifth most populous urbanized area in the U.S. in 2000 with a population of 4,919,036, but in 2008 that number increased to 5,232,342, making it the fourth-largest urbanized area in the United States, behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago.
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Michigan
Michigan () is a U.S. state located in the Great Lakes Region of the United States of America. The name Michigan is a French corruption of the Ojibwe word mishigama, meaning "large water" or "large lake".
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Midtown Greenway
The Midtown Greenway is a rail trail in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is considered under segregated cycle facilities.
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Milwaukee
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Minneapolis
Minneapolis (), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City," is the county seat of Hennepin County, the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.
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Minnesota
Minnesota () is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.27 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state on May 11, 1858. Known as the "Land of 10,000 Lakes", the state's name comes from a Dakota word for "sky-tinted water". Those waters, together with forests, parks, and wilderness areas, offer residents and tourists a variety of outdoor recreational opportunities.
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Minnesota State Fair
The Minnesota State Fair is the state fair of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Its slogan is "The Great Minnesota Get-Together." It may be the largest state fair in the United States in terms of average daily attendance, though the State Fair of Texas runs twice as long and is the largest by annual attendance. It is held at the state fairgrounds, adjoining the Saint Paul campus of the University of Minnesota. The site is in the suburb of Falcon Heights, Minnesota, midway between the state's capital city of St. Paul and the largest city, Minneapolis. Residents of the state and region come to the fair to be entertained, exhibit their best livestock, show off their abilities in a variety of fields including art and cooking, learn about new products and services, and enjoy many different types of food—often on a stick. It typically runs for twelve days, running from late August into early September with the last day being Labor Day. In 2009, attendance was 1,790,497, up almost 100,000 from the previous year. In 2010, however, total attendance dipped to 1,776,211 despite setting daily attendance records on three days.
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Montana
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Moorhead, Minnesota
Moorhead is a city in Clay County, Minnesota, United States, and the largest city in northwest Minnesota. The population was 32,177 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Clay County.
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Mound, Minnesota
Mound is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. ZIP code: 55364. The population was 9,435 at the 2000 census. Mound is the birth place of the Tonka truck, which is named after Lake Minnetonka. Mound is also the birth place of actor Kevin Sorbo, who portrayed Hercules on the television show . Author Lisa Wysocky is also from Mound.
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Najaf
Najaf (; BGN: An Najaf) is a city in Iraq about 160 km south of Baghdad. Its estimated population in 2008 is 560,000 people. It is the capital of Najaf Governorate. It is one of the holiest cities of Shi'a Islam and the center of Shia political power in Iraq.
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Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in Davidson County, in the north-central part of the state. The city is a center for the health care, music, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and is home to a large number of colleges and universities.
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New Hope, Minnesota
New Hope is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States and a suburb of Minneapolis. The population was 20,873 at the 2000 census.
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New Ulm, Minnesota
New Ulm is a city in Brown County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 13,594 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Brown County.
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New York
New York (; locally or ) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the north and west, and Quebec to the north. New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
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Nicollet Mall
Nicollet Mall is a portion of Nicollet Avenue running through downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. Working as a pedestrian and transit mall, it is also an upscale shopping and dining district. Along with Hennepin Avenue to the west, Nicollet Mall forms the cultural and commercial heart of the city.
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North Dakota
North Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States of America, along the Canadian border, about halfway between the Pacific Ocean and the Great Lakes. North Dakota is the 19th largest state by area in the U.S. It is also the third least populous, with only about 646,850 residents as of 2009. North Dakota was carved out of the Dakota Territory and admitted to the Union on November 2, 1889, simultaneously with South Dakota.
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Northwest Angle
The Northwest Angle, known simply as the Angle by locals, and coterminous with Angle Township, is a part of northern Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, and is the only place in the United States outside of Alaska that is north of the 49th parallel. That parallel is the northern boundary of the 48 contiguous states extending from the west coast along the northern boundaries of Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and part of Minnesota to the Northwest Angle. The Angle is one of only four non-island locations in the 48 contiguous states not directly connected to them by land within the country, the others being nearby Elm Point, Minnesota; Point Roberts, Washington; and the town of Alburgh, Vermont. All four are located on the Canadian border with the United States.
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Norway
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Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk (, ) is Russia's third-largest city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the largest city of Siberia. It is the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast as well as of the Siberian Federal District. The city is located in the south-western portion of the federal district and occupies an area of .
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Oakdale, Minnesota
Oakdale is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States, on the eastern side of the Twin Cities metro area. The population was 26,653 at the 2000 census. Oakdale is the 31st largest city in Minnesota, in terms of population.
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Oakland, California
Oakland () is the eighth-largest city in the U.S. state of California. It is a major West Coast port, located on San Francisco Bay, about 8 miles (13 km) east of San Francisco. Oakland is a major hub city for the Bay Area subregion collectively called the East Bay, and it is the county seat of Alameda County. Based on United States Census Bureau estimates for 2010, Oakland is the 41st-largest city in the USA with a population of 446,901.
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Oklahoma City
Oklahoma City is the capital and the largest city in the state of Oklahoma. The county seat of Oklahoma County, the city ranks 31st among United States cities in population. The city's estimated population, as of 2008, was 551,789, with an estimated metro-area population of 1,206,142. In 2008, the Oklahoma City-Shawnee Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,275,758 residents. Oklahoma City's city limits extend into Canadian, Cleveland, and Pottawatomie counties, though much of those areas are rural or suburban. The city ranks as the eighth-largest city in the United States by land area which includes consolidated city-counties; it is the largest city in the United States by land area whose government is not consolidated with that of a county (or, in the case of Alaska, a borough, or in the case of Louisiana, a parish). The city is the largest city and metro area in population of the traditional 'plains states' as well as the South Central United States outside of Texas.
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Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha () is the largest city in the state of Nebraska, United States, and is the county seat of Douglas County. It is located in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about 20 miles (30 km) north of the mouth of the Platte River. Omaha is the anchor of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area, which includes Council Bluffs, Iowa, across the Missouri River from Omaha. It is located 190 miles north of Kansas City, Missouri.
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Orono, Minnesota
Orono is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 7,538 at the 2000 census.
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Osseo, Minnesota
Osseo is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,434 at the 2000 census.
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Otsego, Minnesota
Otsego is a city in Wright County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 6,389 at the 2000 census. Otsego's population has grown to 13,874 as of 2008.
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Owatonna, Minnesota
Owatonna is a city in Steele County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 22,434 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Steele County. Owatonna is home to the Steele County Fairgrounds, which hosts the Steele County Free Fair in August.
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Philadelphia
Philadelphia () is the largest city in Pennsylvania, sixth-most-populous city in the United States and the fifty-first most populous city in the world.
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Philippines
The Philippines ( ), officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (), is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam. The Sulu Sea to the southwest lies between the country and the island of Borneo, and to the south the Celebes Sea separates it from other islands of Indonesia. It is bounded on the east by the Philippine Sea. Its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire and its tropical climate make the Philippines prone to earthquakes and typhoons but have also endowed the country with natural resources and made it one of the richest areas of biodiversity in the world. An archipelago comprising 7,107 islands, the Philippines is categorized broadly into three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Its capital city is Manila.
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Phoenix, Arizona
Phoenix ( , O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdoh, Mojave ''Hachpa 'Anya Nyava) is the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Arizona, as well as the fifth most populated city in the United States. Phoenix is home to 1,601,587 people according to the 2009 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, and is the anchor of the Phoenix metropolitan area (also known as the Valley of the Sun''), the 12th largest metro area by population in the United States with more than 4.3 million people. In addition, Phoenix is the county seat of Maricopa County, and is one of the largest cities in the United States by land area.
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Plymouth, Minnesota
Plymouth is the seventh largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. Located northwest of downtown Minneapolis in Hennepin County, the city is the second largest suburb of Minneapolis-Saint Paul, which is the sixteenth largest metropolitan area in the United States, with about 3.2 million residents. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 72,878 in 2009.
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Poland
Poland (), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is , making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous Slavic member.
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Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the state of Oregon. As of July 2009, it has an estimated population of 582,130, making it the 30th most populous in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city, and the third most populous city in the Pacific Northwest, after Seattle, Washington and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Approximately 2.2 million people live in the Portland metropolitan area (MSA), the 23rd most populous in the United States as of July 2006.
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Ramsey, Minnesota
Ramsey is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 18,510 at the 2000 census. The city's population has exceeded 23,000 as of 2007. Ramsey is a northern suburb of the Twin Cities.
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Red Wing, Minnesota
Red Wing is a city in Goodhue County, Minnesota, United States, on the Mississippi River. The population was 16,116 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Goodhue County. Red Wing is home of Red Wing Shoes, the Riedell Ice and Roller Skates and Red Wing Stoneware. The Cannon Valley Trail has its eastern terminus in Red Wing. Treasure Island Resort & Casino is on the nearby Prairie Island Indian Reservation. The National Trust for Historic Preservation placed Red Wing on its 2008 distinctive destinations list, which adds twelve communities annually nationwide. Red Wing was added for its "impressive architecture and enviable natural environment." Red Wing is connected to Wisconsin by Red Wing Bridge (officially named the Eisenhower Bridge); it carries U.S. Route 63 over the Mississippi River and its backwaters.
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Research Triangle
Raleigh-Durham or The Research Triangle, commonly referred to as simply "The Triangle", is a region in the Piedmont of North Carolina in the United States, anchored by the research universities of North Carolina State University, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and cities of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill respectively. The eight-county region, officially named the Raleigh-Durham-Cary CSA, comprises the Raleigh-Cary and Durham-Chapel Hill metropolitan areas and the Dunn Micropolitan Statistical Area. A 2009 Census Estimate put the population at 1,742,816. The Raleigh-Durham television market includes a broader 23-county area which includes Fayetteville, and has a population of 2,726,000 persons.
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Richfield, Minnesota
Richfield is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. An inner-ring suburb of the Minneapolis-St. Paul region, it is bordered by Minneapolis to the north, Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport to the east, Bloomington to the south, and Edina to the west. Best Buy, the U.S.'s largest electronics retailer, has its headquarters in Richfield. The population was 34,439 at the 2000 census.
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Rochester, Minnesota
Rochester is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Olmsted County. Located on both banks of the Zumbro River, it is perhaps best known as the home of Mayo Clinic (giving rise to the city's nickname, "Med City") and is also home to an IBM facility. The city was estimated to have a population of 103,486 according to the US Census' 2009 estimates, making it Minnesota's third-largest city and the largest outside of the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city had long been a fixture on Money magazine's "Best Places to Live" index, and was ranked number 67 on the 2006 list.
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Rockford, Minnesota
Rockford is a city in Hennepin and Wright counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 3,484 at the 2000 census. While Rockford is mainly in Wright County, a small part of the city extends into Hennepin County. Minnesota State Highway 55 serves as a main route in the city.
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Rogers, Minnesota
Rogers is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 3,588 at the 2000 census. The center of population of Minnesota is located in Rogers [http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt].
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Rosemount, Minnesota
Rosemount is a city in Dakota County, Minnesota, United States. The population was over 20,000 at the 2010 census. Rosemount was established as a township in 1856 and incorporated as a city in 1972, encompassing the old village of Rosemount and Pine Bend. According to the [http://www.ci.rosemount.mn.us/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC;={3D03AC6E-9319-4D05-92E7-3743010D16DA} city's website], there was some debate over whether to name the township Saratoga or Rosemount, with the latter finally being chosen to reflect the town's Irish heritage, and to remain in keeping with the name given to the post office a few years earlier. Rosemount is home to the Pine Bend Refinery, which is the largest oil refinery in Minnesota and the 14th-largest in the United States. Rosemount was also home to a military gunpowder plant in the 1940s called Gopher Ordnance Works.
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Roseville, Minnesota
Roseville is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, just north of Saint Paul and east of Minneapolis. It is one of two Twin Cities suburbs geographically adjacent to both Saint Paul and Minneapolis (the other is Lauderdale). The land comprising Falcon Heights, Lauderdale, and the southern area of Roseville was part of Saint Paul until 1948 when these towns incorporated.
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Russia
Russia (; ), also officially known as the Russian Federation (), is a state in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the People's Republic of China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk and the United States by the Bering Strait. At , Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth's land area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation with 142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 9 time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Antonio
The City of San Antonio () is the second-largest city in the American state of Texas and the seventh-largest city in the United States with a population of 1.4 million. The city is the seat of Bexar County. Located in the and the northern part of , San Antonio is the center of Tejano culture and Texas tourism. The city is characteristic of other Southwest urban centers in which there are sparsely populated areas and a low density rate outside of the city. It was the fourth-fastest growing large city in the nation from 2000 to 2006 and the fifth-fastest-growing from 2007 to 2008. The metropolitan area has a population of nearly 2.1 million based on the 2009 U.S. Census estimate, making it the 28th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S and third in Texas.
http://wn.com/San_Antonio -
San Diego
http://wn.com/San_Diego -
San Francisco
http://wn.com/San_Francisco -
San Jose, California
San Jose (; meaning St. Joseph in Spanish) is the third-largest city in California, the tenth-largest in the United States, and the county seat of Santa Clara County. Anchor to the 31st-largest metropolitan area in the country, it is located at the southern end of San Francisco Bay. The San Jose/Silicon Valley area is the population center of the greater San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland Combined Statistical Area (CSA), a region of nearly 7.5 million people, making it the sixth largest in the United States.
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Santiago, Chile
http://wn.com/Santiago_Chile -
Sartell, Minnesota
Sartell is a city in Benton and Stearns counties in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It is part of the St. Cloud Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 15,062 as of July 1, 2009 state census estimates, making it St. Cloud's most populous suburb and largest city in the central Minnesota region after St. Cloud.
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Savage, Minnesota
Savage () is a suburban city south-southwest of downtown Minneapolis in Scott County in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The city is situated on the south bank of the Minnesota River in a region commonly referred to as South of the River, comprising the southern portion of Minneapolis-St. Paul, the sixteenth largest metropolitan area in the United States. The population of Savage was 21,115 at the 2000 census; the Census Bureau estimated its 2006 population at 27,292.
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Seattle
http://wn.com/Seattle -
Shakopee, Minnesota
Shakopee ( ) is a city southwest of downtown Minneapolis in the U.S. state of Minnesota and is the county seat of Scott County. Located on the south bank bend of the Minnesota River, Shakopee and nearby suburbs comprise the southwest portion of Minneapolis-Saint Paul, the thirteenth largest metropolitan area in the United States with 3.5 million people. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 33,460 in 2007.
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Shoreview, Minnesota
Shoreview is a city in Ramsey County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 25,924 at the 2000 census.
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Shorewood, Minnesota
Shorewood is a city on Lake Minnetonka in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 7,400 at the 2000 census. The city was incorporated in 1956. Its area was originally part of the larger Excelsior Township as were the nearby cities of Excelsior, Tonka Bay and Deephaven. State Highway 7 serves as a main route.
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Silicon Valley
Silicon Valley is in the southern part of the San Francisco Bay Area in Northern California, United States. The region is home to many of the world's largest technology companies including Apple, Google, Facebook, HP, Intel, Cisco, eBay, Adobe, Agilent, Oracle, Yahoo, Netflix, and EA. The term originally referred to the region's large number of silicon chip innovators and manufacturers, but eventually came to refer to all the high-tech businesses in the area; it is now generally used as a metonym for the American high-tech sector. Despite the development of other high-tech economic centers throughout the United States and the world, Silicon Valley continues to be the leading hub for high-tech innovation and development, accounting for 1/3 of all of the venture capital investment in the United States. Geographically, the Silicon Valley encompasses all of the Santa Clara Valley including the city of San Jose (and adjacent communities), the southern Peninsula, and the southern East Bay.
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Somalia
Somalia ( ; ; ), officially the Republic of Somalia (, ) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under communist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. With the longest coastline on the continent, its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands.
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South Dakota
South Dakota () is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux American Indian tribes. Once a part of Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2, 1889. The state has an area of and an estimated population of just over 800,000. Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of nearly 160,000, is South Dakota's largest city.
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St. Cloud, Minnesota
St. Cloud () is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the largest population center in the state's central region. The population was 59,107 at the 2000 census, while 2009 census estimates show it at 67,136. It is the county seat of Stearns County. It is named after the city of Saint-Cloud, France (near Paris), which was named for the 6th-century French monk Clodoald.
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St. Peter, Minnesota
St. Peter is a city in Nicollet County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 9,747 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Nicollet County.
http://wn.com/St_Peter_Minnesota -
Sweden
http://wn.com/Sweden -
Tampa Bay Area
:This article is about the demographic region. For the body of water, see Tampa Bay. For the city at the hub of the area, see Tampa, Florida.
http://wn.com/Tampa_Bay_Area -
Thailand
Thailand ( or ; Ratcha Anachak Thai, ), formerly Siam (, ), is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and the southern extremity of Burma. Its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast and Indonesia and India in the Andaman Sea to the southwest.
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Tonka Bay, Minnesota
Tonka Bay is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. It is located on Lake Minnetonka between the upper and lower lakes. The population of Tonka Bay was 1,547 as of the 2000 census.
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Tucson, Arizona
Tucson () is a city in and the county seat of Pima County, Arizona, United States. The city is located 118 miles (188 km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98 km) north of the U.S.-Mexico border. The 2009 Census Bureau estimate puts the city's population at 548,555, with a metropolitan area population at 1,023,320 as of July 1, 2008. In 2005, Tucson ranked as the 32nd largest city and 52nd largest metropolitan area in the United States. It is the largest city in southern Arizona and the second largest in the state after Phoenix. Tucson is home to the University of Arizona.
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Tulsa, Oklahoma
Tulsa () is the second-largest city in the state of Oklahoma and 47th-largest city in the United States. With an estimated population of 389,625 in 2009, it is the principal municipality of the Tulsa Metropolitan Area, a region with 929,015 (2009) residents in the MSA and 979,721 (2009) in the CSA Tulsa's CSA is projected to reach one million between 2010 and 2012. The city serves as the county seat of Tulsa County, the most densely populated county in Oklahoma, and extends into Osage, Rogers, and Wagoner counties.
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Uganda
The Republic of Uganda ( or ) is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by Tanzania. The southern part of the country includes a substantial portion of Lake Victoria, which is also bordered by Kenya and Tanzania.
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United States
The United States of America (also referred to as the United States, the U.S., the USA, or America) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Caribbean and Pacific.
http://wn.com/United_States -
Uppsala
Uppsala (; older spelling Upsala) is the capital of Uppsala County and the fourth largest city of Sweden with 144,839 inhabitants.
http://wn.com/Uppsala -
Vietnam
Vietnam ( ; , ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (, ), is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by People's Republic of China (PRC) to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea, referred to as East Sea (), to the east. With a population of over 86 million, Vietnam is the 13th most populous country in the world.
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Waconia, Minnesota
Waconia is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 6,814 at the 2000 census. Located about 25 miles west of Minneapolis, Waconia has seen a surge in suburban development recently.
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Walker Art Center
The Walker Art Center is a contemporary art center in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The Walker is considered one of the nation's "big five" museums for modern art along with the Museum of Modern Art, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Guggenheim Museum and the Hirshhorn. It was founded in 1879 by lumberman Thomas Barlow Walker and which he formally established at its current location in 1927 as the first public art gallery in the Upper Midwest. Directly across from the museum are the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden, which opened in 1988; and the Cowles Conservatory. The Walker Art Center underwent a renovation and expanded the museum in April 2005.
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Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C. (), formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States, founded on July 16, 1790. Article One of the United States Constitution provides for a federal district, distinct from the states, to serve as the permanent national capital. The City of Washington was originally a separate municipality within the federal territory until an act of Congress in 1871 established a single, unified municipal government for the whole District. It is for this reason that the city, while legally named the District of Columbia, is known as Washington, D.C. The city shares its name with the U.S. state of Washington, which is located on the country's Pacific coast.
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Wayzata, Minnesota
Wayzata ( ) is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States and a western suburb of Minneapolis and known as one of the top three wealthiest communities within Minnesota and higher ranking areas to live within the Central United States. Wayzata came into existence in the center of Chief Shakopee's Indian village. The population was 4,113 at the 2000 census.
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Weisman Art Museum
The Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum located on the University of Minnesota Twin Cities campus in Minneapolis has been a teaching museum for the university since 1934. The museum's current building, designed by renowned architect Frank Gehry, was completed in 1993. The stainless steel skin was fabricated and installed by the A. Zahner Company, a frequent collaborator with Gehry's office.
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Wichita, Kansas
Wichita ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2000 census its population was 344,284. The 2008 estimated population of 366,046 made it the 51st largest city in the country and the most populous city in Kansas. Wichita is located in south central Kansas on the Arkansas River.
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Willmar, Minnesota
Willmar is a city in and the county seat of Kandiyohi County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 18,351 at the 2000 census.
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Winnipeg
Winnipeg () is the capital and largest city of Manitoba, Canada, and is the primary municipality of the Winnipeg Capital Region, with more than sixty percent of Manitoba's population. It is located near the longitudinal centre of North America, at the confluence of the Red and Assiniboine Rivers (a point now commonly known as The Forks).
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Winona, Minnesota
Winona is a city in and the county seat of Winona County, in the U.S. State of Minnesota. Located in picturesque bluff country on the Mississippi River, its most noticeable physical landmark is Sugar Loaf.
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Wisconsin
Wisconsin () is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States and is considered part of the Midwest. It is bordered by Minnesota to the west, Iowa to the southwest, Illinois to the south, Lake Michigan to the east, Upper Michigan to the northeast, and Lake Superior to the north. Wisconsin's capital is Madison, and its largest city is Milwaukee. As of 2009 the state has an estimated 5.6 million residents. The state contains 72 counties.
http://wn.com/Wisconsin -
Woodbury, Minnesota
Woodbury is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States, and is a suburb of the Twin Cities metropolitan area. It is situated east of Saint Paul along Interstate 94. The population was 46,463 at the 2000 census makes Woodbury the largest city with the name "Woodbury" in the world in terms of population.
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Woodland, Minnesota
Woodland is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States, with lake shore property on Lake Minnetonka. The population was 480 at the 2000 census.
http://wn.com/Woodland_Minnesota
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
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Asian American
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. They comprise the third largest minority group in the United States. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the U.S. Census Bureau definition of Asian, which includes individuals of East Asian, South Asian, and Southeast Asian origin.
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C. Walton Lillehei
Clarence Walton Lillehei (October 23, 1918–July 5, 1999), was an American surgeon who pioneered open-heart surgery, as well as numerous techniques, equipment and prostheses for cardiothoracic surgery.
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Charlize Theron
Charlize Theron (; born August 7, 1975) is a South African actress, film producer and former fashion model.
http://wn.com/Charlize_Theron -
China
China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity.
http://wn.com/China -
César Pelli
http://wn.com/César_Pelli -
Danish American
Danish Americans (Danish: Dansk-Amerikanere) are Americans of Danish descent. There are approximately 1,500,000 Americans of Danish origin or descent. Most Danish-Americans live in the Western or Midwestern United States.
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Diablo Cody
Brook Busey (born June 14, 1978), better known by the pen name Diablo Cody, is an American screenwriter, stripper, writer, blogger, journalist, and author. She was first known for her candid chronicling of her year as a stripper in her Pussy Ranch blog and her 2006 memoir, . Cody achieved critical acclaim worldwide for the script of the 2007 film Juno, winning the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.
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Eero Saarinen
http://wn.com/Eero_Saarinen -
Eliel Saarinen
Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen (August 20, 1873, Rantasalmi, Finland – July 1, 1950, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, United States) was a Finnish architect who became famous for his art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century.
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Frank Gehry
Frank Owen Gehry, CC (born Frank Owen Goldberg; February 28, 1929) is a Canadian-American Pritzker Prize-winning architect based in Los Angeles, California.
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Franklin Steele
Franklin Steele (1813 – September 9, 1880) was an early and significant settler of Minneapolis, Minnesota in the United States. Born in Chester County, Pennsylvania of Scottish descent, Steele worked in the Lancaster post-office as a young man, where he once met James Buchanan.
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French American
French Americans or Franco-Americans are Americans of French descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of French descent, and about 1.6 million speak French at home.
http://wn.com/French_American -
German American
German Americans comprise about 51 million people, or 17% of the U.S. population, the country's largest self-reported ancestral group. California, Texas and Pennsylvania have the largest numbers of German origin, although upper Midwestern states, including Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and The Dakotas, have the highest proportion of German Americans at over one-third.
http://wn.com/German_American -
Hubert Humphrey
http://wn.com/Hubert_Humphrey -
Irish American
http://wn.com/Irish_American -
Italian American
An Italian American ( singular, plural) is an American of Italian ancestry. The designation may also refer to someone possessing Italian and American dual citizenship. Italian Americans are the fourth largest European ethnic group in the United States.
http://wn.com/Italian_American -
Jean Nouvel
http://wn.com/Jean_Nouvel -
Jew
http://wn.com/Jew -
Jews
:For the Jewish way of life, including religion, law, culture, and philosophy, see Judaism. "Jew" redirects here; for other uses, see Jew (disambiguation).
http://wn.com/Jews -
Jim Bakker
James Orsen "Jim" Bakker (born January 2, 1940, pronounced "Baker") is an American televangelist, a former Assemblies of God minister, and a former host (with his then-wife Tammy Faye Bakker) of The PTL Club, a popular evangelical Christian television program.
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Kenzo Tange
was a Japanese architect, and winner of the 1987 Pritzker Prize for architecture. He was one of the most significant architects of the 20th century, combining traditional Japanese styles with modernism, and designed major buildings on five continents. Kenzo Tange was also an influential protagonist of the structuralist movement. He said: "It was, I believe, around 1959 or at the beginning of the sixties that I began to think about what I was later to call structuralism", (cited in Plan 2/1982, Amsterdam).
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Lucinda Williams
Lucinda Williams (born January 26, 1953) is an American rock, folk, blues and country music singer and songwriter. She recorded her first albums in 1978 and 1980 in a traditional country and blues style and received very little attention from radio, the media, or the public. In 1988, she released her self-titled album, Lucinda Williams. This release featured "Passionate Kisses", a song later recorded by Mary Chapin Carpenter which garnered Lucinda her first Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1994. Known for working slowly, Lucinda recorded and released only one other album in the next several years (Sweet Old World in 1992) before her greatest success came in 1998 with Car Wheels on a Gravel Road. This album presented a broader scope of songs that fused rock, blues, country, and Americana into a more distinctive style that still managed to remain consistent and commercial in sound. It went gold and earned Lucinda another Grammy while being universally acclaimed by critics. Since Car Wheels on a Gravel Road, she has released a string of albums that have also been critically acclaimed, though none have sold in the numbers of her 1998 breakthrough. She was also named "America's best songwriter" by TIME magazine in 2002.
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Martha Ripley
Martha George Ripley (November 30, 1843–1912) of Lowell, Vermont was an American physician and founder of the Maternity Hospital in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Ripley was nominated director of public schools but not elected because she was female. She served six years as president of the Minnesota Suffrage Association.
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Martin Luther
http://wn.com/Martin_Luther -
Mary Tyler Moore
Mary Tyler Moore (born December 29, 1936) is an American actress, primarily known for her roles in television sitcoms.
http://wn.com/Mary_Tyler_Moore -
McKim, Mead & White
http://wn.com/McKim_Mead_&_White -
Michael Graves
Michael Graves (born July 9, 1934) is an American architect. Identified as one of The New York Five, Graves has become a household name with his designs for domestic products sold at Target stores in the United States.
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Native Hawaiians
http://wn.com/Native_Hawaiians -
Non-Hispanic Whites
The terms Non-Hispanic Whites or White, Not Hispanic refers to people in the United States, as defined by the Census Bureau, who are of the white race but not of Hispanic or Latino origin/ethnicity. They are of white race from colonial origin, Europe, North Africa, Middle East, South Asia,Canada, Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The majority of Hispanic and Latino Americans are white; like the overall non-Hispanic population of the United States, Hispanics and Latinos can be of any race: white, black, Asian, etc, as race and ethnicity are considered independent of each other. Since the population of descendants of people from Spain in the United States is vastly outnumbered by those from Spain's former colonies, the Non-Hispanic White category can also be effectively used to give a good estimate of the directly descended European population in the United States (European Americans).
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Norwegian American
Norwegian Americans () are Americans of Norwegian descent. Norwegian immigrants went to the United States primarily in the later half of the 19th century and the first few decades of the 20th century. There are more than five million Norwegian Americans according to the most recent U.S. census, and most live in the Upper Midwest. With the exception of Ireland, no single country contributed a larger percentage of its population to the United States than Norway.
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Osmo Vänskä
http://wn.com/Osmo_Vänskä -
Paul Westerberg
Paul Westerberg (born December 31, 1959) is an American musician, best known as the former lead singer, rhythm guitarist, and songwriter of The Replacements, one of the seminal alternative rock bands of the 1980s. He launched a solo career after the dissolution of that band. In recent years, he has cultivated a more independent-minded approach, primarily recording his music at home in his basement.
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Polish American
http://wn.com/Polish_American -
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI (Latin: Pius PP. XI; ; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti, was Pope from 6 February 1922, and sovereign of Vatican City from its creation as an independent state on 11 February 1929 until his death on 10 February 1939. He issued numerous encyclicals including Quadragesimo Anno highlighting capitalistic greed of international finance, social justice issues and Quas Primas establishing the feast of Christ the King. He took as his papal motto "Christ's peace in Christ's kingdom".
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Prince (musician)
Prince (born Prince Rogers Nelson, June 7, 1958) is a singer, songwriter, musician, and actor. He has been known under the unpronounceable symbol , which he used between 1993 and 2000. During that period he was frequently referred to in the media as "The Artist Formerly Known as Prince", often abbreviated to "TAFKAP", or simply "The Artist"
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R. T. Rybak
Raymond Thomas Rybak, Jr. (born November 12, 1955), known as R. T. Rybak, is the current mayor of the city of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and a member of the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party. In 2001, Rybak defeated Sharon Sayles Belton, the first African-American and first female mayor of the city. In the 2001 election, after running a populist campaign, Rybak won 65% of the vote to Belton's 35%—the widest margin in city history for a challenge to an incumbent. He took office in January 2002, and won a second term in November 2005 and a third in November 2009.
