Apes are Old World anthropoid mammals, more specifically a clade of tailless catarrhine primates, belonging to the biological superfamily Hominoidea. The apes are native to Africa and South-east Asia. Apes are the largest primates and the orangutan, an ape, is the largest living arboreal animal. Hominoids are traditionally forest dwellers, although chimpanzees may range into savanna, and the extinct australopithecines are famous for being savanna inhabitants, inferred from their morphology. Humans inhabit almost every terrestrial habitat.

Hominoidea contains two families of living (extant) species:

Hylobatidae consists of four genera and sixteen species of gibbon, including the lar gibbon and the siamang. They are commonly referred to as lesser apes.

Hominidae consists of orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos and humans. Alternatively, the hominidae family are collectively described as the great apes. Members of the superfamily are called hominoids (not to be confused with "hominids" or "hominins").

Some or all hominoids are also called "apes". However, the term "ape" is used in several different senses. It has been used as a synonym for "monkey" or for any tailless primate with a humanlike appearance. Thus the Barbary macaque, a kind of monkey, is popularly called the "Barbary ape" to indicate its lack of a tail. Biologists have used the term "ape" to mean a member of the superfamily Hominoidea other than humans, or more recently to mean all members of the superfamily Hominoidea, so that "ape" becomes another word for "hominoid". See also Primate: Historical and modern terminology.

Except for gorillas and humans, hominoids are agile climbers of trees. Their diet is best described as vegetarian or omnivorous, consisting of leaves, nuts, seeds and fruits, including grass seeds, and in most cases other animals, either hunted or scavenged (or farmed in the case of humans), along with anything else available and easily digested.

Most nonhuman hominoids are rare or endangered. The chief threat to most of the endangered species is loss of tropical rainforest habitat, though some populations are further imperiled by hunting for bushmeat.

Historical and modern terminology[link]

"Ape", from Old English ''apa'', is possibly an onomatopoetic imitation of animal chatter. The term has a history of rather imprecise usage. Its earliest meaning was a tailless (and therefore exceptionally human-like) nonhuman primate. The original usage of "ape" in English might have referred to the baboon, an Old World monkey. Two tailless species of macaque have common names including "ape": the Barbary ape of North Africa (introduced into Gibraltar), ''Macaca sylvanus'', and the Sulawesi black ape or Celebes crested macaque, ''M. nigra''.

As zoological knowledge developed, it became clear that taillessness occurred in a number of different and otherwise unrelated species. The term "ape" was then used in two different senses, as shown in the 1910 Encyclopædia Britannica entry. Either "ape" was still used for a tailless humanlike primate or it became a synonym for "monkey".

Sir Wilfrid Le Gros Clark was one of the primatologists who developed the idea that there were "trends" in primate evolution and that the living members of the order could be arranged in a series, leading through "monkeys" and "apes" to humans. Within this tradition, "ape" refers to all the members of the superfamily Hominoidea, except humans. Thus "apes" are a paraphyletic group, meaning that although all the species of apes descend from a common ancestor, the group does not include all the descendants of that ancestor, because humans are excluded. The diagram below shows the currently accepted evolutionary relationships of the Hominoidea, with the apes marked by a bracket. {{Barlabel|style=font-size:90%|labelwidth=7|align=centre |size=5 |at1=3.5|color1=purple|label1=apes |cladogram= |2=gorillas (genus ''Gorilla'')|bar2=purple }} |2=orangutans (genus ''Pongo'')|bar2=purple }} |2=gibbons (family Hylobatidae)|barend2=purple }} }} }} The "apes" are traditionally divided further into the "lesser apes" and the "great apes": {{Barlabel|style=font-size:90%|labelwidth=7|align=centre |size=5 |at1=3|color1=darkblue|label1=great apes |at2=5|color2=green|label2=lesser apes |cladogram= |2=gorillas (genus ''Gorilla'')|bar2=darkblue }} |2=orangutans (genus ''Pongo'')|barend2=darkblue }} |2=gibbons (family Hylobatidae)|barbegin2=green|barend2=green }} }} }} In summary, there are three common uses of the term "ape": non-biologists may not distinguish between "monkeys" and "apes", or may use "ape" for any tailless monkey or nonhuman hominoid, whereas biologists traditionally used the term "ape" for all non-human hominoids as shown above.

In recent years biologists have generally preferred to use only monophyletic groups in classifications, that is only groups which include ''all'' the descendants of a common ancestor. The superfamily Hominoidea is one such group (or "clade"). Some then use the term "ape" to mean all the members of the superfamily Hominoidea. For example, in a 2005 book, Benton wrote "The apes, Hominoidea, today include the gibbons and orang-utan ... the gorilla and chimpanzee ... and humans". The group traditionally called "apes" by biologists is then called the "nonhuman apes".

See the section History of hominoid taxonomy below for a discussion of changes in scientific classification and terminology.

Biology[link]

The "lesser apes" are the gibbon family, Hylobatidae with sixteen medium-sized species. Their major differentiating characteristic is their long arms, which they use to brachiate through the trees. As an evolutionary adaptation to this arboreal lifestyle, their wrists are ball and socket joints. The largest of the gibbons, the siamang, weighs up to . In comparison, the smallest "great ape" is the common chimpanzee at .

The "great apes" were formerly treated as the family Pongidae. As noted above, this definition makes the Pongidae paraphyletic, and does not show that orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and humans are all more closely related to one another than any of these four groups are to gibbons. Further, current evidence implies that humans share a common extinct ancestor with the chimpanzee line, from which we separated more recently than the gorilla line.

The superfamily Hominoidea falls within Catarrhini, which also includes the Old World monkeys of Africa and Eurasia. Within this group, both families (Hylobatidae and Hominidae) can be distinguished from Old World monkeys by the number of cusps on their molars (hominoids have five—the "Y-5" molar pattern, Old World monkeys have only four in a bilophodont pattern). Hominoids have more mobile shoulder joints and arms due to the dorsal position of the scapula, broad ribcages that are flatter front-to-back, and a shorter, less mobile spine compared to Old World monkeys, with caudal (tail) vertebrae greatly reduced, resulting in complete tail loss in living species. These are all anatomical adaptations to vertical hanging and swinging locomotion (brachiation), as well as better balance in a bipedal pose. However, there are also primates in other families that lack tails, and at least one (the pig-tailed langur) that has been known to walk significant distances bipedally. The front skull is characterised by its sinuses, fusion of the frontal bone and post-orbital constriction.

Although the hominoid fossil record is far from complete, and the evidence is often fragmentary, there is enough to give a good outline of the evolutionary history of humans. The time of the split between humans and other living hominoids used to be thought to have occurred 15 to 20 million years ago. Some species occurring within that time period, such as ''Ramapithecus'', used to be considered as hominins, and possible ancestors of humans. Later fossil finds indicated that ''Ramapithecus'' was more closely related to the orangutan, and new biochemical evidence indicated that the last common ancestor of humans and other hominins occurred between 5 and 10 million years ago, and probably in the lower end of that range.

Behaviour and cognition[link]

Although there had been earlier studies, the scientific investigation of behaviour and cognition in nonhuman members of the superfamily Hominoidea expanded enormously during the latter half of the twentieth century. Major studies of behaviour in the field were completed on the three better-known "great apes", for example by Jane Goodall, Dian Fossey and Birute Galdikas (field work on gibbons and the bonobo is still relatively underdeveloped). These studies have shown that in their natural environments, the nonhuman hominoids show sharply varying social structure: gibbons are monogamous, territorial pair-bonders, orangutans are solitary, gorillas live in small troops with a single adult male leader, while chimpanzees live in larger troops with bonobos exhibiting promiscuous sexual behaviour. Their diets also vary; gorillas are foliovores while the others are all primarily frugivores, although the common chimpanzee does some hunting for meat. Foraging behaviour is correspondingly variable.

All the nonhuman hominoids are generally thought of as highly intelligent, and scientific study has broadly confirmed that they perform outstandingly well on a wide range of cognitive tests – though there is relatively little data on gibbon cognition. The early studies by Wolfgang Köhler demonstrated exceptional problem-solving abilities in chimpanzees, which Köhler attributed to insight. The use of tools has been repeatedly demonstrated; more recently, the manufacture of tools has been documented, both in the wild and in laboratory tests. Imitation is much more easily demonstrated in "great apes" than in other primate species. Almost all the studies in animal language acquisition have been completed with "great apes", and though there is continuing dispute as to whether they demonstrate real language abilities, there is no doubt that they involve significant feats of learning. Chimpanzees in different parts of Africa have developed tools that are used in food acquisition, demonstrating a form of animal culture.

