{{infobox settlement | official name

City of Cambridge | other_name | nickname | settlement_type Non-metropolitan district, City | motto | image_skyline KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg | imagesize 280px | image_caption King's College Chapel, seen from The Backs | image_blank_emblem Arms-cambridge.jpg | blank_emblem_type Coat of Arms of the City Council | blank_emblem_size 150px | blank_emblem_link Cambridge City Council, England | image_map Cambridge UK locator map.svg | mapsize 200px | map_caption Cambridge shown within Cambridgeshire | coordinates_region GB | subdivision_type Sovereign state | subdivision_name United Kingdom | subdivision_type1 Constituent country | subdivision_name1 England | subdivision_type2 Region | subdivision_name2 East of England | subdivision_type3 Ceremonial county | subdivision_name3 Cambridgeshire | subdivision_type4 Admin HQ | subdivision_name4 Cambridge City Centre | government_footnotes | government_type Non-metropolitan district, City | leader_title Governing body | leader_name Cambridge City Council | leader_title1 Mayor | leader_name1 Ian Nimmo-Smith | leader_title2 MPs: | leader_name2 Julian Huppert (LD)Andrew Lansley (C) | established_title Founded | established_date 1st century | established_title2 City status | established_date2 1951 | area_total_km2 115.65 | area_land_km2 | population_as_of | population_total (Ranked ) | population_urban 130000 (est.)(Cambridge Urban Area) | population_blank1_title County | population_blank1 752900 | population_blank2_title Ethnicity | population_blank2 73.8% White British1.3% White Irish9.8% White Other2.2% Mixed Race5.5% British Asian5.1% Chinese and other2.3% Black British | timezone Greenwich Mean Time | utc_offset +0 | timezone_DST BST | utc_offset_DST +1 | latd 52 |latm 12 |lats 29 |latNS N | longd 0 |longm 7 |longs 21 |longEW E | elevation_m 6 | postal_code_type Postcode | postal_code CB1 – CB5 | area_code 01223 | blank1_name ONS code | blank1_info 12UB | blank2_name OS grid reference | blank2_info | website www.cambridge.gov.uk }}

The city of Cambridge ( ) is a university town and the administrative centre of the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It lies in East Anglia about north-by-east of London. Cambridge is at the heart of the high-technology centre known as Silicon Fen – a play on Silicon Valley and the fens surrounding the city.

Cambridge is well known as the home of the University of Cambridge. The university includes the renowned Cavendish Laboratory, King's College Chapel, and the Cambridge University Library. The Cambridge skyline is dominated by the last two buildings, along with the chimney of Addenbrooke's Hospital in the far south of the city and St John's College Chapel tower in the north.

According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, the city's population was 108,863 (including 22,153 students), and the population of the urban area (which includes parts of the neighbouring South Cambridgeshire district) is estimated to be 130,000.

History

Prehistory

Settlements have existed around the Cambridge area since before the Roman Empire. The earliest clear evidence of occupation is the remains of a 3,500-year-old farmstead discovered at the site of Fitzwilliam College. There is further archaeological evidence through the Iron Age, a Belgic tribe having settled on Castle Hill in the 1st century BC.

Roman times

The first major development of the area began with the Roman invasion of Britain in about AD 40. Castle Hill made Cambridge a useful place for a military outpost from which to defend the River Cam. It was also the crossing point for the Via Devana which linked Colchester in Essex with the garrisons at Lincoln and the north. This Roman settlement has been identified as ''Duroliponte''.

The settlement remained a regional centre during the 350 years after the Roman occupation, until about AD 400. Roman roads and walled enclosures can still be seen in the area.

Duroliponte means bridge over the ''duro'' or ''duroli'', which appears to derive from the celtic word for water.

Saxon and Viking age

After the Romans had left Saxons took over the land on and around Castle Hill and renamed it ''Grantabrycge'' – 'Bridge over Granta'. Their grave goods have been found in the area. During Anglo-Saxon times Cambridge benefited from good trade links across the hard-to-travel fenlands. By the 7th century the town was less significant, described by Bede as a "little ruined city" containing the burial site of Etheldreda. Cambridge is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as "Grantebrycge", a period when settlements existed on both sides of the river and Cambridge was on the border of East Anglian and Middle Anglian kingdoms.

The arrival of the Vikings in Cambridge was recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 875. Viking rule, the Danelaw, had been imposed by 878 The Vikings' vigorous trading habits caused Cambridge to grow rapidly. During this period the centre of the town shifted from Castle Hill on the left bank of the river to the area now known as the Quayside on the right bank. After the Viking period the Saxons enjoyed a brief return to power, building St Bene't's Church in 1025, which still stands in Bene't Street.

Norman times

In 1068, two years after his conquest of England, William of Normandy built a castle on Castle Hill. Like the rest of the newly conquered kingdom, Cambridge fell under the control of the King and his deputies. The distinctive Round Church dates from this period. By Norman times the name of the town had mutated to Grentabrige or Cantebrigge (Grantbridge), while the river that flowed through it was called the Granta.

Over time the name of the town changed to Cambridge, while the river Cam was still known as the Granta – the Upper River between the Millpond in Cambridge and Grantchester is still known as the Granta to this day. It was only later that the river became known as the Cam, by analogy with the name Cambridge. The University, formed 1209, uses a Latin adjective ''cantabrigiensis'' (often contracted to "Cantab") to mean "of Cambridge", though this is a back-formation from the English name.

Beginnings of the university

In 1209, students escaping from hostile townspeople in Oxford fled to Cambridge and formed a university there. The oldest college that still exists, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284. One of the most well-known buildings in Cambridge, King's College Chapel, was begun in 1446 by King Henry VI. The project was completed in 1515 during the reign of King Henry VIII.

Cambridge University Press originated with a printing licence issued in 1534. Hobson's Conduit, the first project to bring clean drinking water to the town centre, was built in 1610 (by the Hobson of Hobson's choice). Parts of it survive today. Addenbrooke's Hospital was founded in 1766. The railway and Cambridge station were built in 1845.

Twentieth century

From the 1930s to the 1980s the size of the city was greatly increased by several large council estates planned to hold London overspill. The biggest impact has been on the area north of the river, which are now the estates of Arbury, East Chesterton and King's Hedges, and there are many smaller estates to the south of the city.

During World War II Cambridge served as an evacuation centre for over 7,000 people from London, as well as for parts of the University of London. The town became a military centre, with an R.A.F. training centre and the regional headquarters for Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridgeshire, Huntingdonshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire established during the conflict.

In 1962 Cambridge's first shopping arcade, Bradwell's Court, opened on Drummer Street, though this was demolished in 2006. Other shopping arcades followed at Lion Yard, which housed a relocated Central Library for the city, and the Grafton Centre which replaced Victorian housing stock which had fallen into disrepair in the Kite area of the city. Both of these projects met strong opposition at the time.

The city gained its second University in 1992 when Anglia Polytechnic became Anglia Polytechnic University. Renamed Anglia Ruskin University in 2005, the institution has its origins in the Cambridge School of Art opened in 1858 by John Ruskin. The Open University also has a presence in the city, with an office operating on Hills Road.

Despite having a university, Cambridge was not granted its city charter until 1951. Cambridge does not have a cathedral, traditionally a prerequisite for city status, instead falling within the Church of England Diocese of Ely. Many of the buildings in the centre are colleges affiliated to the University of Cambridge, including King's College and Magdalene College. Colleges such as Trinity College and St John's College own significant land both in Cambridge and outside: Trinity is the landlord for the Cambridge Science Park, and also the port of Felixstowe; St John's is the landlord of St John's Innovation Centre near to the Science Park, and many other buildings in the city centre.

Cambridge City Council plans to renew the area around the Corn Exchange concert hall, and plans for a permanent ice-skating rink are being considered after the success of a temporary one that has been on Parker's Piece every year for the past few years. New housing and developments have continued through the 21st century, with estates such as the CB1 and Accordia schemes near the station, and developments such as Clayfarm and Trumpington Meadows planned for the south of the city.

Governance

Local government

Cambridge is a non-metropolitan district served by Cambridge City Council. The City of Cambridge is one of five districts within the county of Cambridgeshire, and is bordered on all sides by the mainly rural South Cambridgeshire district. Indeed, it is the only district in England to be entirely surrounded by another. The city council's headquarters are in the Guildhall, a large building in the market square. City councillors elect a mayor annually. Cambridge was granted a Royal Charter by King John in 1207, which permitted the appointment of a Mayor, although the first recorded Mayor, Harvey FitzEustace, served in 1213. Cambridge is also served by Cambridgeshire County Council.

