In geology, a valley or dale is a depression with predominant extent in one direction. A very deep river valley may be called a canyon or gorge.

The terms U-shaped and V-shaped are descriptive terms of geography to characterize the form of valleys. Most valleys belong to one of these two main types or a mixture of them, (at least) with respect of the cross section of the slopes or hillsides.

Name[link]

A valley in its broadest geographic sense is also known as a ''dale''. A valley through which a river runs may also be referred to as a vale. A small, secluded, and often wooded valley is known as a dell or in Scotland as a glen. A wide, flat valley through which a river runs is known in Scotland as a strath. A mountain cove is a small valley, closed at one or both ends, in the central or southern Appalachian Mountains which sometimes results from the erosion of a geologic window. A small valley surrounded by mountains or ridges is sometimes known as a hollow. A deep, narrow valley is known as a coon (also spelled ''combe'' or ''coombe''). Similar geological structures, such as canyons, ravines, gorges, gullies, and kloofs, are not usually referred to as valleys.

==River valleys == :''For a comprehensive list of world wide river valleys see: River valleys (category)''

A valley formed by flowing water, or ''river valley'', is usually V-shaped. The exact shape will depend on the characteristics of the stream flowing through it. Rivers with steep gradients, as in mountain ranges, produce steep walls and a bottom. Shallower slopes may produce broader and gentler valleys, but in the lowest stretch of a river, where it approaches its base level, it begins to deposit sediment and the valley bottom becomes a floodplain.

Some broad ''V'' examples are:

North America: Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, and others in Grand Canyon NP

Europe:

* Austria: narrow passages of upper Inn valley (Inntal), affluents of Enns a.s.o

* Switzerland: Napf region, Zurich Oberland, Engadin

* Germany: affluents to the middle reaches of Rhine and Mosel

Some of the first human complex societies originated in river valleys, such as that of the Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Ganges, Yangtze, Huang He, Mississippi, and arguably Amazon. In prehistory, the rivers were used as a source of freshwater and food (fish and game), as well as a place to wash and a sewer. The proximity of water moderated temperature extremes and provided a source for irrigation, stimulating the development of agriculture. Most of the first civilizations developed from these river valley communities.

Vale

In geography, a ''vale'' is a wide river valley, usually with a particularly wide flood plain or flat valley bottom. Vales commonly occur between the escarpment slopes of pairs of chalk downs, where the chalk dome has been eroded, exposing less resistant underlying rock, usually clay.

Glacial valleys[link]

There are various forms of valley associated with glaciation that may be referred to as glacial valleys.

U-shaped valley[link]

A valley carved by glaciers is normally U-shaped. The valley becomes visible upon the recession of the glacier that forms it. When the ice recedes or thaws, the valley remains, often littered with small boulders that were transported within the ice. Floor gradient does not affect the valley's shape, it is the glacier's size that does. Continuously flowing glaciers – especially in the ice age – and large-sized glaciers carve wide, deep incised valleys.

Examples of U-shaped valleys are found in every mountainous region that has experienced glaciation, usually during the Pleistocene ice ages. Most present U-shaped valleys started as V-shaped before glaciation. The glaciers carved it out wider and deeper, simultaneously changing the shape. This proceeds through the glacial erosion processes of glaciation and abrasion, which results in large rocky material (glacial till) being carried in the glacier. A material called boulder clay is deposited on the floor of the valley. As the ice melts and retreats, the valley is left with very steep sides and a wide, flat floor. A river or stream may remain in the valley. This replaces the original stream or river and is known as a misfit stream because it is smaller than one would expect given the size of its valley.

Other interesting glacially carved valleys include:

Yosemite Valley (USA)

Side valleys of the Austrian river Salzach for their parallel directions and hanging mouths.

Some Scottish glens full with bushes and flowers.

That of the St. Mary River in Glacier National Park in Montana, USA.

Tunnel valley [link]

A tunnel valley is a large, long, U-shaped valley originally cut under the glacial ice near the margin of continental ice sheets such as that now covering Antarctica and formerly covering portions of all continents during past glacial ages.[1]

A tunnel valley can be up to 100 km (62 mi) long, 4 km (2.5 mi) wide, and 400 m (1,300 ft) deep (its depth may vary along its length).