Distinction from monkeys[link]

Apes do not possess a tail, unlike most monkeys. Monkeys are more likely to be in trees and use their tails for balance. Apes are considerably larger than monkeys, with the exception of gibbons, which are smaller than some monkeys. Apes are considered to be more intelligent than monkeys, which are considered to have more primitive brains. Unlike female monkeys which go through the estrous cycle, great apes, including humans, go through a menstrual cycle.

History of hominoid taxonomy[link]

The history of hominoid taxonomy is somewhat confusing and complex. The names of subgroups have changed their meaning over time as new evidence, from fossil discoveries and comparisons of anatomy and DNA sequences, has changed understanding of the relationships between hominoids. There has been a gradual demotion of humans from a special position in the taxonomy to being one branch among many. This history illustrates the growing influence of cladistics (the science of classifying living things by strict descent) on taxonomy.

As of 2006, there are eight extant genera of hominoids. They are the four genera in the family Hominidae (''Homo'' – humans, ''Pan'' – chimpanzees and bonobos, ''Gorilla'', and ''Pongo'' – orangutans), and the four genera in the family Hylobatidae or gibbons (''Hylobates'', ''Hoolock'', ''Nomascus'' and ''Symphalangus''). (The genus for the hoolock gibbons was recently changed from ''Bunopithecus'' to ''Hoolock''.)

In 1758, Carolus Linnaeus, relying on second- or third-hand accounts, placed a second species in ''Homo'' along with ''H. sapiens'': ''Homo troglodytes'' ("cave-dwelling man"). It is not clear to which animal this name refers, as Linnaeus had no specimen to refer to, hence no precise description. Linnaeus named the orangutan ''Simia satyrus'' ("satyr monkey"). He placed the three genera ''Homo'', ''Simia'' and ''Lemur'' in the order of Primates.

The ''troglodytes'' name was used for the chimpanzee by Blumenbach in 1775 but moved to the genus ''Simia''. The orangutan was moved to the genus ''Pongo'' in 1799 by Lacépède.

Linnaeus's inclusion of humans in the primates with monkeys and apes was troubling for people who denied a close relationship between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. Linnaeus's Lutheran archbishop had accused him of "impiety." In a letter to Johann Georg Gmelin dated 25 February 1747, Linnaeus wrote:

:It is not pleasing to me that I must place humans among the primates, but man is intimately familiar with himself. Let's not quibble over words. It will be the same to me whatever name is applied. But I desperately seek from you and from the whole world a general difference between men and simians from the principles of Natural History. I certainly know of none. If only someone might tell me one! If I called man a simian or vice versa I would bring together all the theologians against me. Perhaps I ought to, in accordance with the law of Natural History.

Accordingly, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the first edition of his ''Manual of Natural History'' (1779), proposed that the primates be divided into the Quadrumana (four-handed, i.e. apes and monkeys) and Bimana (two-handed, i.e. humans). This distinction was taken up by other naturalists, most notably Georges Cuvier. Some elevated the distinction to the level of order.

However, the many affinities between humans and other primates — and especially the "great apes" — made it clear that the distinction made no scientific sense. Charles Darwin wrote, in ''The Descent of Man'':

:The greater number of naturalists who have taken into consideration the whole structure of man, including his mental faculties, have followed Blumenbach and Cuvier, and have placed man in a separate Order, under the title of the Bimana, and therefore on an equality with the orders of the Quadrumana, Carnivora, etc. Recently many of our best naturalists have recurred to the view first propounded by Linnaeus, so remarkable for his sagacity, and have placed man in the same Order with the Quadrumana, under the title of the Primates. The justice of this conclusion will be admitted: for in the first place, we must bear in mind the comparative insignificance for classification of the great development of the brain in man, and that the strongly marked differences between the skulls of man and the Quadrumana (lately insisted upon by Bischoff, Aeby, and others) apparently follow from their differently developed brains. In the second place, we must remember that nearly all the other and more important differences between man and the Quadrumana are manifestly adaptive in their nature, and relate chiefly to the erect position of man; such as the structure of his hand, foot, and pelvis, the curvature of his spine, and the position of his head.

Changes in taxonomy[link]

{| class="wikitable" | Until about 1960, the hominoids were usually divided into two families: humans and their extinct relatives in Hominidae, all other hominoids in Pongidae. | |- | The 1960s saw the application of techniques from molecular biology to primate taxonomy. Goodman used his 1964 immunological study of serum proteins to propose a division of the hominoids into three families, with the "great apes" in Pongidae and the "lesser apes" (gibbons) in Hylobatidae. The trichotomy of hominoid families, however, prompted scientists to ask which family speciated first from the common hominoid ancestor. | |- | Within the superfamily Hominoidea, gibbons are the outgroup: this means that the rest of the hominoids are more closely related to each other than any of them are to gibbons. This led to the placing of the "great apes" into the family Hominidae along with humans, by demoting the Pongidae to a subfamily; the Hominidae family now contained the subfamilies Homininae and Ponginae. Again, the three-way split in Ponginae led scientists to ask which of the three genera is least related to the others. | |- | Investigation showed orangutans to be the outgroup, but comparing humans to all three other hominid genera showed that African "apes" (chimpanzees and gorillas) and humans are more closely related to each other than any of them are to orangutans. This led to the placing of the African hominoids in the subfamily Homininae, forming another three-way split. This classification was first proposed by M. Goodman in 1974. | |- | To try to resolve the hominine trichotomy, some authors proposed the division of the subfamily Homininae into the tribes Gorillini (African "apes") and Hominini (humans). | |- | However, DNA comparisons provide convincing evidence that within the subfamily Homininae, gorillas are the outgroup. This suggests that chimpanzees should be in Hominini along with humans. This classification was first proposed (though one rank lower) by M. Goodman et al. in 1990. See Human evolutionary genetics for more information on the speciation of humans and "great apes". | |- | Later DNA comparisons split the gibbon genus ''Hylobates'' into four genera: ''Hylobates'', ''Hoolock'', ''Nomascus'', and ''Symphalangus''. | |}

Classification and evolution[link]

As discussed above, hominoid taxonomy has undergone several changes. Genetic analysis shows that hominoids diverged from the Old World monkeys between 29 million and 34.5 million years ago. The gibbons split from the rest about 18 mya, and the hominid splits happened 14 mya (''Pongo''), 7 mya (''Gorilla''), and 3-5 mya (''Homo'' & ''Pan'').

The families, genera and extant species of hominoids are:

Superfamily Hominoidea

* Family Hylobatidae: gibbons ("lesser apes")

** Genus ''Hylobates''

*** Lar gibbon or white-handed gibbon, ''H. lar''

*** Bornean white-bearded gibbon, ''H. albibarbis''

*** Agile gibbon or black-handed gibbon, ''H. agilis''

*** Müller's Bornean gibbon or grey gibbon, ''H. muelleri''

*** Silvery gibbon, ''H. moloch''

*** Pileated gibbon or capped gibbon, ''H. pileatus''

*** Kloss's gibbon or Mentawai gibbon or bilou, ''H. klossii''

** Genus ''Hoolock''

*** Western hoolock gibbon, ''H. hoolock''

*** Eastern hoolock gibbon, ''H. leuconedys''

** Genus ''Symphalangus''

*** Siamang, ''S. syndactylus''

** Genus ''Nomascus''

*** Black crested gibbon, ''N. concolor''

*** Eastern black crested gibbon, ''N. nasutus''

*** Hainan black crested gibbon, ''N. hainanus''

*** Southern white-cheeked gibbon ''N. siki''

*** White-cheeked crested gibbon, ''N. leucogenys''

*** Yellow-cheeked gibbon, ''N. gabriellae''

* Family Hominidae: hominids ("great apes", including humans)

** Genus ''Pongo'': orangutans

*** Bornean orangutan, ''P. pygmaeus''

*** Sumatran orangutan, ''P. abelii''

** Genus ''Gorilla'': gorillas

*** Western gorilla, ''G. gorilla''

*** Eastern gorilla, ''G. beringei''

** Genus ''Homo'': humans

*** Human, ''H. sapiens''

** Genus ''Pan'': chimpanzees

*** Common chimpanzee, ''P. troglodytes''

*** Bonobo, ''P. paniscus''

Cultural aspects of apes[link]

Often, "apes" (nonhuman hominoids) are said to be the result of a curse—a Jewish folktale claims that one of the races who built the Tower of Babel became apes as punishment, while Muslim lore says that the Jews of Eilat became apes as punishment for fishing on the Sabbath. Some sects of Christianity have folklore that claims that these apes are a symbol of lust and were created by Satan in response to God's creation of humans. It is uncertain whether any of these references are to any specific apes. All of these concepts date from a period when neither the distinction between apes and monkeys, nor the fact that humans are closely related to chimpanzees, was widely understood, if understood at all.