For electoral purposes the city is divided into 14 wards: Abbey, Arbury, Castle, Cherry Hinton, Coleridge, East Chesterton, King's Hedges, Market, Newnham, Petersfield, Queen Edith's, Romsey, Trumpington, and West Chesterton.

The political composition of the city council is currently:

25 Liberal Democrat councillors

14 Labour councillors

2 Green councillors

1 Independent councillor

The Liberal Democrats have controlled the city council since 2000.

Westminster

The parliamentary constituency of Cambridge covers most of the city. Julian Huppert (Liberal Democrat) was elected Member of Parliament (MP) at the 2010 general election, succeeding David Howarth. One area of the city, Queen Edith's ward, lies in the South Cambridgeshire constituency, whose MP is Andrew Lansley (Conservative), elected in 1997. The city had previously elected a Labour MP from 1992 to 2005 and prior to this, usually elected a Conservative after the Second World War. However, the Conservatives have seen their share of the vote fall over the past 20 years.

The University of Cambridge used to have a seat in the House of Commons, Sir Isaac Newton being one of the most notable holders. The Cambridge University constituency was abolished under 1948 legislation, and ceased at the dissolution of Parliament for the 1950 general election, along with the other university constituencies.

Geography

Cambridge is about north-by-east of London. The city is located in an area of level and relatively low-lying terrain just south of the Fens, which varies between and above sea level. The River Cam flows through the city north from the village of Grantchester. The name 'Cambridge' is derived from the river.

Like most cities, modern-day Cambridge has many suburbs and areas of high-density housing. The city centre of Cambridge is mostly commercial, historic buildings, and large green areas such as Jesus Green, Parker's Piece and Midsummer Common. Many of the roads in the centre are pedestrianised.

Climate

Cambridge currently has two official weather observing stations, the National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), about 2 miles north of the city centre, and the Botanical Gardens, about 1 mile south of the city centre. The city, like most of the UK, has a maritime climate highly influenced by the gulf stream. This is moderated to some extent by its low lying, inland, and easterly position within the British Isles, meaning summer temperatures in particular tend to be somewhat higher than areas further west, and often rival or even exceed those recorded in the London area. July 2006 for example recorded the highest official mean monthly maximum (i.e. averaged over the entire month) of any month at any location in the UK since records began; ,at both the NIAB and Botanical Gardens observing stations – Cambridge also often records the annual highest national temperature in any given year – in July 2008 at NIAB and in August 2007 at the Botanical Gardens are two recent examples. The absolute maximum stands at set on the 10 August 2003, although a temperature of was recorded on the same day at the Guildhall rooftop weather station in the city centre and is acknowledged by the Met Office. Before this, the absolute maximum was set at the Botanical Gardens in August 1990. The last time the temperature exceeded was July 2006 when the maximum reached at the Botanical Gardens and at NIAB. Typically the temperature will reach or higher on 20.5 days of the year over the 1971–2000 period, with the annual highest temperature averaging over the same period.

The absolute minimum temperature recorded at the Botanical Gardens site was , recorded in February 1947 Although a minimum of was recorded at the now defunct observatory site in December 1879. The last time the temperature fell below −15.0c was in January 1982 when was recorded. Most recently the temperature fell to on the 20 December 2010. The average frequency of air frosts ranges from 41.9 days at the NIAB site, to 47.2 days at the Botanical Gardens per year over the 1971–2000 period. Typically the coldest night of the year at the Botanical gardens will fall to . Such minimum temperatures and frost averages are typical for inland areas across much of southern and central England.

Rainfall is generally low, averaging around per year, with some years occasionally falling into the semi-arid (under of rain per year) category. Last time this occurred was in 2005 with 495.1mm of rain. Snowfall accumulations, though occurring most years, are similarly small, helped by some extent due to Cambridge's low elevation and low precipitation tendency during transitional snow events.

Sunshine averages around 1500 hours a year or around 35% of possible, a level typical of most locations throughout inland central England.

Demography

The demography in Cambridge changes considerably in and out of University term times, so can be hard to measure.

In the 2001 Census held during University term, 89.44% of Cambridge residents identified themselves as white, compared with a national average of 92.12%. Within the University, 84% of undergraduates and 80% of post-graduates identify as white (including overseas students).

Cambridge has a much higher than average proportion of people in the highest paid professional, managerial or administrative jobs (32.6% vs. 23.5%) and a much lower than average proportion of manual workers (27.6% vs. 40.2%). In addition, a much higher than average proportion of people have a high level qualification (e.g. degree, Higher National Diploma, Masters and PhDs), (41.2% vs. 19.7%).

Historical population of Cambridge

Year !! colspan="2"	Population
1801
1811
1821
1831
1841
1851
1861

Year !! colspan="2"	Population
1871
1881
1891
1901
1911
1921
1931

Year !! colspan="2"	Population
1941	''Data unavailable''
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001

Census: Regional District 1801–1901 Civil Parish 1911–1961 District 1971–2001

Economy

Cambridge and its surrounds are sometimes referred to as Silicon Fen, an allusion to Silicon Valley, because of the density of high-tech businesses and technology incubators that have developed on science parks around the city. Many of these parks and buildings are owned or leased by university colleges, and the companies often have been spun out of the university. Such companies include Abcam, CSR, ARM Limited, CamSemi, Jagex and Sinclair. Microsoft chose to locate its Microsoft Research UK offices in a University of Cambridge technology park, separate from the main Microsoft UK campus in Reading.

Cambridge was also the home of Pye Ltd., who made radios and televisions and also defence equipment. In later years Pye evolved into several other companies including TETRA radio equipment manufacturer Pye Telecommunications. Another major business is Marshall Aerospace located on the eastern edge of the city. The Cambridge Network keeps businesses in touch with each other. The FTSE100 software company Autonomy Corporation is located at the Business Park on Cowley Road.

Transport

Cambridge is a city with many transport connections as well as being one of the UK's eleven "Cycling Cities", a status given in 2008. There are regular trains to King's Cross and Liverpool Street stations in London as well as to Peterborough, Leicester, King's Lynn, Norwich, Ipswich and Stansted Airport. Two major roads pass by the outskirts of the city, the M11 motorway and the A14. Cambridge also has its own airport, Marshall's Airport. The Cambridgeshire Guided Busway connects Cambridge with St Ives and Huntingdon. Cambridgeshire County Council has also submitted a bid for £500 million from the Transport Innovation Fund.

Education

Cambridge's two universities, the collegiate University of Cambridge and the local campus of Anglia Ruskin University, serve around 30,000 students, by some estimates. Cambridge University estimated its 2007/08 student population at 17,662, and Anglia Ruskin reports 24,000 students across its two campuses (one of which is outside Cambridge, in Chelmsford) for the same period. State provision in the further education sector includes Hills Road Sixth Form College, Long Road Sixth Form College, and Cambridge Regional College.

Both state and independent schools serve Cambridge pupils from nursery to secondary school age. State schools are administered by Cambridgeshire County Council, which maintains 251 schools in total, 35 of them in Cambridge city. Netherhall School, Chesterton Community College, the Parkside Federation (comprising Parkside Community College and Coleridge Community College), Manor Community College and the Christian inter-denominational St. Bede's School provide comprehensive secondary education. Many other pupils from the Cambridge area attend village colleges, an educational institution unique to Cambridgeshire, which serve as secondary schools during the day and adult education centres outside of school hours. Private schools in the city include The Perse School, The Perse School for Girls, St. Mary's School and The Leys School.

Culture

Sport

Football

Cambridge played a unique role in the invention of modern football: the game's first set of rules were drawn up by members of the University in 1848. The Cambridge Rules were first played on Parker's Piece and had a "defining influence on the 1863 Football Association rules."

The city is home to Cambridge United F.C., who played in the Football League at the Abbey Stadium from 1970 to 2005, when they were relegated to Conference National, the division in which they currently compete. When relegation became inevitable the club was placed in administration with substantial debts, but it emerged from administration in time for the 2005–06 season. The club's biggest success came in the early 1990s, with two successive promotions, two successive FA Cup quarter-final appearances, a run to the Football League Cup quarter-finals, and reaching the brink of promotion to the new Premier League.

The city's other football club Cambridge City F.C. play in the Southern Football League Premier Division at the City Ground in Chesterton. Histon, just north of Cambridge, is home to Conference North side Histon F.C..

Rugby

The city is represented in both codes of Rugby football. Rugby Union club Cambridge R.U.F.C. play in National Division One at their home ground, West Renault Park on Grantchester Road in the southwest corner of the city. Cambridge Eagles Rugby League team play in the National Conference League East Section during the summer months.