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Somali people
Ethnic group
http://wn.com/Somali_people -
T. B. Walker
http://wn.com/T_B_Walker -
Tammy Faye
http://wn.com/Tammy_Faye -
Theodore Wirth
Theodore Wirth (1863–1949) was instrumental in designing the Minneapolis system of parks. Swiss-born, he was widely regarded as the dean of the local parks movement in America. The various titles he was given included administrator of parks, horticulturalist, and park planner. Before emigrating to America in 1888, he worked as a florist and landscaper in Zurich, London, and Paris. He married Leonie Mense, the daughter of his employer in Glen Cove, Long Island, before taking a job as superintendent of parks in Hartford, Connecticut in 1896, where he developed the first municipal rose garden in the country.
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Tom Waits
Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer and actor. Waits has a distinctive voice, described by critic Daniel Durchholz as sounding "like it was soaked in a vat of bourbon, left hanging in the smokehouse for a few months, and then taken outside and run over with a car." With this trademark growl, his incorporation of pre-rock music styles such as blues, jazz, and vaudeville, and experimental tendencies verging on industrial music, Waits has built up a distinctive musical persona. He has worked as a composer for movies and musical plays and as a supporting actor in films, including Down By Law and ''Bram Stoker's Dracula. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his soundtrack work on One from the Heart''.
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White American
White American (often used interchangeably with "Caucasian American" and, within the United States, simply "white") is an umbrella term officially employed by some U.S. government agencies, per standards issued by the Office of Management and Budget, for the classification of United States citizens or resident aliens "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa". Like all U.S. racial categories, White American has a "Not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component, the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans.
http://wn.com/White_American
karaoke
i was at the jabberjaw
cutest boy i ever saw
he was standing behind me
he was such a dream.
he kept looking right my way
i wanna see him every day
randy told me where he lives
in minneapolis
hung around till closing time
i wanna make him mine all mine
told my friends i want to leave
but they embarrassed me
i took out my keys for my car
walked down the street--not very far
he came running after me
he saw me at the entry
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneap...
he said, "i heard you ask about me"
and i responded "yes" quietly
he said, "i'm leaving on wednesday
come see me when Low plays"
so i went to see him again
he should be my new best friend
running so romantically
down the street for me.
so he said he'd write or call
cuz i'd be touring in the fall
he said he wanted me to move
but that just won't do
to minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
minneapolis
I've been waiting for you to come back
Since you left Minneapolis
Snow covers the street lamps and the windowsills
The buildings and the brittle crooked trees
Dead leaves of December
Thin skinned and splintered
Never gotten used to this bitter winter
I've been wasted, angry and sad
Since you left Minneapolis
I wish my thoughts were pure like the driven snow
Like the heavens and the spring's virgin buds
But they strangle me with their sin
Fill me up with poison
Black clouds have covered up the sun again
I can always trace it back
To that night in Minneapolis
Here on the seventh floor in a room I can't call mine
Deadbolt on the door do not disturb sign
Shaking and trembling
On the clean white linen
Slivers of starlight danced across the ceiling
A dozen yellow roses
All that's left in Minneapolis
I wish I'd never seen your face or heard your voice
You're a bad pain in my gut
I wanna spit you out
Open up this wound again
Let my blood flow red and thin
Into the glistening
Into the whiteness
Into the melting snow of Minneapolis
Performed by Minneapolis
Composed by Sonny T.
M P L(L) S
I used 2 play the gig at Archie's Bunker
Then I up and joined the Jeffersons
I was in a band with Lenny Kravitz's mama (Your mother)
Friday night was good every now and then
Now I'm old and doin' so much better (So much better)
Sellin' the wax out the back o' my Subaru
Now I cut this groove with a group called Minneapolis (Minneapolis)
In this here groove, they know just what 2 do, do
CHORUS:
MPLS funkin' house from east 2 west
MPLS funkin' (Shut up)
MPLS - Clinton listen, A on test
MPLS funkin' (Shut up)
(Funkin')
Other people's parties they be fightin'
They're pullin' the guns and actin' like a fool
The way I see it, the more good they be writin'
Makin' U wish that U stayed in a funky school (School)
First class - Guitar 101, James Brown - second hour
Horn part, U ain't got none unless U got Tower of Power
Bootsy will teach U all U need 2 know about the booty bass (Y'all are crazy)
And if U can't play 7, 7 on the drums, U better not show your face (U ain't funky)
CHORUS
Funkin'
Nobody buy my joint, it's cool cuz I got one (Hell yeah)
All the others cut 4 radio and cheat the fan
Good time - take us 2 the stage and watch us move your big butt
Cuz everybody, everybody's gettin' funky in this band
Who's in the band guys?
Sgt. Rock (Sonny T, yeah, that's..that's me) (M) (P)
Sittin' in from St. Paul (We're the S-t-e-e-l-e-s) (L) (S)
Cutie Pie on vocals (Jam) (M)
And by way of Queens (Master T) (P) (L) (S)
Hey, U ain't supposed 2 be on this record
MPLS funkin' house from east 2 west
MPLS funkin' (Shut up)
MPLS - Clinton listen, A on test
MPLS funkin'
We just keep funkin'
We just keep funkin'
Get funky
Party people steady pumpin'
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Meet Minneapolis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Published: 17 Jul 2008
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
A tour of Minneapolis. Host city of the 2008 Republican National Convention.
http://wn.com/Meet_Minneapolis
Minneapolis, MN - Mississippi River (Ep.8)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:10
- Published: 18 Feb 2012
- Updated: 08 Sep 2012
Two weeks on the river, we finally make it to Minneapolis. Facebook: www.facebook.com Visit : www.intransit.tv Twitterz www.twitter.com www.twitter.com www.twitter.com
http://wn.com/Minneapolis,_MN_Mississippi_River_Ep8
Black Hawk helicopters' war games over downtown Minneapolis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:31
- Published: 29 Aug 2012
- Updated: 18 Sep 2012
Video courtesy of YouTube channel www.youtube.com US Special Operations Command decided that downtown Minneapolis would be a perfect location for military games involving Black Hawk helicopters and dozens of troops. Low-flying Black Hawk helicopters conducted military training exercises in downtown Minneapolis Monday night, hovering majestically outside of windows of surprised local residents and office workers. The helicopters were on an urban environment training assignment ordered by the US Special Operations Command. The exercises will continue until early September, but the military is refusing to give out exact training locations to prevent crowds from gathering to watch.
http://wn.com/Black_Hawk_helicopters'_war_games_over_downtown_Minneapolis
Uptown Minneapolis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 09 Feb 2007
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
Minneapolis, MN Live. Work. Eat. Play. You can do it all in Uptown Minneapolis, where the punk rockers are sharing coffee with the suits. Filmmaker Dan Dwyer TurnHere Productions Emeryville, CA TurnHere is a web video production company that produces and distributes internet video for clients around the world. Emeryville, CA www.turnhere.com
http://wn.com/Uptown_Minneapolis
Police offering drugs to Occupy Minneapolis?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:55
- Published: 04 May 2012
- Updated: 17 Sep 2012
Some police officers in Minneapolis, Minnesota are being accused of handing out drugs to members of the Occupy movement. A documentary called MK Occupy Minnesota sheds light on the alleged happenings and showcases teens who claim that cops offered them illegal substances. Many of those allegedly targeted by police are Occupy Minneapolis members and some believe the police are doing this to infiltrate the movement. Dan Feidt, journalist and OWS activist, joins us with more on this shocking allegation. Twin Cities Indymedia ( tc.indymedia.org ) RogueMedia.org, Communities United Against Police Brutality ( http ) Occupy Minneapolis ( occupyminneapolis.mn ) Like us and follow us: twitter.com www.facebook.com
http://wn.com/Police_offering_drugs_to_Occupy_Minneapolis?
Old Minneapolis on Fox 9 News
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:57
- Published: 11 May 2012
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
Tom Lyden's story about a facebook page called Old Minneapolis. Interviews with Alan Freed, Patrick Coleman, and Old Minneapolis creator Jesse Jamison.
http://wn.com/Old_Minneapolis_on_Fox_9_News
BREATHTAKING SCENERY OF MINNEAPOLIS ! COME TO MINNEAPOLIS,DOWNTOWN MINNEAPOLIS, PLACES MINNEAPOLIS !
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 29 Jul 2012
- Updated: 11 Sep 2012
BREATHTAKING SCENERY OF MINNEAPOLIS !
http://wn.com/BREATHTAKING_SCENERY_OF_MINNEAPOLIS_!_COME_TO_MINNEAPOLIS,DOWNTOWN_MINNEAPOLIS,_PLACES_MINNEAPOLIS_!
Flash Mob Minneapolis: Lady Gaga's Bad Romance
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Published: 29 Aug 2010
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
Saturday, August 28, 2010. A group of friends suddenly appear out of nowhere to perform to Lady Gaga's Bad Romance. Just a soon as they appear, they vanish into the streets of downtown Minneapolis. Lady Gaga plays at Xcel Energy Center on Monday and Tuesday (August 30th and 31st). I just heard that they released some extra tickets now that they have the stage layout in place.
http://wn.com/Flash_Mob_Minneapolis_Lady_Gaga's_Bad_Romance
Popeyes Chicken in Minneapolis refuses $4.99 special
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Published: 23 Apr 2009
- Updated: 20 Sep 2012
No chicken?
http://wn.com/Popeyes_Chicken_in_Minneapolis_refuses_499_special
Jay - Minneapolis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:05
- Published: 14 Jun 2012
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Official Jay Music Video: "Minneapolis" BUY ON ITUNES: itunes.apple.com Directed and produced by Unusually Fine. Graphics by Claire Dub.
http://wn.com/Jay_Minneapolis
Minneapolis (that dog)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Published: 01 Jun 2010
- Updated: 12 Sep 2012
a bike ride through the city that I love on a beautiful May evening. www.citygirldebbie.com May 2010
http://wn.com/Minneapolis_that_dog
My late 2011 Minneapolis trip (part 1/7: getting to MN)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:02
- Published: 16 Sep 2012
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
This 7-part series is what my late 2011 trip to the Minneapolis area was like. I didn't narrate these for an unknown reason. Technical issues (couldn't play back at true speed making editing almost impossible) then later forgetting about them caused the year-long delay in posting these. Due to being unable to upgrade my upload speed, I have no choice but to segment these videos. See each segment's video description (after this paragraph) to see what's present. The first segment has 11 segments and involves the trip to Minneapolis. Various rest areas and other things I found interesting are included. Segment 1 (11 segments): 0:00.00 - 0:02.00: The first rest area's sign. 0:02.00 - 0:03.00: The information section, for details. 0:02.00 - 0:41.04: A long back-to-back chain of billboards signs, something I haven't seen. 0:41.04 - 1:27.08: Crossing into Minnesota. 1:27.08 - 1:30.09: An odd rug sale (not for me). 1:30.09 - 2:59.18: Entering Big Spunk rest area. 2:59.18 - 3:01.18: The rest area's sign. 3:01.18 - 3:04.18: A helicopters and explosions notice sign, something I've never seen. 3:04.18 - 3:11.69: Distance signs showing how far left to Minneapolis in miles. 3:11.69 - 4:52.86: The increased traffic in the metro area. 4:52.86 - 5:00.87: The last of the long trip.
http://wn.com/My_late_2011_Minneapolis_trip_part_1_7_getting_to_MN
Minneapolis Riverfront District (Part 1)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:41
- Published: 21 Sep 2012
- Updated: 21 Sep 2012
A panoramic video slide show of the east side of the Minneapolis Downtown Riverside District as viewed from the Guthrie Theatre's Endless Bridge. Note: For a much higher quality view of this video, use the "Change quality" button on the viewer and set to "original" after it starts.
http://wn.com/Minneapolis_Riverfront_District_Part_1
Welcome to Greater MSP.mov
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Published: 01 Nov 2011
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Creepy Military Helicopters Harass Downtown Minneapolis - Aug. 28, 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 28 Aug 2012
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
sheilaaliens.net UPDATE: Great post by Paul Watson on Infowars, shows other videos of these choppers over Minn.!! www.infowars.com Leave it to RussiaToday to inform us of secret military ops/training going on in our own country... "US Special Operations Command decided that downtown Minneapolis would be a perfect location for military games involving Black Hawk helicopters and dozens of troops. Low-flying Black Hawk helicopters conducted military training exercises in downtown Minneapolis Monday night, hovering majestically outside of apartment windows of surprised local residents. Some Minneapolis residents have taken videos of the Army's utility helicopters as they passed over bridges, hovered outside their windows and flew over the city. "Yep, that's the view outside my window," said one YouTube user as two of the giant vehicles stopped outside his 28thfloor window for 10 seconds before soaring down Marquette Ave. The helicopters were on an urban environment training assignment ordered by the US Special Operations Command. The exercises will continue until early September, but the military is refusing to give out exact training locations to prevent crowds from gathering to watch." Read more: rt.com
http://wn.com/Creepy_Military_Helicopters_Harass_Downtown_Minneapolis_Aug_28,_2012
Chiropractic Minneapolis
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:54
- Published: 06 Mar 2012
- Updated: 25 Aug 2012
FREE Consultation - Call 612-879-8000 or visit www.lynlakechiropractic.com Chiropractic Minneapolis practices natural, drugless, non-invasive health care and rely on the body's ability to self-heal. Sounds ideal, but just how does it work? Lyn Lake Chiropractic looks at the whole picture. Like other health-care providers, Lyn Lake Chiropractic chiropractors follow a standard routine to gain information you as a patient. We consult, review the case history, conduct a physical examination, and we may request laboratory analyses and digital x-rays. Unlike other health-care providers, however, chiropractic physicians also conduct a careful analysis of the patient's structure and pay particular attention to the spine. We also ask you about your life— Do you eat well? Exercise at all? How do you deal with stress? Do you have children? What do you do for work? And so on. We seek the origin of the problem. Using this information, a diagnosis is made. Included in the diagnosis is the probable reason for your pain or discomfort. It is important to note that Lyn Lake Chiropractic Minneapolis seeks the origin of the illness in order to eliminate it-we do not simply treat the symptoms. If your roof is leaking, do you simply catch the drips in a bucket for years on end, or do you repair the roof to prevent it from leaking? Similarly, if the migraine headache you've had all week is being caused by misaligned vertebra and an irritated nerve, do you continue to take pain killers <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Chiropractic_Minneapolis
12/11/2010 Minneapolis St Paul MN Metro area blizzard
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:55
- Published: 12 Dec 2010
- Updated: 14 Sep 2012
The Minneapolis and Saint Paul metro region was hit hard with a record breaking amount of snow on Saturday. The cities just south and east of the metro area received 18 inches to 21.5 inches of snow. This video was shot in the southern Minneapolis, MN metro area from the Burnsville, MN area which is just south of the Minnesota River to the area around the Minneapolis International Airport and Mall of America in Bloomington and into Minneapolis itself. The snow caused hundreds of cars in the metro area to spin out and become stuck in the snow along several serious crashes with injuries. Driving was near impossible without a four wheel drive truck and even with a 4x4 truck, it was extremely difficult and dangerous to try and navigate the roadways. Heavy snow and high winds caused the Minneapolis - St. Paul International airport to shut down for a few hours until one of the four runways was able to be opened up for limited use operations. Delta Airlines, which runs about eighty percent of the airports traffic out of MSP had to cancel virtually all of its flights into and out of Minneapolis Saturday afternoon and evening. This major winter storm system stranded everyone. The New York Giants and Minnesota Vikings football game which was scheduled for Sunday 12/12/2010, had to be rescheduled for Monday night due to the fact that the New York Giants football team could not fly into Minneapolis due to the blizzard. In the video there are several clips of people stuck in the snow <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/12_11_2010_Minneapolis_St_Paul_MN_Metro_area_blizzard
somali independece day in minneapolis 2012
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:00
- Published: 04 Jul 2012
- Updated: 13 Sep 2012
BEST SOMALI INDEPENDENT DAY IN MINNEAPOLIS 2012 OFFICAL VIEDIO BY SOMALI VIP STUDIO AHMED UGAASKA
http://wn.com/somali_independece_day_in_minneapolis_2012
Urban Defense Blackhawks in downtown Minneapolis!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:21
- Published: 28 Aug 2012
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Urban defense training happening in downtown Minneapolis. I'm on the 28th floor of the Wells Fargo Building (90 S. 7th St). They are coming from the north east up over the 5th street towers (shorter building is the north tower). There were three helicopters that came in single file, climbed to a hover over the building, held it for about 10 seconds apiece and then took off down Marquette Ave. They did this twice, and then cam back at dusk for a second set. Same procedure. There were also 4 MH-60 Little Birds doing the same thing. Very cool. [NOTE: see here for their second pass: youtu.be Video taken with a Samsung GS3 -auto settings for everything. [EDIT- Despite the comments below, the public announcements that this urban training exercise was going to happen was widely broadcast here in Minneapolis. Now I've seen this video on multiple sites as evidence of some nefarious conspiracy. However, this was not frightening- it was very cool to watch their professionalism. Have a nice day.]
http://wn.com/Urban_Defense_Blackhawks_in_downtown_Minneapolis!
Minneapolis May Day March Energized And Disciplined
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Published: 04 May 2012
- Updated: 23 May 2012
About 2000 people marched down Lake Street in Minneapolis to to join with the hundreds of thousands around the world to celebrate International Workers' Day, May 1, 2012. It was a high energy crowd, but well disciplined. It was a kaleidoscope of colorful banners, signs and costumes. May Day celebrations in many other cities around the world were marked with conflict and turmoil, in Minneapolis there were no conflicts or police incidents. The march started at Lake and Nicollet and proceeded through the immigrant community on Lake Street and ended with a rally in Powderhorn Park. Participating groups represented a broad cross section of public issues: Worker's rights were foremost, but there were also banners for immigrant concerns, working conditions, FBI actions, Peace, Mexican policies, Native Americans, Socialist Workers and many other issues. Most people living in the United States know little about the International Workers' Day of May Day. For many others there is an assumption that it is a holiday celebrated in state communist countries like Cuba or the former Soviet Union. Most Americans don't realize that May Day has its origins here in this country, and stemmed from the pre-Christian holiday of Beltane, a celebration of rebirth and fertility. Labor groups were pressing for an eight hour day, working seven days a week. At its national convention in Chicago, held in 1884, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions (which later became the American <b>...</b>
http://wn.com/Minneapolis_May_Day_March_Energized_And_Disciplined
David Byrne & St. Vincent -- Cruel -- Minneapolis 9/15/12
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Published: 16 Sep 2012
- Updated: 23 Sep 2012
David Byrne and St. Vincent perform Cruel during their show in Minneapolis, MN. 9/15/12.
http://wn.com/David_Byrne_St_Vincent_-_Cruel_-_Minneapolis_9_15_12
MyCare: Abby S. in Minneapolis, MN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Published: 18 Apr 2012
- Updated: 16 Sep 2012
Abby's story: www.healthcare.gov Featuring people like Abby, who are helped by the under 26 provision, MyCare is an initiative to educate Americans about new programs, benefits, and rights under the health care law. Visit www.HealthCare.gov and sign up to receive email updates from HealthCare.gov: public.govdelivery.com -- HealthCare.gov Take health care into your own hands. US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) http We accept comments in the spirit of our comment policy: newmedia.hhs.gov HHS Privacy Policy www.hhs.gov
http://wn.com/MyCare_Abby_S_in_Minneapolis,_MN
Minnesota cops drugged Occupy Minneapolis?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:11
- Published: 15 May 2012
- Updated: 28 Aug 2012
At least one police officer in Minnesota has been placed on paid leave as investigators look into allegations that cops across the state have drugged members of Occupy Wall Street offshoots. Independent journalists, including Dan Feidt, have spoken with Occupy Minneapolis protesters who say they were offered drugs from officials. Feidt has documented these conversations and released a short film explaining his findings. He speaks with RT about the allegations, and what ethical, moral and medical implications it has for all those involved.
http://wn.com/Minnesota_cops_drugged_Occupy_Minneapolis?
Public Domain / Oneequalsone![The 7th Street Entry.The 7th Street Entry is a smaller venue (capacity 250) attached to the side of the historic First Avenue (capacity 1500)[11] in Minneapolis, Minnesota.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120923021421im_/http://cdn7.wn.com/pd/c5/c8/f010e0515ec38588ac43c1156fdd_small.jpg "The 7th Street Entry.The 7th Street Entry is a smaller venue (capacity 250) attached to the side of the historic First Avenue (capacity 1500)[11] in Minneapolis, Minnesota.")
Public Domain / Oneequalsone
Creative Commons / steve lyon
Creative Commons / Appraiser
Creative Commons / SEWilco
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
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AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
AP / Jim Mone
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Creative Commons / SusanLesch
Creative Commons / SusanLesch
Creative Commons / AlexiusHoratius
![The 7th Street Entry.The 7th Street Entry is a smaller venue (capacity 250) attached to the side of the historic First Avenue (capacity 1500)[11] in Minneapolis, Minnesota.](http://web.archive.org./web/20120923021421/http://cdn1.wn.com/pd/c5/c8/f010e0515ec38588ac43c1156fdd_medium.jpg "The 7th Street Entry.The 7th Street Entry is a smaller venue (capacity 250) attached to the side of the historic First Avenue (capacity 1500)[11] in Minneapolis, Minnesota.")
Photo: AP / Marcio Jose Sanchez
21 Sep 2012
LOS ANGELES -- Space shuttle Endeavour took off Friday morning on a sightseeing tour of California, the last aerial hurrah before retiring to a Los Angeles museum. Hitching a ride on top of a jumbo...
Photo: AP / Bassem Tellawi
20 Sep 2012
Iran has been using civilian aircraft to fly military personnel and large quantities of weapons across Iraqi airspace to...
Photo: DOD / Public Domain
20 Sep 2012
KANDAHAR, Afghanistan | It was nearly 2 a.m. when Army Pfc. Zach Randle jumped out of his bulky armored vehicle in southern Afghanistan for what he hoped would be the last time. “I don’t...
Photo: WN / Ahmed Deeb
20 Sep 2012
In the recent wave of anti-Western demonstrations, political Islam has operated globally. The West's response has been mired in the local politics of its separate nation-states. It is a curious...
Photo: AP / B.K. Bangash
21 Sep 2012
Pakistan's government, wary of widespread frustration over its failure to provide basic services, declared Friday a day of protest over the film in an apparent bid to exploit anger which has inspired...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
19 Sep 2012
Related topics lawnlawngarden Advertisement Dry, dry, dry. That's the word this Fall and it's creating a different set of rules for Fall lawn care. The University of Minnesota just sent out an...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
18 Sep 2012
LOS ANGELES â Walk out the front door of a house under construction in Santa Monica, Calif., and the bridge over a koi pond in the front yard leads to stepping stones, then a meditation deck that...
Photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
18 Sep 2012
Related topics Real Estate & Constructionhome buyer advicehome inspection Advertisement Whether you’re purchasing a new or used property, it’s a good idea to have a professional inspection and to...
Star Tribune
SOUTHEAST MINNEAPOLIS LEARNING CARNIVAL The door is open to a wealth of knowledge opportunities at this day of exploration. Discover the vast solar system...(size: 1.0Kb)
Star Tribune
A man was stabbed to death Friday night at a bus shelter in north Minneapolis....(size: 0.6Kb)
Star Tribune
A deeply divided Minneapolis City Council voted Friday to replace a civilian agency that investigates police misconduct with a new city office made up of police and civilians. After lengthy, sometimes passionate debate, the council voted 8-5 for a structure supporters said would improve dialogue...(size: 4.5Kb)
Minneapolis receives grant to add up to 25 electric car charging stations downtown (15964387)
21 Sep 2012
noodls
(Source: City of Minneapolis) The City of Minneapolis and the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) have been awarded a grant from the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency to install up to 25 electric car charging stations at four parking ramps Downtown: Ramp A, Ramp B, the Leamington Parking...(size: 2.7Kb)
Business Journal
Sam Black Senior reporter- Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal Email | Twitter | Facebook RJM Construction, a general contractor owned by the Pohlad family, is moving its headquarters to the downtown Minneapolis Warehouse District from St. Louis Park....(size: 12.8Kb)
TEXT-Fitch releases report on Minneapolis, Minn.
21 Sep 2012
Reuters
Sept 21 - Fitch Ratings...(size: 0.2Kb)
Fitch Releases Report on Minneapolis, MN
21 Sep 2012
Business Wire
NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Fitch Ratings has published a report on Minneapolis, MN. The report is available at 'www.fitchratings.com'. Additional information is available at 'www.fitchratings.com'. Applicable Criteria and Related Research: Minneapolis, Minnesota...(size: 4.0Kb)
Former Minneapolis firefighter sentenced to more than 7 years in prison on federal drug charge
20 Sep 2012
Star Tribune
MINNEAPOLIS - A former Minneapolis firefighter has been sentenced to more than seven years in prison on a federal drug charge....(size: 0.8Kb)
noodls
(Source: FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation) MINNEAPOLIS-Today in federal court, Brandon Josiha Granger, a former Minneapolis firefighter, was sentenced for conspiring to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine. United States District Judge John R. Tunheim sentenced Granger, age 35, to...(size: 1.9Kb)
This article is about the city in Minnesota. For other uses, see Minneapolis (disambiguation).
| Minneapolis | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
| 250px City of Minneapolis |
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| Nickname(s): City of Lakes, Mill City, Twin Cities (with Saint Paul), Mini Apple | |||
| Motto: En Avant (French: 'Forward') | |||
 |
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 Minneapolis
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| Coordinates: 44°59′N 93°16′W / 44.983°N 93.267°W / 44.983; -93.267Coordinates: 44°59′N 93°16′W / 44.983°N 93.267°W / 44.983; -93.267 | |||
| Country | United States | ||
| State | Minnesota | ||
| County | Hennepin | ||
| Incorporated | 1867 | ||
| Founder | John H. Stevens and Franklin Steele | ||
| Named for | Dakota word "mni" meaning water with Greek word "polis" for city | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | R. T. Rybak (DFL) | ||
| Area | |||
| • City | 58.4 sq mi (151.3 km2) | ||
| • Land | 54.9 sq mi (142.2 km2) | ||
| • Water | 3.5 sq mi (9.1 km2) | ||
| Elevation | 830 ft (264 m) | ||
| Population (2010)[1] | |||
| • City | 382,578 (US: 48th) | ||
| • Density | 7,019.6/sq mi (2,710.1/km2) | ||
| • Urban | 2,849,567 | ||
| • Metro | 3,317,308 (16th) | ||
| • Demonym | Minneapolitan | ||
| Time zone | CST (UTC-6) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CDT (UTC-5) | ||
| ZIP codes | 55401 – 55487 | ||
| Area code(s) | 612 | ||
| FIPS code | 27-43000[2] | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 0655030[3] | ||
| Website | www.MinneapolisMN.gov | ||
Minneapolis (pronunciation: 
i/ˌmɪniːˈæpəlɪs/), nicknamed "City of Lakes" and the "Mill City", is the county seat of Hennepin County, [4] the largest city in the state of Minnesota, and the 48th largest in the United States. Its name is attributed to the city's first schoolteacher, who combined mni, the Dakota word for water, and polis, the Greek word for city.[5]
As of the 2010 Census, the population of the city of Minneapolis is 382,578.[6] Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the river's confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul, the state's capital. Known as the Twin Cities, Minneapolis-Saint Paul is the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the U.S., with approximately 3.3 million residents.[7] The city is abundantly rich in water, with over twenty lakes and wetlands, the Mississippi river, creeks and waterfalls, many connected by parkways in the Chain of Lakes and the Grand Rounds National Scenic Byway. Among cities of similar densities, Minneapolis has the most dedicated parkland.[8] It was once the world's flour milling capital and a hub for timber, and today is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing the fifth highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies.[9][10] It has cultural organizations that draw creative people and audiences to the city for theater, visual art, writing, and music. The community's diverse population has a long tradition of charitable support through progressive public social programs and VOLAGs, as well as private and corporate philanthropy.[11][12]
Contents |
History[link]
Main article: History of Minneapolis
Dakota Sioux were the region's sole residents until French explorers arrived around 1680. Nearby Fort Snelling, built in 1819 by the United States Army, spurred growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, allowing people arriving from the east to settle there. The Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present day Minneapolis as a town on the Mississippi's west bank in 1856. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the year rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the east bank city of St. Anthony in 1872.[14]
Minneapolis grew up around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi. Millers have used hydropower elsewhere since the 1st century B.C.,[15] but the results in Minneapolis between 1880 and 1930 were so remarkable the city has been described as "the greatest direct-drive waterpower center the world has ever seen."[16] In early years, forests in northern Minnesota were the source of a lumber industry that operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses including flour mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes, and planing wood.[17] The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the city's thirty-four flour mills where Pillsbury and General Mills became processors. By 1905, Minneapolis delivered almost 10% of the country's flour and grist.[18] At peak production, a single mill at Washburn-Crosby made enough flour for twelve million loaves of bread each day.[19]
Minneapolis was rated as the most anti-semitic city in the United States up until the 1970s (sometimes attributed to the large number of Lutherans in the city and the anti-semitic history of Martin Luther). Jews were not allowed to attend the University of Minnesota or to work in local hospitals or law firms. This gave rise to Mount Sinai Hospital being formed. Catholics were also originally precluded from attending the University of Minnesota until the early 20th century when under Johnston the university deigned to allow a small number of Jews and Catholics to attend pending a review of their grades.[20]
Minneapolis made dramatic changes to rectify discrimination as early as 1886 when Martha Ripley founded Maternity Hospital for both married and unmarried mothers.[21] When the country's fortunes turned during the Great Depression, the violent Teamsters Strike of 1934 resulted in laws acknowledging workers' rights.[22] A lifelong civil rights activist and union supporter, mayor Hubert Humphrey helped the city establish fair employment practices and a human relations council that interceded on behalf of minorities by 1946.[23] In the 1950s, about 1.6% of the population of Minneapolis was nonwhite.[24] Minneapolis contended with white supremacy, participated in desegregation and the African-American civil rights movement, and in 1968 was the birthplace of the American Indian Movement.[25]
During the 1950s and 1960s, as part of urban renewal, the city razed about two hundred buildings across twenty-five city blocks—roughly 40% of downtown, destroying the Gateway District and many buildings with notable architecture including the Metropolitan Building. Efforts to save the building failed but are credited with jumpstarting interest in historic preservation in the state.[26]
Geography and climate[link]
The history and economic growth of Minneapolis are tied to water, the city's defining physical characteristic, which was sent to the region during the last ice age. Fed by receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz ten thousand years ago, torrents of water from a glacial river undercut the Mississippi and Minnehaha riverbeds, creating waterfalls important to modern Minneapolis.[28] Lying on an artesian aquifer[9] and otherwise flat terrain, Minneapolis has a total area of 58.4 square miles (151.3 km2) and of this 6% is water.[29] Water is managed by watershed districts that correspond to the Mississippi and the city's three creeks.[30] Twelve lakes, three large ponds, and five unnamed wetlands are within Minneapolis.[31]
The city center is located just south of 45° N latitude.[32] The city's lowest elevation of 686 feet (209 m) is near where Minnehaha Creek meets the Mississippi River. The site of the Prospect Park Water Tower is often cited as the city's highest point[33] and a placard in Deming Heights Park denotes the highest elevation, but a spot at 974 feet (297 m) in or near Waite Park in Northeast Minneapolis is corroborated by Google Earth as the highest ground.