See also[link]

Chimp Haven

''Declaration on Great Apes'' from the Great Ape Project

Human

List of human evolution fossils

List of apes (for notable non-fictional apes)

List of fictional apes

Notes and references[link]

External links[link]

Agreement between cladograms based on molecular and anatomical data.

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name	Sue Savage-Rumbaugh
birth date	1946
birth place
occupation	Executive Director of Great Ape Trust
parents
website	http://www.greatapetrust.org/
relations	}}

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh (born 1946), also known by the lexigram 20px, is a psychologist and primatologist most known for her work with two bonobos, Kanzi and Panbanisha, investigating their linguistic and cognitive abilities using lexigrams and computer-based keyboards. Originally based at Georgia State University's Language Research Center in Atlanta, Georgia, she now serves as the Executive Director and Head Scientist at Great Ape Trust in Des Moines, Iowa.

Education[link]

Savage-Rumbaugh received an MS degree at the University of Oklahoma, and completed her doctorate there in 1975. She has been awarded honorary Ph.D.s by the University of Chicago in 1997 and Missouri State University in 2008.

Research[link]

The first and only scientist to conduct language research with bonobos, Savage-Rumbaugh joined Great Ape Trust in 2005 following a 23-year association with Georgia State University's Language Research Center (LRC). In 2011, Dr. Sue was recognized as one of TIME magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World.

At the LRC, Dr. Savage-Rumbaugh helped pioneer the use of a number of new technologies for working with primates. These include a keyboard which provides for speech synthesis, allowing the animals to communicate using spoken English, and a "primate friendly" computer-based joystick terminal that permits the automated presentation of many different computerized tasks. Information developed at the center regarding the abilities of non-human primates to acquire symbols, comprehend spoken words, decode simple syntactical structures, learn concepts of number and quantity, and perform complex perceptual-motor tasks has helped change the way humans view other members of the primate order.

Dr. Savage-Rumbaugh's work with Kanzi, the first ape to learn language in the same manner as children, was detailed in Language Comprehension in Ape and Child published in Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development (1993). It was selected by the "Millennium Project" as one of the top 100 most influential works in cognitive science in the 20th century by the University of Minnesota Center for Cognitive Sciences in 1991.

Her view of language – that it is not confined to humans and is learnable by other ape species – is controversial within linguistics, psychology and other sciences of the brain and mind. For example, the cognitive scientist Steven Pinker strongly criticized the position of Savage-Rumbaugh and others in his award-winning ''The Language Instinct'', arguing that Kanzi and other non-human primates failed to grasp the fundamentals of language.

According to Alexander Fiske-Harrison, who visited Savage-Rumbaugh in 2001 for the ''Financial Times'', her methods differ from the more clinical techniques of other researchers such as Frans de Waal by taking a "holistic approach to the research, rearing the apes from birth and immersing them in a "linguistic world"."

Videos and commentary on Savage-Rumbaugh's work can be seen at http://kanzi.bvu.edu

Bibliography[link]

Brakke, K. E. and Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (1995) The development of language skills in bonobo and chimpanzee: I. Comprehension. Language and Communication 2, 121-148.

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. 1986. ''Ape Language: From Conditioned Response to Symbol''. New York: Columbia University Press. ASIN B000OQ1WIY

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., and Roger Lewin. 1996. ''Kanzi: The Ape at the Brink of the Human Mind''. Wiley. ISBN 047115959X

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., Stuart G. Shanker, and Talbot J. Taylor. 2001. ''Apes, Language, and the Human Mind''. Oxford. ISBN 019514712X

Lyn, H., Greenfield, P. M., Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Gillespie-Lynch, K., & Hopkins, W. D. (2011). Nonhuman primates do declare! A comparison of declarative symbol and gesture use in two children, two bonobos, and a chimpanzee. Language and Communication, 31, 63-74.

"The Foundations of Primate Intelligence and Language," Duane M. Rumbaugh, E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, James E. King and Jared P. Taglialatela. The Human Brain Evolving: Paleoneurological Studies in Honor of Ralph L. Holloway, Stone Age Institute Press (2011).

Gillespie-Lynch, K., Greenfield, P. M., Lyn, H., & Savage-Rumbaugh, S. (in press). The role of dialogue in the ontogeny and phylogeny of early word combinations. First Language.

Savage-Rumbaugh, S. (2010) Human Language-Human Consciousness, On the Human, a project of the National Humanities Center

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., Rumbaugh, D.M., & Fields, W.M. (2009) "Empirical Kanzi: The ape language debate revisited".The Skeptic.

Lyn, H., Franks, B., and Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (2008) Precursors of morality in the use of the symbols "good" and "bad" in two bonobos (Pan paniscus) and a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Language and Communication 28(3) 213-224 .

Greenfield, P. M., Lyn, H., & Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (2008). Protolanguage in ontogeny and phylogeny: combining deixis and representation. Interaction Studies, 9(1), 34-50.

Rumbaugh, D. M., Washburn, D. A., King, J. E., Beran, M. J. Gould, K., & Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (2008). Why some apes imitate and/or emulate observed behavior and others do not: Fact, theory, and implications for our kind. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 7, (1), 101 -110.

Savage-Rumbaugh, S. & Fields, W.M. (2007) Rules and Tools: Beyond Anthropomorphism: A qualitative report on the stone tool manufacture and use by captive bonobos Kanzi and Panbanisha. In N. Toth's Craft Institute Oldowan Technologies 1(1).

Fields, W.M., Segerdahl, P., & Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. (2007) "The Material Practices of Ape Language."  In J. Valsiner & Alberto Rosa (Eds.) The Cambridge Handbook of Socio-Cultural Psychology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rumbaugh, D. M., E. S. Savage-Rumbaugh, & Taglialatela, J. (2007). (L. Squire, ed.) Language Nonhuman Animals. The New Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. New York: Elsevier.

Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Rumbaugh, D.M. & W.M. Fields. (2006) "Language as a Window on the Cultural Mind." In S. Hurley (Ed.) Rational Animals, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lyn, H., Greenfield, P. G., and Savage-Rumbaugh, E. S. (2006) The development of pretend play in chimpanzees and bonobos: evolutionary implications, pretense, and the role of interspecies communication, Cognitive Development, 21, 199-213.

Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Kanzi Wamba, Panbanisha Wamba and Nyota Wamba. (2007) "Welfare of Apes in Captive Environments: Comments On, and By, a Specific Group of Apes." Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science.

Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Fields, W.M.,Segerdahl, P., & D.M. Rumbaugh. (2005) "Culture Prefigures Cognition in Pan/Homo Bonobos."Theoria 20(3).

Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S., Segerdahl, P., Fields, W.M. (2005) "Individual Differences in Language Competencies in Apes Resulting from Unique Rearing Conditions Imposed by Different First Epistemologies."n L.L. Namy & S.R. Waxman (Eds.)

Segerdahl, P., Fields, W.M., & Savage-Rumbaugh, E.S. (2005) Kanzi's Primal Language: The Cultural Initiation of Apes Into Language. London: Palgrave/Macmillan.

Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Fields, W.M., & T. Spircu. (2004). The Emergence of Knapping and Vocal Expression Embedded in a Pan/Homo Culture.J. of Biology and Philosophy (19).

Fields, W.M., & Savage-Rumbaugh, S. (2003). [Review of the book A Mind So Rare: The Evolution of Human Consciousness]. Contemporary Psychology 48(8).

Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Fields, W. (2002) "Hacias el control de nuevas realidades," Quark (25), 20-26.

Savage-Rumbaugh, S., Fields, W.M. & Taglialetela, J. (2001) "Language, Speech, Tools and Writing: A cultural imperative." In Thompson, E. (Ed.), Between Ourselves: Second-person issues in the study of consciousness, (pp.273-292) Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic.

Savage-Rumbuagh, E.S. & Fields, W.M. (2000) "Linguistic, Cultural and Cognitive Capabilities of Bonobos (Pan paniscus)." Culture & Psychology 6(2), 131-153.

"Perception of Personality Traits and Semantic Learning in Evolving Hominids." The Descent of Mind: Psychological Perspectives on Hominid Evolution" (pages 98-115), Oxford University Press, 1999.

"Ape Communication: Between a Rock and a Hard Place." Origins of Language: What Non-Human Primates Can Tell Us" School of American Research Press, 1999.

"Continuing Investigations into the Stone Tool-Making and Tool-Using Capabilities of Bonobo (Pan paniscus)" in Journal of Archaeological Science, 26 (pages 821-832), 1999.

"Language, Comprehension in Ape and Child" (Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development) Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Jeannine Murphy, Rose A. Sevcik, Karen E. Brakke, Shelly L. Williams and Duane M. Rumbaugh; University Of Chicago Press (July 1993)

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Great Ape Trust of Iowa

Bonobo Hope

"Apes that write, start fires and play Pac-Man," Savage-Rumbaugh's lecture at TED

Interview with Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

My Hero Project

Category:Primatologists Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:Great Ape Trust Category:University of Oklahoma alumni Category:Georgia State University faculty

es:Sue Savage-Rumbaugh fr:Sue Savage-Rumbaugh fi:Sue Savage-Rumbaugh sv:Sue Savage-Rumbaugh

name	Jane Goodall
birth date	April 03, 1934
birth place	London, England, U.K.
location	London, England,
residence	UK, Tanzania
alma mater	Darwin College, University of Cambridge
doctoral advisor	Robert Hinde
known for	Study of chimpanzees, conservation, animal welfare
prizes	DBE (2004) }}

Dame Jane Morris Goodall, (born Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall on 3 April 1934), is a British primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace. Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 45-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. She is the founder of the Jane Goodall Institute and has worked extensively on conservation and animal welfare issues.

Early years [link]

Jane Goodall was born in London, England in 1934 to Mortimer Herbert Morris-Goodall, a businessman, and Margaret Myfanwe Joseph, a novelist who wrote under the name Vanne Morris-Goodall. As a child she was given a lifelike chimpanzee toy named Jubilee by her father; her fondness for the toy started her early love of animals. Today, the toy still sits on her dresser in London. As she writes in her book, ''Reason For Hope'': "My mother's friends were horrified by this toy, thinking it would frighten me and give me nightmares." Goodall has a sister, Judith, who shares the same birthday, though the two were born four years apart.

Africa [link]

Goodall had always been passionate about animals and Africa, which brought her to the farm of a friend in the Kenya highlands in 1957. From there, she obtained work as a secretary, and acting on her friend's advice she telephoned Louis Leakey, a Kenyan archaeologist and paleontologist, with no other thought than to make an appointment to discuss animals. Leakey, believing that the study of existing great apes could provide indications of the behaviour of early hominids, was looking for a chimpanzee researcher though he kept the idea to himself. Instead, he proposed that Goodall work for him as a secretary. After obtaining his wife Mary Leakey's approval, Louis sent Goodall to Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where he laid out his plans.

In 1958, Leakey sent Goodall to London to study primate behavior with Osman Hill and primate anatomy with John Napier. Leakey raised funds, and on 14 July 1960 Goodall went to Gombe Stream National Park becoming the first of "Leakey's Angels". She was accompanied by her mother whose presence was necessary to satisfy the requirements of David Anstey, chief warden, who was concerned for their safety; Tanzania was ''"Tanganyika"'' at that time and a British protectorate.

Leakey arranged funding and in 1962 sent Goodall, who had no degree, to Cambridge University where she obtained a Ph.D degree in Ethology. She became only the eighth person to be allowed to study for a Ph.D there without first obtaining a BA or B.Sc. Her thesis was completed in 1965 under the tutorship of Robert Hinde, former master of St. John's College, Cambridge, titled "Behavior of the Free-Ranging Chimpanzee," detailing her first five years of study at the Gombe Reserve.

Personal life [link]

Goodall has been married twice. On 28 March 1964, she married a Dutch nobleman, wildlife photographer Baron Hugo van Lawick, at Chelsea Old Church, London, and she became known during their marriage as Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall. The couple had a son, Hugo Eric Louis, affectionately known as "Grub," who was born in 1967. They divorced in 1974. In 1975, she married Derek Bryceson (a member of Tanzania's parliament and the director of that country's national parks); he died of cancer in October 1980. With his position in the Tanzanian government as head of the country's national park system, Bryceson was able to protect Goodall's research project and implement an embargo on tourism at Gombe while he was alive.

When asked if she believed in God, Goodall said in September 2010: "I don’t have any idea of who or what God is. But I do believe in some great spiritual power. I don’t know what to call it. I feel it particularly when I’m out in nature. It’s just something that’s bigger and stronger than what I am or what anybody is. I feel it. And it’s enough for me."

Work [link]

Research at Gombe Stream National Park [link]

Goodall is best known for her study of chimpanzee social and family life. She began studying the Kasakela chimpanzee community in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania in 1960. Without collegiate training directing her research, Goodall observed things that strict scientific doctrines may have overlooked. Instead of numbering the chimpanzees she observed, she gave them names such as Fifi and David Greybeard, and observed them to have unique and individual personalities, an unconventional idea at the time. She found that, “it isn’t only human beings who have personality, who are capable of rational thought [and] emotions like joy and sorrow.” She also observed behaviors such as hugs, kisses, pats on the back, and even tickling, what we consider "human" actions. Goodall insists that these gestures are evidence of "the close, supportive, affectionate bonds that develop between family members and other individuals within a community, which can persist throughout a life span of more than 50 years." These findings suggest similarities between humans and chimpanzees exist in more than genes alone, but can be seen in emotion, intelligence, and family and social relationships.

Goodall’s research at Gombe Stream is best known to the scientific community for challenging two long-standing beliefs of the day: that only humans could construct and use tools, and that chimpanzees were vegetarians. While observing one chimpanzee feeding at a termite mound, she watched him repeatedly place stalks of grass into termite holes, then remove them from the hole covered with clinging termites, effectively “fishing” for termites. The chimps would also take twigs from trees and strip off the leaves to make the twig more effective, a form of object modification which is the rudimentary beginnings of toolmaking. Humans had long distinguished ourselves from the rest of the animal kingdom as "Man the Toolmaker". In response to Goodall's revolutionary findings, Louis Leakey wrote, "We must now redefine man, redefine tool, or accept chimpanzees as human!".

In contrast to the peaceful and affectionate behaviors she observed, Goodall also found an aggressive side of chimp nature at Gombe Stream. She discovered that chimps will systematically hunt and eat smaller primates such as colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus monkey high in a tree, block all possible exits, then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.

But perhaps more startling, and disturbing, was the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop in order to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism. She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature." These findings revolutionized contemporary knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour, and were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.

Goodall also set herself apart from the traditional conventions of the time by naming the animals in her studies of primates, instead of assigning each a number. Numbering was a nearly universal practice at the time, and thought to be important in the removal of one's self from the potential for emotional attachment to the subject being studied. Setting herself apart from other researchers also led her to develop a close bond with the chimpanzees and to become, to this day, the only human ever accepted into chimpanzee society. She was the lowest ranking member of a troop for a period of 22 months. Among those that Goodall named during her years in Gombe were: David Greybeard, a grey-chinned male who first warmed up to Goodall.

Goliath, a friend of David Greybeard, originally the alpha male named for his bold nature.

Mike, who through his cunning and improvisation displaced Goliath as the alpha male.

Humphrey, a big, strong, bullysome male.

Gigi, a large, sterile female who delighted in being the "aunt" of any young chimps or humans.

Mr. McGregor, a belligerent older male.