Watersports

The River Cam running through the city centre is used for boating. The University has its own rowing club, Cambridge University Boat Club, and most of the individual colleges have boathouses on the river. The main focus of university rowing life are the two sets of bumps races held at the end of the Lent and Easter terms. Cambridgeshire Rowing Association was formed in 1868 and organises competitive rowing on the river outside of the University. Shallower parts of the Cam are used for recreational punting, a type of boating in which the craft is propelled by pushing against the river bed with a quant pole.

Other sports

As well as being the home of the Cambridge Rules in football, Parker's Piece was used for first-class cricket matches from 1817 to 1864. The University of Cambridge's Cricket ground, Fenner's, is located in the city and is one of the home grounds for minor counties team Cambridgeshire CCC. Cambridge is also home to two Real Tennis courts out of just 42 in the world at Cambridge University Real Tennis Club. British American Football League club Cambridgeshire Cats play at Coldham's Common. After a 10 year hiatus, the resurrected Cambridge Royals Baseball Club will also be once again competing in the British Baseball Federation in 2011. Cambridge has two cycling clubs Team Cambridge and Cambridge Cycling Club. Cambridge & Coleridge Athletic Club is the city's track and field club, based at the University of Cambridge's Wilberforce Road track.

Motorcycle speedway racing took place at the Greyhound Stadium in Newmarket Road in 1939 and the contemporary local press carried meeting reports and photographs of racing. It is not known if this venue operated in other years. The team raced as Newmarket as the meetings were organised by the Newmarket Motorcycle Club.

Varsity sports

Cambridge is also known for its university sporting events against Oxford, especially the rugby union Varsity Match and the Boat Race. These are followed by people across the globe, many of whom have no connection to the institutions themselves.

Theatre

Cambridge's main traditional theatre is the Arts Theatre, a venue with 666 seats in the town centre. The theatre often has touring shows, as well as those by local companies. The largest venue in the city to regular hold theatrical performances is the Cambridge Corn Exchange – capacity 1800 standing or 1200 seated. Housed within the city's 19th century former corn exchange building the venue was used for a variety of additional functions throughout the 20th century including tea parties, motor shows, sports matches and a music venue with temporary stage. The City Council renovated the building in the 1980s, turning it into a full-time arts venue, hosting theatre, dance and music performances.

The newest theatre venue in Cambridge is the 220-seat J2, also known as The Shed, part of the Junction complex in Cambridge Leisure Park. The venue was opened in 2004 and hosts live music, comedy and night clubs as well as traditional and contemporary theatre and dance.

The ADC Theatre is managed by the University of Cambridge, and typically has 3 shows a week during term time. The Mumford Theatre is part of Anglia Ruskin University, and hosts shows by both student and non student groups. There are also a number of venues within the colleges.

Literature and film

The city has been the setting for all or part of several novels, including Douglas Adams' ''Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency'', Rose Macaulay's ''They Were Defeated'', Kate Atkinson's ''Case Histories'', Rebecca Stott's ''Ghostwalk'' and Robert Harris's ''Enigma'', whilst Susanna Gregory wrote a series of novels set in 14th century Cambridge and Sylvia Plath wrote a number of short stories with a Cambridge setting published in the collection ''Johnny Panic and the Bible of Dreams''. Gwen Raverat, the granddaughter of Charles Darwin, talked about her late Victorian Cambridge childhood in her memoir ''Period Piece'' and ''The Night Climbers of Cambridge'' is a book written by Noel Symington under the pseudonym "Whipplesnaith" about nocturnal climbing on the Colleges and town buildings of Cambridge in the 1930s.

Fictionalised versions of Cambridge appear in Philippa Pearce's ''Tom's Midnight Garden'' and ''Minnow on the Say'', the city renamed as Castleford, and as the home of Tom Sharpe's fictional "Porterhouse College".

The BBC television programme ''Silent Witness'' was filmed for large parts in Cambridge.

Music

Popular music

Pink Floyd are the most notable band from Cambridge. The band's former songwriter, guitarist and vocalist Syd Barrett was born and lived in the city, and he and another founding member, Roger Waters, went to school together at Cambridgeshire High School for Boys. David Gilmour, the guitarist who replaced Barrett, was also a Cambridge resident and attended the nearby Perse School. Other bands who were formed in Cambridge include Henry Cow, Katrina and the Waves, The Soft Boys, Ezio, Horace X The Broken Family Band, and the pop-classical group King's Singers, who were formed at the University. Solo artists Boo Hewerdine and Robyn Hitchcock are from Cambridge, as are Drum and bass artists (and brothers) Nu:Tone and Logistics. Singer Olivia Newton-John and Matthew Bellamy, lead singer of rock band Muse, were born in the city. Singer-songwriter Nick Drake and Manchester music mogul Tony Wilson, the founder of Factory Records, were both educated at the University of Cambridge.

Festivals and events

Several fairs and festivals take place in Cambridge, mostly during the British summer. Midsummer Fair dates back to 1211, when it was granted a charter by King John. Today it exists primarily as an annual funfair with the vestige of a market attached and is held over several days around or close to midsummers day. On the first Saturday in June Midsummer Common is also the site for Strawberry Fair, a free music and children's fair, with a series of market stalls. For one week in May, on nearby Jesus Green, the annual Cambridge Beer Festival is held. Started in 1974, it is Britain's second largest beer festival outside London. 90,000 pints of beer and a tonne of cheese were served in 2009.

Cambridge Folk Festival, one of the largest festivals of folk music in the UK, is held annually in the grounds of Cherry Hinton Hall on the outskirts of the city. The festival has been organised by the city council since its inception in 1964. The Cambridge Summer Music Festival is an annual festival of classical music, held in the University's colleges and chapels. Cambridge Shakespeare Festival is an eight-week season of open-air performances of the works of William Shakespeare, held in the gardens of the Colleges of The University of Cambridge. Started in 1977, the Cambridge Film Festival was held annually in July, but moved to September in 2008 to avoid a clash with the rescheduled Edinburgh Film Festival.

Public services

Cambridge is served by Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with several smaller medical centres around the city and a general hospital at Addenbrookes. Addenbrookes is a learning and teaching hospital, one of the largest in the United Kingdom, and functions as a centre for medical research.

The East of England Ambulance Service covers the city and has an ambulance station on Hills Road. The smaller Brookfields Hospital is located on Mill Road. Cambridgeshire Constabulary provide the city's policing; the major police station is at Parkside, adjacent to the city's fire station, which is operated by Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service.

Cambridge Water supplies water services to the city, while Anglian Water provides sewerage services. Cambridge is part of the East of England region, for which the distribution network operator is EDF Energy. The city has no power stations, though a five-metre wind turbine, part of a Cambridge Regional College development, can be seen in King's Hedges.

Following the Public Libraries Act 1850 the city's first public library, located on Jesus Lane, was opened in 1855. It was moved to the Guildhall in 1862, and is now located in the Grand Arcade shopping centre. The library was reopened in September 2009, after having been closed for refurbishment for 33 months, more than twice as long as was forecast when the library closed for redevelopment in January 2007.

Religion

Cambridge has a number of churches, some of which form a significant part of the city's architectural landscape. Like the rest of Cambridgeshire it is part of the Anglican Diocese of Ely. A Cambridge-based family and youth organisation, Romsey Mill, had its centre re-dedicated in 2007 by the Archbishop of York, and is quoted as an example of best practice in a study into social inclusion by the East of England Regional Assembly.

Cambridge is in the Roman Catholic Diocese of East Anglia, and the city is served by the large Gothic Revival Our Lady and the English Martyrs Church at the junction of Hills Road and Lensfield Road. There is a Russian Orthodox church under the Archdiocese of Great Britain and Sourozh, and a Greek Orthodox church under the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain.

Cambridge has two synagogues: an Orthodox synagogue and Jewish student centre on Thompson's Lane, operated by the Cambridge University Jewish Society and the Cambridge Traditional Jewish Congregation, and a Reform synagogue Beth Shalom which meets at a local school. The Abu Bakr Jamia Islamic Centre on Mawson Road and the Omar Faruque Mosque and Cultural Centre in Kings Hedges serve the city's community of around 4,000 Muslims until a planned new mosque is built.

A Buddhist centre was opened in the former Barnwell Theatre on Newmarket Road in 1998. In 2005 local Hindus began fundraising to build a shrine at the Bharat Bhavan Indian cultural centre off Mill Road, where Hindu and Hare Krishna groups conduct worship. Cambridge also has a number of secular groups, such as the Cambridge Humanists.

University

Great St Mary's Church has the status of being the "University Church". Many of the University colleges contain chapels that hold services according to the rites and ceremonies of the Church of England, while the chapel of St Edmund's College is Roman Catholic. The city also has a number of theological colleges for training clergy for ordination into a number of denominations, with affiliations to both the University of Cambridge and Anglia Ruskin University. The University of Cambridge is also home to the evangelical Christian organisation Cambridge Intercollegiate Christian Union.