Minneapolis has a continental climate typical of the Upper Midwest. Winters are cold and snowy, while summers are hot and humid. On the Köppen climate classification, Minneapolis falls in the hot summer humid continental climate zone (Dfa) and has a USDA plant hardiness of zone 5a/4b.[34] As is typical in a continental climate, the difference between average temperatures in the coldest winter month and the warmest summer month is great: 60.1 °F (33.4 °C).
The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events, including snow, sleet, ice, rain, thunderstorms, tornadoes, heatwaves, and fog. The warmest temperature ever recorded in Minneapolis was 108 °F (42 °C) in July 1936, and the coldest temperature ever recorded was −41 °F (−41 °C), in January 1888. The snowiest winter of record was 1983–84, when 98.4 inches (250 cm) of snow fell.[35]
The average annual temperature in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area is 45.4 °F (7.4 °C).[36]
| Climate data for Minneapolis/St. Paul | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 59 (15) |
64 (18) |
83 (28) |
95 (35) |
106 (41) |
104 (40) |
108 (42) |
103 (39) |
104 (40) |
90 (32) |
77 (25) |
68 (20) |
108 (42) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 23.7 (−4.6) |
28.8 (−1.8) |
41.3 (5.2) |
57.7 (14.3) |
69.4 (20.8) |
78.8 (26.0) |
83.4 (28.6) |
80.5 (26.9) |
71.7 (22.1) |
58.1 (14.5) |
41.2 (5.1) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
55.1 (12.8) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 7.4 (−13.7) |
12.7 (−10.7) |
24.2 (−4.3) |
37.2 (2.9) |
48.9 (9.4) |
58.7 (14.8) |
64.0 (17.8) |
61.7 (16.5) |
52.3 (11.3) |
39.6 (4.2) |
26.2 (−3.2) |
12.2 (−11.0) |
37.1 (2.8) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −41 (−41) |
−40 (−40) |
−32 (−36) |
2 (−17) |
18 (−8) |
34 (1) |
43 (6) |
39 (4) |
26 (−3) |
10 (−12) |
−25 (−32) |
−39 (−39) |
−41 (−41) |
| Precipitation inches (mm) | .90 (23) |
.76 (19.3) |
1.89 (48) |
2.65 (67.3) |
3.36 (85.3) |
4.25 (108) |
4.04 (102.6) |
4.29 (109) |
3.07 (78) |
2.43 (61.7) |
1.76 (44.7) |
1.15 (29.2) |
30.55 (776) |
| Snowfall inches (cm) | 11.1 (28.2) |
7.7 (19.6) |
10.1 (25.7) |
2.3 (5.8) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
.6 (1.5) |
8.8 (22.4) |
10.2 (25.9) |
50.8 (129) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 8.9 | 7.4 | 9.3 | 10.7 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 9.8 | 116.5 |
| Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.2 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 1.9 | .1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | .6 | 5.0 | 8.1 | 35.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 158.1 | 180.8 | 217.0 | 243.0 | 294.5 | 321.0 | 350.3 | 306.9 | 234.0 | 179.8 | 114.0 | 114.7 | 2,714.1 |
| Source no. 1: NOAA (1981–2010 normals) [37], The Weather Channel (Extremes) [38] | |||||||||||||
| Source no. 2: HKO (sunshine hours, 1961–1990) [39] | |||||||||||||
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Minneapolis
| Historical populations | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Census | Pop. | %± | |
| 1860 | 5,809 |
|
|
| 1870 | 13,066 | 124.9% | |
| 1880 | 46,887 | 258.8% | |
| 1890 | 164,738 | 251.4% | |
| 1900 | 202,718 | 23.1% | |
| 1910 | 301,408 | 48.7% | |
| 1920 | 380,582 | 26.3% | |
| 1930 | 464,356 | 22.0% | |
| 1940 | 492,370 | 6.0% | |
| 1950 | 521,718 | 6.0% | |
| 1960 | 482,872 | −7.4% | |
| 1970 | 434,400 | −10.0% | |
| 1980 | 370,951 | −14.6% | |
| 1990 | 368,383 | −0.7% | |
| 2000 | 382,618 | 3.9% | |
| 2010 | 382,578 | 0% | |
|
|
|||
As of the 2010 U.S. census, the racial composition was as follows:[40][41]
- White: 63.8%
- Black or African American: 18.6%
- American Indian: 2.0%
- Asian: 5.6% (1.9% Hmong, 0.9% Chinese, 0.7% Indian, 0.6% Korean, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.3% Thai, 0.3% Laotian, 0.2% Filipino, 0.1% Japanese, 0.2% Other Asian)
- Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: <0.1%
- Some other race: 5.6%
- Two or more races: 4.4%
- Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 10.5%[42] (7.0% Mexican, 1.3% Ecuadorian, 0.4% Puerto Rican, 0.3% Guatemalan, 0.2% Salvadoran, 1.3% Other Latino)
European Americans make up about three-fifths of Minneapolis's population. This community is predominantly of German and Scandinavian descent. There are 82,870 German Americans in the city, making up over one-fifth (23.1%) of the population. The Scandinavian American population is primarily Norwegian and Swedish. There are 39,103 Norwegian Americans, making up 10.9% of the population; there are 30,349 Swedish Americans, making up 8.5% of the city's population. Danish Americans are not nearly as numerous; there are 4,434 Danish Americans, making up only 1.3% of the population. Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish Americans together make up 20.7% of the population. This means that Germans and Scandinavians together make up 43.8% of Minneapolis's population, and make up the majority of Minneapolis's non-Hispanic white population. Other significant European groups in the city include those of Irish (11.3%), English (7.0%), Polish (3.9%), French (3.5%) and Italian (2.3%) descent.[43]
The city's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic White,[44] has declined from 92.8% in 1970 to 60.3% in 2010.[45]
There are 10,711 multiracial individuals in Minneapolis. People of black and white ancestry number at 3,551, and make up 1.0% of the population. People of white and Native American ancestry number at 2,319, and make up 0.6% of the population. Those of white and Asian ancestry number at 1,871, and make up 0.5% of the population. Lastly, people of black and Native American ancestry number at 885, and make up 0.2% of Minneapolis's population.[46]
Dakota tribes, mostly the Mdewakanton, as early as the 16th century were known as permanent settlers near their sacred site of St. Anthony Falls.[14] New settlers arrived during the 1850s and 1860s in Minneapolis from New England, New York, and Canada, and during the mid-1860s, immigrants from Finland and Scandinavians (from Sweden, Norway and Denmark) began to call the city home. Migrant workers from Mexico and Latin America also interspersed.[47] Later, immigrants came from Germany, Italy, Greece, Poland, and Southern and Eastern Europe. These immigrants tended to settle in the Northeast neighborhood, which still retains an ethnic flavor and is particularly known for its Polish community. Jews from Russia and Eastern Europe settled primarily on the north side of the city before moving in large numbers to the western suburbs in the 1950s and 1960s.[48] Asians came from China, the Philippines, Japan, and Korea. Two groups came for a short while during U.S. government relocations: Japanese during the 1940s, and Native Americans during the 1950s. From 1970 onward, Asians arrived from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand. Beginning in the 1990s, a large Latino population arrived, along with immigrants from the Horn of Africa, especially Somalia.[49] The metropolitan area is an immigrant gateway which had a 127% increase in foreign-born residents between 1990 and 2000.[50]
U.S. Census Bureau estimates in the year 2007 show the population of Minneapolis to be 377,392, a 1.4% drop since the 2000 census.[51] The population grew until 1950 when the census peaked at 521,718, and then declined as people moved to the suburbs until about 1990.
Among U.S. cities as of 2006, Minneapolis has the fourth-highest percentage of gay, lesbian, or bisexual people in the adult population, with 12.5% (behind San Francisco, and slightly behind both Seattle and Atlanta).[52][53] In 2012, The Advocate named Minneapolis the seventh gayest city in America.[54]
Racial and ethnic minorities lag behind white counterparts in education, with 15.0% of blacks and 13.0% of Hispanics holding bachelor's degrees compared to 42.0% of the white population. The standard of living is on the rise, with incomes among the highest in the Midwest, but median household income among minorities is below that of whites by over $17,000. Regionally, home ownership among minority residents is half that of whites though Asian home ownership has doubled. In 2000, the poverty rate for whites was 4.2%; for blacks it was 26.2%; for Asians, 19.1%; Native Americans, 23.2%; and Hispanics, 18.1%.[50][55][56]
| U.S. Census Population Estimates | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910 | 1920 | 1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 |
| Population | 5,809 | 13,800 | 46,887 | 164,738 | 202,718 | 301,408 | 380,582 | 464,356 | 492,370 | 521,718 | 482,872 | 434,400 | 370,951 | 368,383 | 382,618 | 382,578 |
| U.S. Rank[57][58] | — | — | 38 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 25 | 32 | 34 | 42 | 45 | 48 |
Economy[link]
See also: Economy of Minnesota
The economy of Minneapolis today is based in commerce, finance, rail and trucking services, health care, and industry. Smaller components are in publishing, milling, food processing, graphic arts, insurance, education, and high technology. Industry produces metal and automotive products, chemical and agricultural products, electronics, computers, precision medical instruments and devices, plastics, and machinery.[59] The city at one time produced farm implements.[60]
Six Fortune 500 corporations make their headquarters within the city limits of Minneapolis: Target, U.S. Bancorp, Xcel Energy, Ameriprise Financial, Thrivent Financial for Lutherans and PepsiAmericas.[61] As of 2009 the city's largest employers are Target, University of Minnesota, Allina Hospitals & Clinics, Fairview Health Services, Wells Fargo, Hennepin County, Ameriprise, U.S. Bank, City of Minneapolis, Capella Education Company, Xcel Energy, Macy's, RBC Wealth Management, TCF Bank, Star Tribune, Thrivent, Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, and ING Group.[62][63]
Foreign companies with U.S. offices in Minneapolis include Coloplast,[65] RBC[66] and ING Group.[67]
Availability of Wi-Fi, transportation solutions, medical trials, university research and development expenditures, advanced degrees held by the work force, and energy conservation are so far above the national average that in 2005, Popular Science named Minneapolis the "Top Tech City" in the U.S.[68] The Twin Cities ranked the country's second best city in a 2006 Kiplinger's poll of Smart Places to Live and Minneapolis was one of the Seven Cool Cities for young professionals.[69]
The Twin Cities contribute 63.8% of the gross state product of Minnesota. The area's $199.6 billion gross metropolitan product and its per capita personal income rank thirteenth in the U.S.[70] Recovering from the nation's recession in 2000, personal income grew 3.8% in 2005, though it was behind the national average of 5%. The city returned to peak employment during the fourth quarter of that year.[71]
The Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, serves Minnesota, Montana, North and South Dakota, and parts of Wisconsin and Michigan. The smallest of the twelve regional banks in the Federal Reserve System, it operates a nationwide payments system, oversees member banks and bank holding companies, and serves as a banker for the U.S. Treasury.[72] The Minneapolis Grain Exchange founded in 1881 is still located near the riverfront and is the only exchange for hard red spring wheat futures and options.[73]
Arts[link]
Main article: Arts in Minneapolis
The region is second only to New York City in live theater per capita[75] and is the third-largest theater market in the U.S. after New York and Chicago, supporting the Illusion, Jungle, Mixed Blood, Penumbra, Mu Performing Arts, Bedlam Theatre, the Brave New Workshop, the Minnesota Dance Theatre, Red Eye, Skewed Visions, Theater Latté Da, In the Heart of the Beast Puppet and Mask Theatre, Lundstrum Center for the Performing Arts, and the Children's Theatre Company.[76] The city is home to Minnesota Fringe Festival, the United States' largest nonjuried performing arts festival.[77] French architect Jean Nouvel designed a new three stage complex[78] for the Guthrie Theater, a prototype alternative to Broadway founded in Minneapolis in 1963.[79] Minneapolis purchased and renovated the Orpheum, State, and Pantages Theatres vaudeville and film houses on Hennepin Avenue now used for concerts and plays.[80] A fourth renovated theater, the former Shubert, joined with the Hennepin Center for the Arts to become the Cowles Center for Dance and the Performing Arts, home to more than one dozen performing arts groups.[81][82]
The Walker Art Center, one of the big five modern art museums in the U.S., sits atop Lowry Hill, near downtown. It doubled its size with an addition in 2005 by Herzog & de Meuron and is continuing its expansion to 15 acres (6.1 ha) with a park designed by Michel Desvigne across the street from the Minneapolis Sculpture Garden.[83] The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, designed by McKim, Mead & White in 1915 in south central Minneapolis is the largest art museum in the city with 100,000 pieces in its permanent collection. New wings designed by Kenzo Tange opened in 1974 and Michael Graves in 2006 for contemporary and modern works and more gallery space.[78] The Weisman Art Museum, designed by Frank Gehry for the University of Minnesota, opened in 1993. An addition which doubled the size of the galleries, also designed by Gehry, opened in 2011.[84]The Museum of Russian Art opened in a restored church in 2005[85] and exhibits a collection of 20th century Russian art as well as lecture series, seminars, social functions and other special events.
The son of a jazz musician and a singer, Prince is Minneapolis' most famous musical progeny.[87] With fellow local musicians, many of whom recorded at Twin/Tone Records,[88] he helped make First Avenue and the 7th Street Entry venues of choice for both artists and audiences.[89] Other prominent artists from Minneapolis include Hüsker Dü and The Replacements who were pivotal in the U.S. alternative rock boom during the 1990s. The Replacements' frontman, Paul Westerberg, went on to a successful solo career.[90]
The Minnesota Orchestra plays classical and popular music at Orchestra Hall under music director Osmo Vänskä who has set about making it the best in the country[91]—a critic writing for The New Yorker of a concert in 2010 thought that that day they were "the greatest orchestra in the world".[92] In 2008, the century-old MacPhail Center for Music opened a new facility designed by James Dayton.[93]
Tom Waits released two songs about the city, Christmas Card from a Hooker in Minneapolis (Blue Valentine 1978) and 9th & Hennepin (Rain Dogs 1985) and Lucinda Williams recorded Minneapolis (World Without Tears 2003). Home to the MN Spoken Word Association and independent hip-hop label Rhymesayers Entertainment, the city has garnered notice for rap and hip hop and its spoken word community.[94] The underground hip-hop group Atmosphere (natives of Minnesota) frequently comments in song lyrics on the city and Minnesota.[95]
Minneapolis is America's third-most literate city.[96] A center for printing and publishing,[97] Minneapolis was a natural place for artists to build Open Book, the largest literary and book arts center in the U.S., made up of the Loft Literary Center, the Minnesota Center for Book Arts and Milkweed Editions, sometimes called the country's largest independent nonprofit literary publisher.[98] The center exhibits and teaches both contemporary art and traditional crafts of writing, papermaking, letterpress printing and bookbinding.[98]
Sports[link]
Main article: Sports in Minnesota
Professional sports are well-established in Minneapolis. First playing in 1884, the Minneapolis Millers baseball team produced the best won-lost record in their league at the time and contributed fifteen players to the Baseball Hall of Fame. During the 1920s, Minneapolis was home to the NFL team the Minneapolis Marines, later known as the Minneapolis Red Jackets.[100] During the 1940s and 1950s the Minneapolis Lakers basketball team, the city's first in the major leagues in any sport, won six basketball championships in three leagues to become the NBA's first dynasty before moving to Los Angeles.[101] The American Wrestling Association, formerly the NWA Minneapolis Boxing & Wrestling Club, operated in Minneapolis from 1960 until the 1990s.[102]
The Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Twins arrived in the state in 1961. The Vikings were an NFL expansion team and the Twins were formed when the Washington Senators relocated to Minnesota. Both teams played outdoors in the open air Metropolitan Stadium in the suburb of Bloomington for twenty one years before moving to the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in 1982, where the Twins won the World Series in 1987 and 1991. The Twins moved to Target Field in 2010. The Minnesota Timberwolves brought NBA basketball back to Minneapolis in 1989, followed by the Minnesota Lynx WNBA team in 1999. The Lynx play in the Target Center and won the WNBA Championship in 2011.[103]
The downtown Metrodome, opened in 1982, is the largest sports stadium in Minnesota, with one major tenant, the Vikings. The Metrodome is the only stadium in the country to have hosted a Major League Baseball All-Star Game, the Super Bowl, the World Series, and the NCAA Basketball Men's Final Four. Runners, walkers, inline skaters, coed volleyball teams, and touch football teams all have access to "The Dome". Events from sports to concerts, community activities, religious activities, and trade shows are held more than three hundred days per year, making the facility one of the most versatile stadiums in the world.[104]
The state of Minnesota authorized replacement of the Metrodome with three separate stadiums that estimates in 2007 totaled at about $1.7 billion. Six spectator sport stadiums will be in a 1.2-mile (2 km) radius centered downtown, counting the existing facilities at Target Center and the university's Williams Arena and Mariucci Arena.[105] The new Target Field is funded by the Twins and 75% by Hennepin County sales tax, about $25 per year by each taxpayer.[106] The Gopher football program's new TCF Bank Stadium was built by the university and the state's general fund.[106] Several plans were advanced for a new Vikings stadium.[107] In 2012, the Minnesota Legislature agreed to build a new stadium on the site of the Metrodome, possibly with a retractable roof, giving the Vikings a 30 year lease. The agreement costs $975 million: of this, the Vikings share is $477 million and the public's share is $498 million — the state of Minnesota is to pay $348 million, and Minneapolis must pay $150 million.[108] Including interest and operating costs, the city's share over 30 years is $678 million.[109][110]
Major sporting events hosted by the city include Super Bowl XXVI, the 1992 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four, the 2001 NCAA Men's Division 1 Final Four and the 1998 World Figure Skating Championships.[111][112][113]
Gifted amateur athletes have played in Minneapolis schools, notably starting in the 1920s and 1930s at Central, De La Salle, and Marshall high schools.[101] Since the 1930s, the Golden Gophers have won national championships in baseball, boxing, football, golf, gymnastics, ice hockey, indoor and outdoor track, swimming, and wrestling.[114]
Cityscape[link]
Parks and recreation[link]
The Minneapolis park system has been called the best-designed, best-financed, and best-maintained in America.[117] Foresight, donations and effort by community leaders enabled Horace Cleveland to create his finest landscape architecture, preserving geographical landmarks and linking them with boulevards and parkways.[118] The city's Chain of Lakes, consisting of seven lakes and Minnehaha Creek, is connected by bike, running, and walking paths and used for swimming, fishing, picnics, boating, and ice skating. A parkway for cars, a bikeway for riders, and a walkway for pedestrians runs parallel along the 52 miles (84 km) route of the Grand Rounds Scenic Byway.[119]
Theodore Wirth is credited with the development of the parks system.[120] Today, 16.6% of the city is parks and there are 770 square feet (72 m2) of parkland for each resident, ranked in 2008 as the most parkland per resident within cities of similar population densities.[121][8]
Parks are interlinked in many places and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area connects regional parks and visitor centers. The country's oldest public wildflower garden, the Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden and Bird Sanctuary is located within Theodore Wirth Park. Wirth Park is shared with Golden Valley and is about 60% the size of Central Park in New York City.[122] Site of the 53-foot (16 m) Minnehaha Falls, Minnehaha Park is one of the city's oldest and most popular parks, receiving over 500,000 visitors each year.[116] Henry Wadsworth Longfellow named Hiawatha's wife Minnehaha for the Minneapolis waterfall in The Song of Hiawatha, a bestselling and often-parodied 19th century poem.[123]
Runner's World ranks the Twin Cities as America's sixth best city for runners.[124] Team Ortho sponsors the Minneapolis Marathon, Half Marathon and 5K which began in 2009 with more than 1,500 starters.[125][126] The Twin Cities Marathon run in Minneapolis and Saint Paul every October draws 250,000 spectators. The 26.2-mile (42.2 km) race is a Boston and USA Olympic Trials qualifier. The organizers sponsor three more races: a Kids Marathon, a 1-mile (1.6 km), and a 10-mile (16 km).[127]
In other sports, five golf courses are located within the city, with nationally ranked Hazeltine National Golf Club, and Interlachen Country Club in nearby suburbs.[128] Minneapolis is home to more golfers per capita than any other major U.S. city.[129] The state of Minnesota has the nation's highest number of bicyclists, sport fishermen, and snow skiers per capita. Hennepin County has the second-highest number of horses per capita in the U.S.[75] While living in Minneapolis, Scott and Brennan Olson founded (and later sold) Rollerblade, the company that popularized the sport of inline skating.[130]
Government[link]
Main articles: Minneapolis City Council, Neighborhoods of Minneapolis, and Law and government of Minneapolis
Minneapolis is a stronghold for the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), an affiliate of the Democratic Party. The Minneapolis City Council holds the most power and represents the city's thirteen districts called wards. The council has twelve DFL members and one from the Green Party. R. T. Rybak also of the DFL is the current mayor of Minneapolis. The office of mayor is relatively weak but has some power to appoint individuals such as the chief of police. Parks, taxation, and public housing are semi-independent boards and levy their own taxes and fees subject to Board of Estimate and Taxation limits.[131]
Citizens had a unique and powerful influence in neighborhood government. Neighborhoods coordinated activities under the Neighborhood Revitalization Program (NRP), which ended in 2009.[132] Minneapolis is divided into communities, each containing neighborhoods. In some cases two or more neighborhoods act together under one organization. Some areas are commonly known by nicknames of business associations.[133]
The organizers of Earth Day scored Minneapolis ninth best overall and second among mid-sized cities in their 2007 Urban Environment Report, a study based on indicators of environmental health and their effect on people.[134]
Early Minneapolis experienced a period of corruption in local government and crime was common until an economic downturn in the mid 1900s. Since 1950 the population decreased and much of downtown was lost to urban renewal and highway construction. The result was a "moribund and peaceful" environment until the 1990s.[135] Along with economic recovery the murder rate climbed. The Minneapolis Police Department imported a computer system from New York City that sent officers to high crime areas. Despite accusations of racial profiling; the result was a drop in major crime. Since 1999 the number of homicides increased during four years.[136] Politicians debated the causes and solutions, including increasing the number of police officers, providing youths with alternatives to gangs and drugs, and helping families in poverty. For 2007, the city invested in public safety infrastructure and hired over forty new officers and a new police chief, Tim Dolan.[137] Citing police use of predictive analysis, Dolan and Rybak announced during December 2010 that violent crime in Minneapolis had dropped to 1980s rates.[138]
Education[link]
Main articles: Minneapolis Public Library, Minneapolis Public Schools, Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and University of Minnesota
Minneapolis Public Schools enroll 36,370 students in public primary and secondary schools. The district administers about one hundred public schools including forty-five elementary schools, seven middle schools, seven high schools, eight special education schools, eight alternative schools, nineteen contract alternative schools, and five charter schools. With authority granted by the state legislature, the school board makes policy, selects the superintendent, and oversees the district's budget, curriculum, personnel, and facilities. Students speak ninety different languages at home and most school communications are printed in English, Hmong, Spanish, and Somali.[139] About 44% of students in the Minneapolis Public School system graduate, which ranks the city the 6th worst out of the nation's 50 largest cities.[140] Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.[141] Besides public schools, the city is home to more than twenty private schools and academies and about twenty additional charter schools.[142]
Minneapolis' collegiate scene is dominated by the main campus of the University of Minnesota where more than 50,000 undergraduate, graduate, and professional students attend twenty colleges, schools, and institutes.[143] The graduate school programs ranked highest in 2007 were counseling and personnel services, chemical engineering, psychology, macroeconomics, applied mathematics and non-profit management.[144] A Big Ten school and home of the Golden Gophers, the U of M is the fourth largest campus in the U.S. in terms of enrollment.[145]
Augsburg College, Minneapolis College of Art and Design, and North Central University are private four-year colleges. Minneapolis Community and Technical College, the private Dunwoody College of Technology, Globe University/Minnesota School of Business, and Art Institutes International Minnesota provide career training. St. Mary's University of Minnesota has a Twin Cities campus for its graduate and professional programs. Capella University, Minnesota School of Professional Psychology, and Walden University are headquartered in Minneapolis and some others including the public four-year Metropolitan State University and the private four-year University of St. Thomas have campuses there.[146]
The Hennepin County Library system began to operate the city's public libraries in 2008.[147] The Minneapolis Public Library, founded by T. B. Walker in 1885,[148] faced a severe budget shortfall for 2007, and was forced to temporarily close three of its neighborhood libraries.[149] The new downtown Central Library designed by César Pelli opened in 2006.[150] Ten special collections hold over 25,000 books and resources for researchers, including the Minneapolis Collection and the Minneapolis Photo Collection.[151] At recent count 1,696,453 items in the system are used annually and the library answers over 500,000 research and fact-finding questions each year.[152]
Transportation[link]
Main articles: Transportation in Minnesota and I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge
Half of Minneapolis-Saint Paul residents work in the city where they live.[153] Most residents drive cars but 60% of the 160,000 people working downtown commute by means other than a single person per auto.[154] Alternative transportation is encouraged. The Metropolitan Council's Metro Transit, which operates the light rail system and most of the city's buses, provides free travel vouchers through the Guaranteed Ride Home program to allay fears that commuters might otherwise be occasionally stranded if, for example, they work late hours.[155]
On January 1, 2011, the city's limit of 343 taxis was lifted.[156]
Minneapolis currently has one light rail and one commuter rail line. The Hiawatha Line (Blue Line) LRT serves 34,000 riders daily and connects the Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport and Mall of America in Bloomington to downtown. Most of the line runs at surface level, although parts of the line run on elevated tracks (including the Franklin Ave. and Lake St./Midtown stations) and approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) of the line runs underground, including the Lindbergh terminal subway station at the airport. The 40-mile Northstar Commuter rail, which runs from Big Lake through the northern suburbs and terminates at the multi-modal transit station at Target Field, opened on November 16, 2009.[157] It utilizes existing railroad tracks and will serve a projected 5,000 daily commuters.[158]
Minneapolis' second light rail line, the Central Corridor (Green Line), will share stations with the Hiawatha Line in downtown Minneapolis, and then at the Downtown East/Metrodome station, travel east through the University of Minnesota, and then along University Avenue into downtown St. Paul. Construction began in November 2010 and expected completion is in 2014. The third line, the Southwest Line (Green Line extension), will connect downtown Minneapolis with the southwestern suburb of Eden Prairie. Completion is expected in 2017.[159]
Minneapolis ranks second in the nation for the highest percentage of commuters by bicycle,[160] and was named the top bicycling city in the 2010 "Bicycling's Top 50" ranking.[161] Ten thousand cyclists use the bike lanes in the city each day, and many ride in the winter. The Public Works Department expanded the bicycle trail system from the Grand Rounds to 56 miles (90 km) of off-street commuter trails including the Midtown Greenway, the Light Rail Trail, Kenilworth Trail, Cedar Lake Trail and the West River Parkway Trail along the Mississippi. Minneapolis also has 34 miles (54 km) of dedicated bike lanes on city streets and encourages cycling by equipping transit buses with bike racks and by providing online bicycle maps.[162] Many of these trails and bridges, such as the Stone Arch Bridge, were former railroad lines that have now been converted for bicycles and pedestrians.[163] In 2007 citing the city's bicycle lanes, buses and LRT, Forbes identified Minneapolis the world's fifth cleanest city.[164] By 2010, Nice Ride Minnesota launched with about 60 kiosks for bicycle sharing,[165] and 19 pedicabs were operating downtown.[166]
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Minneapolis the ninth most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.[167]
Seven miles (11 km) of enclosed pedestrian bridges called skyways, the Minneapolis Skyway System, link eighty city blocks downtown. Second floor restaurants and retailers connected to these passageways are open on weekdays.[168]
Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) sits on 3,400 acres (1,400 ha)[169] on the southeast border of the city between Minnesota State Highway 5, Interstate 494, Minnesota State Highway 77, and Minnesota State Highway 62. The airport serves three international, twelve domestic, seven charter and four regional carriers[170] and is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines, Mesaba Airlines, and Sun Country Airlines.[171]
Media[link]
Five major newspapers are published in Minneapolis: Star Tribune, Finance and Commerce, Minnesota Spokesman-Recorder, the university's The Minnesota Daily and MinnPost.com. Other publications are the City Pages weekly, the Mpls.St.Paul and Minnesota Monthly monthlies, and Utne magazine.[97] In 2008 readers of online news also used The UpTake, Minnesota Independent, Twin Cities Daily Planet, Downtown Journal, Cursor, MNSpeak and about fifteen other sites.[172] The New York Times said in 1996, "Now there are T-shirts that read, 'Murderapolis,'" a name for the city that members of the local media have mistakenly attributed to the paper.[173]
Minneapolis has a mix of radio stations and healthy listener support for public radio but in the commercial market, a single organization Clear Channel Communications operates seven stations. Listeners support three Minnesota Public Radio non-profit stations, the Minneapolis Public Schools and the University of Minnesota each operate a station, the networks broadcast on affiliate stations, and religious organizations run two stations.[174]
The city's first television was broadcast by the Saint Paul station and ABC affiliate KSTP-TV. The first to broadcast in color was WCCO-TV, the CBS affiliate which is located in downtown Minneapolis.[97] The city and suburbs are also home to affiliates of FOX, NBC, PBS, MyNetworkTV, The CW and one independent station.[175]
A statue of Mary Tyler Moore downtown on the Nicollet Mall commemorates the legendary 1970s CBS television situation comedy fictionally based in Minneapolis, The Mary Tyler Moore Show. It marks the site where producers filmed the series' iconic opening sequence in which character Mary Richards, played by Moore, throws her hat up in the air. The show was awarded three Golden Globes and thirty-one Emmy Awards.[176] Twins Brandon and Brenda Walsh were from Minneapolis on the TV series Beverly Hills, 90210.[177] American Idol held auditions for its sixth season in Minneapolis in 2006[178] and Last Comic Standing held auditions for its fifth season in Minneapolis in 2007.[179] In Young Adult, a 2011 screenplay by Diablo Cody, Charlize Theron lived in a Churchill riverfront apartment.[180]
Religion and charity[link]
The Dakota people, the original inhabitants of the area where Minneapolis now stands, believed in the Great Spirit and were surprised that not all European settlers were religious.[182] Over fifty denominations and religions and some well known churches have since been established in Minneapolis. Those who arrived from New England were for the most part Christian Protestants, Quakers, and Universalists.[182] The oldest continuously used church in the city, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church in the Nicollet Island/East Bank neighborhood was built in 1856 by Universalists and soon afterward was acquired by a French Catholic congregation.[183] Formed in 1878 as Shaarai Tov, in 1902 the first Jewish congregation in Minneapolis built the synagogue in East Isles known since 1920 as Temple Israel.[48] St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral was founded in 1887, opened a missionary school in 1897 and in 1905 created the first Russian Orthodox seminary in the U.S.[184] The first basilica in the United States, and Co-Cathedral of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis, the Basilica of Saint Mary near Loring Park was named by Pope Pius XI in 1926.[182] In 1972, a relief agency resettled the first Shi'a Muslim family from Uganda. By 2004, between 20,000 and 30,000 Somali Muslims made the city their home.[185] Atheists For Human Rights has its headquarters in the Shingle Creek neighborhood in a geodesic dome.[186] Minneapolis has had a chartered local body of Ordo Templi Orientis since 1994.[187]
The Billy Graham Evangelistic Association, Decision magazine, and World Wide Pictures film and television distribution were headquartered in Minneapolis for about fifty of the years between the late 1940s into the 2000s.[188] Jim Bakker and Tammy Faye met while attending the Pentecostal North Central University and began a television ministry that by the 1980s reached 13.5 million households.[189] Today, Mount Olivet Lutheran Church in southwest Minneapolis has more than 13,000 active members and is the world's largest Lutheran congregation.[190] Christ Church Lutheran in the Longfellow neighborhood is among the finest work by architect Eliel Saarinen. The congregation later added an education building designed by his son Eero Saarinen.[191]
Philanthropy and charitable giving are part of the community.[192] More than 40% of adults in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area give time to volunteer work, the highest such percentage of any large metropolitan area in the United States.[193] Catholic Charities is one of the largest providers of social services locally.[194] The American Refugee Committee helps one million refugees and displaced persons in ten countries in Africa, the Balkans and Asia each year.[195] In 2011, Target Corp. was #42 in a list of the best 100 corporate citizens in CR magazine for corporate responsibility officers.[196] The oldest foundation in Minnesota, the Minneapolis Foundation invests and administers over nine hundred charitable funds and connects donors to nonprofit organizations.[197] The metropolitan area gives 13% of its total charitable donations to the arts and culture. The majority of the estimated $1 billion recent expansion of arts facilities was contributed privately.[198]
Health and utilities[link]
Minneapolis has seven hospitals, four ranked among America's best by U.S. News & World Report—Abbott Northwestern Hospital (part of Allina), Children's Hospitals and Clinics, Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC) and the University of Minnesota Medical Center, Fairview.[199] Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children and Allina's Phillips Eye Institute also serve the city.[200] The Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota is a 75-minute drive away.[201]
Cardiac surgery was developed at the university's Variety Club Hospital, where by 1957, more than two hundred patients had survived open-heart operations, many of them children. Working with surgeon C. Walton Lillehei, Medtronic began to build portable and implantable cardiac pacemakers about this time.[202]
HCMC opened in 1887 as City Hospital and was also known as General Hospital.[203] A public teaching hospital and Level I trauma center, the HCMC safety net sees 325,000 clinic visits and 100,000 emergency room visits each year and in 2008 provided about 18% of the uncompensated care given in Minnesota.[204]
Funded in part by assessments on commercial properties, beginning in 2009, Ambassadors of the Minneapolis Downtown Improvement District (DID) work on 120 blocks[205] of downtown to improve its cleanliness, friendliness and acceptability of behavior. They are employees of Block by Block, a company in Nashville, Tennessee that serves 33 U.S. cities.[206]
Utility providers are regulated monopolies: Xcel Energy supplies electricity, CenterPoint Energy supplies gas, CenturyLink is the landline telephone provider, and Comcast is the cable service.[207] In 2007 citywide wireless internet coverage began, provided for 10 years by US Internet of Minnetonka to residents for about $20 per month and to businesses for $30,[208] which earns $1.2 million annual profit and as of 2010 has about 20,000 customers.[209] The city treats and distributes water and requires payment of a monthly solid waste fee for trash removal, recycling, and drop off for large items. Residents who recycle receive a credit. Hazardous waste is handled by Hennepin County drop off sites.[207] After each significant snowfall, called a snow emergency, the Minneapolis Public Works Street Division plows over one thousand miles (1609 km) of streets and four hundred miles (643.7 km) of alleys—counting both sides, the distance between Minneapolis and Seattle and back. Ordinances govern parking on the plowing routes during these emergencies as well as snow shoveling throughout the city.[210]
Sister cities[link]
As shown below Minneapolis has 10 sister cities:[211][212]
Najaf (Iraq) since 2009
Cuernavaca (Mexico) since 2008
Uppsala (Sweden) since 2000
Eldoret (Kenya) since 2000
Harbin (PR China) since 1992
Tours (France) since 1991
Novosibirsk (Russia) since 1988
Ibaraki (Japan) since 1980
Kuopio (Finland) since 1972
Santiago (Chile) since 1961
And informal connections with Hiroshima, Japan
Minneapolis once was sister cities with 
Winnipeg, Canada.[213]
See also[link]
- Minneapolis – Saint Paul
- Northeast Minneapolis
- List of events and attractions in Minneapolis
- List of Minneapolitans
- List of tallest buildings in Minneapolis
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota
References[link]
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- ^ Anderson, G.R. Jr. (2007-03-21). "The Human Shield". City Pages (Village Voice Media) 28 (1372). http://www.citypages.com/2007-03-21/news/the-human-shield/. and Shortal, Jana (April 6, 2007). "Gang violence on the rise? Some veteran officers say Yes.". KARE-11. http://www.kare11.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=250393. and Johnson, Dirk (June 30, 1996). "Nice City's Nasty Distinction: Murders Soar in Minneapolis". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E7DB1E39F933A05755C0A960958260. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ December, John (March 1, 2007). "Media — Radio — Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA". http://www.december.com/places/msp/radio.html. and "HD Radio: Minneapolis-Saint Paul". iBiquity Digital Corporation. http://www.ibiquity.com/hd_radio/hdradio_find_a_station?state=&theCity=MinneapolisStPaulMN. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
- ^ Weeks, John (2003). "Minneapolis / Saint Paul: Minnesota Twin Cities Area: Digital TV & HDTV Cheat Sheet". http://www.johnweeks.com/stuff/dtvmsp.html. Retrieved 2007-03-18.