Tunnel valleys were formed by subglacial erosion by water and served as subglacial drainage pathways carrying large volumes of melt water. Their cross-sections exhibit steep-sided flanks similar to fjord walls, and their flat bottoms are typical of subglacial glacial erosion.

Meltwater valley [link]

In northern Central Europe, the Scandinavian ice sheet during the various ice ages advanced slightly uphill against the lie of the land. As a result its meltwaters flowed parallel to the ice margin to reach the North Sea basin, forming huge, flat valleys known as ''Urstromtäler''. Unlike the other forms of glacial valley, these were formed by glacial meltwaters.

Transition forms and valley shoulders[link]

Depending on the topography, the rock types and the climate, a lot of transitional forms between V-, U- and plain valleys exist. Their bottoms can be broad or narrow, but characteristic is also the type of valley shoulder. The broader a mountain valley, the lower its shoulders are located in most cases. An important exception are canyons where the shoulder almost is near the top of the valley's slope. In the Alps – e.g. the Tyrolean Inn valley – the shoulders are quite low (100–200 meters above the bottom). Many villages are located here (esp. at the sunny side) because the climate is very mild: even in winter when the valley's floor is completely filled with fog, these villages are in sunshine.

In some stress-tectonic regions of the Rockies or the Alps (e.g. Salzburg) the side valleys are parallel to each other, and additionally they are hanging. The brooks flow into the river in form of deep canyons or waterfalls. Usually this fact is the result of a violent erosion of the former valley shoulders. A special genesis we find also at arêtes and glacial cirques, at every Scottish glen, or a northern fjord.

Hanging valleys[link]

A hanging valley is a tributary valley with the floor at a higher relief than the main channel into which it flows. They are most commonly associated with U-shaped valleys when a tributary glacier flows into a glacier of larger volume. The main glacier erodes a deep U-shaped valley with nearly vertical sides while the tributary glacier, with a smaller volume of ice, makes a shallower U-shaped valley. Since the surfaces of the glaciers were originally at the same elevation, the shallower valley appears to be ‘hanging’ above the main valley. Often, waterfalls form at or near the outlet of the upper valley. Hanging valleys are also the product of varying rates of erosion of the main valley and the tributary valleys. The varying rates of erosion are associated with the valleys rock composition of the adjacent rocks in the different valley locations. The tributary valleys are eroded and deepend by glaciers at a slower rate than that of the main valley floor. Thus the difference in the two valleys depth increases over time. The tributary valleys that were composed of more resistant rock then hangs over the main valley.

Valley floors[link]

Usually the bottom of a main valley is broad – independent of the U or V shape. It typically ranges from about one to ten kilometers in width and is commonly filled with mountain sediments. The shape of the floor can be rather horizontal, similar to a flat cylinder, or terraced.

Side valleys are rather V than U-shaped; near the mouth waterfalls are possible if it is a hanging valley. The location of the villages depends on the across-valley profile, on climate and local traditions, and on the danger of avalanches or landslides. Predominant are places on terraces or alluvial fans if they exist.

Historic siting of villages within the mainstem valleys, however, have chiefly considered the potential of flooding.'''

==Hollows== A hollow is a small valley or dry stream bed. This term is commonly used in New England, Appalachia, Arkansas and Missouri to describe such geographic features, in Appalachia it may be pronounced as "Holler". Hollows may be formed by river valleys such as Mansfield Hollow or they may be relatively dry clefts with a notch-like characteristic in that they have a height of land and consequent water divide in their bases.

Famous valleys[link]

Aburra Valley (Colombia)

Barossa Valley (Australia)

Cauca Valley (Colombia)

Danube Valley (Eastern Europe)

Death Valley (California, United States)

Fraser Canyon (British Columbia, Canada)

Fraser Valley (British Columbia, Canada)

Glen Coe (Scotland, United Kingdom)

Grand Canyon (Arizona, United States)

Great Glen (Scotland, United Kingdom)

Hell's Gate (British Columbia, Canada)

Hunter Valley (Australia)

Hutt Valley (New Zealand)

Indus Valley (Pakistan)

Iron Gate (Romania/Serbia)

Jordan Valley

Las Vegas Valley (Nevada, United States)