Twinned cities

Cambridge is twinned with two cities. Like Cambridge, both have universities and are also similar in population.

Heidelberg, Germany since 1965 Szeged, Hungary since 1987

See also

List of bridges in Cambridge

''Cambridge News''

Cambridge museums

Cambridge Poetry Festival

Cambridgeshire Archives and Local Studies

Gog Magog Downs

Panoramic photo gallery

References

;Notes

External links

Cambridge City Council

The Cambridge Market Place Webcam

The Cambridge Time Traveller History Site

Cambridgeshire Association for Local History

Cambridgeshire Community Archives

Category:Articles including recorded pronunciations (UK English) Category:Cities in the East of England Category:County towns in England Category:Local government in Cambridgeshire Category:University towns in the United Kingdom Category:Non-metropolitan districts of Cambridgeshire Category:Local government districts of the East of England

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Name	Kina Grannis
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Kina Kasuya Grannis
Birth date	August 04, 1985
Instrument	GuitarVocalsUkuleleGlockenspielPiano
Genre	AcousticPop
Occupation	GuitaristSinger-songwriter
Years active	2001 – present
Label	One Haven (2010–present)Independent (2009–2010)Interscope Records (2008)
Notable instruments	Taylor 814ceTaylor K22ceCordoba 45-RKamaka HF-2 Concert
Associated acts	David Choi
Website	www.kinagrannis.com }}

Kina Kasuya Grannis (born August 4, 1985) is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter.

Grannis was the winner of the Doritos ''Crash the Super Bowl'' contest. As a result of winning, she earned a recording contract with Interscope Records and had her music video played during the commercials of Super Bowl XLII.

Her progress in the competition was covered in ''The Orange County Register'' and ''The Wall Street Journal''. Grannis has also been featured on ''FOX News Los Angeles'', ''Good Day L.A.'' and ''Yahoo!.''

Biography

Early life and career beginnings

Grannis is of Japanese, English, Irish, French, Dutch, Welsh and Scottish descent. She grew up in Mission Viejo, California, where her love in music rooted. In elementary school she composed and submitted piano compositions to district art competitions, and soon afterward she began playing the violin, an instrument she played throughout high school. At 15 years old she taught herself the guitar, now her primary instrument.

She attended Viejo Elementary School, Newhart Middle School and from 1999 to 2003 Capistrano Valley High School.

Grannis enrolled at the University of Southern California (USC) in Los Angeles in 2003. Two years later staff members of the University's Thornton School of Music asked her to produce an album in its music and music industry departments. That album, ''Sincerely, Me,'' which is on CD, was released the same year. In 2007 she graduated Summa Cum Laude in social science with an emphasis on psychology. While attending USC, she was inducted into academic societies Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Kappa Phi.

Solo career

In 2006, Kina recorded and self-released two more albums, ''One More in the Attic'' and ''In Memory of the Singing Bridge.'' In early 2007 she recorded "Ours to Keep" written by Rachael Lawrence and Deborah Ellen. This song would be featured regularly on ''General Hospital'' and was in an episode of the ABC Family's mini-series ''Samurai Girl'' in September 2008.

On November 14, 2007 she created her YouTube account and began posting videos of her songs online. Her first video, "Message From Your Heart," was her entry into the Crash the Super Bowl contest, which landed her a contract with Interscope Records. Since then, her YouTube videos have received more than 55 million views and has propelled her to become one of YouTube's most popular personalities. Grannis planned to work with Interscope Records to produce a new album, but in January 2009 she announced she left the label to be an independent artist.

On February 24, 2008, Kina sang the national anthem for the Auto Club 500 NASCAR race in Fontana, California. In June 2009 her songs "Never Never" and "People" were used in episodes of MTV's reality series ''College Life''. On January 13, 2010 Grannis was the headliner at a sold-out show at The Troubadour club in Los Angeles.

''Stairwells'' was released on February 23, 2010 and included many original songs already appearing on YouTube, as well as three previously unreleased songs: "World in Front of Me," "In Your Arms" and "Mr. Sun." ''Stairwells'' debuted at No. 139 on the Billboard 200, No. 5 on the Billboard Top Internet Albums chart, No. 2 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart, and No. 18 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The location of her release party for ''Stairwells,'' the Dakota Lounge in Santa Monica, was the subject of an article in the ''Orange Country Register'' because the venue enabled her to show her gratitude to her fans.

On March 13, 2010, her single "Valentine" was played by Paul Gambaccini on BBC Radio 2, the most popular radio station in the UK. The music video for "Valentine" directed by a young and talented viral video director Ross Ching has been viewed well over 9 million times on Youtube.

Grannis' ''Stairwells'' Springtime Tour began in San Francisco on May 24, 2010 and concluded in late June after several stints on the East Coast and in Canada. Her Fall Tour began on September 17, 2010 and concluded on November 17, 2010. On July 10, 2010 she played at Lilith Fair in St. Louis, Missouri.

In 2010, Kina was featured as Judy in a miniseries by Wong Fu Productions entitled "Funemployed".

In early 2011, Kina was awarded the title of Sirius/XM CoffeeHouse's 2010 Singer-Songwriter Discovery of the Year after a months-long online voting period. Her song "Heart and Mind" was used for the German TV series Anna und die Liebe.

World in Front of Me Tour

In 2011, Kina has her first world tour. Starting in April, she performed in the eastern regions of Canada, continuing down the eastern and southern regions of the United States. She continued in May, through the northwest region of North America back up to British Columbia, and ending in Los Angeles. Shows in Europe and southeast Asia as well as Australia have been planned for later in the year, with official dates and locations for the former announced as set in October.

Personal life, Charity work

Grannis has two sisters, Misa and Emi, both of whom have occasionally been featured in her video blogs, as well as accompanied her at certain concerts, often while on tour. Her father, Gordon, is a chiropractor. and her mother Trish a graphic designer. An avid supporter of cancer research, Grannis has performed at several Southern California Relay For Life functions over the years. In late 2007 she contributed her music to the Band Together: To Fight Measles benefit album. In October 2008 she participated in the Nike Women's Marathon in San Francisco to support the Leukemia Lymphoma Society, raising $6,000 for the organization. In 2009 for that year philanthropic organization Sister to Sister adopted her song "Message From Your Heart."

Discography

Albums

''Sincerely, Me.'' (2005) #"Blindly" #"Highlighted in Green" #"Next Time" #"Try" #"Another Day" #"People"

''One More In the Attic'' (2006)

#"Living In Dreams" #"Why Can't I?" #"Never Never" #"Some Days" #"What Is Said" #"In Theory" #"Wandering and Wondering" #"Running Away" #"Missing You" #"Alone Together" (CD Bonus Track)

''In Memory of the Singing Bridge'' (2006)

#"Walk On" #"Down and Gone (the Blue Song)" #"Too Soon" #"Breathe Honestly" #"Don't Cry" #"Night" #"!" #"Memory" #"Untitled"

''Stairwells'' (2010)

#"World in Front of Me" #"In Your Arms" #"Valentine" #"Strong Enough" #"Together" #"The Goldfish Song" #"Heart And Mind" #"Cambridge" #"Stars Falling Down" #"Delicate" #"Message From Your Heart" #"Stay Just A Little" #"Back To Us" #"Mr. Sun"

''Stairwells'' (Re-Release 2011)

#"World in Front of Me" #"Message From Your Heart" #"Gone" #"Valentine" #"In Your Arms" #"It's Love" #"The One You Say Goodnight To" #"Stars Falling Down" #"Heart And Mind" #"Without Me" #"Delicate" #"The Goldfish Song" #"Mr. Sun"

''Stairwells Deluxe'' (2011) also includes:

#"Together" #"Strong Enough" #"Cambridge" #"Stay Just A Little" #"Back To Us" #"Sounds of Silence" (Simon & Garfunkel cover) #"Disturbia" (Rihanna cover) #"White Winter Hymnal" (Fleet Foxes cover)

Singles

"Message From Your Heart"

"Valentine"

Songs in other media

2007 rowspan="3" rowspan="2" ''Agents of Secret Stuff'' ''Pretty Little Liars (TV series)

Year !! Title !! Type !! Song
	|	''General Hospital''	TV series episode	"Ours to Keep"
rowspan="6"	2008	''Glass City'' ||	Feature film	"Down and Gone (The Blue Song)"
"Strong Enough"
"Try"
''J.C. Penney''	Web Ad: "Back-to-School Interactive Initiative"
''Samurai Girl''	TV mini-series
''Super Bowl XLII''	TV sports program
rowspan="4"	2009	''College Life''||	TV series episode: "Spring Break"	"People"
TV series episode: "Year's End"	"Never Never"
''General Hospital''	TV series episode
''Sister to Sister''	Nonprofit: Theme song
	2010	|	Web Film	"My Time with You"
rowspan="2"	2011	Pretty Little Liars'' ||	TV Episode	"In Your Arms"
''The Protector (TV series)	The Protector''	TV Episode

