A birthday is a day or anniversary when a person celebrates his or her date of birth. Birthdays are celebrated in numerous cultures, often with a gift, party or rite of passage. Although the major religions celebrate the birth of their founders (e.g., Buddha's Birthday), Christmas – which is celebrated widely by Christians and non-Christians alike – is the most prominent example. In contrast, certain religious groups, as is the case with Jehovah's Witnesses, express opposition to the very idea of celebrating birthdays.

Legal conventions

In most legal systems, one becomes a legal adult on a particular birthday (often between 14 and 21), and reaching age-specific milestones confers particular rights and responsibilities. At certain ages, one may become subject to military conscription or become eligible to enlist in the military, to marry without parental consent, to vote, to run for elected office, to legally purchase (or consume) alcohol and tobacco products, to purchase lottery tickets, or to obtain a driver's license.

Cultural conventions

Many cultures have one or more coming of age birthdays:

Jewish boys become bar mitzvah on their 13th birthday. Jewish girls become bat mitzvah on their 12th birthday, or sometimes on their 13th birthday in Reform and Conservative Judaism. This marks the transition where they become obligated in commandments of which they were previously exempted and are counted as part of the community.

In North America, families often mark a girl's 16th birthday with a "sweet sixteen" celebration.

In some Hispanic-American countries the ''quinceañera'' celebration traditionally marks a girl's 15th birthday. In India, Hindu male children of some castes like brahmins have the 12th or 13th birthday replaced with a grand "thread ceremony." The child takes a blessed thread and wears it, symbolizing his coming of age. This is called the Upanayana. This ceremony is practiced amongst boys in the Hindu Brahmin culture.

In the Philippines, girls on their 18th birthday or boys on their 21st birthday celebrate a debut.

In some Asian countries that follow the Zodiac calendar, there is a tradition of celebrating the 60th birthday.

In Korea, many celebrate a traditional ceremony of Baek-il (Feast for the 100th day) and Doljanchi (child's first birthday).

In Japan there is a Coming of Age Day, for all of those who have turned 20.

The birthdays of historically significant people, like national heroes or founders, are often commemorated by an official holiday. Catholic saints are remembered by a liturgical feast (sometimes on a presumed birthday). By analogy, the Latin term ''Dies natalis'' is applied to the anniversary of an institution (such as a university).

A person's Golden or Grand Birthday, also referred to as their "Lucky Birthday", "Champagne Birthday" or "Star Birthday", occurs when they turn the age of their birth day (e.g., when someone born on the 25th of the month turns 25).

In many cultures and jurisdictions, if a person's real birthday is not known (for example, if he or she is an orphan), then their birthday may be considered to be January 1.

Birthday traditions

In many portions of the world an individual's birthday is celebrated by a party where a specially made cake, usually decorated with lettering and the person's age, is presented. The cake is traditionally studded with the same number of lit candles as the age of the individual. The celebrated individual makes a silent wish and attempts to blow out the candles in one breath; if successful, it means the wish will be granted. In many cultures, the wish must be kept secret or it won't "come true". Presents are bestowed on the individual by the guests appropriate to his/her age. Other birthday activities include entertainment usually by a hired professional, i.e. a clown, magician or musician, and a special toast or speech by the birthday celebrant. The last stanza of Patty Hill's and Mildred Hill's famous song, "Good Morning to You" (unofficially titled "Happy Birthday to You") is typically sung by the guests at some point in the proceedings. In some countries a piñata takes the place of a cake. An occasional activity is spanking the birthday individual, with one usually gentle "swat" for each year since birth.

Name days

In some historically Roman Catholic countries such as Italy, Spain, France, Poland, Russia, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Greece, Lithuania, Latvia and throughout South America, it is common to have a 'name day'/'Saint's day'. It is celebrated in much the same way as a birthday, but is held on the official day of a saint with the same Christian name as the birthday person; the difference being that one may look up a person's name day in a calendar, or easily remember common name days (for example, ''John'' or ''Mary''); however in pious traditions, the two were often made to concur by giving a newborn the name of a saint celebrated on its birthday, or even the name of a feast, for example, ''Noel'' or ''Pascal'' (French for Christmas and "of Easter"); as another example, Togliatti got ''Palmiro'' as his first name because he was born on Palm Sunday.

