Durga
Goddess of Victory of Good over Evil
Devanagari	दुर्गा
Sanskrit Transliteration	Durgā
Affiliation	Avatar of Devi, Brahman
Abode	Kadamba Vana (Forest of Kadamba Trees)
Mantra	Om Dum Durgayei Namaha Om Aim Hrim Klim Chamundayei Vichche
Weapon	Trishula (trident), Chakram, Scimitar, Snake, Conch shell, Mace, Bow, Talwar (longsword), lotus, Thunderbolt
Mount	Dawon (tiger or lion)

In Hinduism, Durga (Hindustani pronunciation: [d̪uːrgaː]; Sanskrit: दुर्गा); meaning "the inaccessible"^[1] or "the invincible"; durga)^[2] is a form of Devi, the supremely radiant goddess, depicted as having many (variously, up to eighteen) arms^[3], riding a lion or a tiger, carrying weapons and a lotus flower, maintaining a meditative smile, and practicing mudras, or symbolic hand gestures.^{[citation needed]} The name is made of Sanskrit dur- = "with difficulty" (compare Greek δυσ- (dys-)) and gā ("come", "go").

For Shaktas the eternal virgin Durga is Adi Shakti (the original power very power), Adi Maya (the original illusion caster) and the material manifestation of the Brahman (Supreme Absolute Godhead). ^[4] An embodiment of creative feminine force (Shakti), Durga exists in a state of svātantrya (independence from the universe and anything/anybody else, i.e., self-sufficiency) and fierce compassion. Durga manifests fearlessness and patience, and never loses her sense of humor, even during spiritual battles of epic proportion.^{[citation needed]} At the Durga Puja festival, Durga is shown as the mother of Ganesha, Lakshmi and Saraswati.^[5]

History[link]

Mahasura Attacks the Devi Page from an illustrated manuscript of the Devi Mahatmya

Durga Slays Mahishasura, Mahabalipuram sculpture.

The word Shakti means divine energy/force/power, and Durga is the warrior aspect of the Divine Mother/Brahman(Supreme Absolute Godhead).

As a goddess, Durga's feminine power contains the combined energies of all the gods. Each of her weapons was given to her by various gods: Rudra's trident, Vishnu's discus, Indra's thunderbolt, Brahma's kamandalu, Kuber's Ratnahar, etc.

According to a narrative in the Devi Mahatmya story of the Markandeya Purana text, Durga was created as a warrior goddess to fight an asura (an inhuman force/demon) named Mahishasura. He had unleashed a reign of terror on earth, heaven and the nether worlds, and he could not be defeated by any man or god, anywhere. The gods went to Brahma, who had given Mahishasura the power not to be defeated by a man. Brahma could do nothing. They made Brahma their leader and went to Vaikuntha—the place where Vishnu lay on Ananta Naag. They found both Vishnu and Shiva, and Brahma eloquently related the reign of terror Mahishasur had unleashed on the three worlds. Hearing this Vishnu, Shiva and all of the gods became very angry and beams of fierce light emerged from their bodies. The blinding sea of light met at the Ashram of a priest named Katyayan and Durga emerged from this pool of light. The goddess Durga took the name Katyaayani from the priest and emerged from the sea of light. She introduced herself in the language of the Rig-Veda, saying she was the form of the supreme Brahman who had created all the gods. Now she had come to fight the demon to save the gods. They did not create her; it was her lila that she emerged from their combined energy. The gods were blessed with her compassion.

It is said that upon initially encountering Durga, Mahishasura underestimated her, thinking: "How can a woman kill me, Mahishasur—the one who has defeated the trinity of gods?". However, Durga roared with laughter, which caused an earthquake which made Mahishasur aware of her powers.

And the terrible Mahishasura rampaged against her, changing forms many times. First he was a buffalo demon, and she defeated him with her sword. Then he changed forms and became an elephant that tied up the goddess's lion and began to pull it towards him. The goddess cut off his trunk with her sword. The demon Mahishasur continued his terrorizing, taking the form of a lion, and then the form of a man, but both of them were gracefully slain by Durga.