Television Appearances

Good Day, LA (KTTV, Los Angeles) – February 5, 2008

NASCAR California 500 (Fox, National) – February 24, 2008

The Early Show (CBS, National) – June 19, 2010

San Diego Living (XETV, San Diego) – September 14, 2010

The Morning Show (WJXT, Jacksonville) – October 6, 2010

Good Day (WOFL, Orlando) – October 8, 2010

Awards and nominations

! Year	! Award	! Nominated Work	! Result
2008		"Message From Your Heart"
2010		Self

References

External links

Official site

Category:American pop singers Category:Musicians from California Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American female singers Category:American people of Japanese descent Category:American musicians of Japanese descent Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Interscope Records artists Category:American female guitarists Category:University of Southern California alumni

de:Kina Grannis fr:Kina Grannis it:Kina Grannis nl:Kina Grannis pl:Kina Grannis sv:Kina Grannis

name	Catherine
title	Duchess of Cambridge (more)
imgw	200px
full name	Catherine Elizabeth
house	House of Windsor
spouse	Prince William, Duke of Cambridge(m. 2011)
father	Michael Middleton
mother	Carole Middleton (née Goldsmith)
birth date	January 09, 1982
birth place	Reading, Berkshire, England
religion	Anglican (Church of England) }}

Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (Catherine Elizabeth "Kate"; ''née'' Middleton; born 9 January 1982) is the wife of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge. The Duke of Cambridge is second in line to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms and, should he eventually become King, she would automatically become his queen consort. Catherine grew up in Chapel Row at Bucklebury, a village near Newbury, Berkshire, England. She studied in Scotland at the University of St Andrews, where she met the then Prince William of Wales in 2001.

They started a romantic relationship and, once it became public, she received widespread media attention and there was much speculation that she and Prince William would eventually marry. During a break-up lasting for several months in 2007, they continued to be friends and then rekindled their relationship later that year. Their engagement was announced on 16 November 2010, and Middleton attended many high-profile royal events before they married on 29 April 2011 at Westminster Abbey.

Biography

Early life and family

Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading on 9 January 1982 and christened at St Andrew's Bradfield, Berkshire on 20 June 1982. She is the eldest of three children born to Carole Middleton (née Goldsmith), a former flight attendant and now part-owner of Party Pieces, a private company with an estimated worth of £30 million, and Michael Middleton, who also worked as a flight attendant prior to becoming a flight dispatcher for British Airways, currently also an owner of Party Pieces. Her parents married on 21 June 1980, at the Parish Church of Dorney, Buckinghamshire, and in 1987, founded Party Pieces, a mail order company that sells party supplies and decorations. Middleton has a younger sister, Pippa and a younger brother, James Middleton. The family has complained about press harassment of Pippa and their mother since Middleton's engagement.

Middleton's paternal ancestors were from Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire. Her paternal great-grandmother Olivia was a member of the Lupton family, who were active for generations in Leeds in commercial and municipal work. Her ancestors include the Revd Thomas Davis, a Church of England hymn-writer. Carole Middleton's maternal family, the Harrisons, were working class labourers and miners from Sunderland and County Durham.

Middleton's parents worked for British Airways in Amman, Jordan from May 1984 to September 1986. In Jordan, Middleton went to an English language nursery school before returning to their home in Berkshire. After her return from Amman, Middleton was enrolled at St Andrew's School near the village of Pangbourne in Berkshire, then briefly at Downe House. She attended Marlborough College, a co-educational independent boarding school in Wiltshire, and graduated from the University of St. Andrews in Fife, Scotland with an undergraduate MA (2:1 Hons) in the History of Art. While a student at St. Andrews, she met Prince William.

Career

In November 2006, Middleton accepted a position as an accessory buyer with the clothing chain Jigsaw. She also worked part-time until January 2011 as a catalogue photographer, webpage designer and marketing officer for her parents' firm "Party Pieces". In 2008, it was reported that she had quit her job at Jigsaw to become a professional photographer, intending to take private classes with photographer Mario Testino, who had taken several well-known photographs of Diana, Princess of Wales and her sons. Testino later denied that Middleton was going to be working for him.

Public image and style

Catherine is admired for her fashion sense and has been placed on numerous "best dressed" lists. She was selected by ''The Daily Telegraph'' as the "Most Promising Newcomer" in its 2006 list of style winners and losers. ''Tatler'' placed her at number 8 on its yearly listing of the top ten style icons in 2007. She was featured in ''People'' magazine's 2007 and 2010 best-dressed lists. Middleton was named as one of Richard Blackwell's ten "Fabulous Fashion Independents" of 2007. In June 2008, Style.com selected Middleton as its monthly beauty icon. In July 2008, Middleton was included in ''Vanity Fair''s international best-dressed list. In February 2011, she was named the Top Fashion Buzzword of the 2011 season by the Global Language Monitor.

The Duchess is known for mixing couture pieces, often by British designers, with 'High Street' retail fashion. Designers worn by the Duchess include Sarah Burton at Alexander McQueen, Issa, Jenny Packham, Beulah London, Alice Temperley, Erdem and Catherine Walker; high street labels worn by the Duchess include Reiss, Zara and L.K.Bennett.

In January 2012, she was voted 'Headwear Person of the Year'.

Relationship with Prince William

Middleton's status as the undeclared girlfriend of Prince William brought her widespread media coverage in Britain and abroad and she was often photographed on her daily outings. On 17 October 2005, she complained through her lawyer about harassment from the media, stating that she had done nothing significant to warrant such publicity. In February 2006, it was announced that Middleton would receive her own 24-hour security detail supplied by the Royalty Protection branch (SO14). This fuelled further speculation that she and Prince William would soon be engaged, since she would not otherwise be entitled to this service.

No engagement was forthcoming and Middleton was not granted an allowance to fund this security. Media attention increased around the time of her 25th birthday in January 2007, prompting warnings from both The Prince of Wales and Prince William and from Middleton's lawyers, who threatened legal action. Two newspaper groups, News International, which publishes ''The Times'' and ''The Sun'', and the Guardian Media Group, publishers of ''The Guardian'', decided to refrain from publishing paparazzi photographs of her. Middleton attended at least one event as an official royal guest, Prince William's Passing Out Parade at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 15 December 2006. In December 2007, it was reported that she had moved in with Prince William at Clarence House, the residence of the Prince of Wales in London. Clarence House later denied this.

On 17 May 2008, Middleton attended the wedding of Prince William's cousin Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly, which the prince did not attend. On 19 July 2008, she was a guest at the wedding of Lady Rose Windsor and George Gilman. Prince William was away on military operations in the Caribbean, serving aboard the HMS ''Iron Duke''. In 2010, Middleton pursued an invasion of privacy claim against two agencies and photographer Niraj Tanna, who took pictures of her over Christmas 2009. She obtained a public apology, £5,000 in damages, and legal costs.

Breakup and reconciliation

On 14 April 2007, ''The Sun'' newspaper broke a "world exclusive" suggesting that Prince William and Middleton had split up. Other media outlets, such as the BBC, confirmed the story as the day progressed. The couple decided to break up during a holiday in the Swiss resort of Zermatt. Clarence House made only one comment about the relationship's end, according to ''The Times'', stating, "We don't comment on Prince William's private life". Newspapers speculated about the reasons for the split, although these reports relied on anonymous sources.

The original report in ''The Sun'' quoted a "close friend of the couple" as saying that Middleton felt Prince William had not been paying her enough attention. The paper highlighted reports that Prince William had been spending time with other young women and said the Prince, aged 24 at the time of the split, felt he was too young to marry. A report in the ''Daily Mail'' blamed a desire by royal courtiers not to "hurry along" a marriage announcement, and Prince William's desire to enjoy his bachelor status within his Army career. The ''Mail'' also suggested that a friend of Prince William encouraged the Prince to take a "careless approach" to relationships. The same article suggested that Middleton had "expected too much" in wanting Prince William to demonstrate his commitment to her.

In June 2007, Middleton and Prince William insisted they were "just good friends" following reports of a reconciliation. Middleton and her family attended the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, where she and Prince William sat two rows apart. The couple were subsequently seen together in public on a number of occasions and several news sources, including the BBC and the ''Daily Mail'', stated that they had "rekindled their relationship". She also joined Prince William and The Prince of Wales on a deerstalking expedition at Balmoral and attended the wedding of Prince William's cousin, Peter Phillips, even though Prince William, due to a prior commitment, did not. In April 2008, Middleton accompanied Prince William when he was awarded his RAF wings at the Royal Air Force College Cranwell. On 16 June 2008, she attended Prince William's investiture into the Order of the Garter, along with the Royal Family.