Official birthdays

Some notables, particularly monarchs, have an ''official birthday'' on a fixed day of the year, which may not necessarily match their actual birthday, but on which celebrations are held. Examples are:

Jesus Christ's traditional birthday is celebrated as Christmas Day around the world, on December 25. As some Eastern churches use the Julian calendar, December 25 will fall upon January 7 in the Gregorian calendar.

The Queen's Official Birthday in Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom.

The Grand Duke's Official Birthday in Luxembourg is typically celebrated upon June 23.

''Koninginnedag'' in the Kingdom of the Netherlands is typically celebrated upon April 30. Queen Beatrix fixed it at the birthday of her mother, the previous Queen, to avoid the winter weather associated with her own birthday in January.

The current Japanese Emperor Akihito's birthday is December 23, which is a national holiday in Japan.

The previous Japanese Emperor Showa (Hirohito)'s birthday was April 29. After his death, the holiday was kept as "Showa no Hi", or "Showa Day". This holiday falls close to Golden Week, the week in late April and early May

The Muhammad's birthday in Indonesia is a national holiday in Indonesia.

Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-Il's birthday are celebrated in North Korea as a national holiday in North Korea.

Frequency

According to a public record births database, birthdays in the United States are quite evenly distributed for the most part. However, there tend to be more births in September and October. This may be because there is a holiday season nine months before, or from the fact that the longest nights of the year happen in the Northern Hemisphere nine months before as well. Based on Harvard University research of birth records in the United States between 1973 and 1999, September 16 is the most common birthday in the United States and December 25 the least common birthday (other than February 29).

More recently October 5th and 6th have taken over as the most popular birthdays.

According to a study by Yale School of Public Health, positive and negative associations with culturally significant dates can influence birthrates. The study shows a 5.3 percent decrease in spontaneous births and a 16.9 percent decrease in cesarean births on Halloween, compared to other births occurring within one week before and one week after the October holiday. Whereas, on Valentine’s Day there is a 3.6 percent increase in spontaneous births and a 12.1 percent increase in cesarean births.

Time zones and birthdays

A person's birthday is usually recorded according to the time zone of the place of birth. Thus people born in American Samoa at 11:30 pm will record their birthdate as one day before Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and those born in the Samoa will record their birthdate one day after UTC. They will apparently be born two days apart, while some of the apparently older ones may be younger in hours. Those who live in different time zones from their birth often exclusively celebrate their birthdays at the local time zone.

Leap day

:''See: Leapling and February 29''

Birthdays in cultures and religions

Ancient Rome

The Romans enthusiastically celebrated birthdays with hedonistic parties and generous presents. In revulsion, the early Christians rejected the practice as inherently pagan.

Judaism

In Judaism, the perspective on birthday celebrations is disputed by various rabbis. In the Hebrew Bible, the one single mention of a celebration being held in commemoration of someone's day of birth is for the Egyptian Pharaoh which is recorded in . Rabbi Moshe Feinstein always acknowledged birthdays. According to Rabbi Yissocher Frand, a person's birthday is a special day for that person's prayers to be accepted.

The bar mitzvah of 13-year-old Jewish boys, or bat mitzvah for 12-year-old Jewish girls, is perhaps the only Jewish celebration undertaken in what is often perceived to be in coalition with a birthday. However, the essence of a bar/bat mitzvah celebration is entirely religious in origin (i.e. the attainment of religious maturity according to Jewish law) and not secular, despite modern celebrations where the secular "birthday" element often overshadows the essence of it as a religious rite. With or without the "birthday" celebration, the child nevertheless becomes a bar or bat mitzvah, and the celebration can be on that day or any date after it.