Little Cottonwood Creek Valley (Utah, United States)

Loire Valley with its famous castles (France)

Nant Ffrancon (Wales, United Kingdom)

Napa Valley (California, United States)

Nile Valley (Egypt/Sudan/Ethiopia/Uganda)

Okanagan Valley (British Columbia, Canada)

Ottawa Valley (Ontario/Quebec, Canada)

Palo Duro Canyon (Texas, United States)

Panjshir Valley (Afghanistan)

Upper Rhine Valley, an old graben system. (France)

Rhone Valley from the Matterhorn to Grenoble and Lyon (France)

Rio Grande Valley (Texas, United States)

Saint Lawrence Valley, the most densely populated region of Canada. (Ontario/Quebec/New York) (Canada/United States)

San Fernando Valley (California, United States)

Shenandoah Valley (Virginia/West Virginia, United States)

Silicon Valley, (California, United States)

Sonoma Valley, (California, United States)

South Wales Valleys (Wales, United Kingdom)

Valley of flowers (India)

Valley of the Kings (Egypt)

Valley of Mexico (Mexico), also known as "El Valle de México", see Mexico City

Valley of the Sun (Arizona, United States)

Willamette Valley, (Oregon, United States)

Jordan Rift Valley (Israel)

Rift valleys[link]

Rift valleys, such as the Albertine Rift, are formed by the expansion of the Earth's crust due to tectonic activity beneath the Earth's surface.

See also[link]

Canyon, Grass valley, Stream channel, Gully

Cliff, Glacial landforms, Side valley

Geography, Geomorphology, Geodynamics, Glaciology

Landform

* List of landforms

* List of mountain ranges

Geological features of the solar system

* List of Lunar valleys

* List of lineae on Europa

* List of valles on Mars

* List of largest rifts and valleys in the Solar System

* List of geological features on Titan, (escarpments and ruptures).

References[link]

External links[link]

NPS.gov, University of Wisconsin

Glacial moraine types (LEO dictionary)

UWSP.edu, Glossary of Alpine Glacial Landforms

, SAR interferometry (analysis of valley forms in Fig.2 and 6)

Braggiotourismus.ch, Shoulder of the Swiss Calanca valley near Braggio

Zum.de, Typical valley sections (valleys and terrace valleys)

Kented.org.uk, V-shaped valley

Valleys.com, Valleys of the World

Extraterrestrial valleys[link]

ESA image: Vallis Alpes, bisecting the Lunar Alps

Valles Marineris and Ophir Chasma, bilingual website (English and German)

Category:Erosion landforms Category:Fluvial landforms Category:Slope landforms

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background	group_or_band
name	Skids
origin	Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
genre	Punk rockNew Wave
years active	1977–1982,200720092010
label	No-Bad,Virgin Records
associated acts	Big Country,The Armoury ShowSlikThe Zones
website	Official site
past members	Richard JobsonStuart AdamsonWilliam SimpsonThomas KellichanMike BaillieRussell Webb
notable instruments	}}

Skids were an art-punk/punk rock and new wave band from Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland, founded in 1977 by Stuart Adamson (1958–2001, guitars / backing vocals / keyboards / percussion), William Simpson (bass guitar / backing vocals), Thomas Kellichan (drums) and Richard Jobson (vocals / guitar / keyboards). Their biggest success was the single "Into the Valley", released in 1979.

Career[link]

They played their first gig on 19 August 1977, at the Bellville Hotel in Pilmuir Street, Dunfermline, Scotland. Within six months they had issued the "Charles" EP on the No Bad record label, created by Sandy Muir, a Dunfermline music shop owner and then manager. The record brought them to the attention of national BBC Radio 1 DJ, John Peel. This led to a local support slot for The Clash. Virgin Records then signed up Skids in April 1978. The singles "Sweet Suburbia" and "The Saints Are Coming" both made commercial inroads, before "Into the Valley" reached the UK Top 10 singles chart in early 1979. The band also released their debut album ''Scared to Dance'' in 1979. It was recorded at The Townhouse Studios in London, England with production and keyboards by David Batchelor. Adamson walked out towards the end of the sessions before all the guitar overdubs were completed, but the album does showcase his unique guitar style which was later to come to prominence in the band Big Country. Session guitarist Chris Jenkins was brought in to complete it. In the meantime Adamson returned to Scotland while the recording was finished. He rejoined the band for the live concert tour promotion of the album. The record also featured the song "The Saints are Coming", it was also recorded in late 2006 as a charity single by U2 and Green Day.