Engagement and wedding

Prince William and Catherine Middleton became engaged in October 2010 in Kenya, East Africa, during a 10-day trip to the Lewa Wildlife Conservancy to celebrate Prince William passing his RAF helicopter search and rescue course. Clarence House announced the engagement on 16 November 2010. The couple married in Westminster Abbey on 29 April 2011, (St. Catherine's Day) with the day declared a bank holiday in the United Kingdom. Estimates of the global audience for the wedding ranged around 300 million or more, whilst 26 million watched the event live in the United Kingdom.

In October, several months after the wedding, Commonwealth leaders approved a change in British royal succession law that allows daughters of future monarchs to have equal rights to the throne.

Royal duties

Public appearances

Middleton was formally introduced to public life on 24 February 2011, two months before the wedding, when she and Prince William attended a lifeboat naming ceremony in Trearddur, Anglesey, in North Wales. A day later they appeared in St Andrews and launched the university's 600th anniversary celebrations. On 16 February 2011, Clarence House announced that the Duke and Duchess's first royal tour of Canada would take place in July 2011.

In May 2011, shortly after the wedding, and while The Prince of Wales was in official visit to the United States, Clarence House announced that the Duke and Duchess would visit California after their Canadian tour. It was the Duchess of Cambridge's first visit to the United States.

In June 2011, the Duke and Duchess handed out medals to the members of the Irish Guards.

The Duchess visited the Canadian Museum of Civilization to attend a citizenship ceremony, on 1 July 2011 in Gatineau, Canada. The newly married Royal Couple were on the second day of their first joint overseas tour. They were joined by thousands of Canadians taking part in the Canada Day celebrations, which mark Canada’s 144th Birthday.

On 2 November, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge visited the UNICEF Supply Division Centre for supplying food to malnourished African children in Copenhagen, Denmark.

On St Patrick's day, 17 March 2012, the Duchess carried out the traditional awarding of shamrocks to the Irish Guards at their base in Aldershot; this was her first solo military engagement.

The couple is due to visit Malaysia, Singapore, Tuvalu and the Solomon Islands as a part of the Royal Jubilee celebrations in 2012.

Patronages

In March 2011, William and Catherine have set up a gift fund held by The Foundation of Prince William and Prince Harry to allow well-wishers who want to give them a wedding gift to donate money to charities they care about instead. The gift fund supported 26 charities of the couple’s choice, incorporating the armed forces, children, the elderly, art, sport and conservation. These causes are close to their hearts and reflect the experiences, passions and values of their lives so far.

In January 2012, the Duchess announced the first charities which she will support.

These are: The Art Room

The National Portrait Gallery, London

East Anglia's Children's Hospice (EACH)

Action on Addiction

She will also be a local volunteer leader with the Scout Association in Anglesey, north Wales, her marital home.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

name	The Duchess of Cambridge
dipstyle	Her Royal Highness
offstyle	Your Royal Highness
altstyle	Ma'am }}

9 January 198229 April 2011: ''Miss'' Catherine Elizabeth Middleton 29 April 2011present: ''Her Royal Highness'' The Duchess of Cambridge

Catherine's full title and style is ''Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge, Countess of Strathearn, Baroness Carrickfergus''.

Unlike the majority of royal brides, and in contrast to most previous consorts-in-waiting for over 350 years, Catherine does not come from a royal or aristocratic background. On the morning of their wedding day on 29 April 2011, at 8:00 am, officials at Buckingham Palace announced that in accordance with royal tradition and on recognition of the day by the Queen, Prince William was created Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus.

Honours

Honorary military appointments

; Canada 5 July 2011present: Canadian Ranger

Honorific eponyms

;Awards : Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge Award, University of Waterloo, Waterloo

Arms

Notes	The Duchess bears the arms of her husband, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, impaled with her own arms. Catherine's coat of arms is based on those of her father Michael Middleton, which was granted to him by the College of Arms on 19 April 2011. Thomas Woodcock, Garter King of Arms, the senior officer of the College of Arms, helped the family with the design.
Year adopted	19 April 2011
Coronet	Coronet of a child of the Heir Apparent
Escutcheon	Quarterly 1st and 4th Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or armed and langed Azure (England), 2nd Or a lion rampant Gules armed and langued Azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second (Scotland), 3rd Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (Ireland), the whole differenced with a label of three points Argent with the central point charged with an escallop Gules (Prince William); Impaled with a shield per pale Azure and Gules, a chevron Or, cotised Argent, between three acorns slipped and leaved Or (Middleton).
Symbolism	right|100px The dividing line (between two colours) down the centre is a canting of the name 'Middle-ton'. The acorns (from the oak tree) are a traditional symbol of England and a feature of west Berkshire, where the family have lived for 30 years. The three acorns also denote the family's three children. The gold chevron in the centre of the arms is an allusion to Carole Middleton's maiden name of Goldsmith. The two white chevronels (narrow chevrons above and below the gold chevron) symbolise peaks and mountains, and the family's love of the Lake District and skiing.
Previous versions	Her previous coat of arms depicted a lozenge shaped shield of arms which hangs from a blue ribbon, this symbolised her unmarried state. This version of the arms is now used only by her sister Pippa as it denotes an unmarried daughter of their father Michael Middleton. }}

Ancestry

In a study of the ancestry of Catherine, William Addams Reitwiesner uncovered that she shares ancestors with her husband Prince William; the closest relationship is via Prince William's mother and Catherine's father through a common descent from Sir Thomas Fairfax and his wife Agnes (or Anne) Gascoigne, daughter of Sir William Gascoigne and his wife, née Lady Margaret Percy. This makes the couple fifteenth cousins. Sir Thomas Fairfax and Agnes Gascoigne are through Catherine's great-grandmother Olive Lupton, daughter of a Leeds cloth merchant Francis Lupton and his wife Harriet (née Davis) – Fairfax being an ancestor of Lupton. In turn Lady Margaret Percy is descended from Edward III.

Middleton's maternal great-great-grandfather John Goldsmith was married to Esther Jones at St John's Hoxton in 1850.

On a February 9, 2011 episode of The Ellen DeGeneres Show, Ellen told her studio audience via a letter from the New England Genealogical Society that she is Kate Middleton's 15th cousin via their shared common ancestor Thomas Fairfax.

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Popular culture

Following international attention regarding the wedding, Lifetime aired a TV movie entitled ''William & Kate'' on 18 April 2011, in the US. The film premiered in the UK on 24 April 2011. Middleton was played by Camilla Luddington and Prince William by Nico Evers-Swindell. TV programmes were also shown in the UK prior to the wedding which provided deeper insights into the couple's relationship and backgrounds, including ''When Kate Met William'' and Channel 4's ''Meet the Middletons''.

A second TV Movie is also being produced that covers much the same ground as "William & Kate". That movie titled ''William & Catherine: A Royal Romance'' stars Alice St. Clair as Kate Middleton and Dan Amboyer as Prince William. Of note in this second television movie is the appearance of Jane Alexander as the Queen and ''Alias'' alum Victor Garber as the Prince of Wales. According to The Hollywood Reporter the movie is scheduled to air 27 August 2011 in the United States on the Hallmark Channel. The movie was filmed in Bucharest.

Footnotes

References

Bibliography

}}

External links

Engaged! Prince William and Kate, LIFE, 25 April 2011

"Popular girl who caught royal eye", ''BBC News'', 31 March 2005

"Royal wedding: Family tree", ''BBC News'', 13 April 2011

Cracroft's Peerage

Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews Category:British duchesses by marriage Category:British princesses by marriage Category:English Anglicans Category:English socialites Category:House of Windsor Category:Mountbatten-Windsor family Category:Old Marlburians Category:People educated at St Andrew's School, Pangbourne Category:People from Bucklebury Category:Prince William, Duke of Cambridge