Flo, a motherly, high-ranking female with a bulbous nose and ragged ears, and her children, Figan, Faben, Freud, Fifi, and Flint. Frodo, Fifi's second oldest child, an aggressive male who would frequently attack Jane, and ultimately forced her to leave the troop when he became alpha male.

Jane Goodall incorporation [link]

In 1977, Goodall established the Jane Goodall Institute (JGI), which supports the Gombe research, and she is a global leader in the effort to protect chimpanzees and their habitats. With nineteen offices around the world, the JGI is widely recognized for innovative, community-centred conservation and development programs in Africa. Its global youth program, Roots & Shoots began in 1991 when a group of 16 local teenagers met with Goodall on her back porch in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. They were eager to discuss a range of problems they knew about from first-hand experience that caused them deep concern. The organisation now has over 10,000 groups in over 100 countries. Due to an overflow of handwritten notes, photographs, and data piling up at Jane's home in Dar es Salaam in the mid-1990s, the Jane Goodall Institute’s Center for Primate Studies was created at the University of Minnesota to house and organize this data. Currently all of the original Jane Goodall archives reside there and have been digitized and analyzed and placed in an online database. On March 17, 2011, Duke University spokesman Karl Bates announced that the archives will move to Duke, with Anne E. Pusey, Duke's chairman of evolutionary anthropology, overseeing the collection. Pusey, who managed the archives in Minnesota and worked with Goodall in Tanzania, had worked at Duke for a year.

Today, Goodall devotes virtually all of her time to advocacy on behalf of chimpanzees and the environment, travelling nearly 300 days a year. Goodall is also a board member for the world's largest chimpanzee sanctuary outside of Africa, Save the Chimps in Fort Pierce, Florida.

Activism [link]

Goodall is the former president of Advocates for Animals, an organization based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that campaigns against the use of animals in medical research, zoos, farming and sport.

Goodall is a devoted vegetarian and advocates the diet for ethical, environmental, and health reasons. In The Inner World of Farm Animals, Goodall writes that farm animals are "far more aware and intelligent than we ever imagined and, despite having been bred as domestic slaves, they are individual beings in their own right. As such, they deserve our respect. And our help. Who will plead for them if we are silent?” Goodall has also said, “Thousands of people who say they 'love' animals sit down once or twice a day to enjoy the flesh of creatures who have been treated so with little respect and kindness just to make more meat."

In May 2008, Goodall controversially described Edinburgh Zoo's new primate enclosure as a "wonderful facility" where monkeys "are probably better off [than those] living in the wild in an area like Budongo, where one in six gets caught in a wire snare, and countries like Congo, where chimpanzees, monkeys and gorillas are shot for food commercially." This was in conflict with Advocates for Animals' position on captive animals. In June 2008 Goodall confirmed that she had resigned the presidency of the organisation which she had held since 1998, citing her busy schedule and explaining, "I just don't have time for them."

Criticism [link]

Some primatologists have suggested flaws in Goodall's methodology which may call into question the validity of her observations. Goodall used unconventional practices in her study, for example, naming individuals instead of numbering them. At the time numbering was used to prevent emotional attachment and loss of objectivity. Claiming to see individuality and emotion in chimpanzees, she was accused of "that worst of ethological sins", anthropomorphism.

Many standard methods are aimed at helping observers to avoid interference and the use of feeding stations to attract Gombe chimpanzees is, in particular, thought by some to have altered normal foraging and feeding patterns as well as social relationships; this argument is the focus of a book published by Margaret Power in 1991. It has been suggested that higher levels of aggression and conflict with other chimpanzee groups in the area were consequences of the feeding, which could have created the "wars" between chimpanzee social groups described by Goodall, aspects of which she did not witness in the years before artificial feeding began at Gombe. Thus, some regard Goodall's observations as distortions of normal chimpanzee behavior. Goodall herself acknowledged that feeding contributed to aggression within and between groups but maintained that the effect was limited to alteration of the intensity and not the nature of chimpanzee conflict, and further that feeding was necessary for the study to be effective at all. Craig Stanford of the Jane Goodall Research Institute at the University of Southern California asserts that researchers undergoing studies with no artificial provisioning have a difficult time viewing any social behaviors of chimpanzees at all, especially any related to intergroup conflict.

Some recent studies such as those by Crickette Sanz in the Goualougo Triangle (Congo) and Christophe Boesch in the Taï National Park (Ivory Coast) have not shown the aggression observed in the Gombe studies. However, not all primatologists agree that the studies are flawed; for example, Jim Moore provides a critique of Margaret Powers' assertions and some studies of other chimpanzee groups have shown similar aggression to Gombe even in the absence of feeding.

In popular culture[link]

In ''The Simpsons'' episode "Simpson Safari", Dr. Joan Bushwell, a character loosely based on Goodall, is a research scientist in charge of a chimpanzee refuge who is secretly forcing her chimps to mine diamonds for her benefit.

On her album ''Street Angel'', Stevie Nicks pays tribute to Goodall with the track "Jane".

A parody of Goodall appears in the webcomic, Irregular Webcomic! as a foil to Steve, himself a parody of Steve Irwin. She would later appear as herself interacting with the comic's writer, David Morgan-Mar.

A parody of Goodall appears once on ''The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack'', living on an island inhabited by chimpanzees.

She is included in the Symphony of Science video ''The Unbroken Thread''.

Benjamin Hale's 2011 novel The Evolution of Bruno Littlemore contains epitaphs by Jane Goodall.

On September 24, 2011, Dr. Goodall appeared on ''Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!'' in the ''Not My Job'' segment.

She was featured in Apple's "Think Different" campaign.

Gary Larson cartoon incident [link]

One of cartoonist Gary Larson's more famous cartoons shows two chimpanzees grooming. One finds a blonde human hair on the other and inquires, "Conducting a little more 'research' with that Jane Goodall tramp?" Goodall herself was in Africa at the time, and the Jane Goodall Institute thought this was in bad taste, and had their lawyers draft a letter to Larson and his distribution syndicate, in which they described the cartoon as an "atrocity". They were stymied by Goodall herself when she returned and saw the cartoon, as she stated that she found the cartoon amusing. Since then, all profits from sales of a shirt featuring this cartoon go to the Jane Goodall Institute. Goodall wrote a preface to ''The Far Side Gallery 5'', detailing her version of the controversy, and the Institute's letter was included next to the cartoon in the complete Far Side collection. She praised Larson's creative ideas, which often compare and contrast the behavior of humans and animals. In 1988, Larson visited Gombe.

Awards and recognition [link]

Honours [link]

Goodall has received many honours for her environmental and humanitarian work, as well as others. She was named a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in a ceremony held in Buckingham Palace in 2004. In April 2002, Secretary-General Kofi Annan named Goodall a United Nations Messenger of Peace. Her other honors include the Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement, the French Legion of Honor, Medal of Tanzania, Japan's prestigious Kyoto Prize, the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science, the Gandhi-King Award for Nonviolence and the Spanish Prince of Asturias Awards. She is also a member of the advisory board of ''BBC Wildlife'' magazine and a patron of Population Matters (formerly the Optimum Population Trust). She has received many tributes, honors, and awards from local governments, schools, institutions, and charities around the world. Goodall is honored by The Walt Disney Company with a plaque on the Tree of Life at Walt Disney World's Animal Kingdom theme park, alongside a carving of her beloved David Greybeard, the original chimp who approached Goodall during her first year at Gombe. In 2010 Dave Matthews and Tim Reynolds held a benefit concert at DAR Constitution Hall in Washington DC to commemorate Gombe 50: a global celebration of Jane Goodall’s pioneering chimpanzee research and inspiring vision for our future.