- ^ "Mary Tyler Moore statue". Meet Minneapolis. http://www.minneapolis.org/thingstodo/mtm_icon.asp. Retrieved 2007-03-21. and "Awards for "Mary Tyler Moore" (1970)". Internet Movie Database. http://imdb.com/title/tt0065314/awards. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
- ^ Sparling, David A., Internet Movie Database. "Plot summary for "Beverly Hills, 90210"". http://imdb.com/title/tt0125674/plotsummary. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
- ^ Gary Levin (July 10, 2006). "Idol tryouts begin Aug. 8". USA Today (Gannett Company, Inc). http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2006-07-10-idol-auditions_x.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-14.
- ^ "NBC's "Last Comic Standing" Live Tour". North Shore Music Theatre. http://www.nsmt.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=638&Itemid=1723. Retrieved 2007-05-15.
- ^ "Young Adult". Imdb.com (Amazon.com). http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1625346/. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
- ^ a b Millett, Larry (2007). "AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul". Minnesota Historical Society Press via Amazon Look Inside. pp. 9, 154. http://www.amazon.com/AIA-Guide-Twin-Cities-Architecture/dp/0873515404/. Retrieved December 3, 2011.
- ^ a b c "A History of Minneapolis: Religion". Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us). Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070429084801/http://www.mpls.lib.mn.us/history/rs1.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ "Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church". Yahoo! Travel. http://travel.yahoo.com/p-travelguide-3502708-our_lady_of_lourdes_catholic_church_minneapolis-i?action=describe. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ FitzGerald, Thomas E. (1998). The Orthodox Church. Praeger/Greenwood. ISBN 0-275-96438-8. http://books.google.com/books?id=_F5yntZocGIC. and "About St. Mary's". St. Mary's Orthodox Cathedral. 2006. http://www.stmarysoca.org/about.html. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ Barlow, Philip and Silk, Mark (2004). Religion and public life in the midwest: America's common denominator?. Rowman Altamira. p. 139. ISBN 0-7591-0631-2. http://books.google.com/books?id=eTpnyr2Z0moC&pg=PA139.
- ^ "Welcome to the Hub of Atheism!". AFHR (Atheists for Human Rights). http://atheistsforhumanrights.org/#hub. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ^ "Leaping Laughter Lodge". Leaping Laughter Oasis. http://www.leapinglaughter.org. Retrieved June 2, 2011.
- ^ "Billy Graham and the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association — Historical Background". Billy Graham Center. November 11, 2004. http://www.wheaton.edu/bgc/archives/bio.html. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ Camhi, Leslie (July 23, 2000). "FILM; The Fabulousness Of Tammy Faye". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4D9103BF930A15754C0A9669C8B63. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
- ^ Vaughan, John N. (January 2005). "Growth Trends". Church Report. Christy Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 2007-10-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20071006194427/http://www.thecronline.com/mag_article.php?mid=518&mname=January. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ "Eliel Saarinen". Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9064591/Eliel-Saarinen. and "Koulun sijainti / School location". Finnish Language School of Minnesota. http://www.minnesotafinnish.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7BB54C9348-CFFF-47DB-9421-2849B0C03231%7D. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
- ^ "A History of Minneapolis: Social Services". Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us). 2001. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080508041137/http://www.mpls.lib.mn.us/history/rs2.asp. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
- ^ Ohlemacher, Stephen (July 9, 2007). "Detroit area has volunteer spirit". Detroit Free Press. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927012411/http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070709/NEWS06/707090365/1008/NEWS. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
- ^ "Catholic Charities of Saint Paul & Minneapolis". Charity Navigator. 2006. http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3438. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ "American Refugee Committee International". Charity Navigator. 2006. http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=3284. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ "Corporate Responsibility Magazine's "100 Best Corporate Citizens List"" (PDF). CR (CRO Corp). 2011. http://www.thecro.com/files/100Best2011_List_revised.pdf. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
- ^ "The Minneapolis Foundation". Charity Navigator. 2006. http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=4100. Retrieved 2007-04-30.
- ^ Cohen, Burt (May 2006). "The Spirit of Giving" (PDF). Mpls.St.Paul (via Meet Minneapolis). Archived from the original on June 15, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070615121803/http://minneapolis.org/mediaroom/assets/mplsnews/sa1E74.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-21.
- ^ "Best Hospitals". U.S.News & World Report (U.S.News & World Report, L.P.). http://www.usnews.com/listings/hospitals/. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
- ^ "Hospitals, Physicians and Organizations". Hennepin County Library. http://www.hclib.org/pub/search/SubTopics.cfm?Topic=Health/Wellness&SubTopic=Hospitals%2FPhysicians%20and%20Organizations. and "Twin Cities Shriners Hospital". Shriners International. http://www.shrinershospitalsforchildren.org/Hospitals/Locations/TwinCities.aspx. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
- ^ "Rochester, Minnesota Campus". Mayo Foundation. http://www.mayo.edu/education/mcr.html. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
- ^ Jeffrey, Kirk (2001). Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 59–65. ISBN 0-8018-6579-4.
- ^ "A History of Minneapolis: Medicine". Minneapolis Public Library (mpls.lib.mn.us). 2001. Archived from the original on November 22, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071122162857/http://www.mpls.lib.mn.us/history/rs3.asp. Retrieved 2007-02-12.
- ^ "Verified Trauma Centers". American College of Surgeons. March 26, 2009. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011164958/http://www.hcmc.org/governance.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-28. and "About HCMC". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011164958/http://www.hcmc.org/governance.htm. and "HCMC Governance". Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC). Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071011164958/http://www.hcmc.org/governance.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-28.
- ^ "About the Minneapolis Downtown Improvement District". Minneapolis DID. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100528094628/http://www.minneapolisdid.com/about.php. Retrieved August 3, 2010.
- ^ "Our Cities". SMS Holdings. http://www.blockbyblock.com/blockbyblock/our-cities.php. and "Service Launch Packet" (PDF). Minneapolis DID. http://www.minneapolisdid.com/downloads/Service_Launch_Packet.pdf. Retrieved July 31, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ a b "Utilities". City of Minneapolis. http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/residents/utilities.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ "Wireless Minneapolis Frequently Asked Questions". City of Minneapolis. http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/wirelessminneapolis/wirelessfaq.asp. Retrieved 2007-04-07.
- ^ Alexander, Steve and Brandt, Steve (December 5, 2010). "Minneapolis moves ahead with wireless". The Star Tribune. http://www.startribune.com/business/111286134.html. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ "Snow and Ice Control". City of Minneapolis. http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/snow/snow-removal-basics.asp. Retrieved 2007-05-04.
- ^ "International Connections". City of Minneapolis. http://www.ci.minneapolis.mn.us/government/international.asp. Retrieved 2009-07-29.
- ^ Baran, Madeleine (2009-07-31). "City council approves Najaf, Iraq as Minneapolis' sister city". Minnesota Public Radio. http://minnesota.publicradio.org/display/web/2009/07/31/iraq-sister-city/. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
- ^ "Winnipeg City Council minutes for 1978" (PDF). Miles Mac Alumni Association. http://www.mmcalumni.ca/v2/docs/ol/Winnipeg%20City%20Council%20Minutes%20for%201978.pdf. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
Further reading[link]
- Lileks, James (2003). "Minneapolis". http://www.lileks.com/mpls/index.html. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
- Richards, Hanje (May 7, 2002). Minneapolis-Saint Paul Then and Now. Thunder Bay Press. ISBN 1-57145-687-2.
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| Lady Gaga | |
|---|---|
 Lady Gaga performing on The Monster Ball Tour in 2010 |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta |
| Born | (1986-03-28) March 28, 1986 (age 26) New York, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Pop, dance, electronic |
| Occupations | Singer-songwriter, performance artist, record producer, dancer, businesswoman, activist |
| Instruments | Vocals, piano, keyboards |
| Years active | 2005–present |
| Labels | Def Jam, Cherrytree, Streamline, Kon Live, Interscope |
| Website |
 Lady Gaga's signature |
Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta (/ˈstɛfəniː dʒʌrməˈnɑːtə/ STE-fə-nee jurr-mə-NAH-tə; born March 28, 1986), known by her stage name Lady Gaga, is an American singer and songwriter. Born and raised in New York City, she primarily studied at the Convent of the Sacred Heart and briefly attended New York University's Tisch School of the Arts before withdrawing to focus on her musical career. She began performing in the rock music scene of Manhattan's Lower East Side, and was signed with Streamline Records by the end of 2007. During her employment as a songwriter for the record company, her vocal abilities captured the attention of recording artist Akon, who signed her to his label Kon Live Distribution.
Lady Gaga came to prominence as a recording artist following the release of her debut album The Fame (2008), which was a critical and commercial success that topped charts around the world and included the international number-one singles "Just Dance" and "Poker Face". After embarking on the The Fame Ball Tour, she followed the album with The Fame Monster (2009), which spawned the worldwide hit singles "Bad Romance", "Telephone" and "Alejandro". The album's success allowed her to embark on the eighteen-month long Monster Ball Tour, which later became one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time. Her most recent album Born This Way (2011) topped the charts of most major markets and generated more international chart-topping singles, including "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory". Besides her musical career, she involves herself with humanitarian causes and LGBT activism.
Influenced by David Bowie, Michael Jackson, Madonna and Queen, Lady Gaga is recognized for her flamboyant, diverse and outré contributions to the music industry through her fashion, performances and music videos. She has sold an estimated 23 million albums and 64 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling music artists of all time and her singles are some of the best selling worldwide.[1] Her achievements include five Grammy Awards and 13 MTV Video Music Awards. Lady Gaga has consecutively appeared on Billboard magazine's Artists of the Year (scoring the definitive title in 2010), ranked fourth in VH1's list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, is regularly placed on lists composed by Forbes magazine and was named one of the most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[2][3] In 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing more than $25 million.[4]
Contents |
Biography[link]
1986–2004: Early life[link]
Lady Gaga was born Stefani Joanne Angelina Germanotta on March 28, 1986 in New York City to parents Cynthia (née Bissett) and Joseph Germanotta, an Internet entrepreneur.[5][6] Descending from Italian and more distant French-Canadian roots, Gaga is the elder of two children.[7][8] Her sister, Natali, a fashion student, was born in 1992.[9][10] Despite her seemingly affluent upbringing in the family home in Manhattan's Upper West Side, Gaga has stressed that she did not come from a wealthy background, stating that her parents "both came from lower-class families, so we've worked for everything—my mother worked eight to eight out of the house, in telecommunications, and so did my father."[11][12]
From the age of 11, Gaga – who was raised Roman Catholic – attended the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a private all-girls Roman Catholic school on Manhattan's Upper East Side.[13][14][15] She described her academic life in high school as "very dedicated, very studious, very disciplined" but also "a bit insecure": "I used to get made fun of for being either too provocative or too eccentric, so I started to tone it down. I didn't fit in, and I felt like a freak."[16][17] Acquaintances dispute that she did not fit in at school. "She had a core group of friends; she was a good student. She liked boys a lot, but singing was No. 1," recalled a former high school classmate.[18] Gaga began playing the piano at the age of 4, went on to write her first piano ballad at 13, and started to perform at open mike nights by the age of 14.[19][20] Her passion for musical theatre brought her lead roles in high school productions, including Adelaide in Guys and Dolls and Philia in A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum.[21] She also appeared in a very small role as a mischievous classmate in the television drama series The Sopranos in a 2001 episode titled "The Telltale Moozadell" in addition to unsuccessfully auditioning for parts in New York shows.[11][22]
When her time at the Convent of the Sacred Heart came to an end, her mother encouraged her to apply for the Collaborative Arts Project 21 (CAP21), a musical theatre training conservatory at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.[11] After becoming one of twenty students to gain early admission, she eventually lived in an NYU dorm on 11th Street by the age of 17.[21] CAP21 prepared her for her future career focus in "music, art, sex and celebrity" where, in addition to sharpening her songwriting skills, she composed essays and analytical papers on art, religion, social issues and politics, including a thesis on pop artists Spencer Tunick and Damien Hirst.[20][23][24] With CAP21, she also tried out for and won auditions, including the part of an unsuspecting diner customer for MTV's Boiling Points, a prank reality television show.[11][25] But Gaga felt more creative than some of her classmates. "Once you learn how to think about art, you can teach yourself," she said.
2005–07: Career beginnings[link]
Gaga withdrew from CAP21 at 19, in the second semester of her sophomore year, deciding to focus on her musical career.[26] Her father agreed to pay her rent for a year, on the condition that she re-enroll at Tisch if unsuccessful. "I left my entire family, got the cheapest apartment I could find, and ate shit until somebody would listen," she remembers.[21] Settled in a small apartment on Rivington Street towards the summer of 2005, Gaga recorded a couple of songs with hip-hop singer Grandmaster Melle Mel, for an audio book accompanying the children's book The Portal in the Park, by Cricket Casey.[11][27] She also began a band called the Stefani Germanotta Band (SGBand) with some friends from NYU – guitarist Calvin Pia, bassist Eli Silverman, drummer Alex Beckham and booking manager Frank Fredericks – in September of that year.[11][21] The band played a mixture of songs: some self-penned alongside classic rock numbers like Led Zeppelin's "D'yer Mak'er".[11] Playing in bars like the Greenwich Village's The Bitter End and the Lower East Side's the Mercury Lounge, the band developed a small fan base and caught the eye of music producer Joe Vulpis.[11] Soon after arranging time in Vulpis' studio in the months that followed, SGBand were selling their extended plays Words and Red and Blue (both 2005) at gigs around New York while becoming a local fixture of the downtown Lower East Side club scene.[21]
SGBand reached their career peak at the 2006 Songwriters Hall of Fame New Songwriters Showcase at The Cutting Room in June where Wendy Starland, a musician, appeared as a talent scout for music producer Rob Fusari. Starland informed Fusari – who was searching for a female singer to front a new band – of Gaga's ability and contacted her. With SGBand disbanded, Gaga traveled daily to New Jersey to work on songs she had written and compose new material with the music producer.[11] While in collaboration, Fusari compared some of her vocal harmonies to those of Freddie Mercury, lead singer of Queen.[28] It was Fusari who helped create the moniker Gaga after the Queen song "Radio Ga Ga". Gaga was in the process of trying to come up with a stage name when she received a text message from Fusari that read "Lady Gaga."[29] He explained, "Every day, when Stef came to the studio, instead of saying hello, I would start singing 'Radio Ga Ga'. That was her entrance song" and that the text message was the result of a predictive text glitch that changed "radio" to "lady". She texted back, "That's it," and declared, "Don't ever call me Stefani again."[29][30] The New York Post, however, has reported that this story is incorrect, and that the name resulted from a marketing meeting.[18]
Although the musical relationship between Fusari and Gaga was unsuccessful at first, the pair soon set up a company titled Team Lovechild in which they recorded and produced electropop tracks and sent them to music industry bosses.[11] Joshua Sarubin, the head of A&R at Def Jam Recordings, responded positively and vied for the record company to take a chance on her "unusual and provocative" performance. After having his boss Antonio "L.A." Reid in agreement, Gaga was signed to Def Jam in September 2006 with the intention of having an album ready in nine months.[11] However, she was dropped by the label after only three months – an unfortunate period of her life that would later inspire her treatment for the music video for her 2011 single "Marry the Night".[31][32] Devastated, Gaga returned to the solace of the family home for Christmas and the nightlife culture of the Lower East Side.[11]
She became increasingly experimental: fascinating herself with emerging neo-burlesque shows, go-go dancing at bars dressed in little more than a bikini in addition to experimenting with drugs.[11][14] Her father, however, did not understand the reason behind her drug intake and could not look at her for several months.[14][30] "I was onstage in a thong, with a fringe hanging over my ass thinking that had covered it, lighting hairsprays on fire, go-go dancing to Black Sabbath and singing songs about oral sex. The kids would scream and cheer and then we'd all go grab a beer. It represented freedom to me. I went to a Catholic school but it was on the New York underground that I found myself."[23] It was then when she became romantically involved with a heavy metal drummer in a relationship and break-up she likened to the musical film Grease: "I was his Sandy, and he was my Danny, and I just broke." He later became an inspiration behind some of her later songs.[33]
During this time, she met performance artist Lady Starlight, who helped mold her on-stage persona.[34] Starlight explained that, upon their first meeting, Gaga wanted to perform with her to songs she had recorded with Fusari. Like SGBand, the pair soon began performing at many of the downtown club venues like the Mercury Lounge, The Bitter End, and the Rockwood Music Hall. Their live performance art piece was known as "Lady Gaga and the Starlight Revue" and, billed as "The Ultimate Pop Burlesque Rockshow", was a low-fi tribute to 1970s variety acts.[35][36] Soon after, the two were invited to play at the 2007 Lollapalooza music festival in August that year.[37] The show was critically acclaimed, and their performance received positive reviews.[20][35] Having initially focused on avant-garde electronic dance music, Gaga had found her musical niche when she began to incorporate pop melodies and the glam rock of David Bowie and Queen into her music.[38]
While Gaga and Starlight were busy performing, producer Rob Fusari continued to work on the songs he had created with Gaga. Fusari sent these songs to his friend, producer and record executive Vincent Herbert.[39] Herbert was quick to sign her to his label Streamline Records, an imprint of Interscope Records, upon its establishment in 2007.[40] Gaga later credited Herbert as the man who discovered her, adding "I really feel like we made pop history, and we're gonna keep going."[39] Having served as an apprentice songwriter under an internship at Famous Music Publishing, which was later acquired by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, Gaga subsequently struck a music publishing deal with Sony/ATV.[41] As a result, she was hired to write songs for Britney Spears and labelmates New Kids on the Block, Fergie, and the Pussycat Dolls.[41] At Interscope, singer-songwriter Akon recognized her vocal abilities when she sang a reference vocal for one of his tracks in studio.[42] Akon then convinced Interscope-Geffen-A&M Chairman and CEO Jimmy Iovine to form a joint deal by having her also sign with his own label Kon Live, making her his "franchise player."[31][43]
As 2007 came to a close, her former management company introduced her to songwriter and producer RedOne, whom they also managed.[44] The first song she produced with RedOne was "Boys Boys Boys", a mash-up inspired by Mötley Crüe's "Girls, Girls, Girls" and AC/DC's "T.N.T.".[30][44] Gaga continued her collaboration with RedOne in the recording studio for a week on her debut album and also joined the roster of Cherrytree Records, an Interscope imprint established by producer and songwriter Martin Kierszenbaum, after co-writing four songs with Kierszenbaum including the singles "Christmas Tree" and "Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)".[41] Despite her secure record deal, she admitted that there was fear about her being too "racy", "dance-orientated" and "underground" for the mainstream market. Her response: "My name is Lady Gaga, I've been on the music scene for years, and I'm telling you, this is what's next."[15]
[edit] 2008–10: The Fame and The Fame Monster
By 2008, Gaga had relocated to Los Angeles in order to work extensively with her record label to complete her debut album and set up her own creative team Haus of Gaga, modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory.[30][45] The Fame was first released on August 19, 2008 to slow radio play. Gaga supported it by performing around Europe and in small gay clubs around the US in addition to being billed as a supporting artist on the North American leg of New Kids on the Block's reunion concert tour.[46][47] A sleeper hit, lead single "Just Dance" had preceded the album's release by four months but only hit the summit of the international charts in January 2009, provoking the instant success of the album, earning her first Grammy Award nomination (for Best Dance Recording) and becoming one of the best-selling singles worldwide.[46][48] Gaga achieved a greater unexpected success when "Poker Face", another sleeper hit, reached number one in most major music markets worldwide in early 2009, selling 9.8 million singles worldwide.[49][50] The follow-up single won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 52nd Grammy Awards over nominations for Song of the Year and Record of the Year.