af:Catherine, Hertogin van Cambridge ar:كاثرين دوقة كامبريدج an:Catarina de Cambridge az:Ketrin, Kembric hersoginyası be:Кэтрын, герцагіня Кембрыджская bcl:Kate Middleton bg:Кейт Мидълтън bs:Catherine Middleton br:Catherine, dugez Cambridge ca:Caterina, Duquessa de Cambridge cs:Catherine, vévodkyně z Cambridge cbk-zam:Kate Middleton cy:Catherine, Duges Caergrawnt da:Catherine, hertuginde af Cambridge de:Catherine Mountbatten-Windsor, Duchess of Cambridge et:Catherine, Cambridge'i hertsoginna el:Αικατερίνη, Δούκισσα του Κέμπριτζ es:Catalina de Cambridge eo:Kate Middleton eu:Katalina Cambridgekoa fa:کاترین، دوشس کمبریج fr:Catherine Middleton fy:Catherine, Hartoginne fan Cambridge ga:Kate Middleton gl:Catalina de Cambridge ko:케임브리지 공작 부인 캐서린 hy:Քեմբրիջի դքսուհի Քեյթ Միդլթոն hi:कैथरीन एलिज़ाबेथ मिडिलटन hr:Catherine, vojvotkinja od Cambridgea ilo:Kate Middleton id:Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge ie:Kate Middleton is:Katrín, hertogaynja af Cambridge it:Catherine Middleton he:קתרין, דוכסית קיימברידג' jv:Catherine Elizabeth Middleton kn:ಕ್ಯಾಥರಿನ್ ಮಿಡ್ಲ್‌ಟನ್ lv:Katrīna, Kembridžas hercogiene lt:Catherine, Kembridžo kunigaikštienė hu:Katalin cambridge-i hercegné mk:Кетрин (војвотка од Кембриџ) mt:Catherine Middleton mr:केंब्रिजची डचेस कॅथरीन ms:Catherine, Duchess Cambridge nl:Catherine Middleton ne:क्याथरीन, क्यामब्रिज की रानी ja:キャサリン (ケンブリッジ公爵夫人) no:Catherine, hertuginne av Cambridge nn:Catherine, hertuginne av Cambridge oc:Kate Middleton uz:Catherine Middleton pag:Kate Middleton pnb:کیتھرین ماؤنٹبیٹن ونڈسر pl:Katarzyna, księżna Cambridge pt:Catherine, Duquesa de Cambridge ro:Catherine, Ducesă de Cambridge ru:Кэтрин, герцогиня Кембриджская scn:Catirina Middleton si:කේට්‌ මිඩ්ල්ටන් simple:Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge sr:Кетрин, војвоткиња од Кембриџа fi:Catherine, Cambridgen herttuatar sv:Catherine, hertiginna av Cambridge tl:Catherine, Dukesa ng Cambridge ta:கேட் மிடில்டன் th:แคเธอริน ดัชเชสแห่งเคมบริดจ์ tr:Kate Middleton uk:Кетрін, герцогиня Кембриджська vi:Catherine, Công nương Cambridge war:Kate Middleton zh:凱薩琳 (劍橋公爵夫人)

Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club, commonly referred to simply as the Footlights, is an amateur theatrical club in Cambridge, England, founded in 1883 and run by the students of Cambridge University.

The club grew in prominence in the 1960s as a hotbed of comedy and satire. Having established a tradition of performing at the annual Edinburgh Fringe Festival, the club entered the mainstream when its members formed half of Beyond the Fringe, the hugely popular stage revue which toured Britain and America in 1960. The 1963 revue then followed in the footsteps of Beyond the Fringe, appearing in Edinburgh and London's West End, before travelling to New Zealand and the United States, where it made appearances on Broadway and The Ed Sullivan Show and received a full-page review in Time Magazine. Over the next decade, Footlights and its members came to dominate British comedy, creating and starring in shows such as I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again, At Last the 1948 Show and That Was The Week That Was, forming comedy groups such as Monty Python and The Goodies, and generally fuelling the Satire boom.

Footlights has since reinforced its position at the heart of British comedy. The 1981 revue won the inaugural Comedy Award at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival, featured in Peter's Friends, a movie about a group of middle-aged friends who performed with Footlights during their student days, and spawned Fry and Laurie, the first in a long line of popular double acts formed at the club.

Today, Footlights is recognised as a finishing school for many of Britain's most well-known comic entertainers. During term, Footlights produce the regular and very popular ''Smokers'' - an informal mixture of sketches and stand-up - at the ADC Theatre. The club also performs plays, pantomimes and sketch shows. Outside of term, Footlights often go on tour, performing their best new material in the West End and abroad.

For information about individual Footlights revues, see Cambridge Footlights Revue.

Famous members

The careers of many prominent figures in the world of entertainment began in Footlights — while prominent figures in other careers also took part in Footlights. They include:

{| style="margin:auto;" class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Name || Birth || Death || Career |- | Douglas Adams ||

1952 || 2001 || Writer |- | Clive Anderson || 1952 || — || Comedian, television presenter, barrister |- | David Armand || 1977 || — || Comedian, actor |- | Alexander Armstrong || 1970 || — || Comedian |- | Pete Atkin || 1945 || — || Singer-songwriter |- | Richard Ayoade || 1977 || — || Comedian, actor, director |- | James Bachman || 1972 || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | David Baddiel || 1964 || — || Comedian, novelist, television presenter |- | Morwenna Banks || 1964 || — || Comedian, actor |- | Humphrey Barclay || 1941 || — || Comedy executive, producer |- | Sir Brian Barder || 1934 || — || Diplomat and popular blogger |- | Sacha Baron Cohen || 1971 || — || Comic actor, writer |- | Tom Basden || 1981 || — || Actor, writer, singer-songwriter |- | Robert Bathurst || 1957 || — || Actor |- | Cecil Beaton || 1904 || 1980 || Photographer |- | Peter Bennett-Jones || 1956 || — || Television producer and agent, co-founder of Tiger Aspect and Comic Relief |- | Martin Bergman || 1957 || — || Producer, writer and director |- | Simon Bird || 1984 || — || Comedian, actor |- | Christopher Booker || 1937 || — || Journalist and author, founding editor of Private Eye |- | Leslie Bricusse || 1931 || — || Lyricist, composer, playwright |- | Eleanor Bron || 1938 || — || Actress, writer |- | Tim Brooke-Taylor || 1940 || — || Comedy writer and performer, lawyer |- | Spencer Brown || 1978 || — || Comedian |- | Robert Buckman || 1948 || — || Comedian, writer, physician, television presenter, columnist |- | Tony Buffery || — || — || Psychologist, actor, comedian, writer |- | John Cameron || 1944 || — || Composer, arranger, conductor and musician |- | Jon Canter || 1953 || — || Scriptwriter |- | Graham Chapman || 1941 || 1989 || Comedian, actor, writer, physician |- | John Cleese || 1939 || — || Comedian, actor, lawyer, writer |- | Olivia Colman || 1974 || — || Comedian, actor |- | Peter Cook || 1937 || 1995 || Comedian, writer, satirist |- | Joe Craig || 1980 || — || Novelist, musician |- | John Crommelin-Brown || 1888 || 1953 || Poet, schoolmaster, cricketer |- | Russell Davies || 1946 || — || Journalist, broadcaster, radio presenter |- | Hugh Dennis || 1962 || — || Comedian, actor, writer, voice-over artist |- | Penny Dwyer || 1953 || 2003 || Comedian, actor, writer, metallurgist |- | Jimmy Edwards || 1920 || 1988 || Radio and television comedy actor |- | Mark Evans || — || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Julian Fellowes || 1949 || — || Actor, writer, novelist |- | Peter Fincham || 1956 || — || Television producer and executive, Director of Television for ITV |- | John Finnemore || 1977 || — || Comedy writer and actor |- | Michael Frayn || 1933 || — || Playwright, novelist |- | Robin French || 1978 || — || Playwright, film and television writer and songwriter |- | Sir David Frost || 1939 || — || Television presenter |- | Stephen Fry || 1957 || — || Comedian, writer, actor, novelist |- | Graeme Garden || 1943 || — || Comedy writer and performer, physician, illustrator |- | Mel Giedroyc || 1968 || — || Actor, writer, television presenter |- | W. S. Gilbert || 1836 || 1911 || Dramatist, librettist, poet, illustrator |- | Germaine Greer || 1939 || — || Writer, broadcaster, academic |- | John Grillo || 1942 || — || Actor, playwright |- | Lawrence Grossmith || 1877 || 1944 || Actor |- | Nick Hancock || 1962 || — || Actor, television presenter |- | Norman Hartnell || 1901 || 1979 || Fashion designer |- | Sir David Hatch || 1939 || 2007 || Broadcasting manager, producer |- | Natalie Haynes || 1974 || — || Comedian, writer |- | Tony Hendra || 1941 || — || Satirist, writer |- | Kit Hesketh-Harvey || 1957 || — || Comic performer, scriptwriter |- | Tom Hollander || 1967 || — || Actor |- | Matthew Holness || 1977 || — || Comedian |- | Alex Horne || 1978 || — || Comedian |- | Claude Hulbert || 1900 || 1964 || Comic actor |- | Jack Hulbert || 1892 || 1978 || Actor |- | Sir Nicholas Hytner || 1956 || — || Film and theatre producer, director |- | Eric Idle || 1943 || — || Comedian, actor, writer, songwriter |- | Clive James || 1939 || — || Writer, poet, critic |- | Simon Jones || 1950 || — || Actor |- | Rufus Jones || 1976 || — || Comedy actor and writer |- | Jo Kendall || — || — || Actor |- | Tim Key || 1976 || — || Comedian, actor, poet |- | Ian Lang || 1940 || — || Former politician, British peer |- | Hugh Latimer || 1913 || 2006 || Actor, toymaker |- | Hugh Laurie || 1959 || — || Comedian, actor, writer, musician |- | John Lloyd || 1951 || — || Comedy writer, producer |- | Jonathan Lynn || 1943 || — || Comedy writer, actor, director |- |Miriam Margolyes || 1941 || — || Actor |- | Dan Mazer || 1971 || — || Comedian, producer, screenwriter |- | Simon McBurney || 1957 || — || Actor, writer and director |- | Kevin McCloud || 1958 || — || Writer, designer, television presenter |- | Geoffrey McGivern || 1952 || — || Comedy actor |- | Rory McGrath || 1956 || — || Comedian |- | Ben Miller || 1966 || — || Comedian, director, actor |- | Sir Jonathan Miller || 1934 || — || Neurologist, theatre and opera director, humorist, sculptor |- | David Mitchell || 1974 || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Nick Mohammed || 1980 || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Lucy Montgomery || 1975 || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Neil Mullarkey || — || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Jimmy Mulville || 1955 || — || Comedian, comedy writer, television presenter and producer |- | Simon Munnery || 1972 || — || Comedian |- | Richard Murdoch || 1907 || 1990 || Radio, film and television performer |- | Jon Naismith || 1965 || — || Comedy producer |- | Henry Naylor || 1968 || — || Comedy writer and performer |- | David Nobbs || 1935 || — || Comedy writer |- | Sir Trevor Nunn || 1940 || — || Theatre and film director |- | Des O'Connor || 1972 || — || Burlesque performer, musician |- | Michael O'Donnell || 1928 || — || Journalist, author, broadcaster, physician |- | Bill Oddie || 1941 || — || Comedy writer and performer, composer, musician, ornithologist, television presenter |- | John Oliver || 1977 || — || Comedian, writer, television personality of Daily Show fame |- | Andy Parsons || 1967 || — || Comedian, comedy writer |- | Sue Perkins || 1969 || — || Actor, writer, television presenter |- | Steve Punt || 1962 || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Jan Ravens || 1958 || — || Actor, impressionist |- | Griff Rhys Jones || 1953 || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Blake Ritson || 1980 || — || Actor, director, writer |- | Alastair Ross Goobey || 1945 || 2008 || Businessman, financial advisor |- | Sir Peter Shaffer || 1926 || — || Playwright |- | Charles Shaughnessy || 1955 || — || Actor |- | Paul Shearer || 1960 || — || Actor, writer |- | John Shrapnel || 1942 || — || Actor |- | Ben Silburn || 1968 || — || Comedy writer, television and radio presenter |- | Julian Slade || 1930 || 2006 || Composer |- | Tony Slattery || 1959 || — || Comedian, actor |- | Michael Marshall Smith || 1965 || — || Novelist, screenwriter, short story writer |- | Sarah Solemani || 1982 || — || Writer, actress |- | Dan Stevens || 1982 || — || Actor |- | Richard Stilgoe || 1943 || — || Songwriter, lyricist, musician |- | William Sutcliffe || 1971 || — || Novelist |- | Jonny Sweet || 1985 || — || Comedian, writer |- | Edward Taylor || 1931 || — || Scriptwriter, radio producer |- | Joe Thomas || 1983 || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Emma Thompson || 1959 || — || Comedian, actress, screenwriter |- | Sandi Toksvig || 1958 || — || Comedian, writer, radio presenter |- | Ian Wallace || 1919 || 2009 || Opera singer, actor, broadcaster |- | Mark Watson || 1980 || — || Comedian, novelist |- | Robert Webb || 1972 || — || Comedian, actor, writer |- | Sophie Winkleman || 1980 || — || Actress |- | Richard Wordsworth || 1915 || 1993 || Character actor |- | Martin Young || 1947 || — || Television reporter, interviewer |}