Awards [link]

1980: Order of the Golden Ark, World Wildlife Award for Conservation

1984: J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation Prize

1985: Living Legacy Award from the International Women's League

1985:Society of the United States; Award for Humane Excellence, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

1987: Ian Biggs' Prize

1989: Encyclopædia Britannica Award for Excellence on the Dissemination of Learning for the Benefit of Mankind; Anthropologist of the Year Award

1990: The AMES Award, American Anthropologist Association; Whooping Crane Conservation Award, Conoco, Inc.; Gold Medal of the Society of Women Geographers; Inamori Foundation Award; Washoe Award; The Kyoto Prize in Basic Science

1991: The Edinburgh Medal

1993: Rainforest Alliance Champion Award

1994: Chester Zoo Diamond Jubilee Medal

1995: Commander of the Order of the British Empire, presented by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II; The National Geographic Society Hubbard Medal for Distinction in Exploration, Discovery, and Research; Lifetime Achievement Award, In Defense of Animals; The Moody Gardens Environmental Award; Honorary Wardenship of Uganda National Parks

1996: The Zoological Society of London Silver Medal; The Tanzanian Kilimanjaro Medal; The Primate Society of Great Britain Conservation Award; The Caring Institute Award; The Polar Bear Award; William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement

1997: John & Alice Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement; David S. Ingells, Jr. Award for Excellence; Common Wealth Award for Public Service; The Field Museum's Award of Merit; Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement; Royal Geographical Society / Discovery Channel Europe Award for A Lifetime of Discovery

1998: Disney's Animal Kingdom Eco Hero Award; National Science Board Public Service Award; The Orion Society's John Hay Award

1999: International Peace Award; Botanical Research Institute of Texas International Award of Excellence in Conservation, Community of Christ International Peace Award

2001: Graham J. Norton Award for Achievement in Increasing Community Livability; Rungius Award of the National Museum of Wildlife Art, USA; Roger Tory Peterson Memorial Medal, Harvard Museum of Natural History; Master Peace Award; Gandhi/King Award for Non-Violence

2002: The Huxley Memorial Medal, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland; United Nations "Messenger of Peace" Appointment

2003: Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science; Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment Award; Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Achievement; Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, presented by His Royal Highness Prince Charles; Chicago Academy of Sciences' Honorary Environmental Leader Award

2004: Nierenberg Prize for Science in the Public Interest; Will Rogers Spirit Award, the Rotary Club of Will Rogers and Will Rogers Memorial Museums; Life Time Achievement Award, the International Fund for Animal Welfare; Honorary Degree from Haverford College

2005: Honorary doctorate degree in science from Syracuse University

2005:Honorary doctorate degree in science from Rutgers University

2005: Presented with Discovery and Imagination Award

2006: Received the 60th Anniversary Medal of the UNESCO and the French Légion d'honneur.

2007: Honorary doctorate degree in commemoration of Carl Linnaeus from Uppsala University

2007: Honorary doctorate degree from University of Liverpool

2008: Honorary doctorate degree from University of Toronto

2011: Honorary doctorate degree from American University of Paris

2011: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic

2012: Named Grand Marshal of the 2013 Tournament of Roses Parade

Media [link]

Books [link]

1969 ''My Friends the Wild Chimpanzees'' Washington, DC: National Geographic Society

1971 ''Innocent Killers'' (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins.

1971 ''In the Shadow of Man'' Boston: Houghton Mifflin; London: Collins. Published in 48 languages.

1986 ''The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior'' Boston: Bellknap Press of the Harvard University Press. Published also in Japanese and Russian. R.R. Hawkins Award for the Outstanding Technical, Scientific or Medical book of 1986, to Bellknap Press of Harvard University Press, Boston. The Wildlife Society (USA) Award for "Outstanding Publication in Wildlife Ecology and Management".

1990 ''Through a Window: 30 years observing the Gombe chimpanzees'' London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Translated into more than 15 languages. 1991 Penguin edition, UK. American Library Association "Best" list among Nine Notable Books (Nonfiction) for 1991.

1991 ''Visions of Caliban'' (co-authored with Dale Peterson, Ph.D.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York Times "Notable Book" for 1993. Library Journal "Best Sci-Tech Book" for 1993.

1999 ''Brutal Kinship'' (with Michael Nichols). New York: Aperture Foundation.

1999 ''Reason For Hope; A Spiritual Journey'' (with Phillip Berman). New York: Warner Books, Inc. Translated into Japanese and Portuguese.

2000 ''40 Years At Gombe'' New York: Stewart, Tabori, and Chang.

2000 ''Africa In My Blood'' (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

2001 ''Beyond Innocence: An Autobiography in Letters, the later years'' (edited by Dale Peterson). New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-12520-5 Online version

2002 ''The Ten Trusts: What We Must Do To Care for the Animals We Love'' (with Marc Bekoff). San Francisco: Harper San Francisco

2005 ''Harvest for Hope: A Guide to Mindful Eating'' New York: Warner Books, Inc. ISBN 0-446-53362-9

2009 ''Hope for Animals and Their World: How Endangered Species Are Being Rescued from the Brink'' Grand Central Publishing ISBN 0-446-58177-1

Children's books[link]

1972 ''Grub: The Bush Baby'' (with H. van Lawick). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

1988 ''My Life with the Chimpanzees'' New York: Byron Preiss Visual Publications, Inc. Translated into French, Japanese and Chinese. Parenting's Reading-Magic Award for "Outstanding Book for Children," 1989.

1989 ''The Chimpanzee Family Book'' Saxonville, MA: Picture Book Studio; Munich: Neugebauer Press; London: Picture Book Studio. Translated into more than 15 languages, including Japanese and Swahili. The UNICEF Award for the best children's book of 1989. Austrian state prize for best children's book of 1990.

1989 ''Jane Goodall's Animal World: Chimps'' New York: Macmillan.

1989 ''Animal Family Series: Chimpanzee Family; Lion Family; Elephant Family; Zebra Family; Giraffe Family; Baboon Family; Hyena Family; Wildebeest Family'' Toronto: Madison Marketing Ltd.

1994 ''With Love'' New York / London: North-South Books. Translated into German, French, Italian, and Japanese.

1999 ''Dr. White'' (illustrated by Julie Litty). New York: North-South Books.

2000 ''The Eagle & the Wren'' (illustrated by Alexander Reichstein). New York: North-South Books.

2001 ''Chimpanzees I Love: Saving Their World and Ours'' New York: Scholastic Press

2004 ''Rickie and Henri: A True Story'' (with Alan Marks) Penguin Young Readers Group

Films [link]

1963 ''Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees'' National Geographic Society

1975 ''Miss Goodall: The Hyena Story '' The World of Animal Behavior Series 16mm 1979 version for DiscoVision, not released for LaserDisc

1984 ''Among the Wild Chimpanzees'' National Geographic Special

1988 ''People of the Forest'' with Hugo van Lawick

1990 ''Chimpanzee Alert'' in the Nature Watch Series, Central Television

1990 ''The Life and Legend of Jane Goodall'' National Geographic Society.

1990 ''The Gombe Chimpanzees'' Bavarian Television

1995 ''Fifi's Boys'' for the Natural World series for the

1996 ''Chimpanzee Diary'' for BBC2 Animal Zone

1997 ''Animal Minds'' for BBC

Goodall voiced herself in the animated TV series ''The Wild Thornberrys''.

2000 ''Jane Goodall: Reason For Hope'' PBS special produced by KTCA

2001 ''Chimps R Us'' PBS special Scientific Frontiers.

2002 ''Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees'' (IMAX format), in collaboration with Science North

2005 ''Jane Goodall's Return to Gombe'' for Animal Planet

2006 ''Chimps, So Like Us'' HBO film nominated for 1990 Academy Award

2007 ''When Animals Talk We Should Listen'' theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet

2010 ''Jane's Journey'' theatrical documentary feature co-produced by Animal Planet

2012 ''Chimpanzee'' theatrical nature documentary feature co-produced by Disneynature

See also[link]

Roots & Shoots

USC Jane Goodall Research Center

References[link]

External links[link]

The Jane Goodall Institute

Lecture of Goodall at Harvard University in 2007

Jane Goodall Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos

Jane Goodall interviewed by Alyssa McDonald July 2010 on New Statesman.