The Fame itself was nominated for Album of the Year while winning Best Dance/Electronica Album at the same ceremony.[51] Contemporary critics lauded the album, describing it as an exploration of her obsession with fame and the intricacies of a rich and famous lifestyle, noting its combination of genres "from Def Leppard drums and hand claps to metal drums on urban tracks", the inspiration drawn from 1980s synthpop and incorporation of dance music with clear hooks.[31] The Fame went to number one in Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Switzerland and the UK and appeared in the top five in Australia, the US and 15 other countries.[52][53] It also stayed atop the Dance/Electronic Albums chart for 106 non-consecutive weeks and, since its release, has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.[54] The album's success spawned many 2009 honors including Billboard magazine's Rising Star award and the accumulation of 3 of 9 MTV Video Music Awards nominations, winning Best New Artist with the video for her single "Paparazzi" gaining Best Art Direction and Best Special Effects.[55][56] In addition to being an opening act on the Pussycat Dolls' Doll Domination Tour during the first half of 2009 in Europe and Oceania, she also embarked on her own six-month critically appreciated worldwide concert tour The Fame Ball Tour which ran from March to September 2009.[57][58]
While she traveled the globe, she wrote The Fame Monster, an EP of eight songs released in November 2009. Each song, dealing with the darker side of fame from personal experience, is expressed through a monster metaphor. Making Gaga the first artist in digital history to have three singles (alongside "Just Dance" and "Poker Face") to pass the four million mark in digital sales, its lead single "Bad Romance" topped the charts in eighteen countries and reached the top two in the US, Australia and New Zealand while accruing the Grammy Awards for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Short Form Music Video.[59] The second single "Telephone", which features singer Beyoncé, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and became Gaga's fourth UK number one single; its accompanying music video, although controversial, received positive reception from contemporary critics who praised her for "the musicality and showmanship of Michael Jackson and the powerful sexuality and provocative instincts of Madonna."[60][61] Her following single "Alejandro" paired Gaga with fashion photographer Steven Klein for a music video similarly as controversial – critics complimented its ideas and dark nature but the Catholic League attacked Gaga for her alleged use of blasphemy.[62] Despite the controversy surrounding her music videos, they made Gaga the first artist to gain over one billion viral views on video-sharing website YouTube.[63] At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, Gaga won 8 of her 13 nominations, including Video of the Year for "Bad Romance" (with "Telephone" also nominated), which made her the first female artist to be nominated twice for the award.[64][65] In addition, The Fame Monster garnered a total of six nominations at the 53rd Grammy Awards – equating to the amount of Grammy nominations her debut received – winning Best Pop Vocal Album and earning her a second-consecutive nomination for Album of the Year.[66][67]
The success of the album allowed Gaga to start her second worldwide concert tour, The Monster Ball Tour, just weeks after the release of The Fame Monster and months after having finished The Fame Ball Tour.[68] Upon finishing in May 2011, the critically acclaimed and commercially accomplished tour ran for over one and a half years and grossed $227.4 million, making it one of the highest-grossing concert tours of all time and the highest-grossing for a debut headlining artist.[69] Concerts performed at Madison Square Garden in New York City were filmed for a HBO television special titled Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden. The special accrued one of its five Emmy Award nominations and has since been released on DVD and Blu-ray.[70] Gaga also performed songs from the album at international events such as the 2009 Royal Variety Performance where she sang "Speechless", a power ballad, in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II; the 52nd Grammy Awards where her opening performance consisted of the song "Poker Face" and a piano duet of "Speechless" in a medley of "Your Song" with Elton John; and the 2010 BRIT Awards where a performance of an acoustic rendition of "Telephone" followed by "Dance in the Dark" dedicated to the late fashion designer and close friend, Alexander McQueen, supplemented her hat-trick win at the awards ceremony.[71] Other performances may have included her participation in Michael Jackson's This Is It concert series at London's O2 Arena. "I was actually asked to open for Michael on his tour," she stated. "We were going to open for him at the O2 and we were working on making it happen. I believe there was some talk about us, lots of the openers, doing duets with Michael on stage."[72]
In 2009 she collaborated with consumer electronic company Monster Cable Products to create a pair of in-ear jewel-encrusted headphones titled Heartbeats. "They are designed to be the first ever fashion accessories that double as the absolute best sonically sounding headphones in the world," she commented.[73] Gaga also partnered with Polaroid in January 2010 as their Creative Director.[74] Excited about "blending the iconic history of Polaroid and instant film with the digital era," Gaga unveiled the first trio of new products called Grey Label: a pair of picture-taking sunglasses, a paperback-sized mobile printing unit and an updated version of the traditional Polaroid camera at the 2011 Consumer Electronics Show.[75] But her collaboration with past producer Rob Fusari led to her production team, Mermaid Music LLC, being sued in March 2010 when he claimed that he was entitled to a 20% share of the company's earnings. Gaga's lawyer, Charles Ortner, described the agreement with Fusari as "unlawful" and declined to comment, but five months later, the New York Supreme Court dismissed both the lawsuit and a countersuit by Gaga.[76][77] In addition to such strife, Gaga was tested borderline positive for lupus, but claimed not to be affected by the symptoms. The revelations caused considerable dismay among fans, leading to Gaga addressing the matter in an interview with Larry King, saying she hopes to avoid symptoms by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.[78][79]
[edit] 2011–present: Born This Way
Gaga released her second studio album and third major release, Born This Way, on May 23, 2011. Described as a marriage of electronic music with metal, rock 'n' roll, pop and anthemic style melodies with sledge-hammering dance beats and referred to as an album "about what what keeps us up at night and what makes us afraid," Gaga characterized it as "something so much deeper than a wig or lipstick or a fucking meat dress" and, upon hearing it, Akon remarked that she is taking music to the "next level."[80][81] Upon release, the album received generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its range of different styles and her vocals.[82][83] Born This Way sold 1.108 million copies in its first week in the US, debuted atop the Billboard 200, and topped the charts in more than 20 other countries.[84] In addition to exceeding 8 million copies in worldwide sales, Born This Way received 3 Grammy Award nominations, including her third consecutive for Album of the Year.[85]
In the months prior to its unveiling, Gaga released the singles "Born This Way", "Judas" and "The Edge of Glory" alongside promotional single "Hair". The eponymous lead single, first sung live at the 53rd Grammy Awards in a performance that saw Gaga emerge from an egg-like vessel, deals with self-acceptance regardless of race or sexual orientation. The single debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the 19th number-one debut and the 1,000th number-one single in the history of the charts.[86] It sold more than 3 million digital copies in the US by October 2011, becoming her eighth consecutive single to exceed sales of 2 million and, with worldwide sales of 8.2 million copies by November 2011, one of her five best-selling singles worldwide.[87] Critics noted artistic and cultural references and praised the concept of the song's accompanying music video, in which Gaga gives birth to a new race amidst surrealistic images.[88][89] The video for "Judas", in which Gaga portrays Mary Magdalene, and Biblical figures such as Jesus Christ and Judas Iscariot are also featured, was criticized for its religious references but received acclaim for its overall delivery and praise from others who claimed that there was nothing offensive about it.[90] "Judas" also peaked within the top ten in several major musical markets, while "The Edge of Glory", first a commercial success in digital outlets, was later released as a single to critical appreciation, accompanied by a video which was notably stripped down from her usually "extravagant" efforts.[91][92] She released "You and I" and "Marry the Night" as the following singles from Born This Way. Although their "crazy and ambitious" videos were praised for their audacity, both songs failed to match the similar international success that their predecessors achieved.[93]
Gaga continued her musical endeavors by pairing with veteran artists like Tony Bennett to record a jazz version of "The Lady Is a Tramp".[94] She also recorded a duet with Cher on a "massive" and "beautiful" track, which Gaga "wrote a long time ago, and I've never put it on one of my own albums for, really, no particular reason."[95] Gaga also lent her vocals to an original duet with Elton John for the animated feature film Gnomeo & Juliet. The song, "Hello, Hello", was released without Gaga's vocals but the duet version features in the film.[96][97] She also continued her live appearances throughout 2011, performing a one-of-a-kind concert at the Sydney Town Hall on July 13 in promotion of Born This Way and at the celebration of former US president Bill Clinton's 65th birthday, wearing a blond wig as a nod to the famous performance of Marilyn Monroe for John F. Kennedy and changing the lyrics to "You and I" specifically for the performance.[98] Televised appearances comprised her own Thanksgiving Day television special entitled A Very Gaga Thanksgiving which was critically lauded, attained 5.749 million American viewers, and spawned the release of her fourth extended play A Very Gaga Holiday.[99] Her second performance on Saturday Night Live saw her singing a selection of Born This Way songs alongside appearing in number of sketches with Justin Timberlake and Andy Samberg.[100] In March 2012, Gaga was ranked at number four on Billboard's list of top moneymakers of 2011, grossing $25,353,039 dollars, which includes sales from Born This Way and her Monster Ball Tour.[4]
In early 2012, Gaga stated that songs for a new album were "beginning to flourish" as she worked with producer Fernando Garibay, while the accompanying tour for Born This Way was materializing.[101][102] Gaga's manager, Vincent Herbert, revealed that Gaga will is working on her upcoming album during the tour, stating that the material is "insane, great records."[103] The Born This Way Ball Tour began on April 27, 2012, at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul, South Korea.[104] The tour was met with protests from several religious groups who denounced the tour as satanic and against religious values, resulting in protests mainly from the Islamic Defenders Front, causing a cancellation in the Indonesian city of Jakarta, where Gaga was denied a license to perform. The concert however was still in question as concert promoters were optimistic that the performance will in fact go on. However, due to threats of violence from Muslim hardliners, Gaga decided to cancel the concert although 52,000 tickets have sold out in just a few days.[105][106][107] On May 20, 2012, Gaga guest-starred on the 23rd season finale of The Simpsons entitled "Lisa Goes Gaga".[108]
Artistry[link]
Influences[link]
Gaga's parents, who exposed her to artists like The Beatles, Stevie Wonder, Queen, Bruce Springsteen, Pink Floyd, The Grateful Dead, Led Zeppelin and Elton John had significant influence on her childhood and, presently, still do.[109] "I am a real family girl. When it comes to love and loyalty, I am very old-fashioned. And I am quite down-to-earth for such an eccentric person," she insists.[110] "I'm quite traditional in the family sense. I've always been that way."[109] According to Gaga, Joanne Germanotta – her aunt who died of lupus aged 19 – lives on through her and inspires all of her music and art.[111] Joanne's date of death is tattooed on Gaga's body and, despite dying 12 years before her birth, Gaga commented, "I really believe I have two hearts. I think I actually carry two souls in my body, and that I'm living out the rest of her life and her goodness – she died a virgin, she died never having experienced all these things that we all get to love and experience in our lives."[112] Another spiritual influence on Gaga has been the Indian physician, public speaker and writer Deepak Chopra. Labeling him a "true inspiration", she stated that "he's always reminded me to work in a life of service to my fans and to fulfill my vision and my destiny" in addition to thinking about Chopra when it comes to her work as a musician: "I want so much for it to go beyond the music for my fans."[113]
Musically, Gaga takes influence from numerous musicians from dance-pop singers like Madonna and Michael Jackson to glam rock artists like David Bowie and Queen whilst employing the theatrics of artists like Andy Warhol and of her musical theatre roots in performance.[31][114][115] The Queen song "Radio Ga Ga" inspired her stage name: "I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name [...] Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music," she commented.[18][114][116] Gaga receives regular comparisons to recording artist Madonna who admits that she sees herself reflected in Gaga.[117] In response to the comparisons, Gaga stated, "I don't want to sound presumptuous, but I've made it my goal to revolutionize pop music. The last revolution was launched by Madonna 25 years ago" in addition to commenting that "there is really no one that is a more adoring and loving Madonna fan than me. I am the hugest fan personally and professionally."[114][118] Like Madonna, Gaga has continued to reinvent herself and, over the years of her career, has drawn musical inspiration from a diverse mix of artists including Whitney Houston, Grace Jones, Cyndi Lauper, Blondie singer Debbie Harry, Scissor Sisters, Prince, Marilyn Manson, Yoko Ono, and Britney Spears.[119]
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Gaga has been influenced by a wide-range of artists as to which she has played homages to, including Madonna (left) and Bruce Springsteen. (Right)
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Gaga has mentioned Spears in several interviews, and revealed, "Britney certainly doesn’t need any freakin’ tips from me! Britney Spears is the queen of pop. I was learning from her."[120] Gaga also paid tribute to Spears during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards with the MTV Video Vanguard Award, adding that the pop singer "taught us all how to be fearless, and the industry wouldn't be the same without her."[121]
Gaga has identified fashion as a major influence and has been stylistically compared to English eccentrics Leigh Bowery and Isabella Blow and to American recording artist Cher.[14][26][110][122] She commented that "as a child, she somehow absorbed Cher's out-there fashion sense and made it her own."[122] She has considered Donatella Versace her muse and the late British fashion designer and close friend Alexander McQueen as an inspiration, admitting that "I miss Lee every time I get dressed" while channeling him in some of her work.[14][78] Modeled on Andy Warhol's Factory, Gaga has her own creative production team, which she handles personally, called the Haus of Gaga, who create many of her clothes, stage props, and hairdos.[123] Her adoration of fashion came from her mother, who she stated was "always very well kept and beautiful."[6] "When I'm writing music, I'm thinking about the clothes I want to wear on stage. It's all about everything altogether—performance art, pop performance art, fashion. For me, it's everything coming together and being a real story that will bring back the super-fan. I want to bring that back. I want the imagery to be so strong that fans will want to eat and taste and lick every part of us."[26] The Global Language Monitor named "Lady Gaga" as the Top Fashion Buzzword with her trademark "no pants" a close third.[124] Entertainment Weekly put her outfits on its end of the decade "best-of" list, saying, "Whether it's a dress made of Muppets or strategically placed bubbles, Gaga's outré ensembles brought performance art into the mainstream."[125] Gaga made her runway debut at Thierry Mugler's Paris fashion show in March 2011 where she wore items from Nicola Formichetti's debut women's wear collection.[126] In June of the same year, she won the Council of Fashion Designers of America Award for Fashion Icon.[127] Time Magazine placed Gaga on their "All-Time 100 Fashion Icons List" amongst some of Gaga's inspirations such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, and the The Beatles, stating: "Lady Gaga is just as notorious for her outrageous style as she is for her pop hits. After all, Gaga, born Stefani Germanotta, has sported outfits made from plastic bubbles, Kermit the Frog dolls, and raw meat."[128] She has since devoted her time as a fashion columnist for V magazine, where she has written about her creative process, her studying of the world of pop culture, and her ability to tune into the evolution of pop-culture meme.[129]
In August 2011 she sent to her 15 millions followers that she had at that time on Twitter, a quote about creativity from the book "Creativity"[130] by Osho,[131] which led journalists, on October 28, of the same year, on her arrival to India for the inauguration of a big Formula One motorsport event,[132] to ask her about her connection to him, to which Gaga said she was influenced by his work and that for her, "the creativity is the greatest way of rebellion": "Equality", she concluded, "is one of the most important things in my life".[133]
Musical style[link]
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A 30-second sample of Lady Gaga's "Just Dance" featuring the chorus sung by Lady Gaga and Colby O'Donis in the range of B3 to C♯, backed by a synth marching beat. The song became her first international hit single and sold 7.7 million copies worldwide.
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Continually experimenting with new musical ideas and images, Gaga's musical and performance style is the subject of much analysis and scrutiny from critics. She professes that she is "liberating" herself by constantly reinventing her sound and image, insisting that she has been drawn to such a practice since her childhood.[134] Vocally, Gaga possesses the range of a contralto and exhibits "overwhelming expression, instinctive vocal phrasing, '80s rock reminiscent chest belts and animalistic vocal ticks" while being able to move through 2.4 octaves.[135][136] Refusing to lip sync, Gaga – whose range is frequently compared to those of Madonna and Gwen Stefani – has manipulated her vocal style over the course of her career yet considers Born This Way (2011) "much more vocally up to par with what I've always been capable of."[137][138] In summation of her voice, Entertainment Weekly wrote, "There's an immense emotional intelligence behind the way she uses her voice. Almost never does she overwhelm a song with her vocal ability, recognizing instead that artistry is to be found in nuance rather than lung power."[139]
Although her early lyrics have been criticized for lacking intellectual stimulation, "[Gaga] does manage to get you moving and grooving at an almost effortless pace."[140] She admits that her songwriting has been misinterpreted; her friend and blogger Perez Hilton articulated her message in a clearer way: "you write really deep intelligent lyrics with shallow concepts." Gaga opined, "Perez is very intelligent and clearly listened to my record from beginning to end, and he is correct."[141] "I love songwriting. It's so funny – I will just jam around in my underwear or I could be washing my dishes. I wrote several songs just at the piano," she confesses.[141] Gaga believes that "all good music can be played at a piano and still sound like a hit."[142] She has covered a wide variety of topics in her songs: while The Fame (2008) meditates on the lust for stardom, The Fame Monster (2009) expresses fame's dark side through monster metaphors. Born This Way (2011) is sung in English, French, German and Spanish and includes common themes in Gaga's controversial songwriting like love, sex, religion, money, drugs, identity, liberation, sexuality, freedom and individualism.[143][144]
The structure of her music is said to echo classic 1980s pop and 1990s Europop.[145] Her debut album The Fame (2008) provoked The Sunday Times to assert "in combining music, fashion, art and technology, [Gaga] evokes Madonna, Gwen Stefani circa 'Hollaback Girl', Kylie Minogue 2001 or Grace Jones right now" and a critic from The Boston Globe to comment that she draws "obvious inspirations from Madonna to Gwen Stefani... in [her] girlish but sturdy pipes and bubbly beats."[146][147] Music critic Simon Reynolds wrote that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s, just ruthlessly catchy naughties pop glazed with Auto-Tune and undergirded with R&B-ish beats."[148] The follow-up The Fame Monster (2009), saw Gaga's taste for pastiche, drawing on "Seventies arena glam, perky ABBA disco and sugary throwbacks like Stacey Q" while Born This Way (2011) also draws on the records of her childhood and still has the "electro-sleaze beats and Eurodisco chorus chants" of its predecessor but includes genres as diverse as opera, heavy metal, disco, and rock and roll.[143] "There isn't a subtle moment on the album, but even at its nuttiest, the music is full of wide-awake emotional details," wrote Rolling Stone, who concluded: "The more excessive Gaga gets, the more honest she sounds."[144]
Music videos and performances[link]
With constant costume changes, backup dancers, and provocative visuals, Gaga's music videos are often described as short films.[149] "Being provocative is not just about getting people's attention. It's about saying something that really affects people in a real way, in a positive way," she professes.[149] Exploring bondage and sadomasochism in addition to highlighting prevalent feminist themes, "the three central themes that shape Lady Gaga's music videos are sex, violence, and power."[150] "Vaudevillian and carnal, Lady Gaga has got the knack of sending rape-like fantasies—in songs and videos that double as catch club hits—to the top of the charts," wrote one critic.[151] "Whether it is physical violence or sexual exploitation, these videos offer vivid depictions of male power over women's bodies," wrote another.[150] While she labels herself "a little bit of a feminist" (she rejects man-hating feminism) and asserts that she is "sexually empowering women,"[151] Gaga strives to empower young women to stand up for what they believe in.[150] She also attempts to liberate her fans so they can feel "less alone."[152] "She not only reiterates her assertion of total originality," professed pop critic Ann Powers, "but also finesses it until it's both a philosophical stance about how constructing a persona from pop-cultural sources can be an expression of a person's truth—a la those drag queens Gaga sincerely admires—and a bit of a feminist act."[153] In summation of her videos, Rolling Stone used the rhetoric: "does anyone look to a Lady Gaga video for restraint?"[93]
Her performances are described as "highly entertaining and innovative"; the blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV.[154] She continued the "blood soaked" theme during The Monster Ball Tour, in which she wore a revealing leather corset and was "attacked" by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her throat, causing "blood" to spurt down her chest, after which she lies "dying" in a pool of blood. Her performances of that scene in England triggered protests from family groups and fans in the aftermath of a local tragedy, in which a taxi driver had murdered 12 people.[155] "What happened in Bradford is very fresh in people's minds and given all the violence which happened in Cumbria just hours earlier, it was insensitive," said Lynn Costello of Mothers Against Violence.[156] Her unconventionality continued at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards: performing in drag as her male alter ego, Jo Calderone, and delivering a lovesick monologue before a performance of her song "You and I".[157] Some have defended her flamboyant and provocative behavior. "Well, she's Lady Gaga," Chris Rock said. "She's not 'Lady Behave Yourself.' Do you want great behavior from a person named Gaga? Is this what you were expecting?"[158] As Gaga's choreographer and creative director, Laurieann Gibson provided material for her shows and videos for four years. However, the pair parted in November 2011; Gaga replacing her with Gibson's assistant Richard Jackson.[159] Gaga admits to being a perfectionist when it comes to her elaborate shows. "I'm very bossy. I can scream my head off if I see one light fixture out. I'm very detailed – every minute of the show has got to be perfect."[149]
Public image[link]
See also: Lady Gaga on Twitter
While Rolling Stone named Gaga the "Queen of Pop" in 2011, public reception of Gaga's music, fashion sense and persona are mixed.[160] Her status as a role model, self-esteem booster for her fans, trailblazer and fashion icon who breathes new life into the industry is by turns affirmed and denied.[161] Gaga's albums have received mostly positive reviews and critics have pointed out her unique place in pop music, the need for new movements in popular culture, the attention Gaga brings to modern social issues, and the inherently subjective nature of her art.[162] In view of her influence on modern culture and her rise to global fame, sociologist Mathieu Deflem of the University of South Carolina has organized a course titled "Lady Gaga and the Sociology of Fame" since spring 2011 with the objective of unravelling "some of the sociologically relevant dimensions of the fame of Lady Gaga."[163] When Gaga briefly met with US president Barack Obama at a Human Rights Campaign fundraiser, he described the interaction as "intimidating" as she was dressed in 16-inch heels making her undoubtedly the tallest woman in the room.[164]
Contrary to her outré style, the New York Post described her early look as like "a refugee from Jersey Shore" with "big black hair, heavy eye makeup and tight, revealing clothes."[18] Gaga is a natural brunette; she bleached her hair blonde because she was often mistaken for Amy Winehouse.[6] She has nine tattoos on the left side of her body (her father has banned etchings on her right): a unicorn head with a ribbon wrapped around its horn that says "Born This Way"; a small heart with "dad" written inside it; several white roses; a treble clef; three daises; "Tokyo Love" with a little heart; "Little Monsters" written in cursive; a peace symbol, which was inspired by John Lennon, whom she stated was her hero; and a curling German script on her left arm quoting the poet Rainer Maria Rilke, her favorite writer, commenting that his "philosophy of solitude" spoke to her.[116][165] In a question posed about the necessary procedure to attach the prosthetics to give the unconventional appearance of recent horn-like ridges on her cheekbones, temples, and shoulders, Gaga responded, "They're not prosthetics, they're my bones." She also clarified that they were not the result of plastic surgery, believing such surgery to only be the modern byproduct of fame-induced insecurity to which she does not subscribe. The interviewer's further probing brought Gaga to the conclusion that they are an artistic representation of her inner inspirational light and part of the "performance piece" that is her musical persona: an inevitability of her becoming who she now is.[166]
Towards the end of 2008, comparisons were made between the fashions of Gaga and recording artist Christina Aguilera that noted similarities in their styling, hair, and make-up.[14] Aguilera stated that she was "completely unaware of [Gaga]" and "didn't know if it [was] a man or a woman."[14] Gaga released a statement in which she welcomed the comparisons due to the attention providing useful publicity, saying, "She's such a huge star and if anything I should send her flowers, because a lot of people in America didn't know who I was until that whole thing happened. It really put me on the map in a way."[167][168] When interviewed by Barbara Walters for her annual ABC News special 10 Most Fascinating People in 2009, Gaga dismissed the claim that she is intersex as an urban legend. Responding to a question on this issue, she stated, "At first it was very strange and everyone sorta said, 'That's really quite a story!' But in a sense, I portray myself in a very androgynous way, and I love androgyny."[169] In addition to Aguilera's statement, comparisons continued into 2010, when Aguilera released the music video of her single "Not Myself Tonight". Critics noted similarities between the song and its accompanying music video with Gaga's video for "Bad Romance".[170] There have also been similar comparisons made between Gaga's style and that of fashion icon Dale Bozzio from the band Missing Persons. Some have considered their respective images to be strikingly parallel although fans of Missing Persons note that Bozzio had pioneered the look more than thirty years earlier.[171]
While devout followers call Gaga "Mother Monster", Gaga often refers to her fans as "Little Monsters" which has been tattooed on "the arm that holds my mic" in dedication.[172][173] Her treatment of her "Little Monsters" has inspired criticism, due to the highly commercial nature of her music and image.[174] To some, this dichotomy contravenes the concept of outsider culture. Camille Paglia in her 2010 cover story "Lady Gaga and the death of sex" in The Sunday Times asserts that Gaga "is more an identity thief than an erotic taboo breaker, a mainstream manufactured product who claims to be singing for the freaks, the rebellious and the dispossessed when she is none of those."[175][176] Writing for The Guardian, Kitty Empire opined that the dichotomy "...allows the viewer to have a 'transgressive' experience without being required to think. At [her performance's] core, though, is the idea that Gaga is at one with the freaks and outcasts. The Monster Ball is where we can all be free. This is arrant nonsense, as the scads of people buying Gaga's cunningly commercial music are not limited to the niche worlds of drag queens and hip night creatures from which she draws her inspiration. But Gaga seems sincere."[177]
Philanthropy[link]
Besides her career in music, Gaga has also contributed to various charities. For natural disasters, Gaga has helped various relief efforts. Although declining an invitation to appear on the single "We Are the World 25" to benefit victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, she donated the proceeds of her January 24, 2010 concert at New York's Radio City Music Hall to the country's reconstruction relief fund.[178] All profits from her official online store on that day were also donated. Gaga announced that an estimated total of US$500,000 was collected for the fund.[179] Hours after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami hit Japan on March 11, 2011, Gaga tweeted a message and a link to Japan Prayer Bracelets. All revenue from a bracelet she designed in conjunction with the company was donated to relief efforts.[180] As of March 29, 2011, the bracelets raised $1.5 million.[181] However, attorney Alyson Oliver filed a lawsuit against Gaga in Detroit in June 2011, noting that the bracelet was subject to a sales tax and an extra $3.99 shipping charge was added to the price. She also believed that not all proceeds from the bracelets would go to the relief efforts, demanding a public accounting of the campaign and refunds for people who had bought the bracelet. Gaga's spokesperson called the lawsuit "meritless" and "misleading".[182] On June 25, 2011, Gaga performed at MTV Japan's charity show in Makuhari Messe, which benefited the Japanese Red Cross.[183]
HIV and AIDS[link]
Gaga also contributes in the fight against HIV and AIDS, focusing on educating young women about the risks of the disease. In collaboration with Cyndi Lauper, Gaga joined forces with MAC Cosmetics to launch a line of lipstick under their supplementary cosmetic line, Viva Glam. Titled Viva Glam Gaga and Viva Glam Cyndi for each contributor respectively, all net proceeds of the lipstick line were donated to the cosmetic company's campaign to prevent HIV and AIDS worldwide.[184] In a press release, Gaga declared, "I don't want Viva Glam to be just a lipstick you buy to help a cause. I want it to be a reminder when you go out at night to put a condom in your purse right next to your lipstick."[185] The sales of Gaga-endorsed Viva Glam lipstick and lipgloss have raised more than $202 million to fight HIV and AIDS.[3]
Born This Way Foundation[link]
Main article: Born This Way Foundation
As a humanitarian, she has launched her own non-profit organization, the Born This Way Foundation, which focuses on youth empowerment and issues like self-confidence, well-being, anti-bullying, mentoring, and career development. "My mother and I have initiated a passion project. We call it the Born This Way Foundation," Gaga said in a statement about the foundation, which takes its name from the 2011 single and album. "Together we hope to establish a standard of Bravery and Kindness, as well as a community worldwide that protects and nurtures others in the face of bullying and abandonment." The foundation will work with a number of partners, including the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, The California Endowment and the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.[186] She also jumped into the debate surrounding SB 1070, Arizona's recently-enacted anti-immigration law, after premiering her Born This Way song "Americano" on the Guadalajara stop of The Monster Ball Tour in Mexico, telling the local press that she could not "stand by many of the unjust immigration laws" in the US.[187] A devoted advocate for the LGBT community, Gaga is also an outspoken activist for LGBT rights worldwide.[188] On February 29, 2012, Gaga and Oprah Winfrey visited Harvard University to launch her Born This Way Foundation.
LGBT advocacy[link]
Gaga attributes much of her early success as a mainstream artist to her gay fans and is considered to be a gay icon.[189] Early in her career she had difficulty getting radio airplay, and stated, "The turning point for me was the gay community. I've got so many gay fans and they're so loyal to me and they really lifted me up. They'll always stand by me and I'll always stand by them. It's not an easy thing to create a fanbase."[190] She thanked FlyLife, a Manhattan-based LGBT marketing company with whom her label Interscope works, in the liner notes of The Fame, saying, "I love you so much. You were the first heartbeat in this project, and your support and brilliance means the world to me. I will always fight for the gay community hand in hand with this incredible team."[191] One of her first televised performances was in May 2008 at the NewNowNext Awards, an awards show aired by the LGBT television network Logo, where she sang her song "Just Dance".[192] In June of the same year, she performed the song again at the San Francisco Pride event.[193]
After The Fame was released, she revealed that the song "Poker Face" was about her bisexuality. In an interview with Rolling Stone, she spoke about how her boyfriends tended to react to her bisexuality, saying "The fact that I'm into women, they're all intimidated by it. It makes them uncomfortable. They're like, 'I don't need to have a threesome. I'm happy with just you'."[33] When she appeared as a guest on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in May 2009, she praised DeGeneres for being "an inspiration for women and for the gay community".[194] She proclaimed that the October 11, 2009 National Equality March rally on the National Mall was "the single most important event of her career." As she exited, she left with an exultant "Bless God and bless the gays,"[195] similar to her 2009 MTV Video Music Awards acceptance speech for Best New Artist a month earlier.[196] At the Human Rights Campaign Dinner, held the same weekend as the rally, she performed a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine" declaring that "I'm not going to [play] one of my songs tonight because tonight is not about me, it's about you." She changed the original lyrics of the song to reflect the death of Matthew Shepard, a college student murdered because of his sexuality.[197]
Gaga attended the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards accompanied by four service members of the United States Armed Forces (Mike Almy, David Hall, Katie Miller and Stacy Vasquez), all of whom, under the United States military's "Don't ask, don't tell" (DADT) policy, had been prohibited from serving openly because of their sexuality.[198] In addition, Gaga wore a meat dress to the ceremony which was supplemented by boots, a purse and a hat that were all fabricated from the flesh of a dead animal.[199] Partly awarded in recognition of the dress, Vogue.com UK named her one of the Best Dressed people of 2010 while Time magazine's named the dress the Fashion Statement of 2010, it received divided opinions – evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA.[200][201][202] She denied any intention of causing disrespect to any person or organization and wished for the dress to be interpreted as a statement of human rights with focus upon those in the LGBT community, adding that "If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones."[203]
She later released three videos on YouTube urging her fans to contact their Senators in an effort to overturn the policy. In late September 2010 she spoke at the Servicemembers Legal Defense Network's "4the14K" Rally in Deering Oaks Park in Portland, Maine. The name of the rally signified the number – an estimated 14,000 – of service members discharged under the DADT policy at the time. During her remarks, she urged members of the U.S. Senate (and in particular, moderate Republican Senators from Maine, Olympia Snowe and Susan Collins) to vote in favor of legislation that would repeal the DADT policy. Following this event, editors of The Advocate commented that she had become "the real fierce advocate" for gays and lesbians, one that Barack Obama had promised to be.[204][205]
Gaga appeared at Europride, a pan-European international event dedicated to LGBT pride, held in Rome in June 2011. In a nearly twenty-minute speech, she criticized the intolerant state of gay rights in many European countries and described homosexuals as "revolutionaries of love" before performing acoustic renderings of "Born This Way" and "The Edge of Glory" in front of thousands at the Circus Maximus.[206][207] She stated that "Today and every day we fight for freedom. We fight for justice. We beckon for compassion, understanding and above all we want full equality now".[208] Gaga revealed that she is often questioned why she dedicates herself to "gayspeak" and "how gay" she is, to which, she told the audience: "Why is this question, why is this issue so important? My answer is: I am a child of diversity, I am one with my generation, I feel a moral obligation as a woman, or a man, to exercise my revolutionary potential and make the world a better place." She then joked: "On a gay scale from 1 to 10, I'm a Judy Garland fucking 42."[209]
Discography[link]
For the full list, see Lady Gaga discography.
- The Fame (2008)
- The Fame Monster (2009)
- Born This Way (2011)
Filmography[link]
- Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden (2011)
- A Very Gaga Thanksgiving (2011)
- "Lisa Goes Gaga" (The Simpsons episode) (2012)
- Men in Black 3 (Plays the role of an alien.) (2012)[210]
Concert tours[link]
- The Fame Ball Tour (2009)
- Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (2009–10) (cancelled)
- The Monster Ball Tour (2009–11)
- The Born This Way Ball Tour (2012–13)
See also[link]
 |
Book: Lady Gaga |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- List of awards and nominations received by Lady Gaga
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of best-selling music artists
References[link]
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- ^ Kennedy, Gerrick (2011-11-14). "Lady Gaga dismisses longtime creative director Laurieann Gibson". Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2011/11/lady-gaga-dismisses-longtime-creative-director-laurieann-gibson.html. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ Molanphy, Chris (2011-06-29). "Introducing the Queen of Pop". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/introducing-the-queen-of-pop-20110629. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- ^ Buckner, Michael (2009-12-28). "The Year in Style | Lady Gaga". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2009/12/24/style/YEARGAGA1227_index.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Caramanica, Jon (2009-05-03). "An Artist Whose Chief Work Is Herself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/04/arts/music/04gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Vineyard, Jennifer (2009-07-07). "Lady Gaga, You Are No Grace Jones". MTV. http://newsroom.mtv.com/2009/07/27/lady-gaga-you-are-no-grace-jones/. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- Lewis, Luke (2009-08-09). "Lady Gaga Vs. Roisin Murphy – Spot The Difference". Yahoo!. http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/newmusicalexpress/2110/lady-gaga-vs-roisin-murphyspot-the-difference/. Retrieved 2010-06-18. [dead link]
- "Kylie Minogue thinks there's an element of her in Lady Gaga". Hollywood News. 2010-06-13. http://www.hollywoodnews.com/2010/06/15/kylie-minogue-thinks-theres-an-element-of-her-in-lady-gaga/. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ "Lady Gaga: The Fame". Metacritic. http://www.metacritic.com/music/the-fame. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
- Browne, David (2010-01-09). "Is Lady GaGa a saviour of Pop?". Entertainment Weekly 1091 (2). ISSN 1049-0434.