Then Mahishasur began attacking once more, starting to take the form of a buffalo again. The patient goddess became very angry, and proclaimed to Mahishasur in a colorful tone—"Roar with delight while you still can, O illiterate demon, because when I will kill you, the gods themselves will roar with delight".^{[cite this quote]} When Mahishasur had half emerged into his buffalo form, he was paralyzed by the extreme light emitting from the goddess's body. The goddess then resounded with laughter before cutting Mahishasur's head down with her sword.

Thus Durga slew Mahishasur, thus is the power of the fierce compassion of Durga. Hence, Mata Durga is also known as Mahishasurmardhini—the slayer of Mahishasur. According to one legend, the goddess Durga created an army to fight against the forces of the demon-king Mahishasur, who was terrorizing Heaven and Earth. After ten days of fighting, Durga and her army defeated Mahishasur and killed him. As a reward for their service, Durga bestowed upon her army the knowledge of jewelry-making.

The goddess, as Mahishasuramardini, appears quite early in Indian art. The Archaeological Museum in Matura has several statues on display including a 6-armed Kushana period Mahisasuramardhini that depicts her pressing down the buffalo with her lower hands.^[6] A Nagar plaque from the first century BC - first century AD depicts a 4-armed Mahisamardhini accompanied by a lion. But it is in the Gupta period that we see the finest representations of Mahisasuramardhini (2-, 4-, 6-, and at Udayagiri, 12-armed). The spear and trident are her most common weapons. A Mamallapuram relief shows the goddess with 8 arms riding her lion subduing a buffalo-faced demon (as contrasted with a buffalo demon); a variation also seen at Ellora. In later sculptures (post-seventh Century), sculptures show the goddess having decapitated the buffalo demon.

Worship[link]

The four day long (Saptami to Dashami) Durga Puja is the biggest annual festival in Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand and Nepal, where it is known as Dashain. It is celebrated likewise with much fervour in various parts of India, especially the Himalayan region, but is celebrated in various forms throughout the Hindu universe.

The day of Durga's victory is celebrated as Vijayadashami (Bihar, Bengali), Dashain (Nepali) or Dussehra (Hindi) - these words literally mean "the Victory Tenth" (day).^[7]

A traditional Durga idol at a pandal in Kolkata

	Durga Worship Mantra A 51 second sample of Durga Puja Mantra recited in Sanskrit.
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

In Kashmir she is worshipped as shaarika (the main temple is in Hari Parbat in Srinagar).

The actual period of the worship however may be on the preceding nine days (Navaratri) followed by the last day called Vijayadashami in North India or five days in Bengal (from the sixth to tenth day of the waxing-moon fortnight). Nine aspects of Durga known as Navadurga are meditated upon, one by one during the nine-day festival by devout Shakti worshippers. In South India especially Andhra Pradesh Dussera Navaratri is also celebrated and the goddess is dressed each day as a different devi like Sraswati, Parvati, Laksmi etc. for the nine days.

In North India, the tenth day, signifying Rama's victory in his battle against the demon Ravana, is celebrated as Dussehra - gigantic straw effigies of Ravana are burnt in designated open spaces (e.g. Delhi's Ram Lila grounds), watched by thousands of families and little children.

In Mysore Karnataka, she is worshiped as Chamundeshwari, the patron goddess of the city during Dussehra

In Gujarat it is celebrated as the last day of Navaratri, during which the Garba dance is performed to celebrate the vigorous victory of Mahishasura-mardini Durga.

The Goddess Durga is worshipped in her peaceful form as Maha Gauri, The Fair Lady, Shree Shantadurga also known as santeri, is the patron Goddess of Goa. She is worshipped by all Goan Hindus.

In Maharashtra, Tulja Bhavani and Ambabai is worshipped as Mahishasur Mardini and is patron goddess of land. Bhavani is known as Tulaja, Amba, Renuka, Yamai, Saptshrungi, Jogai in different places of Maharashtra. She is inspirational goddess of Raja shivaji. As per legends, Bhavani revealed to Shivaji and blessed him to form a kingdom.