Category:1934 births Category:Living people Category:People from London Category:English anthropologists Category:English vegetarians Category:Ethologists Category:Primatologists Category:Women biologists Category:English biologists Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge Category:Dames Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Category:University of Southern California faculty Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Category:Sustainability advocates Category:United Nations Messengers of Peace Category:People with prosopagnosia Category:Dutch nobility

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birth name	John Charles Carter
birth date	October 04, 1923
birth place	No Man's Land, Illinois, U.S.
death date	April 05, 2008
death place	Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
death cause	Pneumonia
nationality	American
education	New Trier High School
alma mater	Northwestern University
home town	St. Helen, Michigan
residence	Beverly Hills, California
occupation	Actor, film director, activist
years active	1941–2008
spouse	Lydia Clarke (1944–2008, his death) }}

Charlton Heston (born John Charles Carter; October 4, 1923 – April 5, 2008) was an American actor of film, theatre and television. Heston is known for heroic roles in films such as ''The Ten Commandments'', ''Ben-Hur'' for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, ''El Cid'', and ''Planet of the Apes''. He also is well known for his roles in the films ''The Greatest Show on Earth'' and ''Touch of Evil''.

Heston was also known for his political activism. In the 1950s and 1960s he was one of a handful of Hollywood actors to speak openly against racism and was an active supporter of the Civil Rights Movement. Initially a moderate Democrat, he later supported conservative Republican policies and was president of the National Rifle Association from 1998 to 2003.

Early years[link]

Heston was born John Charles Carter, the son of Lilla (née Charlton; 1899–1994) and Russell Whitford Carter (1897–1966), a sawmill operator. Most sources state that he was born in Evanston, Illinois. Heston's autobiography, however, and some other sources place his birth in No Man's Land, Illinois, which usually refers to a then-unincorporated area now part of Wilmette, a wealthy northern suburb of Chicago. Heston said in a 1995 interview that he was not very good at remembering addresses or his early childhood.

Heston was of partial Scottish descent and was a member of the Fraser clan. The majority of Heston's ancestry was English.

In his autobiography, Heston refers to his father participating in his family's construction business. When Heston was an infant his father's work moved the family to St. Helen, Michigan. It was a rural, heavily forested part of the state, and Heston lived an isolated yet idyllic existence spending much time hunting and fishing in the backwoods of the area.

When Heston was 10 years old, his parents divorced. Shortly thereafter, his mother married Chester Heston. The new family moved back to Wilmette. Heston (his new surname) attended New Trier High School.

Throughout Heston's life he was known by friends as "Chuck" although his wife always called him "Charlie." His stage name Charlton Heston is drawn from his mother's maiden surname (Charlton) and his stepfather's surname (Heston), and was used for his first film, ''Peer Gynt''.

Career[link]

Heston frequently recounted that, while growing up in northern Michigan in a sparsely populated area, he often wandered in the forest, "acting" out the characters from books he had read. Later, in high school, Heston enrolled in New Trier's drama program, playing in the silent 16 mm amateur film adaptation of ''Peer Gynt'', from the Ibsen play, by future film activist David Bradley released in 1941. From the Winnetka Community Theatre (Or, the Winnetka Dramatist's Guild as it was then known) in which he was active, he earned a drama scholarship to Northwestern University. Several years later Heston teamed up with Bradley to produce the first sound version of William Shakespeare's ''Julius Caesar'', in which Heston played Mark Antony.

World War II service[link]

In 1944, Heston enlisted in the United States Army Air Forces. He served for two years as a radio operator and aerial gunner aboard a B-25 Mitchell stationed in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands with the Eleventh Air Force. He reached the rank of Staff Sergeant. Heston married Northwestern University student Lydia Marie Clarke in the same year he joined the military. After his service and rise to fame, Heston was chosen as a narrator for highly classified Military and Department of Energy instructional films, particularly relating to nuclear weapons, and "for six years Heston [held] the nation's highest security clearance" or Q clearance."

Theater and television[link]

After the war, Heston and Clarke lived in Hell's Kitchen, New York City, where they worked as artists' models. Seeking a way to make it in theater, Heston and his wife Lydia decided to manage a playhouse in Asheville, North Carolina in 1947. They made $100 a week on the job. In 1948, they went back to New York where Heston was offered a supporting role in a Broadway revival of Shakespeare's ''Antony and Cleopatra'', starring Katharine Cornell. Heston had success in television, playing a number of roles in CBS's ''Studio One'', one of the most popular anthology dramas of the 1950s. Film producer Hal B. Wallis of ''Casablanca'' spotted Heston in a 1950 television production of ''Wuthering Heights'' and offered him a contract. When his wife reminded Heston they had decided to pursue theater and television, he replied, "Well, maybe just for one film to see what it's like."

Heston's most frequently played roles on stage include the title role in ''Macbeth'', Sir Thomas More in ''A Man for All Seasons'', and Mark Antony in ''Julius Caesar'' and ''Antony and Cleopatra''.

In 1995, Heston starred with Peter Graves, Mickey Rooney and Deborah Winters in the Warren Chaney docudrama, ''America: A Call to Greatness''. Then in 1998, he had a cameo role, playing himself, on the American television series ''Friends'', in ''The One with Joey's Dirty Day''.

Hollywood[link]

Heston earned recognition for his appearance in his first professional movie, ''Dark City'', a 1950 film noir. His breakthrough came when Cecil B. DeMille cast him as a circus manager in ''The Greatest Show on Earth'', which was named by the Motion Picture Academy as the best picture of 1952. In 1953, Heston was Billy Wilder's first choice to play Sefton in ''Stalag 17''. However, the role was given to William Holden, who won an Oscar for it. Heston became an icon for portraying Moses in the hugely successful film ''The Ten Commandments'' (1956), reportedly being chosen by director Cecil B. DeMille because he thought the muscular, 6 ft 3 in, square jawed Heston bore an uncanny resemblance to Michelangelo's statue of Moses. In 1955, he joined Jane Wyman in the film, ''Lucy Gallant'', the story of a woman determined to maintain her dress shop in a small Texas oil-boom community. In 1958, Heston played a Mexican police officer named Ramon Miguel Vargas in Orson Welles's widely acclaimed film noir ''Touch of Evil''.

After Marlon Brando, Burt Lancaster and Rock Hudson turned down the title role of ''Ben-Hur'' (1959), Heston accepted the role, winning the Academy Award for Best Actor, one of the unprecedented eleven Oscars the film earned. After Moses and Ben-Hur, Heston was identified with Biblical epics more than any other actor. He voiced the role of a cartoon version of the Lew Wallace novel in 2003.

Heston played leading roles in a number of fictional and historical epics: ''El Cid'' (1961), ''55 Days at Peking'' (1963), as Michelangelo in ''The Agony and the Ecstasy'' (1965), and ''Khartoum'' (1966). Heston also played the eponymous role in the western movie, ''Will Penny'' (1968).

In 1965, Heston became president of the Screen Actors Guild. He remained in the position until 1971, the second longest tenure to date in that office.

In 1968, Heston starred in ''Planet of the Apes'' and in 1970, he was in a smaller supporting role in the sequel, ''Beneath the Planet of the Apes''. Also in 1970, Heston portrayed Mark Antony again in another film version of Shakespeare's ''Julius Caesar''. His co-stars included Jason Robards as Brutus, Richard Chamberlain as Octavius, Robert Vaughn as Casca, and English actors Richard Johnson as Cassius, John Gielgud as Caesar, and Diana Rigg as Portia. In 1971, he starred in the science fiction film, ''The Omega Man''. Although critically panned, the film is now considered a classic of apocalyptic horror. In 1972, Heston made his directorial debut, and starred, as Mark Antony in an adaptation of the William Shakespeare play he performed earlier in his theater career, ''Antony and Cleopatra''. Hildegarde Neil was Cleopatra, and English actor Eric Porter was Enobarbus. After receiving scathing reviews, the film never went to theaters, and rarely turns up on television. It was finally released on DVD in March 2011. He subsequently starred in successful films such as ''Soylent Green'' (1973) and ''Earthquake'' (1974).