Skids enjoyed a further year of chart success as "Masquerade" and "Working For The Yankee Dollar" reached the UK Top 20 singles chart. Both came from their second album, also released in 1979, ''Days in Europa'', with the record's production and keyboards by Bill Nelson (Be-Bop Deluxe, Red Noise, Channel Light Vessel and solo artist). Nelson was the obvious choice for the record's production duties as he was Adamson's principal "guitar hero" and was an enormous influence on Adamson's playing. Nelson also played an important role in polishing Skids' sound and in encouraging the development of Jobson's lyrics. Just before recording of the album commenced, Kellichan left the band and was temporarily replaced on drums by Rusty Egan (ex-Rich Kids, then with the band Visage, and a New Romantic 1980s dance DJ at the Blitz club). Egan played on the album, and later on the live concert tour of the record. Keyboard player Alistair Moore also temporarily joined the band to perform live with them. He had been recruited to play Bill Nelson's keyboard parts from the record. In November 1979, Mike Baillie (drums / backing vocals / percussion) (ex Insect Bites) was recruited as a permanent band member. He slowly took over from Egan, while the band were still touring Days in Europa. Some of Jobson's lyrics, and the album cover caused controversy. It showed an 'Olympian' being crowned with laurels, by an Aryan-looking woman, and the lettering was in Gothic script. Some, including DJ John Peel felt that this glorified Nazi ideology and it was presumed that the imagery was copied from the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in Germany. After the original version of the album had already been released, Canadian record producer Bruce Fairbairn was brought into the project. The original cover and the track "Pros and the Cons" were removed. The sleeve was completely redesigned and the song "Masquerade" added. The album was also remixed and the tracks re-sequenced. This second version was released in 1980.

In February 1980 one of Skids founding members William Simpson left and was replaced by Russell Webb (bass guitar / backing vocals / keyboards / percussion / guitar) (Slik, PVC2 and The Zones). Webb joined as a permanent band member, and immediately started work on the recording of the band's third album. ''The Absolute Game'', released in 1980, and produced by Mick Glossop. It proved to be the band's most commercial release, reaching the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart and contained the minor hit single "Circus Games". A few of the tracks on the album also included a collection of fourteen adult and child backing vocalists, along with a lone didgeridoo player. Initial copies of ''The Absolute Game'' came with a free limited edition second album entitled ''Strength Through Joy'', echoing the band's previous controversial themes. Jobson claims to have got the title from Dirk Bogarde's autobiography.

Soon after the release and live concert tour of ''The Absolute Game'' Baillie left the band and was followed soon after by Adamson (although Adamson did stay around long enough to play on one more song for the next album ''Joy'', called "Iona"). Baillie moved back to Scotland to live and Adamson went on to launch his new band, Big Country. This left Jobson and Webb to write and record the band's fourth and final album ''Joy'', which Russell Webb also produced. The pair played multiple instruments on the album, and also invited a collection of seventeen musical friends to perform on various tracks with them. Skids dissolved in 1982, with the album ''Fanfare'' posthumously issued by Virgin. It was a mixture of most of the bands singles and some B sides, though omitted any tracks from the 'Joy' period.

Jobson and Webb then went on to form a new band called The Armoury Show. The group recorded just one album, ''Waiting for the Floods'' in 1985 before splitting up. Jobson went on to pursue a solo career as a poet, songwriter, television presenter and most recently a film director, He released albums on the Belgian record label Les Disques du Crepuscule, and the UK's own Parlophone Records. Webb proposed a solo career, according to Armoury Show fan page, later joined Public Image Ltd. in 1992, but playing their last tour, and is now a videogame designer.