In Bangladesh also the four-days long Sharadiya Durga Puja (Bengali: শারদীয়া দুর্গা পুজো, ‘autumnal Durga worship’) is the biggest religious festivals for the Hindus and celebrated across the country with Vijayadashami being a national holiday.

Western references[link]

Some early Western accounts refer a deity known as Deumus, Demus or Deumo. Sailors first came to face with the idol of Deumus at Calicut on the Malabar Coast and they concluded it to be the deity of Calicut. Deumus is sometimes interpreted as an aspect of Durga in Hindu mythology and sometimes as deva.

It is described that the ruler of Calicut (Zamorin) has a idol of Deumus in his temple inside his royal palace. ^[8][9] The temple was two paces wide in each of the four sides, and three paces high, with a wooden door covered with gods carved in relief. At the centre of the temple, there was a metal idol of Deumus placed in a seat also made of metal.

Western accounts also describe the ruler of Calicut worshiping an ultimate god called Tamerani ("Tamburan"). The accounts also describes a misunderstood form of the "hook-swinging" ritual once commonly performed as part of some popular Hindu religious festivals.

Notable temples in India, Bangladesh and Indonesia[link]

Durga sculpture, British Museum

Durga Hoysala sculpture

• Vaishno Devi Temple in Katra Jammu
• Kateel Durgaparameshwari Temple, near Mangalore, Karnataka
• Manikeshwari Temple, Bhawanipatna, Orissa.
• Durga Temple, Baideshwar. Orissa
• Kichakeshwari Temple, Orissa
• Ammathiruvadi Temple, Thrissur, Kerala, India
• Matrimandir in the city of Auroville near Pondicherry
• Ambika Mata Temple in the village of Jagat near Mount Abu in Rajasthan, India.
• Bhairabi Devalaya, in Tezpur, Assam
• Bala Sundari Temple Trilokpur in District Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh
• Kalighat Temple, Kolkata.
• Udaipur, Tripura
• Kalka Mandir, near Nehru Place, New Delhi.
• Kamakhya Temple, Guwahati, Assam
• Biraja Temple, Jajpur, Orissa
• Katak Chandi Temple, Cuttack, Orissa
• Kanaka Durga Temple, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh
• Adichikkavu Sree Durga Devi Kshetram, Pandanad, Kerala
• Shanta Durga temple in Goa
• Shila Devi temple at Amber Jaipur Rajasthan
• Shitla Mata temple at Patna Bihar
• Shitla Mata temple at GurgaonHaryana
• Vindhyachal temple near Varanasi
• Chamundeshwari Temple, Mysore Karnataka
• Prambanan Temple – Indonesia
• Tulja Bhavani Temple - in Tuljapur, Maharashtra, India
• Dhakeshwari Temple in Dhaka, Bangladesh

See also[link]

• Durga Puja
• Shaktism

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Durga Puja: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Sudeshna Banerjee, Rupa and Co, Calcutta, 2004. (ISBN 81-291-0547-0)
• Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions, David Kinsley. (ISBN 81-208-0379-5)
• Mother Goddess Durga, Pranab Bandyopadhyay, United Writers, Calcutta 1993 ISBN 81-85328-13-7
• Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair : Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess, Ramprasad Sen (1720–1781). (ISBN 0-934252-94-7)
• Durga Puja Beginner, Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Devi Mandir, 2001. (ISBN 1-887472-89-4)
• "Chandi Path", Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Devi Mandir (ISBN 1-877795-52-6)
• "Chandi Path: Study of Chapter One", Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Devi Mandir (ISBN 1-877795-58-5)
• "Chandi Path: Study of Chapter Two", Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Devi Mandir (ISBN 1-877795-60-7)
• Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal, June McDaniel, Oxford University Press, 2004. (ISBN 0-19-516791-0)
• "Pronunciation and the Chandi Samputs", Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Devi Mandir (ISBN 1-877795-61-5)
• "Devi Gita", Swami Satyananda Saraswati, Devi Mandir (ISBN 1-877795-56-9)
• The Bond Between Women: A Journey to Fierce Compassion, China Galland, Riverhead Trade Publishing, U.S., 1999.
• Mahishasura Mardini Stotram (Prayer to the Goddess who killed Mahishasura), Sri Sri Sri Shankara Bhagavatpadacharya