- Andres, Joanna (2010-04-09). "Heather Cassils: Lady Gaga's Prison Yard Girlfriend". Out. http://out.com/detail.asp?id=26601. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- "Lady Gaga Fashion – Vote on 15 of Lady Gaga's Outfits". Elle. 2009-12-01. http://www.elle.com/Fashion/Fashion-Spotlight/Celebrity-Fashion-Lady-Gaga. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2010-10-30). "US College Offering Lady GaGa Degree". MTV Networks. http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/lady-gaga/news/244144-us-college-offering-lady-gaga-degree. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- Deflem, Mathieu. "SOCY 398D – Lady Gaga and the Sociology of the Fame". University of South Carolina. http://www.cas.sc.edu/socy/faculty/deflem/gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-03-11.
- Katharine Q. Seelye (October 28, 2010). "Beyond ABCs of Lady Gaga to the Sociology of Fame". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/29/us/29gaga.html.
- ^ Dwyer, Devin. "President Obama Calls Lady Gaga 'A Little Intimidating'". ABCNews. http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2011/10/president-obama-calls-lady-gaga-a-little-intimidating/. Retrieved October 2, 2011.
- ^ "Lady GaGa Only Allowed To Tattoo Left Side Of Her Body". MTV. 2011-03-24. http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/lady-gaga/263359-lady-gaga-tattoos-father-google. Retrieved 2011-11-27.
- Odell, Amy (2009-08-11). "Lady Gaga shows off new German quote tattoo while on tour in Japan". Daily News (News Corporation). http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/08/11/2009-08-11_lady_gaga_shows_off_new_german_quote_tattoo_while_on_tour_in_japan.html. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
- Swerling, Hannah (2011). "Gaga". Elle.
- ^ Blasberg, Derek (April 13, 2011). "Lady Gaga: The Interview". Harper's Bazaar (New York: Hearst Communications) (3594): 156–162. ISSN 0017-7873. OCLC 719731102. http://www.harpersbazaar.com/magazine/feature-articles/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2011-05-10.
- ^ Reporter, Daily Mail (2009-02-03). "So who copied who? Lookalikes Lady GaGa and Christina Aguilera". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1135704/So-copied-Lookalikes-Lady-GaGa-Christina-Aguilera-embroiled-style-row.html. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
- ^ Temple, Sonic (2008-12-31). "GaGa: I'm thankful for Christina". OK! (Northern & Shell). http://www.ok.co.uk/celebnews/view/6299/GaGa-I-m-thankful-for-Christina/. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ Walters, Barbara (2009-12-30). "Lady Gaga: 'I Love Androgyny'". ABC News. http://abcnews.go.com/video/playerIndex?id=9640579. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
- ^ Thrills, Adrian (2010-05-02). "Christina Aguilera Copies Lady GaGa". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1269136/Christina-Aguilera-copies-Lady-GaGa-dons-PVC-outfit-new-video.html. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
- ^ Tarradell, Mario (2009-12-14). "Dale Bozzio should be flattered...maybe". The Dallas Morning News. http://musicblog.dallasnews.com/archives/2009/12/dale-bozzio-should-be-flattere.html. Retrieved 2010-11-03.
- ^ Hattenstone, Simon (2011-05-14). "Lady Gaga: Lording it". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/14/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
- ^ Odell, Amy (2010-02-03). "Lady Gaga dedicates her new 'Little Monsters' tattoo to her fans". Daily News (News Corporation). http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2010/02/03/2010-02-03_lady_gaga_dedicates_her_new_little_monsters_tattoo_to_her_fans.html. Retrieved 2010-04-02.
- ^ Caramanica, Jon (2009-05-03). "An Artist Whose Chief Work Is Herself". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/04/arts/music/04gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
- ^ Paglia, Camille (2010-09-12). "Lady Gaga and the death of sex". The Sunday Times. http://www.shakenstir.co.uk/index.php/features/gaga-and-the-death-of-sex/features/20608/. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Fynes-Clinton, Jane (2010-09-15). "Lady Gaga's grab for attention enough to make you gag". The Courier-Mail. http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/opinion/lady-gagas-grab-for-attention-enough-to-make-you-gag/story-e6freri6-1225923966643. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
- ^ Empire, Kitty (2010-02-21). "Lady Gaga at MEN arena, Manchester". The Guardian (london). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/feb/21/lady-gaga-men-arena-manchester. Retrieved 2010-06-18.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2010-02-05). "Lady Gaga Explains Her Absence From 'We Are The World' Recording". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1631353/lady-gaga-explains-her-absence-from-we-world-recording.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Kaufman, Gil (2010-01-27). "Lady Gaga Says She Raised $500,000 For Haiti Relief". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1630614/20100127/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-03-21). "Lady Gaga Designs Japanese Tsunami Relief Wristband". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1659769/japanese-tsunami-bracelet-lady-gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ Mangalindan, JP (2011-03-29). "Today in Tech: Lady Gaga gives to Zynga, Apple delaying iPhone 5?". CNN. http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2011/03/29/today-in-tech-lady-gaga-gives-to-zynga-apple-delaying-iphone-5/. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- ^ "Lady Gaga sued over fundraising for Japan". Associated Press. MSNBC. June 29, 2011. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43582514/ns/us_news-giving/t/lady-gaga-sued-over-fundraising-japan/. Retrieved June 30, 2011.
- ^ Schwartz, Rob (2011-04-14). "Lady Gaga to Appear at MTV Japan Charity Event". Billboard (Prometheus Global Media). http://www.billboard.com/news/lady-gaga-to-appear-at-mtv-japan-charity-1005135862.story. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ Wilson, Benji (2010-04-10). "Lady Gaga gets lippy: The pop star teams with Mac to raise Aids awareness". Daily Mail. London. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1264165/Lady-Gaga-gets-lippy-The-pop-star-teams-Mac-raise-Aids-awareness.html. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Chao, Ning (Undated). "Going Gaga". Marie Claire. http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity-lifestyle/celebrities/interviews/lady-gaga-interview. Retrieved 2011-01-06.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2011-11-02). "Lady Gaga Launches Born This Way Foundation". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1673633/lady-gaga-born-this-way-foundation.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-12-12.
- ^ Latina Staff (2011-05-10). "From Fernando to Alejandro: the Latinos Behind Lady Gaga" (in Spanish). Latina. http://www.latina.com/entertainment/music/fernando-alejandro-latinos-behind-lady-gaga. Retrieved 2011-05-13.
- ^ Zak, Dan (2009-10-12). "For Gay Activists, The Lady Is a Champ". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/11/AR2009101101892_2.html. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
- ^ Thomas, Matt (2009-07-09). "Going Gaga". Fab (Pink Triangle Press) 54 (9): 45.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-05-07). "Lady Gaga On Success: 'The Turning Point For Me Was The Gay Community'". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1610781/20090506/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ The Fame (Liner notes). Lady Gaga. Interscope Records. 2008. 2726601.
- ^ "NewNowNext Awards". 2008-05-03. http://www.logotv.com/video/franchise.jhtml?ctid=1956. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ "2008 Main Stage Line-Up". San Francisco Pride. 2008-06-13. http://www.sfpride.org/celeb/mainstage_08.html. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ "Lady GaGa's wacky headgear almost knocks out chat show host Ellen DeGeneres". Daily Mail (Associated Newspapers). 2009-05-13. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1181210/Lady-GaGas-wacky-headgear-knocks-chat-host-Ellen-DeGeneres.html. Retrieved 2009-08-11.
- ^ Brand, Fowler (2009-10-12). "Kanye Who? Lady Gaga Teams Up With President Obama". E! Entertainment Television (E! Online). http://uk.eonline.com/uberblog/b148428_kanye_who_lady_gaga_teams_up_with.html. Retrieved 2009-12-12.
- ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2009-08-14). "Lady Gaga's Shocking 2009 VMA Fashion Choices". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1621407/20090914/lady_gaga.jhtml. Retrieved 2009-08-19.
- ^ Carter, Nicole (2009-12-10). "Lady Gaga performs her version of 'Imagine' at the Human Rights Campaign dinner in Washington D.C". Daily News. News Corporation. http://www.nydailynews.com/gossip/2009/10/12/2009-10-12_lady_gaga_performs_her_version_of_imagine_at_the_human_rights_campaign_dinner_in.html. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Zezima, Katy (2010-09-20). "Lady Gaga Goes Political in Maine". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/21/us/politics/21gaga.html. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ Roberts, Laura (2010-09-14). "Lady Gaga's meat dress divides opinion". The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8001267/Lady-Gagas-meat-dress-divides-opinion.html. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ VOGUE.COM UK VOGUE.COM UK – The Best Dressed People of the Year 2010
- ^ Luscombe, Belinda (2010-12-09). "Lady Gaga – The Top 10 Everything of 2010 – TIME". Time. http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2035319_2034464,00.html. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
- ^ Winterman, Denise; Kelly, Jon (2010-09-14). "Five interpretations of Gaga's meat dress". BBC (BBC Online). http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11297832. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ Lee, Ann (2010-09-14). "Lady Gaga defends meat dress by claiming she's no 'piece of meat'". Metro. http://www.metro.co.uk/music/840850-lady-gaga-defends-meat-dress-by-claiming-shes-no-piece-of-meat. Retrieved 2010-06-12.
- ^ "Gaga: We've Found Our Fierce Advocate". The Advocate. 2010-09-28. http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2010/09/21/Lady_Gaga_Weve_Found_Our_Fierce_Advocate/. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ McGann, Laura (2008-12-08). "Obama: I'm a 'Fierce Advocate' for Gay and Lesbians". The Washington Independent. http://washingtonindependent.com/22526/obama-im-a-fierce-advocate-for-gay-and-lesbians. Retrieved 2010-09-28.
- ^ Blauvelt, Christian (2011-06-13). "Lady Gaga speaks out at massive Europride event in Rome: Can she meaningfully affect gay rights? – VIDEO". Entertainment Weekly. http://music-mix.ew.com/2011/06/13/lady-gaga-rome-europride-gay-rights/. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "Lady GaGa Performs At EuroPride In Rome". MTV. 2011-06-13. http://www.mtv.co.uk/artists/lady-gaga/news/276972-lady-gaga-europride-italy-gay-rights. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ "Lady Gaga champions gay rights at EuroPride". Metro. London. 2011-06-12. http://www.metro.co.uk/music/866055-lady-gaga-champions-gay-rights-at-europride. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Wockner, Rex (2011-06-16). "Australians accept marriage equality". The Bay Area Reporter. http://www.ebar.com/news/article.php?sec=news&article=5784. Retrieved 2011-06-20.
- ^ Review: Unnecessary ‘Men in Black 3’ just O‘K’ compared to predecessors - a-e - The Lantern - Ohio State University
Further reading[link]
- Herbert, Emily (2010). Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop. John Blake Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84454-963-4.
- Goodman, Elizabeth (2010). Lady Gaga: Critical Mass Fashion. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-66840-6.
- Morgan, Johnny (2010). Gaga. Sterling Publishing. ISBN 1-4027-8059-1.
- Parvis, Sarah (2010). Lady Gaga. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 0-7407-9795-6.
- Phoenix, Helia (2010). Lady Gaga: Just Dance—The Biography. Orion Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4091-1567-0.
- Monster Anthems (2011) by Robert Christgau
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lady Gaga |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Lady Gaga |
- Official website
- Lady Gaga at Allmusic
- Lady Gaga at AllRovi
- Lady Gaga discography at Discogs
- Lady Gaga on Facebook
- Lady Gaga at the Internet Movie Database
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Lady Gaga collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Works by or about Lady Gaga in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Slide show Vanity Fair
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Germanotta, Stefani Joanne Angelina |
| Alternative names | Lady Gaga |
| Short description | American pop singer |
| Date of birth | March 28, 1986 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
"Saint Paul" and "Saint-Paul" redirect here. For other uses, see Saint Paul (disambiguation).
| Paul the Apostle | |
|---|---|
 Ananias of Damascus restores the sight of Saint Paul. A 1631 painting by Pietro Cortona. |
|
| Apostle to the Gentiles | |
| Born | ca. AD 5[1] in Tarsus in Cilicia[2] (south-central Turkey) |
| Died | ca. AD 67[3] in Rome[3] |
| Honored in | All Christianity |
| Major shrine | Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls |
| Feast | January 25 (The Conversion of Paul) February 10 (Feast of Saint Paul's Shipwreck in Malta) June 29 (Feast of Saints Peter and Paul) November 18 (Feast of the dedication of the basilicas of Saints Peter and Paul) |
| Attributes | Sword |
| Patronage | Missions; Theologians; Gentile Christians; |
Paul the Apostle (c. AD 5 – c. AD 67; variously referred to as the "Apostle Paul" or "Saint Paul"),[3] also known as Saul of Tarsus,[4] is perhaps the most influential early Christian missionary. The writings ascribed to him by the church form a considerable portion of the New Testament. The influence on Christian thinking of the epistles ascribed to him has been significant,[5][6] due in part to his association as a prominent apostle of Christianity during the spreading of the Gospel through early Christian communities across the Roman Empire.
According to the writings in the New Testament, Paul was known as Saul prior to his conversion, and was dedicated to the persecution of the early disciples of Jesus in the area of Jerusalem.[7] While traveling from Jerusalem to Damascus on a mission to "bring them which were there bound unto Jerusalem", the resurrected Jesus appeared to him in a great light. Saul was struck blind, but after three days his sight was restored by Ananias of Damascus, and Paul began to preach that Jesus of Nazareth is the Jewish Messiah and the Son of God.[8]
Along with Simon Peter and James the Just he was one of the most prominent early Christian leaders.[9] Fourteen epistles in the New Testament are traditionally attributed to Paul. His authorship of seven of the fourteen is questioned by modern scholars.[6][10] Augustine of Hippo developed Paul's idea that salvation is based on faith and not "works of the law".[6] Martin Luther's interpretation of Paul's writings heavily influenced Luther's doctrine of sola fide.
Paul's conversion dramatically changed the course of his life. Through his missionary activity and writings he eventually transformed religious belief and philosophy around the Mediterranean Basin. His leadership, influence and legacy led to the formation of communities dominated by Gentile groups that worshiped the God of Israel, adhered to the "Judaic moral code", but relaxed or abandoned the ritual and dietary teachings of the Law of Moses, that these laws and rituals had either been fulfilled in the life of Christ or were symbolic precursors of Christ, all on the basis of Paul's teachings of the life and works of Jesus Christ and his teaching of a New Covenant (or "new testament")[11] established through Jesus' death and resurrection. The Bible does not record Paul's death.[12]
Contents |
Sources[link]
The main source for historical information about Paul's life is the material found in several of his epistles and the Book of Acts. However, these epistles contain comparatively little information about Paul's past. The Book of Acts also recounts Paul's career but leaves several parts of Paul's life out of its narrative, such as his (alleged) execution in Rome.[13] Scholars such as Hans Conzelmann and 20th century theologian John Knox[14] dispute the historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles.[15][16] Paul's own account of his background is found particularly in Galatians. According to some scholars, the Acts account of Paul visiting Jerusalem[Acts 11:27-30] contradicts the account in Paul's letters.[13][page needed] Some scholars consider Paul's accounts to be more reliable than those found in Acts.[17]
Roman Citizenship[link]
The idea that Paul is a Roman citizen derives from the Book of Acts. In the letters of Paul, such a claim is never made. Marcus J. Borg and John Dominic Crossan wrote "Luke insists that Paul was a Roman citizen, but Paul himself does not mention the claim, he in fact seems to negate it."[18] Paul appears to negate such a claim by stating that he had suffered three beatings by the rod, which was a punishment forbidden upon Roman citizens.[19] However, the fact that he is able to appeal to Caesar, recorded in Acts 25:11, for his final sentencing leads many scholars to believe that he was indeed a Roman citizen.[20] Without Roman citizenship, Paul would not have had this right.
Names[link]
His given name was Saul (Hebrew: שָׁאוּל, Modern Sha'ul Tiberian Šāʼûl ; "asked for, prayed for"), perhaps after the biblical king Saul, a fellow Benjamite and the first king of Israel. In Ancient Greek: Σαούλ (Saul), Σαῦλος (Saulos), and Παῦλος (Paulos), in Latin Paulus or Paullus, in Hebrew: שאול התרסי Šaʾul HaTarsi (Saul of Tarsus)[21]
In the book of Acts, when he had the vision that led to his conversion on the Road to Damascus, Jesus called him "Saul, Saul",[22] in the Hebrew tongue,[23] and later, in a vision to Ananias of Damascus, "the Lord" referred to him as "Saul, of Tarsus".[24] When Ananias came to restore his sight, he called him "Brother Saul".[25]
In Acts 13:9, the author indicates a name change by saying "...Saul, (who also is called Paul,)..."[26] and thereafter refers to him as Paul. He is called Paul in all other Bible books where he is mentioned.
Prior to conversion[link]
Paul claimed to be "of the stock of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, an Hebrew of the Hebrews; as touching the law, a Pharisee."[Phil. 3:5] But the Bible reveals very little about Paul's family. Paul's "sister's son" is mentioned in Acts 23:16. Acts also quotes Paul indirectly referring to his father by saying he was "a Pharisee, the son of a Pharisee".[Acts 23:6] Paul refers to his mother in Romans 16:13 as among those at Rome.
Acts identifies Paul as from the Mediterranean city of Tarsus (in present-day south-central Turkey), well known for its intellectual environment[Acts 21:39].
Although born in Tarsus, Paul was raised in Jerusalem[Acts 26:4] "at the feet of Gamaliel"[Acts 22:3], a leading authority in the Sanhedrin in the mid 1st century AD. Gamaliel once gave some advice to the Sanhedrin in Acts 5:34-39, to "refrain" from slaying the disciples of Jesus. This is in great contrast to the rashness of his student Saul, who zealously persecuted the "saints". [Acts 9:13; 26:10]
Paul confesses that "beyond measure" he persecuted the "church of God" prior to his conversion. (Galatians 1:13–14; Philippians 3:6; Acts 8:1–3) As a young man, he cooperated in the killing of the proto-martyr, Stephen, standing by and guarding the clothes of the witnesseses while Stephen was stoned. (Acts 7:58; 8:1; 22:20)
Conversion and mission[link]
Main article: Conversion of Paul
Paul's conversion can be dated to 31 – 36[27][28][29] by his reference to it in one of his letters.[13] According to the Acts of the Apostles, his conversion (or metanoia) took place on the road to Damascus, where he claimed to have experienced a vision of the resurrected Jesus, after which he was temporarily blinded.[Acts 9:1-31] [22:1-22] [26:9-24] Luke, the author of Acts of the Apostles, likely learned of his conversion from Paul, from the church in Jerusalem, or from the church in Antioch.[30]
Post-conversion testimony[link]
In the opening verses of Romans 1, Paul provides a litany of his own apostolic claim and his post-conversion convictions about the risen Christ:
- Paul describes himself as
- a servant of Christ Jesus
- called to be an apostle
- set apart for the gospel of God
- Paul describes Jesus as
- having been promised by God "beforehand" through his prophets in the holy Scriptures
- being the Son of God
- having biological lineage from David ("according to the flesh")[31]
- having been declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead
- being Jesus Christ our Lord
- the One through whom we have received grace and apostleship to bring about the obedience of faith for the sake of his name among all the nations, "including you who are called to belong to Jesus Christ."
Paul's writings give some insight into his thinking regarding his relationship with Judaism. He is strongly critical both theologically and empirically of claims of moral or lineal superiority [2:16-26] of Jews while conversely strongly sustaining the notion of a special place for the Children of Israel.[9-11]
Paul asserted that he received the Gospel not from any person, but by a personal revelation of Jesus Christ.[Gal 1:11-16] Paul claimed independence from the Jerusalem community[17] (possibly in the Cenacle), but was just as quick to claim agreement with it on the nature and content of the gospel.[Gal 1:22-24] What is remarkable about such a conversion is the changes in the thinking that had to take place. He had to change his concept of who the messiah was, particularly what he'd perceived as the absurdity of accepting a crucified messiah[citation needed]. Perhaps more challenging was changing his conception of the ethnic superiority of the Jewish people. There are debates as to whether Paul understood himself as commissioned to take the gospel to the Gentiles at the moment of his conversion.[32]
Early ministry[link]
After his conversion, Paul went to Damascus, where Acts states he was healed of his blindness and baptized by Ananias of Damascus.[33] Paul says that it was in Damascus that he barely escaped death [2Cor. 11:32]. Paul also says that he then went first to Arabia, and then came back to Damascus.[Gal. 1:17][34] Paul's trip to Arabia is not mentioned anywhere else in the Bible, and some suppose he actually travelled to Mt. Sinai for meditations in the desert.[35][36][37] He describes in Galatians how three years after his conversion he went to Jerusalem. There he met James and stayed with Simon Peter for 15 days.[Gal. 1:13-24]
Paul asserted that he received the Gospel not from any person, but by the revelation of Jesus Christ.[Gal. 1:11-12] Paul claimed almost total independence from the Jerusalem community[17] and yet appeared eager to bring material support to Jerusalem from the various budding Gentile churches that he planted. In his writings, Paul persistently used the persecutions he claimed to have endured, in terms of physical beatings and verbal assaults, to claim proximity and union with Jesus and as a validation of his teaching.
Paul's narrative in Galatians states that 14 years after his conversion he went again to Jerusalem.[Gal. 2:1-10] It is not completely known what happened during these 'unknown years', but both Acts and Galatians provide some partial details.[38] At the end of this time, Barnabas went to find Paul and brought him back to Antioch. [Acts 11:26]
When a famine occurred in Judea, around 45–46,[39] Paul and Barnabas journeyed to Jerusalem to deliver financial support from the Antioch community.[40] According to Acts, Antioch had become an alternative center for Christians following the dispersion of the believers after the death of Stephen. It was in Antioch that the followers of Jesus were first called "Christians."[Ac. 11:26]
First missionary journey[link]
The author of the Acts arranges Paul's travels into three separate journeys. The first journey,[Acts 13-14] led initially by Barnabas,[41] takes Paul from Antioch to Cyprus then southern Asia Minor (Anatolia), and back to Antioch. In Cyprus, Paul rebukes and blinds Elymas the magician[Ac 13:8-12] who was criticizing their teachings. From this point on, Paul is described as the leader of the group.[42]
They sail to Perga in Pamphylia. John Mark leaves them and returns to Jerusalem. Paul and Barnabas go on to Pisidian Antioch. On Sabbath they go to the synagogue. The leaders invite them to speak. Paul reviews Israelite history from life in Egypt to King David. He introduces Jesus as a descendant of David brought to Israel by God. He said that his team came to town to bring the message of salvation. He recounts the story of Jesus' death and resurrection. He quotes from the Septuagint[43] to assert that Jesus was the promised Christos who brought them forgiveness for their sins. Both the Jews and the 'God-fearing' Gentiles invited them talk more next Sabbath. At that time almost the whole city gathered. This upset some influential Jews who spoke against them. Paul used the occasion to announce a change in his mission which from then on would be to the Gentiles. [Ac 13:13-48]
Antioch served as a major Christian center for Paul's evangelizing.[44]
Second missionary journey[link]
.jpg)
Paul leaves for his second missionary journey from Jerusalem, in late Autumn 49,[47] after the meeting of the Jerusalem council where the circumcision question was debated. On their trip around the Mediterranean sea, Paul and his companion Barnabas stopped in Antioch where they had a sharp argument about taking John Mark with them on their trips. The book of Acts said that John Mark had left them in a previous trip and gone home. Unable to resolve the dispute, Paul and Barnabas decided to separate; Barnabas took John Mark with him, while Silas joined Paul.
Paul and Silas initially visited Tarsus (Paul's birthplace), Derbe and Lystra. In Lystra, they met Timothy, a disciple who was spoken well of, and decided to take him with them. The Church kept growing, adding believers, and strengthening their faith daily. [Acts 16:5]
In Philippi, certain men were not happy about the liberation of their soothsaying servant girl, who had been possessed with a spirit of divination,[48] and they turned the city against the missionaries and Paul and Silas were put in jail. After a miraculous earthquake, the gates of the prison fell apart and Paul and Silas were able to escape but remained; this event led to the conversion of the jailor.[49] They continued traveling, going by Berea and then to Athens where Paul preached to the Jews and God-fearing Greeks in the synagogue and to the Greek intellectuals in the Areopagus.
Around 50–52, Paul spent 18 months in Corinth.[13] The reference in Acts to proconsul Gallio helps ascertain this date (cf. Gallio inscription).[13] Paul met Aquila and Priscilla in Corinth who became faithful believers and helped Paul through his other missionary journeys. The couple followed Paul and his companions to Ephesus, and stayed there to start one of the strongest and most faithful churches at that time. In 52, the missionaries sailed to Caesarea to greet the Church there and then traveled north to Antioch where they stayed for about a year before leaving again on their third missionary journey.[50]
Third missionary journey[link]
Paul began his third missionary journey by traveling all around the region of Galatia and Phrygia to strengthen, teach and rebuke the believers. Paul then traveled to Ephesus, an important center for early Christianity, and stayed there for almost 3 years. He performed numerous miracles, healing people and casting out demons, and he apparently organized missionary activity into the hinterlands.[51] Paul left Ephesus after an attack from a local silversmith resulted in a pro-Artemis riot involving most of the city.[13] During his stay in Ephesus, Paul wrote 4 letters to the church in Corinth admonishing them for their pagan behavior.[30]
Then Paul went through Macedonia into Achaea, and as he was getting ready to leave for Syria, he changed his plans because of Jews who had made a plot against him and had to go back through Macedonia. At this time it is likely that Paul visited Corinth for three months (56–57).[13] In Romans 15:19 Paul wrote that he visited Illyricum, but he may have meant what would now be called Illyria Graeca,[52] which lay in the northern part of modern Albania, but was at that time a division of the Roman province of Macedonia, .[53]
Paul and his companions visited other cities on their way back to Jerusalem such as Philippi, Troas, Miletus, Rhodes, and Tyre. Paul finished his trip with a stop in Caesarea where he and his companions stayed with Philip the Evangelist before finally arriving at Jerusalem.[54][55]
Journey to Rome and beyond[link]
After Paul's arrival in Jerusalem at the end of his third missionary journey, he became involved in a serious conflict with some Asian Jews. The conflict eventually led to Paul's arrest and imprisonment in Caesarea for about a year and a half. Finally, Paul and his companions sailed for Rome where Paul was to stand trial for his alleged crimes. Acts states that Paul preached in Rome for two years from his rented home while awaiting trial. It does not state what happened after this time, but some sources claim that Paul was freed by Nero and continued to preach in Rome even though that seems unlikely based on Nero's historical relationship with Early Christians. It is possible that Paul also traveled to other countries like Spain and Britain.[56] See the Arrest and death section below.
Among the writings of early Christians, Clement of Rome said that Paul was "Herald (of the Gospel of Christ) in the West," and that "he had gone to the extremity of the west."[57][58] Chrysostom indicated that Paul preached in Spain: "For after he had been in Rome, he returned to Spain, but whether he came thence again into these parts, we know not."[59] Cyril of Jerusalem said that Paul, "fully preached the Gospel, and instructed even imperial Rome, and carried the earnestness of his preaching as far as Spain, undergoing conflicts innumerable, and performing Signs and wonders".[60] The Muratorian fragment mentions "the departure of Paul from the city [of Rome] [5a] (39) when he journeyed to Spain."[61]
Council of Jerusalem[link]
Main article: Council of Jerusalem
Most scholars agree that a vital meeting between Paul and the Jerusalem church took place some time in the years 48 to 50,[13] described in Acts 15:2 and usually seen as the same event mentioned by Paul in Galatians 2:1.[13] The key question raised was whether Gentile converts needed to be circumcised.[62] At this meeting, Paul claims in his letter to the Galatians that Peter, James, and John accepted Paul's mission to the Gentiles. See also Circumcision controversy in early Christianity.
Jerusalem meetings are mentioned in Acts, in Paul's letters, and some appear in both.[63] For example, the Jerusalem visit for famine relief[Acts 11:27-30] apparently corresponds to the "first visit" (to Cephas and James only).[Gal. 1:18-20][63] F. F. Bruce suggested that the "fourteen years" could be from Paul's conversion rather than the first visit to Jerusalem.[64]
Incident at Antioch[link]
Main article: Incident at Antioch
Despite the agreement achieved at the Council of Jerusalem, as understood by Paul, Paul recounts how he later publicly confronted Peter, also called the "Incident at Antioch" over Peter's reluctance to share a meal with Gentile Christians in Antioch.[65]
Writing later of the incident, Paul recounts: "I opposed [Peter] to his face, because he was clearly in the wrong". Paul reports that he told Peter: "You are a Jew, yet you live like a Gentile and not like a Jew. How is it, then, that you force Gentiles to follow Jewish customs?"[Gal. 2:11-14] Paul also mentions that even Barnabas (his traveling companion and fellow apostle until that time) sided with Peter.[66]
The final outcome of the incident remains uncertain. The Catholic Encyclopedia[67] states: "Paul's account of the incident leaves no doubt that Peter saw the justice of the rebuke." In contrast, L. Michael White's From Jesus to Christianity claims: "The blowup with Peter was a total failure of political bravado, and Paul soon left Antioch as persona non grata, never again to return."[68]
The primary source for the Incident at Antioch is Paul's letter to the Galatians.