In 2007 Richard Jobson, William Simpson and Mike Baillie, along with Bruce Watson (guitar / backing vocals), Jamie Watson (guitar), Brian Jobson (backing vocals) and Jane Button (backing vocals), got together to play three gigs. They were to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of the group's formation, and as a final tribute to Stuart Adamson, who died in 2001. The shows on 4 and 5 July were at Dunfermline's Glen Pavilion (where they were supported by Rosyth band, The Draymin), outside of which Skids had previously played only their second gig, according to Jobson, and on 7 July, at the T in the Park festival.

The Skids returned to the stage on 28 November 2009 as one of the headlining acts in Homecoming Live, a series of gigs held around the SECC complex in Glasgow to celebrate the end of the Year of Homecoming in Scotland. The line-up mirrored the 2007 gigs, with members of The Gospel Truth Choir joining Button on backing vocals for "A Woman in Winter" and "Working for the Yankee Dollar".

The same lineup performed a concert on 5 March 2010 at the ABC in Glasgow, with support from The Law and Bruce & Jamie Watson, and lastly a concert on 6 March 2010 at the Alhambra Theatre, Dunfermline, with support from Beatnic Prestige and Bruce & Jamie Watson. This final concert was to conclude a week of events celebrating the works, past and present, of Richard Jobson as part of The Fifer Festival 2010 on 6 March 2010.

Lineup changes[link]

A considerable number of musicians have played for, or with, Skids. The official website only lists eleven "Original and Main Members of the Skids". (Their contributions and others are detailed below). According to information from the original first edition vinyl record album sleeves, there were only ever six permanent band members: Richard Jobson, Stuart Adamson, William Simpson, Thomas Kellichan, Russell Webb and Mike Baillie.

Personnel for Scared to Dance (1979)[link]

Richard Jobson — vocals / guitar

Stuart Adamson — guitars / vocals

William Simpson — bass guitar / vocals

Thomas Kellichan — drums

With:

Chris Jenkins — guitar

David Batchelor — keyboards

Producer — David Batchelor

Personnel for Days in Europa (1979 & 1980)[link]

Richard Jobson — vocals

Stuart Adamson — guitars / vocals / keyboards

William Simpson — bass guitar / vocals

With:

Rusty Egan — drums

Bill Nelson — keyboards

Producer — Bill Nelson

Second Version ONLY

Thomas Kellichan — drums on "Masquerade" ONLY

Producer — Bruce Fairbairn

Live concert performances ONLY

Alistair Moore — keyboards

Rusty Egan — drums

Mike Baillie — drums

Personnel for The Absolute Game (1980)[link]

Richard Jobson — vocals / guitar

Stuart Adamson — guitars / vocals / keyboards / percussion

Russell Webb — bass guitar / vocals / keyboards / percussion

Mike Baillie — drums / vocals / percussion

With:

Jude Nettleton — vocals

Julius Newell — vocals

Andrew Sigsworth — vocals

John Sigsworth — vocals

Alison Pipkin — vocals

David Pipkin — vocals

Hannah Yeadon — vocals

Esther Marshall — vocals

Chloe Dymott — vocals

Marlis Dunklau — vocals

Gracie Benson — vocals

Sally Nettleton — vocals

Harriet Bakewell — vocals

Mary Volke — vocals

Derek Wadsworth — didgeridoo

Producer — Mick Glossop

Personnel for Joy (1981)[link]

Richard Jobson — vocals / guitar / keyboards

Russell Webb — bass guitar / vocals / guitar / keyboards / percussion

With:

J J Johnson — drums / percussion

Paul Wishart — saxophone / flute / keyboards / percussion / vocals

Alan Darby — guitar

Stuart Adamson — guitar

Mike Oldfield — keyboards

Dave Duncan — bodhrán

Tim Cross — keyboards / flute

Alan Rankine — guitar

Billy MacKenzie — vocals

Ken Locke — cello / vocals

Virginia Astley — flute / vocals

Frances Lynch — vocals

Nicky Holland — vocals

Debbie Mitchell — vocals

Nick Griffiths — vocals

Carey Taylor — percussion

Producer — Russell Webb

All personnel[link]