Christianity

Christianity: Early centuries

The early Christians did not celebrate Christ's birth because they considered the celebration of anyone's birth to be a pagan custom. For example Origen in his commentary "On Levites" writes that Christians should not only refrain from celebrating their birthdays, but should look on them with disgust.

Orthodox Christianity still prefers the celebration of name days only.

Christianity: Medieval

Ordinary folk celebrated their saint's day (the saint they were named after), but nobility celebrated birthdays. The "Squire's Tale," one of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, opens as King Cambuskan proclaims a feast to celebrate his birthday.

Christianity: Modern

Jehovah's Witnesses and some Sacred Name groups refrain from celebrating birthdays on the basis that they are portrayed in a negative light in the Bible and have historical connections with magic, superstitions, and Paganism.

Islam

Conservative clerics consider the celebration of a birthday to be a sin, as it is considered an "innovation" of the faith, or ''bi'dah''. A few Muslim clerics have issued statements saying that the celebration of a birthday is permissible.

Some Muslims (and Arabian Christians) migrating to the United States adopt the custom of celebrating birthdays, especially for children, but others resist.

There is also a great deal of controversy regarding celebrating Milad-ul-Nabi - the birth anniversary of Muhammad. While a section of Islam strongly favours it, others decry such celebrations, terming them as out of the scope of Islam.

Hindus

Hindus celebrate the birth anniversary day every year when the day that corresponds to lunar month or solar month (Sun Signs Nirayana System – Sourava Mana Masa) of birth and has the same asterism (Star / Nakshatra) as that of the date of birth. That age is reckoned whenever Janma Nakshatra of the same month passes.

Buddhism

Many monasteries celebrate the Buddha's birthday, usually in a highly formal, ritualized manner. They treat Buddha's statue as if alive, bathing and feeding it.

Sikhism

Sikhs celebrate Guru Nanak's Birthday.

North Korea

In North Korea, People don't celebrate birthdays on July 8 and December 17 because July 8 is the death day of Kim Il-sung, and December 17 is the death day of Kim Jong-Il. So, over 100000 residents in North Korea celebrate their fake birthdays on July 9 or December 18 to avoid these sad days, July 8 and December 17. If a person who was born on July 8 before 1994 changes their birthday, it will be officially recognised.

LaVeyan Satanism

The importance of birthdays in LaVeyan Satanism has been cited by several groups that do not celebrate birthdays, usually as an addition to their main arguments.

Superstitious origins of celebrations

A number of possible superstitious origins for customs associated with birthday celebrations have been suggested. One source states that the tradition of birthday parties started in Europe. It was feared that evil spirits were particularly attracted to people on their birthdays and to protect them, they would be visited by friends and family, who would bring good thoughts and wishes.

See also

Various birthdays are mentioned on the pages devoted to each day of the year, from January 1 to December 31.

Birthday paradox

Birthday attack

East Asian age reckoning – a different method of age reckoning to birthdays that is used in some Asian countries.

Half-birthday

Death anniversary / Yahrzeit

Unbirthday

Decimal Birthday

Sashtiabdhapoorthi

Birthstones

References

Further reading

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birth date	April 09, 1986
birth place	Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.
birthname	Leighton Marissa Meester
occupation	Actress, singer, model
yearsactive	1999–present
website	leightonmeestermusic.com }}

Leighton Marissa Meester (born April 9, 1986) is an American actress and singer. Meester first garnered attention and critical acclaim for playing Blair Waldorf in the CW's teen drama television series ''Gossip Girl''. She most recently appeared in the 2010 country drama film ''Country Strong'', the 2011 thriller ''The Roommate'', and the 2011 romantic-comedy ''Monte Carlo''.

Early life

Meester was born in Fort Worth, Texas, to Constance and Douglas Meester and lived most of her life in New York City and Los Angeles. Meester's last name is the Dutch word for "master" or "teacher".

Her mother was serving time in a federal prison for her involvement in a drug ring that smuggled marijuana from Jamaica to the United States. She was able to give birth to Leighton in a hospital and nurse her for three months in a halfway house, before returning to prison to complete her sentence, after which Leighton's grandmother cared for her. She has a brother, Alexander, who is 8 years younger.