Footlights President

The elected leader of Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club is known as the Footlights President. There is also a Vice President.

Past presidents have included Peter Cook, as well as The Goodies members Tim Brooke-Taylor and Graeme Garden. Also included were Hugh Laurie, David Mitchell, Tony Slattery.

Monty Python member Eric Idle was the first president to allow women to join the Footlights.

The current Footlights President is Phil Wang.

;List of presidents {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%;" |- valign=top | style="width:25%;"|

1886 - F. W. Mortimer

1887 - J. J. Withers

1888 - W. S. Gilbert

1890 - Oscar Browning

1891 - C. M. Rae

1892 - Oscar Browning

1894 - Oscar Browning

1895 - Oscar Browning

1896 - H. C. Pollitt

1897 - H. C. Pollitt

1898 - M. V. Leveaux

1899 - S. W. Burgess

1900 - O. J. Goedecker

1901 - R. J. White

1902 - E. K. Fordham

1904 - G. S. Heathcote

1905 - G.S. Heathcote

1906 - H. Rottenburg

1907 - H. Rottenburg

1908 - J. S. Murray

1909 - L. B. Tillard

1910 - A. R. Inglis

1911 - A. R. Inglis

1912 - P. D. Ravenscroft

1913 - C. A. A. Douglas Hamilton

1914 - M. Cutherston

1919 - B. D. Nicholson

1920 - B. D. Nicholson

1921 - M. D. Lyon

1922 - M. D. Lyon

| style="width:25%;"|

1923 - F. E. Powell

1924 - J. A. C. Barradale

1925 - H. J. Warrender

1926 - J. D. Houison Craufurd

1927 - H. C. Martineau

1928 - H. E. R. Mitchell

1929 - J. Fell Clark

1930 - J. C. Byrom

1931 - R. S. Hill

1932 - P. E. Lyon

1933 - J. A. Coates

1934 - Lord Killanin

1935 - Harry Lee

1936 - Peter Crane

1937 - Albert E. P. Robison

1938 - P. B. Meyer

1939 - Sir Robert Ricketts

1947 - D. C. Orders

1948 - D. C. Orders

1949 - Simon Phipps

1950 - Adrian Vale

1951 - Ian Kellie

1952 - Andrew Davidson

1953 - Peter Firth

1954 - Leslie Bricusse

1955 - Brian Marber

1956 - Tim Berington

1957 - Allan Mitchell

1958 - Peter Stroud

1959 - Adrian Slade

| style="width:25%;"|

1960 - Peter Cook

1961 - Peter Bellwood

1962 - Robert Atkins

1963 - Tim Brooke-Taylor

1964 - Graeme Garden

1965 - Eric Idle

1966 - Andrew Mayer

1967 - Clive James

1968 - Jonathan James-Moore

1969 - Barry Brown

1970 - Adrian Edwards

1971 - Richard MacKenna

1972 - Steve Thorn

1973 - Robert Benton

1974 - Jon Canter

1975 - Clive Anderson

1976 - Chris Keightley

1977 - Jimmy Mulville

1978 - Martin Bergman

1979 - Robert Bathurst

1980 - Jan Ravens

1981 - Hugh Laurie

1982 - Tony Slattery

1983 - Neil Mullarkey

1984 - Nick Hancock

1985 - Kathryn Crew

1986 - Nick Golson

1987 - Tim Scott

1988 - Peter Bradshaw

1989 - Roland Kenyon

| style="width:33%;"|

1990 - Henry Naylor

1991 - Sue Perkins

1992 - Dan Gaster

1993 - Mark Evans

1994 - Robert Thorogood

1995 - Charlie Hartill

1996 - David Mitchell

1997 - Sarah Moule

1998 - Richard Ayoade

1999 - Kevin Baker

2000 - Matt Green

2001 - James Morris

2002 - Ed Weeks

2003 - Stefan Golaszewski

2004 - Ed Riches

2005 - Raph Shirley

2006 - Simon Bird

2007 - Tom Sharpe

2008 - Sam Sword

2009 - Alastair Roberts

2010 - Abi Tedder

2011 - Mark Fiddaman

2012 - Phil Wang

|}

See also

The Oxford Revue

Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club

Cambridge University Light Entertainment Society

Sources

Information about the Footlights Revues during the first one hundred years of the Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club (1883–1983), and the people who appeared in them — with a foreword by Eric Idle.

References

External links

Official website

Past members and shows

Footlights Alumni Association

Category:Organizations established in 1883 Category:Amateur theatre companies in England Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Cambridge Category:Culture of the University of Cambridge Category:Theatre in Cambridge Category:British student theatre Category:Lists of people associated with the University of Cambridge Category:1883 establishments in England

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