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Durga

• Official Website of Kanaka Durgamma Temple
• Durga chalisa
• Durga Puja at NetGlimse.com
• Durga Puja (calcuttaweb.com)
• Durga at the Open Directory Project
• 108 names of Durga from the Durgāsaptaśatī

v t e Hindu deities and texts Gods Deva Ganesha Brahma Vishnu Shiva Rama Krishna Murugan Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Adi parashakti Devi Saraswati Lakshmi Sati Parvati Durga Shakti Kali Sita Radha Mahavidya Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita more Hinduism Hindu mythology

Gangubai Hangal
Hangal with young daughter Krishna in the 1930s
Background information
Born	(1913-03-05)5 March 1913[1][2]
Origin	Dharwad, Karnataka, India[1][2]
Died	21 July 2009(2009-07-21) (aged 96) Hubli, Karnataka, India[2]
Genres	Hindustani classical music
Occupations	singer
Years active	1931–2006[3]

Gangubai Hangal (Kannada: ಗಂಗೂಬಾಯಿ ಹಾನಗಲ್) (5 March 1913 – 21 July 2009) was an Indian singer of the khyal genre of Hindustani classical music, who was known for her deep and powerful voice.^[2] Hangal belonged to the Kirana gharana.^[4]

Early life[link]

Gangubai Hangal was born in Dharwad to Chikkurao Nadiger, an agriculturist^[1] and Ambabai, a vocalist of Carnatic music.^[5] Hangal received only elementary education^[3] and her family shifted to Hubli in 1928.^[1] She began to train formally aged 13 at the music school of Krishna Acharya, studying Hindustani classical music instead of Carnatic music.^[6] She also learned from Dattopant Desai before studying under Sawai Gandharva, a respected guru.^[2][7] Hangal could only study sporadically under Gandharva when he returned to his home, but she received an intensive training of three years after he relocated permanently to Hubli.^[6]

Musical career[link]

	Raga Durga 1935 performance of Raga Durga, recorded on a 78 rpm gramophone record before Hangal started learning from Sawai Gandharva, several years before a throat operation radically altered her voice
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

Hangal's family was considered to be of low social status and for women of her generation singing was not considered appropriate employment; Hangal struggled against this prejudice and made a career.^[2] She performed all over India and for All India Radio stations until 1945.^[6] Hangal had initially performed light classical genres, including bhajan and thumri, but concentrated on khyal.^[6] Later, however, she refused to sing light classical, saying she sang only ragas.^[8] Hangal served as honorary music professor of the Karnatak University.^[3] She gave her last concert in March 2006 to mark her 75th career year.^[3] She had overcome bone marrow cancer in 2003, and died of cardiac arrest at the age of 96, on 21 July 2009, in Hubli, where she resided.^[3] She had her eyes donated to increase awareness for organ donation.^[3]

Personal life[link]

Hangal married at age 16 to Gururao Kaulgi, a Brahmin lawyer.^[9] They had two sons, Narayan Rao and Babu Rao,^[10] and one daughter, Krishna, who died from cancer in 2004, aged 75.^[11]

Awards and honors[link]

Gangubai Hangal received a number of awards, which include:

• Karnataka Sangeet Nritya Academy Award, 1962^[1]
• Padma Bhushan, 1971^[12]
• Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, 1973^[13]
• Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, 1996^[14]
• Padma Vibhushan, 2002^[12]

The Karnataka state government declared two days of mourning for Hangal.^[15] A state funeral was announced for 22 July in Hubli by the district commissioner of the Dharwad district.^[3]

Further reading[link]

• Nanna Badukina Haadu (The Song of My Life), as told to Mr. N.K.Kulkarni, translated into English by G. N. Hangal, published by Sayitya Prakashan, Hubli.^[5]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Gangubai Hangal

• Gangubai Hangal at Allmusic
• Gangubai Hangal page at Vijaya Parrikar Library of Indian Classical Music
• Gangubai Hangal Detailed Biography
• Gangubai Hangal feted on her 94th birthday
• Gangubai Hangal auf culturebase.net