Richard Jobson, Stuart Adamson, William Simpson, Thomas Kellichan, Chris Jenkins, David Batchelor, Rusty Egan, Bill Nelson, Alistair Moore, Russell Webb, Mike Baillie, Jude Nettleton, Julius Newell, Andrew Sigsworth, John Sigsworth, Alison Pipkin, David Pipkin, Hannah Yeadon, Esther Marshall, Chloe Dymott, Marlis Dunklau, Gracie Benson, Sally Nettleton, Harriet Bakewell, Mary Volke, Derek Wadsworth, J J Johnson, Paul Wishart, Alan Darby, Mike Oldfield, Dave Duncan, Tim Cross, Alan Rankine, Billy MacKenzie, Ken Locke, Virginia Astley, Kenny Hyslop, Frances Lynch, Nicky Holland, Debbie Mitchell, Nick Griffiths, Carey Taylor, Midge Ure, Billy Currie, John Mcgeoch, Steve Severin, Kirsten Adamson, Carol Laula, Callum Adamson, Bruce Watson, Jamie Watson, Jane Button, Brian Jobson, Brian Docherty, Lisa Macgregor, Maria Marshall

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

''Charles EP'' (March 1978: No Bad, NB1)

"Sweet Suburbia" / "Open Sound" (September 1978: Virgin, VS 227, also white vinyl) # 70 UK Singles Chart

''Wide Open'' EP featuring "The Saints Are Coming" / "Of One Skin" / "Contusion" / "Night & Day" (October 1978: Virgin, VS 232, red vinyl - also released as a 12 inch single) UK #48

"Into the Valley" / "T.V. Stars" (February 1979: Virgin, VS 241, also white vinyl) UK #10

"Masquerade" / "Out of Town" (May 1979: Virgin, VS 262, also released as a double single) UK #14

"Charade" / "Grey Parade" (September 1979: Virgin, VS 288) UK #31

"Working for the Yankee Dollar" / "Vanguard’s Crusade" (November 1979: Virgin, VS 306, also released as a double single) UK #20

"Animation" / "Pros & Cons" (February 1980: Virgin, VS 232) UK #56

"Circus Games" / "One Decree" (July 1980: Virgin, VS 359) UK #32

"Goodbye Civilian" / "Monkey McGuire Meets Specky Potter Behind the Lochore Institute" (October 1980: Virgin, VS 373, also picture disc) UK #52

"Women in Winter" / "Working for the Yankee Dollar (live)" (November 1980: Virgin, VSK 101) UK #49

"Fields" / "Brave Man" (August 1981: Virgin, VS 401, also released as a 12 inch single)

"Iona" / "Blood & Soil" (October 1981: Virgin, VS 449)

Albums[link]

Studio albums[link]

''Scared to Dance'' (February 1979) # 19 UK Albums Chart

''Days in Europa'' (October 1979; Remixed & re-issued with a new sleeve design in 1980) UK #32

''The Absolute Game'' (September 1980) UK #9

''Joy'' (November 1981)

Live albums[link]

''BBC Radio 1 Live in Concert'' (February 1992)

''Masquerade Masquerade'' (2007, mixed in 2006. Live album featuring tracks from two concerts. They were Hammersmith Odeon in 1980 & Glasgow Apollo in 1979.)

Compilation albums[link]

''Fanfare'' (May 1982)

''Dunfermline: A Collection of the Skids' Finest Moments'' (July 1987)

''Sweet Suburbia: The Best of The Skids'' (January 1995)

''The Greatest Hits Of Big Country And The Skids - The Best Of Stuart Adamson'' (2002)

''The Very Best of The Skids'' (2003)

''Into the Valley: The Best of The Skids'' (2005)

''The Saints Are Coming: The Best of The Skids'' (2007)

See also [link]

List of British punk bands

List of musicians in the first wave of punk music

List of New Wave bands and artists

List of Peel sessions

List of performers on Top of the Pops

Music of the United Kingdom (1970s)

References [link]

General reference [link]

The Great Rock Discography - 5th Edition - ISBN 1-84195-017-3

External links [link]

Official Skids website

Skids Fans website

Skids Blog website

The Skids on www.punk77.co.uk

The Skids BBC Radio 1 John Peel Sessions

Category:Scottish rock music groups Category:British punk rock groups Category:British New Wave musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 1977 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1982

de:The Skids es:The Skids fr:The Skids it:The Skids ja:ザ・スキッズ pt:The Skids ru:The Skids sv:The Skids