Visits to Jerusalem in Acts and the epistles[link]
This table is adapted from White, From Jesus to Christianity.[63] Note that the matching of Paul's travels in the Acts and the travels in his Epistles is done for the reader's convenience and is not approved of by all scholars.
| Acts | Epistles |
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Arrest and death[link]
Paul arrived in Jerusalem in 57 with a collection of money for the community there.[13] Acts reports that he was warmly received. But Acts goes on to recount how Paul was warned by James and the elders that he was gaining a reputation for being against the Law, 'teaching all the Jews living among the gentiles to forsake Moses, and that you tell them not to circumcise their children or observe the customs'.(Acts 21, 21) Paul underwent a purification ritual in order to give the Jews no grounds to bring accusations against him for not following their law. Paul caused a stir when he appeared at the Temple, and he escaped being killed by the crowd by being taken into Roman custody.[13] When a plot to kill Paul on his way to an appearance before the Jews was discovered, he was transported by night to Caesarea. He was held as a prisoner there for two years, until a new governor reopened his case in 59.[13] When the governor suggested that he be sent back to Jerusalem for further trial, Paul was constrained to "appeal unto Caesar", as was his right as a Roman.[13] Acts recounts that on the way to Rome Paul was shipwrecked on "Melita" (Malta),[13] [Acts 28:1] where he was met by Publius[Acts 28:7] and the islanders, who showed him "unusual kindness".[Acts 28:2] He arrived in Rome c 60 and spent two years under house arrest.[13][Acts 28:16]
Irenaeus of Lyons in the 2nd century believed that Peter and Paul had been the founders of the Church in Rome and had appointed Linus as succeeding bishop.[72] Paul was not a bishop of Rome nor did he bring Christianity to Rome since there were already Christians in Rome when he arrived there (Acts 28:14-15). Also Paul wrote his letter to the church at Rome before he had visited Rome (Romans 1:1,7,11-13; 15:23-29). However, Paul would have played an important role in the life of the early church at Rome.
Neither the Bible nor other sources say how or when Paul died, but Ignatius, probably around 110 AD, writes that he was martyred.[73] According to Christian tradition, Paul, was beheaded in Rome during the reign of Nero around the mid-60s at Tre Fontane Abbey (English: Three Fountains Abbey).[74] By comparison, tradition states that Peter, who was not a Roman citizen, was given the more painful death of being crucified upside-down.[75]
In June 2009, Pope Benedict announced excavation results concerning the tomb of Paul at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. The sarcophagus was not opened but was examined by means of a probe, which revealed pieces of incense, purple and blue linen, and small bone fragments. The bone was radiocarbon dated to the 1st or 2nd century. According to the Vatican, these findings are consistent with the traditional claim that the tomb is Paul's.[76]
Writings[link]
Main article: Pauline Epistles
Fourteen epistles in the New Testament are attributed to Paul. Seven of these – Romans, 1st Corinthians, 2nd Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1st Thessalonians and Philemon – are almost universally accepted as being actually written by Paul. Scholars generally agree that four others were not written by Paul, those being 1st Timothy, 2nd Timothy, Titus, and Hebrews.[citation needed] As to the remaining three – Ephesians, Colossians and 2nd Thessalonians – scholars are almost evenly divided.[77] Of those written by Paul, all except Galatians appear to have been dictated through a secretary, who would paraphrase[dubious – discuss] the message, as was the practice among 1st-century scribes.[77][78] The epistles were circulated in the Christian community and read aloud by church members along with other works. Paul's epistles were viewed from early times as scripture and later established as Canon of Scripture. Critical scholars regard Paul's epistles, which were written between 50 and 62 AD,[citation needed] to be the earliest books of the New Testament. They are referenced as early as c. 96 by Clement of Rome.[79]
Authorship[link]
Main article: Authorship of the Pauline Epistles
Paul's letters are largely written to churches which he had visited; he was a great traveler, visiting Cyprus, Asia Minor (modern Turkey), mainland Greece, Crete, and Rome. His letters are full of expositions of what Christians should believe and how they should live. He does not tell his correspondents (or the modern reader) much about the life of Jesus; his most explicit references are to the Last Supper[1 Cor. 11:17-34] and the crucifixion and resurrection.[1 Cor. 15] His specific references to Jesus' teaching are likewise sparse,[1 Cor. 7:10-11] [9:14] raising the question, still disputed, as to how consistent his account of the faith is with that of the four canonical Gospels, Acts, and the Epistle of James. The view that Paul's Christ is very different from the historical Jesus has been expounded by Adolf Harnack among many others. Nevertheless, he provides the first written account of what it is to be a Christian and thus of Christian spirituality.
Of the fourteen letters attributed to Paul and included in the Western New Testament canon, there is little or no dispute that Paul actually wrote at least seven, those being Romans, First Corinthians, Second Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, First Thessalonians, and Philemon. Hebrews (no relation to the Gospel according to the Hebrews), which was ascribed to him in antiquity, was questioned even then, never having an ancient attribution, and in modern times is considered by most experts as not by Paul (see also Antilegomena). The authorship of the remaining six Pauline epistles is disputed to varying degrees.
The authenticity of Colossians has been questioned[80] on the grounds that it contains an otherwise unparalleled description (among his writings) of Jesus as 'the image of the invisible God,' a Christology found elsewhere only in John's gospel. On the other hand, the personal notes in the letter connect it to Philemon, unquestionably the work of Paul. Internal evidence shows close connection with Philippians.[81] Ephesians is a very similar letter to Colossians, but is almost entirely lacking in personal reminiscences. Its style is unique. It lacks the emphasis on the cross to be found in other Pauline writings, reference to the Second Coming is missing, and Christian marriage is exalted in a way which contrasts with the reference in 1 Cor. 7:8-9. Finally, according to R.E. Brown, it exalts the Church in a way suggestive of a second generation of Christians, 'built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets' now past.[82] The defenders of its Pauline authorship argue that it was intended to be read by a number of different churches and that it marks the final stage of the development of Paul of Tarsus's thinking. It has to be noted, too, that the moral portion of the Epistle, consisting of the last two chapters has the closest affinity with similar portions of other Epistles, while the whole admirably fits in with the known details of Paul's life, and throws considerable light upon them.[81]
The Pastoral Epistles, 1 and 2 Timothy, and Titus have likewise been put in question as Pauline works. Three main reasons are advanced: first, their difference in vocabulary, style, and theology from Paul's acknowledged writings; Defenders of the authenticity note, that they were then probably written in the name and with the authority of the Apostle by one of his companions, to whom he distinctly explained what had to be written, or to whom he gave a written summary of the points to be developed, and that when the letters were finished, Paul read them through, approved them, and signed them.[81] Secondly, the difficulty in fitting them into Paul's biography as we have it.[83] They, like Colossians and Ephesians, were written from prison but suppose Paul's release and travel thereafter. However, according to Roman law there was nothing deserving of death against him.[81] Finally, the concerns expressed are very much the practical ones as to how a church should function. They are more about maintenance than about mission[citation needed].
2 Thessalonians, like Colossians, is questioned on stylistic grounds, with some[citation needed] noting, among other peculiarities, a dependence on 1 Thessalonians yet a distinctiveness in language from the Pauline corpus. This, again, is explainable by the possibility of Paul requesting one of his companions to write the letter for him under his instructions.[81]
Atonement[link]
Main article: Atonement in Christianity
Paul wrote down much of the theology of atonement.[84] Paul taught that Christians are redeemed from the Law (see Supersessionism) and from sin by Jesus' death and resurrection.[84] His death was an expiation as well as a propitiation, and by Christ's blood peace is made between God and man.[84] By baptism, a Christian shares in Jesus' death and in his victory over death, gaining as a free gift a new, justified status of sonship.[84]
Relationship with Judaism[link]
Main article: Paul of Tarsus and Judaism
Some scholars[who?] see Paul (or Saul) as completely in line with 1st-century Judaism (a "Pharisee" and student of Gamaliel), others see him as opposed to 1st-century Judaism (see Marcionism), while still others[who?] see him as somewhere in between these two extremes, opposed to "Ritual Laws" (see for example Circumcision controversy in early Christianity) but in full agreement on "Divine Law". These views of Paul are paralleled by the views of Biblical law in Christianity.
Paul's theology of the gospel accelerated the separation of the messianic sect of Christians from Judaism, a development contrary to Paul's own intent.[13] He wrote that the faith of Christ was alone decisive in salvation for Jews and Gentiles alike, making the schism between the followers of Christ and mainstream Jews inevitable and permanent.[13] He argued that Gentile converts did not need to become Jews, get circumcised, follow Jewish dietary restrictions, or otherwise observe Mosaic laws.[13] Nevertheless, in Romans he insisted on the positive value of the Law, as a moral guide.
E. P. Sanders' publications[85] have since been taken up by Professor James Dunn who coined the phrase "The New Perspective on Paul"[86] and N.T. Wright,[87] the Anglican Bishop of Durham. Wright, noting a difference between Galatians and Romans, the latter being much more positive about the continuing covenant between God and his ancient people than the former, contends that works are not insignificant but rather proof of attaining the redemption of Jesus Christ by grace (free gift received by faith)[Rom. 2:13ff] and that Paul distinguishes between works which are signs of ethnic identity and those which are a sign of obedience to Christ.
World to come[link]
According to Ehrman, Paul believed that Jesus would return within his lifetime.[88] He states that Paul expected that Christians who had died in the mean time would be resurrected to share in God's kingdom, and he believed that the saved would be transformed, assuming supernatural bodies.[88]
Paul's teaching about the end of the world is expressed most clearly in his letters to the Christians at Thessalonica. Heavily persecuted, it appears that they had written asking him first about those who had died already, and, secondly, when they should expect the end. He assures them that the dead will rise first and be followed by those left alive.[1 Thes. 4:16ff] This suggests an imminence of the end but he is unspecific about times and seasons, and encourages his hearers to expect a delay.[89] The form of the end will be a battle between Jesus and the man of lawlessness[2 Thess. 2:3] whose conclusion is the triumph of Christ.
Role of women[link]
Main article: Paul the Apostle and women
A verse in the first letter to Timothy, 1 Timothy 2:12 ("I suffer not a woman"), traditionally attributed to Paul, is often used as the main biblical authority for prohibiting women from becoming ordained clergy and or holding certain other positions of ministry and leadership in Christianity, though Paul's authorship of this letter is debated. The Letter to Timothy is also often used by many churches to deny women a vote in church affairs, reject women from serving as teachers of adult Bible classes, prevent them from serving as missionaries, and generally disenfranchise women from the duties and privileges of church leadership.[90]
1st Timothy 2:9 In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modest apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety; not with broided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array;
10 But (which becometh women professing godliness) with good works.
11 Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection.
12 But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence.
13 For Adam was first formed, then Eve.
14 And Adam was not deceived, but the woman being deceived was in the transgression.
15 Notwithstanding she shall be saved in childbearing, if they continue in faith and charity and holiness with sobriety.
The KJV translation of this passage seems[clarification needed] to be saying that women in the churches are to have no leadership roles vis-à-vis men.[91] Whether it also forbids women from teaching children and women is dubious as even those Catholic churches that prohibit female priests, permit female abbesses to teach and exercise authority over other females. Any interpretation of this portion of Scripture must wrestle with the theological, contextual, syntactical, and lexical difficulties embedded within these few words.[92] Fuller Seminary theologian J. R. Daniel Kirk finds evidence in Paul’s letters of a much more inclusive view of women. He writes that Romans 16 is a tremendously important witness to the important role of women in the early church. Paul praises Phoebe for her work as a deaconess and Junia who was (according to some scholars) an Apostle. Kirk points to recent studies that have led "many scholars" to conclude that the passage in 1 Corinthians 14 ordering women to "be silent" during worship was a later addition, apparently by a different author, and not part of Paul’s original letter to the Corinthians. Other scholars such as Giancarlo Biguzzi, claim that Paul's restriction on women speaking in 1Corinthians 14 is genuine to Paul but applies to a particular case of prohibiting asking questions or chatting and is not a general prohibition on any woman speaking since in 1Corinthians 11 Paul affirms the right of women to prophesy.[93] Kirk's third example of a more inclusive view is Galatians 3:28: "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus (italics added). In pronouncing an end within the church to the divisions which are common in the world around it, he concludes by highlighting the fact that "...there were New Testament women who taught and had authority in the early churches, that this teaching and authority was sanctioned by Paul, and that Paul himself offers a theological paradigm within which overcoming the subjugation of women is an anticipated outcome."[94]
Homosexuality[link]
See also: Homosexuality in the New Testament
All three of the verses in the New Testament that purportedly contain explicit references to homosexuality are contained within letters attributed to Paul (Romans 1:26-27, 1Corinthians 6:9-10, and 1Timothy 1:8-11): it is argued that his statements condemn homosexuals and homosexual behavior. Porneia appears a number of times in Paul's letters, always with arsenokoitais. Yale University professor John Boswell argues in his book "Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality" that 'arsenokoitai' in 1 Corinthians 6:9 and 1 Timothy 1:10 refers specifically to male prostitution; various writers have presented countering arguments.[95][96][97]
Influence on Christianity[link]
Main article: Pauline Christianity
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Paul's influence on Christian thinking arguably has been more significant than any other New Testament author.[6] Paul declared that faith in Christ made the Torah unnecessary for salvation, exalted the Christian church as the body of Christ, and depicted the world outside the Church as under judgment.[13]
Lord's Supper[link]
Paul's writings include the earliest reference to the Lord's supper, a rite traditionally identified as the Christian Eucharist.
Eastern tradition[link]
In the East, church fathers reduced the element of election in Romans 9 to divine foreknowledge.[13] The themes of predestination found in Western Christianity do not appear in Eastern theology.
Western tradition[link]
Augustine's foundational work on the gospel as a gift (grace), on morality as life in the Spirit, on predestination, and on original sin all derives from Paul, especially Romans.[13]
In the Reformation, Martin Luther expressed Paul's doctrine of faith most strongly as justification by faith alone.[13] John Calvin developed Augustine's predestination into double predestination.[13]
Modern theology[link]
In his commentary The Epistle to the Romans (Ger. Der Römerbrief; particularly in the thoroughly re-written second edition of 1922) Karl Barth argued that the God who is revealed in the cross of Jesus challenges and overthrows any attempt to ally God with human cultures, achievements, or possessions. Some theologians believe this work to be the most important theological treatise since Friedrich Schleiermacher's On Religion: Speeches to its Cultured Despisers.
As in the Eastern tradition in general, Western humanists interpret the reference to election in Romans 9 as reflecting divine foreknowledge.[13]
Church tradition[link]
Various Christian writers have suggested more details about Paul's life.
1 Clement, a letter written by the Roman bishop Clement of Rome, around the year 90 reports this about Paul:[98]
"By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patient endurance. After that he had been seven times in bonds, had been driven into exile, had been stoned, had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith, having taught righteousness unto the whole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers, so he departed from the world and went unto the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance."
Commenting on this passage, Raymond Brown writes that while it "does not explicitly say" that Paul was martyred in Rome, "such a martyrdom is the most reasonable interpretation."[99]
Eusebius of Caesarea, who wrote in the 4th century, states that Paul was beheaded in the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero. This event has been dated either to the year 64, when Rome was devastated by a fire, or a few years later, to 67. The San Paolo alle Tre Fontane church was built on the location where the execution was believed to have taken place. A Roman Catholic liturgical solemnity of Peter and Paul, celebrated on June 29, may reflect the day of his martyrdom, other sources have articulated the tradition that Peter and Paul died on the same day (and possibly the same year).[100] The apocryphal Acts of Paul, the apocryphal Acts of Peter suggest that Paul survived Rome and traveled further west. Some hold the view that he could have revisited Greece and Asia Minor after his trip to Spain, and might then have been arrested in Troas, and taken to Rome and executed.[2 Tim. 4:13] A tradition holds that Paul was interred with Saint Peter ad Catacumbas by the via Appia until moved to what is now the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome. Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History, writes that Pope Vitalian in 665 gave Paul's relics (including a cross made from his prison chains) from the crypts of Lucina to King Oswy of Northumbria, northern Britain. However, Bede's use of the word "relic" was not limited to corporal remains.
Paul, who was quite possibly martyred in Rome, has long been associated with that city and its church. Paul is the patron saint of London.
The Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul is celebrated on January 25.[101]
Literary analysis[link]
See also: Pauline Christianity and Jesuism
British Jewish scholar Hyam Maccoby contended that the Paul as described in the Book of Acts and the view of Paul gleaned from his own writings are very different people. Some difficulties have been noted in the account of his life. Paul as described in the Book of Acts is much more interested in factual history, less in theology; ideas such as justification by faith are absent as are references to the Spirit, according to Maccoby. He also pointed out that there are no references to John the Baptist in the Pauline Epistles, although Paul mentions him several times in the Book of Acts.
Others have objected that the language of the speeches is too Lukan in style to reflect anyone else's words. Moreover, George Shillington writes that the author of Acts most likely created the speeches accordingly and they bear his literary and theological marks.[102] Conversely, Howard Marshall writes that the speeches were not entirely the inventions of the author and while they may not be accurate word-for-word, the author nevertheless records the general idea of them.[103]
File:Saint Paul with a Scroll and a Sword.jpg
A statue of Paul holding a scroll (symbolising the Scriptures) and the sword (symbolising his martyrdom).
F. C. Baur (1792–1860), professor of theology at Tübingen in Germany, the first scholar to critique Acts and the Pauline Epistles, and founder of the Tübingen School of theology, argued that Paul, as the "Apostle to the Gentiles", was in violent opposition to the original 12 Apostles. Baur considers the Acts of the Apostles were late and unreliable. This debate has continued ever since, with Adolf Deissmann (1866–1937) and Richard Reitzenstein (1861–1931) emphasising Paul's Greek inheritance and Albert Schweitzer stressing his dependence on Judaism.
Elaine Pagels, professor of religion at Princeton University and an authority on Gnosticism, argues that Paul was a Gnostic [104] and that the anti-Gnostic Pastoral Epistles were "pseudo-Pauline" forgeries written to rebut this.
Maccoby theorized that Paul synthesized Judaism, Gnosticism, and mysticism to create Christianity as a cosmic savior religion. According to Maccoby, Paul's Pharisaism was his own invention, though actually he was probably associated with the Sadducees. Maccoby attributed the origins of Christian antisemitism to Paul and claims that Paul's view of women, though inconsistent, reflects his Gnosticism in its misogynist aspects.[105]
Professor Robert Eisenman of California State University, Long Beach argues that Paul was a member of the family of Herod the Great.[106] Professor Eisenman makes a connection between Paul and an individual identified by Josephus as "Saulus," a "kinsman of Agrippa."[107] Another oft-cited element of the case for Paul as a member of Herod's family is found in Romans 16:11 where Paul writes, "Greet Herodion, my kinsman."
Alan Segal, Daniel Boyarin, Christopher R. A. Jones regard Paul's accounts of his conversion experience and his ascent to the heavens as the earliest first person accounts we have of the visionary experiences of a Merkabah mystic in Jewish or Christian literature.[citation needed] Conversely, Timothy Churchill has argued that Paul's Damascus road encounter does not fit the pattern of Merkabah.[108]
Among the critics of Paul the Apostle was Thomas Jefferson who wrote that Paul was the "first corrupter of the doctrines of Jesus."[109] Christian anarchists, such as Leo Tolstoy[110] and Ammon Hennacy[111], take a similar view.
F.F. Powell argues that Paul, in his epistles, made use of many of the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato, sometimes even using the same metaphors and language.[112] For example, in Phaedrus, Plato has Socrates saying that the heavenly ideals are perceived as though "through a glass dimly."[113] These words are echoed by Paul in 1 Corinthians 13:12.
Howard Brenton's 2005 play "Paul" takes a skeptical view of his conversion.[citation needed]
See also[link]
References[link]
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Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an abbreviated title. (April 2012) |
Notes[link]
- ^ Peter and Paul . In the Footsteps of Paul . Tarsus . 1. PBS. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Acts 22:3
- ^ a b c Harris, p. 411
- ^ Acts 9:11 "Saul, of Tarsus"
- ^ "Saul of Tarsus - known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11952-paul-of-tarsus. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ a b c d Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ed. F.L. Lucas (Oxford) entry on Paul
- ^ Acts 8:1 "at Jerusalem"; Acts 9:13 "at Jerusalem"; Acts 9:21 "in Jerusalem"; Acts 26:10 "in Jerusalem".
- ^ Acts 9:20 And straightway he preached Christ in the synagogues, that he is the Son of God.
Acts 9:21 But all that heard him were amazed, and said; Is not this he that destroyed them which called on this name in Jerusalem, and came hither for that intent, that he might bring them bound unto the chief priests? - ^ "The Canon Debate," McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, chapter 32, page 577, by James D. G. Dunn: "James, the brother of Jesus, and Paul, the two other most prominent leading figures [beside Peter] in first-century Christianity"
- ^ Ehrman 2004:385
- ^ Hebrews 9:15
- ^ Technically, Paul was apparently stoned to death at Lystra and they dragged him out of the city in Acts 14:19-20, "supposing he had been dead"; but in the next verse, after an unspecified amount of time, "he rose up" and went back into the city.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Paul, St" Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ No apparent relation to the 16th century reformer John Knox.
- ^ Walton, Steve (2000). Leadership and Lifestyle: The Portrait of Paul in the Miletus Speech and 1 Thessalonians. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-521-78006-3. http://books.google.com/?id=P9NznB__-E0C&pg=PA3&vq=%22these+scholars+see+the+paul%22&dq=conzelmann+paul+acts.
- ^ Hare, Douglas R. A. (1987). "Introduction". In Knox, John. Chapters in a Life of Paul (Revised ed.). Mercer University Press. pp. xxii, 135 p.. ISBN 0-86554-266-X. http://books.google.com/?id=g_42mQjLOVsC&pg=PR10&vq=%22proper+historical+method+requires+us%22&dq=paul+primary+sources+acts+epistles
- ^ a b c Harris, p. 316–320
- ^ Borg, Marcus; John Dominic Crossan. The First Paul. HarperOne. p. 67. ISBN 9780061430732. http://books.google.ca/books?id=3LAfdtprc_QC. Retrieved May 16, 2012.
- ^ Borg. p. 68.
- ^ Polhill, John (2008). ESV Study Bible. Wheaton: Crossway Bibles. p. 2138. "Paul invoked his citizen's right of appeal for trial before the emperor." , See study note for verse 25:1-12
- ^ Σαύλος δε ο και Παύλος
Greek lexicon G4569 Σαύλος (Saul)
Greek lexicon G3972 Παύλος (Paul)
Hebrew lexicon H7586 שׁאוּל (Shaul) - ^ Acts 9:4; 22:7; 26:14
- ^ Acts 26:14 Note: This is the only place in the Bible where the reader is told what language Jesus was speaking.
- ^ Acts 9:11 Note: This is the place where the expression "Saul of Tarsus" comes from.
- ^ Acts 9:17; 22:13
- ^ Acts 13:9 Note: The name change from Saul to Paul occurred while he was witnessing to a man called Sergius Paulus. Acts 13:7–12 No express reason is given for the name change.
- ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: A–D (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (Wbeerdmans)). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 689. ISBN 0-8028-3781-6.
- ^ Barnett, Paul (2002). Jesus, the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times. InterVarsity Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8308-2699-8.
- ^ L. Niswonger, Richard (1993). New Testament History. Zondervan Publishing Company. p. 200. ISBN 0-310-31201-9.
- ^ a b McRay, John (2007). Paul His Life and Teaching. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. pp. 54. ISBN 10: 0-8010-3239-3 (pbk.).
- ^ through his mother Mary
- ^ Horrell, Daivd G (2006). An Introduction to the Study of Paul. New York: T&T Clark. p. 30. ISBN 0-567-04083-6.
- ^ Hengel, Martin and Anna Maria Schwemer, trans. John Bowden. Paul Between Damascus and Antioch: The Unknown Years Westminster John Knox Press, 1997. ISBN 0-664-25736-4
- ^ Kirsopp Lake, The earlier Epistles of St. Paul, their motive and origin (London 1911), pp. 320-323.
- ^ (PDF) N.T. Wright, "Paul, Arabia and Elijah"
- ^ Why did Paul go to Arabia?
- ^ Martin Hengel, "Paul in Arabia" Bulletin for Biblical Research 12.1 (2002) pp. 47–66
- ^ Barnett, Paul The Birth Of Christianity: The First Twenty Years (Eerdmans Publishing Co. 2005) ISBN 0-8028-2781-0 p. 200
- ^ Ogg, George, Chronology of the New Testament in Peake's Commentary on the Bible (Nelson, 1963)
- ^ Barnett p. 83
- ^ The only indication as to who is leading is in the order of names. At first, the two are referred to as Barnabas and Paul, in that order. Later in the same chapter the team is referred to a Paul and his companions.
- ^ "Map of first missionary journey". Biblestudy.org. http://www.biblestudy.org/maps/pauls-first-journey-map.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ "His quotations from Scripture, which are all taken, directly or from memory, from the Greek version, betray no familiarity with the original Hebrew text (..) Nor is there any indication in Paul's writings or arguments that he had received the rabbinical training ascribed to him by Christian writers (..)""Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen". JewishEncyclopedia.com. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11952-paul-of-tarsus. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ Harris
- ^ Christianity: an introduction by Alister E. McGrath pages 2006 ISBN 1-4051-0901-7 137–141
- ^ Mercer Commentary on the New Testament by Watson E. Mills 2003 ISBN 0-86554-864-1 pages 1109–1110
- ^ Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum and Charles Quarles (2009). The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament. Nashville, Tennessee, B&H Publishing Group. p. 400
- ^ Acts 16:16-24
- ^ Acts 16:25-40
- ^ Biblestudy.org
- ^ "Paul, St." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ Burton, Ernest De Witt (1977). A critical and exegetical commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians. ISBN 978-0-567-05029-8. http://books.google.com/?id=b52QYgZg6W8C&pg=PR26&dq=%22illyris+graeca%22&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%22illyris%20graeca%22&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Durazzo (Albania). Newadvent.org (1909-05-01). Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Biblestudy.org
- ^ Acts 21:8-10, Acts 21:15
- ^ 4th missionary journey and 5th missionary journey
- ^ A study in scarlet (Judah sceptre - Joseph birthright)
- ^ 1st Clement - Lightfoot translation
1Clem 5:5 "By reason of jealousy and strife Paul by his example pointed out the prize of patient endurance. After that he had been seven times in bonds, had been driven into exile, had been stoned, had preached in the East and in the West, he won the noble renown which was the reward of his faith, [5:6] having taught righteousness unto the whole world and having reached the farthest bounds of the West; and when he had borne his testimony before the rulers, so he departed from the world and went unto the holy place, having been found a notable pattern of patient endurance."
Where Lightfoot has "had preached" above, the Hoole translation has "having become a herald".
See also the endnote(#3) by Arthur Cleveland Coxe on the last page of wikisource 1st Clement regarding Paul's preaching in Britain. - ^ Chrysostom on 2Tim.4:20 (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I Volume XIII)
- ^ Cyril on Paul and gifts of the Holy Ghost (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II Volume VII, Lecture 17, para.26)
- ^ The Muratorian Fragment lines 38–39
- ^ Acts 15:2ff; Galatians 2:1ff
- ^ a b c White, L. Michael (2004). From Jesus to Christianity. HarperCollins. pp. 148–149. ISBN 0-06-052655-6. http://books.google.com/?id=w4ehxXoIxCUC&pg=PA149&vq=%22Two+more+of+Paul%27s+visits+to+Jerusalem%22&dq=paul+%22visits+to+jerusalem%22+acts+letters.
- ^ Paul: Apostle of the Free Spirit, F. F. Bruce, Paternoster 1980, p.151
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers see section titled: "The Incident At Antioch"
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers: "On their arrival Peter, who up to this had eaten with the Gentiles, "withdrew and separated himself, fearing them who were of the circumcision," and by his example drew with him not only the other Jews, but even Barnabas, Paul's fellow-labourer."
- ^ Newadvent.org
- ^ White, L. Michael (2004). From Jesus to Christianity. HarperSanFrancisco. p. 170. ISBN 0-06-052655-6. http://books.google.com/?id=w4ehxXoIxCUC&pg=PA170&vq=%22total+failure+of+political+bravado%22&dq=paul+%22visits+to+jerusalem%22+acts+letters.
- ^ Paul does not exactly say that this was his second visit. In Galatians, he lists three important meetings with Peter, and this was the second on his list. The third meeting took place in Antioch. He does not explicitly claim that he did not visit Jerusalem in between this and his first visit.
- ^ Note that Paul only writes that he is on his way to Jerusalem, or just planning the visit. There might or might not have been additional visits before or after this visit, if he ever got to Jerusalem.
- ^ Romans 15:25,2 Corinthians 8-9, 1 Corinthians 16:1-3
- ^ Ireneaus Against Heresies 3.3.2: the "...Church founded and organized at Rome by the two most glorious apostles, Peter and Paul; as also [by pointing out] the faith preached to men, which comes down to our time by means of the successions of the bishops. ...The blessed apostles, then, having founded and built up the Church, committed into the hands of Linus the office of the episcopate."
- ^ Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Ephesians, Chapter XII
- ^ Serena De Leonardis and Stefano Masi (1999). Art and history: Rome and the Vatican. Casa Editrice Bonechi. p. 21
- ^ Lashway, Calvin. "HOW and WHERE did the Apostle Paul die?" Web: HOW and WHERE did the Apostle Paul die?
- ^ St Paul's tomb unearthed in Rome from BBC News (2006–12–08); dw-world.de
- ^ a b Harris, pp. 316–320. Harris cites Galatians 6:11, Romans 16:22, Colossians 4:18, 2 Thessalonians 3:17, Philemon 19
- ^ Joseph Barber Lightfoot in his Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians writes: "At this point[Gal. 6:11] the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis, and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand. From the time when letters began to be forged in his name(2 Thes. 2:2; 2 Thes. 3:17) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting, as a precaution against such forgeries. … In the present case he writes a whole paragraph, summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse eager disjointed sentences. He writes it too in large bold characters, that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul."
- ^ "1 Clement 47:1". Earlychristianwritings.com. 2006-02-02. http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ MacDonald, Margaret Y. Sacra Pagina: Colossians and Ephesians. Liturgical Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-8146-5819-2
- ^ a b c d e "Epistle to the Colossians - Catholic Encyclopedia". Newadvent.org. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04131b.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ Brown, R.E., The Churches the Apostles left behind p.48.
- ^ Barrett, C.K. the Pastoral Epistles p.4ff.