Meester has maintained that her parents gave her a normal upbringing and, despite their criminal past, are good people with experience that has only made Meester more open-minded and non-judgmental, "It made me realize that you can't judge anyone — especially your parents — for what they've done in their past, because people change." Meester has joked, "Look, I could've turned out a lot worse." She has cited her mother as her style icon.

Meester grew up in Marco Island, Florida, where she participated in productions at a local playhouse. When she was 11 years old, Meester and her mother moved to New York City. Meester attended the Professional Children's School and also began working as a model with Wilhelmina, booking a Ralph Lauren campaign shot by Bruce Weber and working with then photographer (now film maker) Sofia Coppola as well as many commercials including Tamagotchi toys and Clearasil. She has also posed for Limited Too campaigns alongside fellow future actress, Amanda Seyfried, in which Seyfried recalls, "Leighton was very confident." Meester made her television acting debut as a murder victim's friend on an episode of ''Law & Order''. At 14, Meester moved to Los Angeles, California, wanting more stable work, and attended Hollywood High School and Beverly Hills High School. She then transferred to a small private school and graduated a year early.

Career

Acting

After her television debut in 1999 playing Alyssa Turner in ''Law & Order'', Meester appeared as a guest in two more series before landing her big role in the movie ''Hangman's Curse'', based on the best-selling book by Frank Peretti. She appeared in ''Tarzan'', which ran for only eight episodes. Meester then started to land guest roles in other series such as ''Crossing Jordan'', ''8 Simple Rules'', ''7th Heaven'', ''Veronica Mars'', ''24'', and ''Entourage''.

In 2005, Meester began a regular role in the series ''Surface'' as Savannah Bennet. Meester appeared in two more 2006 movies, ''Flourish'' and ''Inside''. She also guest appeared in ''Numb3rs'' and in two episodes of ''House M.D.'' as Ali, a young girl who has a crush on House. She had guest roles on ''CSI: Miami'' and ''Shark'', and played the female lead in the horror film ''Drive-Thru''.

In 2007, Meester was cast in the CW's teen drama series ''Gossip Girl'' as Blair Waldorf. The show is based on the book series by Cecily von Ziegesar about the lives of New York's privileged Upper East Side young adults. Her performance is the most critically acclaimed of the show, with Blair being cited as the series' breakout character, and also garnering much media recognition due to her wardrobe. She dated ''Gossip Girl'' co-star Sebastian Stan.

Meester appeared on the television film ''The Haunting of Sorority Row'', and played a part in the ensemble comedy/drama ''Remember the Daze''. She also appeared in the horror/thriller film ''Killer Movie'' in 2008.

Meester starred in three films in 2010 with small roles in the comedies ''Date Night'' and ''Going The Distance'' and a bigger role in Screen Gems' country drama ''Country Strong'' starring Gwyneth Paltrow and Garrett Hedlund. ''The Boston Globe'' found the best thing in the film was Meester because "she’s just doing Reese Witherspoon’s June Carter Cash in ''Walk the Line'' with dabs of Miley Cyrus and Kellie Pickler. But it’s not an impersonation; it’s a performance with its own comedy and sweetness." ''USA Today'' was also positive towards her performance writing "Meester shows she can do more than play one of Gossip Girl’s privileged Manhattan socialite."

In 2011, she played the role of Rebecca, an obsessive bipolar girl in the thriller ''The Roommate''. Though the film mainly received negative reviews, Meester's portrayal was praised by critics. ''Entertainment Weekly'' found she was the only one to bring "the slightest trace of something fascinating to her role" while ''Los Angeles Times'' wrote "her performance often has the feeling of a sports car in neutral. When she punches it for quick changes of tone from manic to wounded or around the bend, she shows how much more she is capable of." Meester's second film of the year was the young femme comedy ''Monte Carlo'', loosely based on Jules Bass's young-adult book ''Headhunters'', in which she plays Selena Gomez's sister and Katie Cassidy's friend. Movieline noted that "As in ''Country Strong'', Meester's crack timing and irresistible poignancy illuminate a part that would leave other actresses simpering themselves off the screen." Her last film of 2011 was the indie dramatic comedy ''The Oranges'' opposite Hugh Laurie, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.

