Bitches Brew is a studio double album by jazz musician Miles Davis, released in April 1970 on Columbia Records. The album continued his experimentation with electric instruments previously featured on his critically acclaimed In a Silent Way album. With the use of these instruments, such as the electric piano and guitar, Davis rejected traditional jazz rhythms in favor of a looser, rock-influenced improvisational style.
Bitches Brew was Davis's first gold record, selling more than half a million copies. Upon release, it received a mixed response, due to the album's unconventional style and revolutionary sound. Later, Bitches Brew gained recognition as one of jazz's greatest albums and a progenitor of the jazz rock genre, as well as a major influence on rock and funk musicians.
Innovations
Though
Bitches Brew was in many ways revolutionary, perhaps its most important innovation was
rhythmic. The
rhythm section for this recording consists of two bassists (one playing
bass guitar, the other
double bass), two to three
drummers, two to three
electric piano players, and a
percussionist, all playing at the same time. As
Paul Tanner, Maurice Gerow, and David Megill explain, "like rock groups, Davis gives the rhythm section a central role in the ensemble's activities. His use of such a large rhythm section offers the soloists wide but active expanses for their solos."
Reception
Bitches Brew was a turning point in modern jazz. Davis had already spearheaded two major jazz movements –
cool and
modal jazz – and was about to initiate another major change (like Davis' album
Filles de Kilimanjaro, the album's cover also sports the phrase "Directions In Music By Miles Davis" above the title.) Some critics at the time characterized this music as simply obscure and "outside", which recalls
Duke Ellington's description of Davis as "the
Picasso of jazz." Some jazz fans and musicians felt the album was crossing the limits, or was not jazz at all. One critic writes that "Davis drew a line in the sand that some jazz fans have never crossed, or even forgiven Davis for drawing."
Bob Rusch recalls, "this to me was not
great Black music, but I cynically saw it as part and parcel of the commercial crap that was beginning to choke and bastardize the catalogs of such dependable companies as
Blue Note and
Prestige.... I hear it 'better' today because there is now so much music that is worse."
On the other hand, many fans, critics, and musicians see the records as an important, vital release. In a 1997 interview, drummer Bobby Previte sums up his feelings about Bitches Brew: "Well, it was groundbreaking, for one. How much groundbreaking music do you hear now? It was music that you had that feeling you never heard quite before. It came from another place. How much music do you hear now like that?" The Penguin Guide to Jazz gave Bitches Brew a four-star rating (out of four stars), describing the recording as "one of the most remarkable creative statements of the last half-century, in any artistic form. It is also profoundly flawed, a gigantic torso of burstingly noisy music that absolutely refuses to resolve itself under any recognized guise." In 2003, the album was ranked number 94 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Along with this accolade, the album has been ranked at or near the top of several other magazines' "best albums" lists in disparate genres.
Track listing
All pieces were written by
Miles Davis, except where noted.
;Side one
#"Pharaoh's Dance" (Joe Zawinul) – 20:00
;Side two
#
"Bitches Brew" – 26:59
;Side three
#
"Spanish Key" – 17:29
#"John McLaughlin" – 4:26
;Side four
#
"Miles Runs the Voodoo Down" – 14:04
#"Sanctuary" (Shorter) – 10:52
;Reissue bonus track
1999 CD release featured a bonus cut recorded in early 1970.
#
"Feio" (Shorter) – 11:51
Personnel
Musicians
; "Bitches Brew"
; "John McLaughlin"
; "Sanctuary" (Shorter)
Recorded Columbia Studio B, New York City August 19, 1969
Miles Davis - trumpet
Wayne Shorter - soprano saxophone
Bennie Maupin - bass clarinet
Joe Zawinul - electric piano - Left
Chick Corea - electric piano - Right
John McLaughlin - electric guitar
Dave Holland - bass
Harvey Brooks - electric bass
Lenny White - drum set - Left
Jack DeJohnette - drum set - Right
Don Alias - congas
Juma Santos (credited as "Jim Riley") - shaker, congas
On "John McLaughlin" omit Brooks, Shorter and Davis
On "Sanctuary" omit Maupin, Brooks and White
; "Miles Runs the Voodoo Down"
Recorded Columbia Studio B, New York City August 20, 1969
Miles Davis - trumpet
Wayne Shorter - soprano saxophone
Bennie Maupin - bass clarinet
Joe Zawinul - electric piano - Left
Chick Corea - electric piano - Right
John McLaughlin - electric guitar
Dave Holland - electric bass
Harvey Brooks - electric bass
Don Alias - drum set - Left
Jack DeJohnette - drum set - Right
Juma Santos (credited as "Jim Riley") - congas
; "Spanish Key"
; "Pharaoh's Dance" (Joe Zawinul)
Recorded Columbia Studio B, New York City August 21, 1969
Miles Davis - trumpet
Wayne Shorter - soprano saxophone
Bennie Maupin - bass clarinet
Joe Zawinul - electric piano - Left
Larry Young - electric piano - Center
Chick Corea - electric piano - Right
John McLaughlin - electric guitar
Dave Holland - bass
Harvey Brooks - electric bass
Lenny White - drum set - Left
Jack DeJohnette - drum set - Right
Don Alias - Congas
Juma Santos (credited as "Jim Riley") - Shaker
; "Feio" (Shorter)
Recorded Columbia Studio B, New York City January 28, 1970
Miles Davis - trumpet
Wayne Shorter - soprano saxophone
Bennie Maupin - bass clarinet
Joe Zawinul - electric piano - Left
Chick Corea - electric piano - Right
John McLaughlin - electric guitar
Dave Holland - electric bass
Billy Cobham - drum set - Left
Jack DeJohnette - drum set - Right
Airto Moreira - percussion and cuica
Production
Teo Macero – producer
Frank Laico – engineer (August 19, 1969 session)
Stan Tonkel – engineer (All other sessions)
Mark Wilder – mastering
Mati Klarwein – cover painting
Bob Belden, Michael Cuscuna – reissue producer
See also
Jazz fusion
The Complete Bitches Brew Sessions
References
External links
Salon Entertainment: a Master at dangerous play
A history of jazz fusion
Miles Davis - The Electric Period
Article by Paul Tingen: Complete Bitches Brew Sessions boxed set at the Miles Beyond site
Article by Paul Tingen: In A Silent Way and Bitches Brew
Category:Miles Davis albums
Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients
Category:Double albums
Category:1970 albums
Category:Columbia Records albums
Category:Jazz fusion albums
Category:Albums produced by Teo Macero