- ^ a b c d "Atonement." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005
- ^ Paul and Palestinian Judaism in 1977; Paul, the Law, and the Jewish People in 1983
- ^ J.D.G. Dunn's Manson Memorial Lecture (4.11.1982): 'The New Perspective on Paul' BJRL 65(1983), 95–122.
- ^ "''New Perspectives on Paul''". Ntwrightpage.com. 2003-08-28. http://www.ntwrightpage.com/Wright_New_Perspectives.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-19.
- ^ a b Ehrman, Bart. Peter, Paul, and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend. Oxford University Press, USA. 2006. ISBN 0-19-530013-0
- ^ Rowlands, Christopher. Christian Origins (SPCK 1985) p.113
- ^ Kroeger, Richard C. and Catherine C. I Suffer Not a Woman. Baker Book House, 1992. ISBN 0-8010-5250-5
- ^ Wright, N.T. "The Biblical Basis for Women’s Service in the Church." Web: <www2.cbeinternational.org/CBE_InfoPack/pdf/wright_biblical_basis.pdf Biblical Basis for Women’s Service> Dec. 16, 2009
- ^ Moore, Terri D. "Chapter Six: Conclusions on 1 Timothy 2:15." bible.org Aug. 30, 2009:
- ^ Giguzzi, Giancarlo "Paolo, un apostolo contro le donne?" in Credere Oggi: in dialogo con San Paolo e le sue lettere no. 124, Edizioni Messaggero Padova, 2004, pp. 95–107. credereoggi.it
- ^ Kirk, J.R. Daniel. "Was Paul a Misogynist?" Web:
- ^ The source and NT meaning of Arsenokoitai, with implications or Christian ethics and ministry James B. De Young
- ^ The Condemnation of Homosexuality in 1 Corinthians 6:9 David E. Malick
- ^ Homosexuality Revisited in Light of the Current Climate, by Calvin Smith
- ^ The First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians, 5:5-6, translated by J.B. Lightfoot in Lightfoot, Joseph Barber (1890). The Apostolic Fathers: A Revised Text with Introductions, Notes, Dissertations, and Translations. Macmillan. p. 274. ISBN 0-8010-5612-8. OCLC 54248207. http://earlychristianwritings.com/text/1clement-lightfoot.html.
- ^ Brown, Raymond Edward; John Paul Meier (1983). Antioch and Rome: New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. p. 124. ISBN 0-8091-2532-3. http://books.google.com/?id=_6H3XKLXGvYC&pg=PA124&vq=%22such+a+martyrdom+is+the+most+reasonable+interpretation%22&dq=paul+clement+death.
- ^ Lactanius, John Chrysostom, Sulpicius Severus all agree with Eusebius' claim that Peter and Paul died under Nero. Lactantius, Of the Manner in Which the Persecutors Died II; John Chrysostom, Concerning Lowliness of Mind 4; Sulpicius Severus, Chronica II.28–29
- ^ "Chambers' The Book of Days". 1869. http://www.thebookofdays.com/months/jan/25.htm. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- ^ Shillington, George (2007). Introduction to Luke-Acts. London: T & T Clark. p. 18. ISBN 0-567-03053-9.
- ^ Marshall, I. Howard (1980). The Acts of the Apostles. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.. p. 42. ISBN 0-8028-1423-9.
- ^ Pagels, Elaine (1989). The Gnostic Gospels (1989 Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 62. ISBN 0-679-72453-2.
- ^ Maccoby, Hyam (1998). "1". The Mythmaker. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 0-7607-0787-1.
- ^ See Paul as Herodian, JHC 3/1 (Spring, 1996), 110–122. depts.drew.edu
- ^ Antiquities, Book XX, Chapter 9:4. ccel.org
- ^ Churchill, Timothy (2010). Divine Initiative and the Christology of the Damascus Road Encounter. Eugene: Pickwick Publications. ISBN 1-60899-325-6.
- ^ The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Being his Autobiography, Correspondence, Reports, Messages, Addresses, and Other Writings, Official and Private. Published by the Order of the Joint Committee of Congress on the Library, from the Original Manuscripts, Deposited in the Department of State, With Explanatory Nites, Tables of Contents, and a Copious Index to Each Volume, as well as a General Index to the Whole, by the Editor H. A. Washington. Vol. VII. Published by Taylor Maury, Washington, D.C., 1854.
- ^ Tolsoy, Leo (1882). Church and State. "This deviation begins from the time of the Apostle and especially after that hankerer after mastership Paul"
- ^ Hennacy, Ammon (1970). The Book of Ammon.
- ^ Powell, F. F.. "Saint Paul's Homage to Plato". http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2004/April/mtpub2.asp. Retrieved 28 April 2012.
- ^ Plato. "Phaedrus". Benjamin Jowett, trans. http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedrus.tml. "For there is no light of justice or temperance or any of the higher ideas which are precious to souls in the earthly copies of them: they are seen through a glass dimly."
Bibliography[link]
- Aulén, Gustaf. Christus Victor (SPCK 1931)
- Brown, Raymond E. An Introduction to the New Testament. Anchor Bible Series, 1997. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.
- Brown, Raymond E. The Church the Apostles left behind(Chapman 1984)
- Bruce, F.F. 'Is the Paul of Acts the Real Paul?' Bulletin John Rylands Library 58 (1976) 283–305
- Bruce, F.F., Paul: Apostle of the Heart Set Free (ISBN 0-8028-4778-1)
- Conzelmann, Hans, the Acts of the Apostles—a Commentary on the Acts of the Apostles (Augsburg Fortress 1987)
- Davies, W. D. "The Apostolic Age and the Life of Paul" in Matthew Black, ed. Peake's Commentary on the Bible. London: T. Nelson, 1962. ISBN 0-8407-5019-6
- Davies, W. D. Paul and Rabbinic Judaism: Some Rabbinic Elements in Pauline Theology. S.P.C.K., 3rd ed., 1970. ISBN 0-281-02449-9
- Dunn, James D.G., 1990, Jesus, Paul and the Law Louisville,KY: Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 0-664-25095-5
- Dunn, James D. G., Jesus, Paul, and the Gospels (Grand Rapids (MI), Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2011).
- Hanson, Anthony T. Studies in Paul's Technique and Theology. Eerdmans, 1974. ISBN 0-8028-3452-3
- Harris, Stephen L. Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. ISBN 978-1-55934-655-9
- Holzbach, Mathis Christian, Die textpragmat. Bedeutung d. Kündereinsetzungen d. Simon Petrus u.d. Saulus Paulus im lukan. Doppelwerk, in: Jesus als Bote d. Heils. Stuttgart 2008, 166-172.
- Irenaeus, Against Heresies, i.26.2
- Maccoby, Hyam. The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. ISBN 0-06-015582-5.
- Kim, Yung Suk. A Theological Introduction to Paul's Letters. Eugene, Oregon: Cascade Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-60899-793-0
- MacDonald, Dennis Ronald, 1983. The Legend and the Apostle: The Battle for Paul in Story and Canon Philadelphia: Westminster Press.
- Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, Jesus and Paul: Parallel lives (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 2007) ISBN 0-8146-5173-9
- Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, Paul the Letter-Writer: His World, His Options, His Skills (Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1995) ISBN 0-8146-5845-8
- Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome, Paul: A Critical Life (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) ISBN 0-19-826749-5
- Ogg, George. “Chronology of the New Testament.” Matthew Black, ed. ‘’Peake's Commentary on the Bible.’’ Nelson, 1962. ISBN 0-8407-5019-6
- Rashdall, Hastings, The Idea of Atonement in Christian Theology (1919)
- Ruef, John, Paul's First letter to Corinth (Penguin 1971)
- Sanders, E.P., Paul and Palestinian Judaism (1977)
- Segal, Alan F. Paul, the Convert, (New Haven/London, Yale University Press, 1990) ISBN 0-300-04527-1.
- Segal, Alan F., "Paul, the Convert and Apostle" in Rebecca's Children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman World (Harvard University Press 1986).
- Horrell, David G. "An Introduction to the Study of Paul." T&T Clark Approaches to Biblical Studies. 2nd edition. London: T&T Clark, 2006
Further reading[link]
- Bart D Ehrman. Peter, Paul and Mary Magdalene: The Followers of Jesus in History and Legend; 304 pages, Oxford University Press (March, 2008)
- Bart D. Ehrman. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings; 608 pages, Oxford University Press (July, 2011); ISBN 978-0-19-975753-4
- Hyam MacCoby. The Mythmaker: Paul and the Invention of Christianity; 238 pages, Barnes & Noble Books (1998); ISBN 978-0-7607-0787-6
- Hans Joachim Schoeps. Paul: The Theology of the Apostle in the Light of Jewish Religious History (Library of Theological Translations); 34 pages, Lutterworth Press (July, 2002); ISBN 978-0-227-17013-7
- Pinchas Lapide, Peter Stuhlmacher. Paul: Rabbi and Apostle; 77 pages, Augsburg Publishing House; (December 1984)
- Pinchas Lapide, Leonard Swidler, Jurgen Moltmann. Jewish Monotheism and Christian Trinitarian Doctrine; 94 pages, Wipf & Stock Publishers (May, 2002)
External links[link]
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Look up Pauline conversion in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- St Paul on In Our Time at the BBC. (listen now)
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Saul of Tarsus (known as Paul, the Apostle of the Heathen)
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Paul of Tarsus
- Catholic Perspective on Paul
- Documentary film on Apostle Paul
- Encyclopædia Britannica: Paul, 1911
- Maps of Paul's three missionary journeys and final captive journey
- Novena to Saint Paul Apostle
- Paul's mission and letters From PBS Frontline series on the earliest Christians.
- Representations of Saint Paul
- "Saint Paul, the Apostle." Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2009.
- The Apostle and the Poet: Paul and Aratus Dr. Riemer Faber
- The Apostle Paul's Shipwreck: An Historical Examination of Acts 27 and 28
- Works by or about Paul the Apostle in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Why Paul Went West: The Differences Between the Jewish Diaspora Biblical Archaeology Review
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Paul the Apostle |
| Alternative names | Paul of Tarsus; Paul, Saint; Saul |
| Short description | Apostle who spread Christianity |
| Date of birth | 10 |
| Place of birth | Tarsus, Turkey |
| Date of death | 67 |
| Place of death | Rome, Italy |
http://wn.com/Paul_the_Apostle
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Paulus von Tarsus
http://es.wn.com/Pablo de Tarso
http://ru.wn.com/Апостол Павел
http://cs.wn.com/Pavel z Tarsu
http://pt.wn.com/Paulo de Tarso
http://pl.wn.com/Paweł z Tarsu
http://it.wn.com/Paolo di Tarso
http://id.wn.com/Paulus dari Tarsus
http://nl.wn.com/Paulus (apostel)
http://fr.wn.com/Paul de Tarse
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other people named David Byrne, see David Byrne (disambiguation).
| David Byrne | |
|---|---|
 David Byrne speaking at the 2006 Future of Music Policy Summit hosted by the McGill University Schulich School of Music in Montreal, Quebec, Canada |
|
| Background information | |
| Born | (1952-05-14) May 14, 1952 (age 60) Dumbarton, Scotland, UK |
| Genres | New Wave, experimental pop, worldbeat, alternative rock |
| Occupations | Musician, songwriter, artist, singer, actor, director, film producer, record producer |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, bass, keyboards, synthesizer, flute, clavinet, slide guitar, harmonica, autoharp, harmonium, violin, accordion buildings[1] |
| Years active | 1974–present |
| Labels | Luaka Bop, Nonesuch Records, Thrill Jockey |
| Associated acts | Talking Heads, Brian Eno, X-Press 2, Fatboy Slim, The BPA |
| Website | www.davidbyrne.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| Fender Duo-Sonic Fender Stratocaster |
|
David Byrne (born May 14, 1952) is a musician and artist, best known as a founding member and principal songwriter of the American new wave band Talking Heads, which was active between 1975 and 1991. Since then, Byrne has released his own solo recordings and worked with various media including film, photography, opera, and non-fiction. He has received Grammy, Oscar, and Golden Globe awards and been inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Byrne was born in Dumbarton, Scotland, to Tom and Emma Byrne. He was the elder of two children. Two years later, his parents moved to Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, and then to Arbutus, Maryland, when he was 8 or 9 years old. His father worked as an electronics engineer. Before high school, David Byrne already knew how to play the guitar, accordion, and violin. He was rejected from his middle school’s choir because they claimed he was "off-key and too withdrawn." From a young age, Byrne had a strong interest in music. His parents say that he would constantly play his phonograph from age three and he learned how to play the harmonica at age five.[2] In his journals he says, "I was a peculiar young man — borderline Asperger's, I would guess."[3][4] As revealed by Tina Weymouth in the commentary for the concert film Stop Making Sense, Byrne is left handed but plays guitar right handed.
Music career[link]
Talking Heads: 1975–1991[link]
Main article: Talking Heads
He graduated from Lansdowne High School in southwest Baltimore County. Byrne started his musical career in a high school duo named Bizadi with Mark Kehoe. Their repertoire consisted mostly of songs such as "April Showers," "96 Tears," "Dancing On The Ceiling," and Frank Sinatra songs. Byrne then attended the Rhode Island School of Design (during the 1970-71 term) and the Maryland Institute College of Art (during the 1971-72 term) before dropping out and forming a band called "The Artistics" with fellow RISD student Chris Frantz.[5] The band dissolved within a year, and the two moved to New York together with Frantz's girlfriend Tina Weymouth. Unable to find a bass player in New York, Frantz and Byrne persuaded Weymouth to learn to play the bass guitar.
After some practice and playing together they founded the group Talking Heads which had its first gig in 1975.[6][7] Multi-instrumentalist Jerry Harrison joined the group in 1977. The band released 8 studio albums before going into hiatus in 1988. David Byrne desired to go solo, but it took 3 years to announce that the band were breaking up in 1991. A brief reunion for a single "Sax and Violins" in 1991 occurred before again dissolving. The band were inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2002, when they reunited to play 4 tracks.
Solo album career: 1979–1981;1989–present[link]
During his time in the band, Byrne took on outside projects, collaborating with Brian Eno during 1979 and 1981 on the album My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, which attracted considerable critical acclaim due to its early use of analogue sampling and found sounds. Following this record, Byrne took his attention on Talking Heads. My Life in the Bush of Ghosts was re-released for its 25th anniversary in early 2006, with new bonus tracks. In keeping with the spirit of the original album, two of the songs' component tracks were released under Creative Commons licenses and a remix contest site was launched.
Rei Momo (1989) was the first solo album by Byrne, after leaving Talking Heads, that features mainly Afro-Cuban, Afro-Hispanic, and Brazilian song styles including popular dances including merengue, Cuban Son, samba, mambo, cumbia, cha-cha-chá, bomba, and charanga. His third solo album Uh-Oh (1992) followed that featured a brass-section and was driven by catchy tracks such as "Girls on My Mind" and "The Cowboy Mambo (Hey Lookit Me Now)". His fourth solo album, titled davidenryb (1994), was a more proper rock record, with Byrne playing most of the instruments on it, leaving percussion for session musicians. "Angels" and "Back in the Box" were the two main singles released from the album. The first one entered the US Modern Rock Tracks chart, reaching #24. For his fifth studio effort the emotional Feelings (1997), Byrne employed a brass orchestra called Black Cat Orchestra. His sixth Look into the Eyeball (2001) continued the same musical exploration of Feelings, but was compiled of more upbeat tracks, like those found on Uh-Oh.
Grown Backwards (2004), released by Nonesuch Records, used orchestral string arrangements, and includes two operatic arias as well as a rework of X-Press 2 collaboration "Lazy". He also launched a North American and Australian tour with the Tosca Strings. This tour ended with Los Angeles, San Diego and New York shows in August 2005.
Byrne and Eno reunited for his eighth album Everything That Happens Will Happen Today (2008).[8] He assembled a band to tour worldwide for the album for a six-month period from late 2008 through early 2009 on the Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno Tour.
Work in theatre and film: 1981–present[link]
In 1981, Byrne partnered with choreographer Twyla Tharp, scoring music he wrote that appeared on his album, The Catherine Wheel for a ballet with the same name, prominently featuring unusual rhythms and lyrics. Productions of The Catherine Wheel appeared on Broadway that same year. In Spite of Wishing and Wanting is a soundscape David Byrne produced for the Belgian choreographer Wim Vandekeybus's dance company Ultima Vez.
In 1991, Byrne released a classical instrumental album The Forest, where some of the tracks were already featured as a score for 1988 Robert Wilson theatre piece of the same name.
His work has been extensively used in movie soundtracks, most notably in collaboration with Ryuichi Sakamoto and Cong Su on Bernardo Bertolucci's The Last Emperor, which won an Academy Award for Best Original Score. In 2004, Lead Us Not Into Temptation (music from the film "Young Adam") included tracks and musical experiments from his score to Young Adam. Byrne also wrote, directed, and starred in True Stories, a musical collage of discordant Americana released in 1986, as well as producing most of the film's music. Byrne also directed the documentary Île Aiye and the concert film of his 1992 Latin-tinged tour titled Between the Teeth. He was chiefly responsible for the stage design and choreography of Stop Making Sense in 1984. Byrne added "Loco de Amor" (Crazy for Love) with Celia Cruz to Jonathan Demme's 1986 film Something Wild.
Byrne wrote the Dirty Dozen Brass Band-inspired score for Robert Wilson's Opera The Knee Plays from The Civil Wars: A Tree Is Best Measured When It Is Down. Some of the music from Byrne's orchestral album The Forest was originally used in a Wilson-directed theatre piece with the same name. The Forest premiered at the Theater der Freien Volksbühne, Berlin in 1988. It received its New York premiere in December 1988 at BAM, the Brooklyn Academy of Music. The Forestry Maxi-single contained dance and industrial remixes of pieces from The Forest by Jack Dangers, Rudy Tambala, and Anthony Capel.
In late 2005 Byrne and Fatboy Slim began work on Here Lies Love, a disco opera or song cycle about the life of Imelda Marcos, the controversial former First Lady of the Philippines. Some music from this piece was debuted at Adelaide Festival of Arts in Australia in February 2006 and the following year at Carnegie Hall on February 3, 2007.
In 2008 Byrne released Big Love: Hymnal - his soundtrack to season two of Big Love. These two albums constituted the first releases on his personal independent record label Todo Mundo.
In 2010, David Byrne songs were featured on the soundtrack of Oliver Stone's Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps.
Byrne and Brian Eno provided the soundtrack for the film Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps.[9]
Other musical contributions: 1990–present[link]
Byrne has contributed songs to five AIDS benefit compilation albums produced by the Red Hot Organization: Red Hot + Blue: A Tribute to Cole Porter, Red Hot + Rio, Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin, Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon, and Offbeat: A Red Hot Soundtrip. Byrne appeared as a guest vocalist/guitarist for 10,000 Maniacs during their MTV Unplugged concert, though the songs in which he is featured were cut from their following album. One of them, "Let the Mystery Be", appeared as the fourth track on 10,000 Maniacs' CD single "Few and Far Between". Byrne worked with the "Queen of Tex-Mex", Tejano superstar Selena, writing, producing and singing a song ("God's Child (Baila Conmigo)"), included on Selena's last album, "Dreaming of You", before her death. Byrne was the host of Sessions at West 54th during its second of three seasons and collaborated with members of Devo and Morcheeba to record the album Feelings in 1997.
In 2001 a version of Byrne's single “Like Humans Do”, edited to remove its drug reference, was selected by Microsoft as the sample music for Windows XP to demonstrate Windows Media Player (not included in SP2 installs).[10][11]
In 2002, he co-wrote and provided vocals for a track, "Lazy" by X-Press 2, which reached number 2 in the United Kingdom and number 1 on the U.S. Dance Charts. Byrne said in an interview in BBC Four Sessions's coverage of his Union Chapel performance that “Lazy” was number 1 in Syria.
In 2006, his singing was featured on "The Heart's a Lonely Hunter" on The Cosmic Game by Thievery Corporation.
He is featured on the tracks "Money" and "The People Tree", on N.A.S.A.'s 2009 album The Spirit of Apollo. Also in 2009, David Byrne appeared on HIV/AIDS charity album Dark Was the Night for Red Hot Organization. He collaborated with Dirty Projectors on the song "Knotty Pine". In the same year, Byrne performed at the Bonnaroo Music Festival in Manchester, Tennessee. He also was a signator of a letter protesting the decision of the Toronto International Film Festival to choose Tel Aviv as the subject of its inaugural City-to-City Spotlight strand.[12]
In 2007, David Byrne provided a cover of The Fiery Furnaces' song "Ex-Guru" for a compilation to celebrate the 15th birthday of Thrill Jockey, a Chicago-based label.
In 2008, Byrne and his production team programmed the Battery Maritime Building, a 99-year-old ferry terminal in Manhattan, to play music.[13] Essentially Byrne took the old New York City building, hooked the entire structure - pipes, heaters, pillars and all, electronically to an old pipe organ, and made a playable musical instrument of it, for a piece called "Playing the Building".[1] This project was also installed in 2005 in Stockholm, Sweden,[14] and at the London Roundhouse in 2009. It bears similarities to a series of installations performed by New Zealand and Detroit based artists Alastair Galbraith and Matt De Genaro, recorded on their 1998 record Wire Music and 2006 follow-up Long Wires in Dark Museums, Vol. 2. Byrne says that the point in this project was to allow people to experience art first hand, by creating the music with the organ, rather than simply looking at it.[15]
In April 2008, Byrne took part in the Paul Simon retrospective concert series at BAM performing "You Can Call Me Al" and "I Know What I Know" from Simon's Graceland album.[16]
In 2008 Byrne collaborated with The Brighton Port Authority, composing the music and singing the lyrics for "Toe Jam".
In May 2011 Byrne contributed backing vocals to the Arcade Fire track "Speaking in Tongues" which appeared on the 2011 edition of their album The Suburbs.[17]
Other work[link]
Byrne founded the world music record label Luaka Bop in 1990. It was originally created to release Latin American compilations, but it has grown to include music from Cuba, Africa, the Far East and beyond, releasing the work of artists such as Cornershop, Os Mutantes, Los De Abajo, Jim White, Zap Mama, Tom Zé, Los Amigos Invisibles and King Chango.[18][19]
In 2005, Byrne initiated his own internet radio station, Radio David Byrne.[20] Each month, Byrne posts a playlist of music he likes, linked by themes or genres. Byrne's playlists have included African popular music, country music classics, Vox Humana, classical opera, and film scores from Italian movies.
In 2006, Byrne released Arboretum, a sketchbook facsimile of his Tree Drawings, published by McSweeney's. Byrne is also a visual artist whose work has been shown in contemporary art galleries and museums around the world since the 1990s. Represented by the Pace/MacGill Gallery in New York, he has also created public art installations, many of them anonymously. In 2010 his original art work was in the exhibition The Record: Contemporary Art and Vinyl at the Nasher Museum of Art at Duke University.[21]
Personal life[link]
While working on the film True Stories, Byrne met costume designer Adelle Lutz whom he married in 1987. They have a daughter, Malu Abeni Valentine Byrne, born in 1989. Byrne and Lutz divorced in 2004. Byrne began a relationship with the artist Cindy Sherman in 2007.[22]
Although a resident of the United States since childhood, Byrne is a British citizen,[23] and has never applied for U.S. citizenship. He lives in New York City.
Cycling[link]
Byrne is known for his activism in support of increased cycling, and for having used a bike as his main means of transport for most of his life, especially cycling around New York. He has a regular cycling column in the New York Times.
He says that he cycled when he was in high school and returned to it as an adult in the late 1970s. He likes the freedom and exhilarating feeling cycling gives him. He has written widely on cycling, including a 2009 book, Bicycle Diaries.[24] In August 2009, he auctioned his Montague folding bike in order to raise money for the London Cycling Campaign.
In 2008, Byrne designed a series of bicycle parking racks in the form of image outlines corresponding to the areas in which they were located, such as a dollar sign for Wall Street and an electric guitar in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Byrne worked with a manufacturer that would construct the racks in exchange for the chance to sell them later as artworks, and the racks remained on the streets for about a year.[25]
Views[link]
Byrne also posts personal comments on the music and, occasionally, on the state of the recorded music industry. In July 2007, Byrne posted the following comment:
There was another piece in the Times today about yet another 20 percent drop in CD sales. (Are they running the same news piece every 4 months?) Jeez guys, the writing's on the wall. How long do the record execs think they'll have those offices and nice parking spaces? (Well, more than half of all record A&R and other execs are gone already, so there should be plenty of parking space). They, the big 4 or 5, should give the catalogues back to the artists or their heirs as a gesture before they close the office doors, as they sure don't know how to sell music anymore. (I have Talking Heads stuff on the shelf that I can't get Warner to release.) The "industry" had a nice 50-year ride, but it's time to move on. Luckily, music remains more or less unaffected — there is a lot of great music out there. A new model will emerge that includes rather than sues its own customers, that realizes that music is not a product in the sense of being a thing — it's closer to fashion, in that for music fans it tells them and their friends who they are, what they feel passionately about and to some extent what makes life fun and interesting. It's about a sense of community — a song ties a whole invisible disparate community together. It's not about selling the (often) shattered plastic case CDs used to come in.[26]
Works by David Byrne[link]
Solo studio albums[link]
Main article: David Byrne discography
- My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (with Brian Eno) (1981)
- Rei Momo (1989)
- Uh-Oh (1992)
- David Byrne (1994)
- Feelings (1997)
- Look into the Eyeball (2001)
- Grown Backwards (2004)
- Everything That Happens Will Happen Today (with Brian Eno) (2008)
Talking Heads[link]
Main articles: Talking Heads and Talking Heads discography
- Talking Heads: 77 (1977)
- More Songs About Buildings and Food (1978)
- Fear of Music (1979)
- Remain in Light (1980)
- Speaking in Tongues (1983)
- Little Creatures (1985)
- True Stories (1986)
- Naked (1988)
Books[link]
- True Stories (1986)
- Strange Ritual, Chronicle Books (1995)
- Your Action World (1999)
- The New Sins (Los Nuevos Pecados) (2001)
- David Byrne Asks You: What Is It? Smart Art Press (2002)
- Envisioning Emotional Epistemological Information with DVD (2003)
- Arboretum, (2006)
- Bicycle Diaries (2009)
Film[link]
- Stop Making Sense - concert movie from Talking Heads tour (1984)
- True Stories (1986)
- Ile Aiye (The house of life) - Documentary (1989)
- Here Lies Love - concept album in collaboration with Norman Cook (released 2010)
- Ride, Rise, Roar - music documentary of his concert tour with Brian Eno (released 2010)[28]
- This Must Be the Place - 2011
References[link]
- ^ a b Kennedy, Randy (May 30, 2008). "David Byrne’s New Band, With Architectural Solos". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/30/arts/music/30byrn.html. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ "Rock's Renaissance Man." TIME Magazine. October 27, 1986. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Indie Rock’s Patron Saint Inspires a New Flock - Referencing Bryne's April 15, 2006 journal entry. New York Times, By Will Hermes, January 14, 2007. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ David Byrne Journal: 4.15.06: Military revolt, back pages. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Gittins, Ian, Talking Heads: Once in a Lifetime : the Stories Behind Every Song, Hal Leonard Corporation, 2004, p. 140 ISBN 0-634-08033-4, ISBN 978-0-634-08033-3.
- ^ Tina Talks Heads, Tom Toms, and How to Succeed at Bass Without Really Trying Gregory Isola, Bass Magazine. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
- ^ Talking Heads Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
- ^ "Tour Dates for David Byrne - Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno". David Byrne. 2008-08-04. Archived from the original on 2008-08-22. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822132005/http://www.everythingthathappens.com/tour.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Legel, Laremy (September 23, 2010). "Review: Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps". Film.com. http://www.film.com/movies/review-wall-street-money-never-sleeps#fbid=KdR0UiwBhKE.
- ^ David Byrne to Provide Promotional Music for Windows XP: "Like Humans Do" to Give Music Fans a Taste of the Digital Music Experience in Windows XP. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ You May Find Yourself On Windows XP - Forbes.com by Davide Dukcevich, August 21, 2001. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Toronto film festival hit by protest over Tel Aviv strand by Ben Walters, September 07, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Thill, Scott (May 12, 2008). "David Byrne Converts Building Into Giant Instrument". Wired.com (Advance Publications). Archived from the original on 2008-05-19. http://web.archive.org/web/20080519033341/http://blog.wired.com/music/2008/05/david-byrne-con.html. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "David Byrne Playing the Building". October 8, 2005. http://www.fargfabriken.se/index.php?tabell=content&id=1&imgnr=6. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Brian Baiker. "A Building for a Song." Newsweek. June 2, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ David Byrne joins Paul Simon on stage in New York, NME. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Cragg, Michael (2011-05-24). "Arcade Fire feat David Byrne – Speaking in Tongues". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2011/may/24/arcade-fire-david-byrne-speaking-in-tongues.
- ^ Official site Cited June 30, 2009
- ^ NPR audio interview July 8, 2000. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ^ "Radio David Byrne". David Byrne.com. http://www.davidbyrne.com/radio/index.php. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Visual art listing at Bryne's website. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ^ Simon Hattenstone (2011-01-15). "Cindy Sherman interview". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2011/jan/15/cindy-sherman-interview. Retrieved 2011-11-02.
- ^ "David Byrne Can’t Vote But Hopes You Will." Rolling Stone. November 04, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Rocker/bike activist David Byrne announces Portland event by Jonathan Maus on July 23, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ Ariel Kaminer. "David Byrne, Cultural Omnivore, Raises Cycling Rack to an Art Form." The New York Times. August 8, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "Radio David Byrne, June 2007: "I Still Buy CDs!"". David Byrne.com. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20080617111340/http://www.davidbyrne.com/radio/archives/2007.php#june_07. Retrieved 2010-01-11.
- ^ "Byrne's bibliography on Byrne's Website". Davidbyrne.com. http://www.davidbyrne.com/art/david_byrne_artbio.php. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
- ^ "David Byrne website film listing". Davidbyrne.com. http://www.davidbyrne.com/film/index.php. Retrieved 2010-06-25.
Further reading[link]
- Sytze Steenstra: Song and Circumstance. The Work of David Byrne from Talking Heads to the Present. New York and London: Continuum Books, 2010.
- John Howell: David Byrne. (American Originals Series) New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 1992.
- Ian Gittin: Talking Heads - Once in a Lifetime: The Stories Behind Every Song.
External links[link]
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| Name | Byrne, David |
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| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1952-05-14 |
| Place of birth | Dumbarton, Scotland, UK |
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