She will next star in the comedy ''That's My Boy'', alongside Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, and Milo Ventimiglia, which is set to release in June 2012. She is also attached to ''The Uncatchable Cowgirl Bandits of Nottingham, Texas'' alongside Amber Heard.

Music

In April 2009, Meester signed a recording contract with Universal Republic. Meester's first official single, "Somebody to Love", featuring R&B; singer Robin Thicke, was released for airplay on October 13, 2009, and became available for digital download on October 14, 2009. In November 2009, Meester revealed that Lil Wayne had worked with her on one of her songs titled "Make It Rain", which hasn't been released. Her second single, "Your Love's a Drug", was digitally released on March 30, 2010.

Meester is featured on Cobra Starship's song "Good Girls Go Bad", which reached the Top 10 on ''Billboard'' Hot 100 peaking at #7, and on Stephen Jerzak's song "She Said". She recorded a cover of the song "Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)" for the compilation album ''A Very Special Christmas 7''. For her 2010 country drama film ''Country Strong'', she recorded a cover of the song "Words I Couldn't Say" by Rascal Flatts as well as "A Little Bit Stronger" by Sara Evans featured on the film's soundtrack; a promotional single titled "Summer Girl"; and a duet with Garrett Hedlund titled "Give In To Me".

In October 2010, Meester said she had been working with a band called Check in the Dark and had been writing for the last six months being inspired by ''Country Strong'', "I've just been having fun and writing from my heart". She revealed her influences, "I love Neil Young and Joni Mitchell, that style of music, and as far as songwriting I think that's where my heart is."

Endorsements

Meester has fronted many charity as well as advertising campaigns. In 2008, she was a spokesperson for Sunsilk's "Life Can't Wait" campaign to motivate women to pursue their dreams and collaborated with Safe Horizon to raise awareness about and prevent domestic violence. Early in 2009, Meester partnered with Reebok to model their new Top Down sneakers. Outside of ''Gossip Girl'', Meester has worked with co-star Ed Westwick in a Nikon Coolpix series camera advertisement and both were faces for a Korean clothing line called ASK Enquired. In 2010, Meester signed on to be the spokesperson for Herbal Essences hair products. In the same year, Meester took part in Bulgari's humanitarian efforts for the Save the Children organization with Isabella Rossellini and Maribel Verdútaken. Vera Wang has also chosen Meester to be the face of her newest scent ''Lovestruck'', breaking in summer of 2011, stating that the actress's "beauty, talent and spirit will inspire all the young women that I hope will enjoy this passionate, new young fragrance." In 2011, Italian fashion house Missoni revealed they have tapped Meester to be part of their Spring/Summer 2011 campaign. She fronts another South Korean brand, this time a beauty campaign, called eSpoir. Leighton is additionally the new face of Vera Wang's scent "Lovestruck" which was first sold in Harrods on June 9, 2011.

In the media

Meester was listed several times in ''Maxim'''s Hot 100, starting #48 in 2008, #12 in 2009, #17 in 2010 and #16 in 2011. BuddyTV ranked her #32 on its TV's 100 Sexiest Women of 2010 list. She was ranked #75 by AskMen.com readers in the list "Top 99 Women of 2010" and #53 in 2011. ''Men's Health'' ranked her #30 in its "Hottest Women in 2011" list. ''Glamour'' ranked her #5 among the Most Glamorous Celebrities of 2011.

Personal life

From 2008 to 2010, Meester dated actor Sebastian Stan. In July 2011, Meester and her mother filed lawsuits against each other regarding Meester's financial support of her younger brother, who has multiple health problems. Meester's suit claims the money she sent was misused by her mother; her mother's suit makes a cross-claim alleging breach of contract and physical abuse. In November 2011, Constance Meester dropped the $3 million claim for damages against her daughter. As a result, Leighton obtained a default judgement on December 7, 2011. Leighton is also said to be seeking custody of her 17-year-old brother Alexander, who has suffered health problems, including recently undergoing brain surgery. Meester is currently dating ''Remember the Daze'' co-star Aaron Himelstein, after meeting and briefly dating in 2007.

Filmography

+ List of film credits
! Year	! Film	! Role	Notes
2003	''The Big Wide World of Carl Laemke''	Tanni
2003	''The Jackalope''	Lorraine
2003		Elisha Springfield
2004	''Hollywood Division''	Michelle	TV film
2006		Lucille "Lucy" Covner
2006	''Inside''	Josie
2007		Mackenzie Carpenter
2007	''Remember the Daze''	Tori
2007	''The Haunting of Sorority Row''	Samantha Willows	TV film
2008	''Killer Movie''	Jaynie Hansen
2010	''Date Night''	Katy
2010		Amy
2010	''Country Strong''	Chiles Stanton
2011	''The Roommate''	Rebecca
2011		Meg
2011		Nina Ostroff
2012		Christina	Previously titled "I Hate You Dad"

+ List of television credits
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1999	''Law & Order''	Alyssa Turner	Episode "Disciple"
2001	''Boston Public''	Sarah Breen	Episode "Chapter Twenty-Eight"
2002	''Once and Again''	Amanda	Episode "Gardenia"
2002	''Family Affair''	Irene	Episode "No Small Parts"
2003		Nicki Porter	Series regular; 5 episodes
2004	''Crossing Jordan''	Marie Strand	Episode "Missing Pieces"
2004	''7th Heaven''	Kendall	2 episodes
2004		Veronica Farrell	Episode "Pilot"
2004–2008		Justine Chapin	3 episodes
2005		Debbie Pendleton	4 episodes
2005	''8 Simple Rules''	Nikki Alcott
2005	''Veronica Mars''	Carrie Bishop	2 episodes
2005–2006		Savannah Barnett	Series regular; 12 episodes
2006		Poppy
2006	''Secrets of a Small Town''	Kayla Rhodes	Episode "Pilot"
2006	''Numb3rs''	Karen Camden
2006	''House M.D.''	Ali	2 episodes
2007	''CSI: Miami''	Heather Crowley
2007		Megan	3 episodes
2007–present	''Gossip Girl''	Blair Waldorf	Main role

Discography

Singles

Year	Single	Chart positions		Album
		! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
2009	style="text-align:left;"	111	13
2010		119	—

Featured singles

Year	Single	Artist	Peak chart positions									Album
			! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"	! style="width:30px;"
2009		Cobra Starship	7	5	37	4	7	13	61	2	17	style="text-align:left;"
2010		Stephen Jerzak	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

Awards

! Year	! Award	! Category	! Nominated work	! Result
2008	Teen Choice Awards	Choice TV Actress Drama
2008	Teen Choice Awards	Choice TV Breakout Star Female	''Gossip Girl''
2009	Teen Choice Awards	Choice TV Actress Drama	''Gossip Girl''
2009			"Good Girls Go Bad" (with Cobra Starship)
2010	Teen Choice Awards	Choice TV Actress Drama	''Gossip Girl''
2010	Hollywood Awards	Spotlight Award	''Country Strong''
2011			''The Roommate''
2011	Teen Choice Awards	Choice Movie Actress Drama	''Country Strong''
2011	Teen Choice Awards	Choice Movie Villain	''The Roommate''

References

External links

Official website

Category:1986 births Category:Actors from Texas Category:Actors from Florida Category:American child actors Category:American child models Category:American female models Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American people of Dutch descent Category:American pop singers Category:American television actors Category:Living people Category:Musicians from Florida Category:Musicians from Texas Category:People from Collier County, Florida Category:People from the Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex Category:Songwriters from Texas

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