Beginning with playing Cardinal Richelieu in 1973's ''The Three Musketeers'', Heston was seen in an increasing number of supporting roles, cameos and theater. From 1985 to 1987, he starred in his only prime-time stint on series television with the soap, ''The Colbys''. With his son Fraser, he produced and also starred in several TV movies, including remakes of ''Treasure Island'' and ''A Man For All Seasons''. In 1992, Heston appeared in a short series of videos on the A&E; cable network reading passages from the King James Version of the Bible, called ''Charlton Heston Presents the Bible''. It was filmed in the Middle East and received excellent reviews, achieving great success on video and DVD. Never taking himself too seriously, he appeared in 1993 in a cameo role in ''Wayne's World 2'' (in a scene wherein main character Wayne Campbell (Mike Myers) requests that a small role be filled by a better actor). After the scene is reshot with Heston, Campbell weeps in awe. That same year, Heston hosted ''Saturday Night Live''. He had cameos in the films ''Hamlet,'' ''Tombstone'' and ''True Lies''. He starred in many theatre productions at the Los Angeles Music Center where he appeared in such plays as ''Detective Story, The Caine Mutiny Court Martial,'' and as Sherlock Holmes in ''The Crucifer of Blood'' opposite Jeremy Brett as Dr. Watson, later winning acclaim for his interpretation of the famous detective in a television version. In 2001, Heston made a cameo appearance as an elderly, dying chimpanzee in Tim Burton's remake of ''Planet of the Apes''. Heston's last film role was as the infamous Nazi doctor Josef Mengele in ''My Father, Rua Alguem 5555'', which had limited release (mainly to festivals) in 2003.

Heston's distinctive voice had also landed him roles as a film narrator, including ''Armageddon'' and Disney's ''Hercules''.

Heston played the title role in ''Mister Roberts'' three times and cited it as one of his favorite roles. In the early 1990s, he tried unsuccessfully to revive and direct the show with Tom Selleck in the title role.

Political activism[link]

Heston campaigned for Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson in 1956 and John F. Kennedy in 1960. Reportedly, when an Oklahoma movie theater premiering his movie ''El Cid'' was segregated, he joined a picket line outside in 1961. Heston makes no reference to this in his autobiography, but describes traveling to Oklahoma City to picket segregated restaurants, much to the chagrin of Allied Artists, the producers of ''El Cid''. During the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom held in Washington, D.C. in 1963, he accompanied Martin Luther King Jr. In later speeches, Heston said he helped the civil rights cause "long before Hollywood found it fashionable."

Following the assassination of Senator Robert F. Kennedy in 1968, Heston and actors Gregory Peck, Kirk Douglas and James Stewart issued a statement calling for support of President Johnson's Gun Control Act of 1968. He opposed the Vietnam War during its course (though he changed his opinion in the years following the war) and in 1969 was approached by the Democratic Party to run for the U.S. Senate. He agonized over the decision and ultimately determined he could never give up acting. He is reported to have voted for Richard Nixon in 1972, though Nixon is unmentioned in his autobiography.

By the 1980s, Heston opposed affirmative action, supported gun rights and changed his political affiliation from Democrat to Republican. When asked why he changed political alliances, Heston replied "I didn't change. The Democratic party changed." He campaigned for Republicans and Republican Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush.

"Heston resigned from Actors Equity, claiming the union's refusal to allow a white actor to play a Eurasian role in ''Miss Saigon'' was 'obscenely racist'. He said CNN's telecasts from Baghdad were 'sowing doubts' about the allied effort in the 1990–91 Gulf War."

At a Time Warner stockholders' meeting, Heston castigated the company for releasing an Ice-T album which included the song "Cop Killer", which depicted the killing of police officers.

While filming ''The Savage'', Heston was initiated by blood into the Miniconjou Lakota Nation, but claimed no natural American Indian heritage. He claimed to be "native American" to reclaim the term from exclusion to American Indians.

In a 1997 ''Fighting the Culture War in America'' speech, Heston rhetorically deplored a culture war he said was being conducted by a generation of media, educators, entertainers and politicians against:

"...the God fearing, law-abiding, Caucasian, middle-class Protestant – or even worse, evangelical Christian, Midwestern or Southern – or even worse, rural, apparently straight – or even worse, admitted heterosexuals, gun-owning – or even worse, NRA-card-carrying, average working stiff – or even worse, male working stiff – because, not only don’t you count, you are a down-right obstacle to social progress. Your voice deserves a lower decibel level, your opinion is less enlightened, your media access is insignificant, and frankly, mister, you need to wake up, wise up, and learn a little something from your new-America and until you do, would you mind shutting up?"

He went on:

"The Constitution was handed down to guide us by a bunch of wise old dead white guys who invented our country! Now some flinch when I say that. Why! It's true-they were white guys! So were most of the guys that died in Lincoln's name opposing slavery in the 1860s. So why should I be ashamed of white guys? Why is "Hispanic Pride" or "Black Pride" a good thing, while "White Pride" conjures shaven heads and white hoods? Why was the Million Man March on Washington celebrated by many as progress, while the Promise Keepers March on Washington was greeted with suspicion and ridicule? I’ll tell you why: Cultural warfare!"

In an address to students at Harvard Law School entitled ''Winning the Cultural War'', Heston said, "If Americans believed in political correctness, we'd still be King George's boys – subjects bound to the British crown."

He said to the students:

"You are the best and the brightest. You, here in this fertile cradle of American academia, here in the castle of learning on the Charles River. You are the cream. But I submit that you and your counterparts across the land are the most socially conformed and politically silenced generation since Concord Bridge. And as long as you validate that and abide it, you are, by your grandfathers' standards, cowards."

Heston later stated, "Political correctness is tyranny with manners."

In a speech to the National Press Club in 1997, Heston said, "Now, I doubt any of you would prefer a rolled up newspaper as a weapon against a dictator or a criminal intruder."

Heston was the president and spokesman of the NRA from 1998 until he resigned in 2003. At the 2000 NRA convention, he raised a rifle over his head and declared that a potential Al Gore administration would take away his Second Amendment rights "from my cold, dead hands". In announcing his resignation in 2003, he again raised a rifle over his head, repeating the five famous words of his 2000 speech. He was an honorary life member.

In the 2002 film ''Bowling for Columbine'', Michael Moore interviewed Heston in his home, asking him about an April 1999 NRA meeting held shortly after the Columbine high school massacre, in Denver, Colorado. Moore criticized Heston for the perceived thoughtlessness in the timing and location of the meeting. Heston, on-camera, excused himself and walked out. Moore was later criticized for his ambush and for selectively editing footage which scrambled the sequence of questions and answers to make Heston appear to be giving responses that did not match the question asked.

Actor George Clooney made a controversial joke about Heston's failing health at a 2003 National Board of Review award ceremony, saying that Heston "announced again today that he is suffering from Alzheimer's." When asked about the incident, Clooney said Heston deserved whatever was said about him for his involvement with the NRA. Heston responded by saying Clooney lacked class, and said he felt sorry for Clooney, as Clooney had as much of a chance of developing Alzheimer's as anyone else.

In April 2003 Heston sent a message of support to US forces in the Iraq war, attacking opponents of the war as "pretend patriots".

Heston opposed abortion and gave the introduction to a 1987 pro-life documentary by Bernard Nathanson called ''Eclipse of Reason'' which focuses on late-term abortions. Heston served on the Advisory Board of Accuracy in Media, a conservative media watchdog group founded by Reed Irvine.

Later life and death[link]

In 1996, Heston had a hip replacement. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1998. Following a course of radiation treatment, the cancer went into remission. In 2000, he publicly disclosed that he had been treated for alcoholism at a Utah clinic in May–June of that year. On August 9, 2002, Heston publicly announced he was diagnosed with symptoms consistent with Alzheimer's disease. In July 2003, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House from President George W. Bush. In March 2005, various newspapers reported that family and friends were shocked by the progression of his illness, and that he was sometimes unable to get out of bed.

Heston died on April 5, 2008, at his home in Beverly Hills, California, with Lydia, his wife of 64 years, by his side. He was also survived by his son, Fraser Clarke Heston, and daughter, Holly Ann Heston. The cause of death was not disclosed by the family. A month later media outlets reported his death was due to complications with pneumonia. Heston's family released a statement, reading:

Early tributes came in from leading figures; President George W. Bush called Heston "a man of character and integrity, with a big heart", adding, "He served his country during World War II, marched in the civil rights movement, led a labor union and vigorously defended Americans’ Second Amendment rights." Former First Lady Nancy Reagan said that she was "heartbroken" over Heston's death and released a statement, reading, "I will never forget Chuck as a hero on the big screen in the roles he played, but more importantly I considered him a hero in life for the many times that he stepped up to support Ronnie in whatever he was doing."

Heston's funeral was held a week later on April 12, 2008, in a ceremony which was attended by 250 people including Nancy Reagan and Hollywood stars such as California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, Olivia de Havilland, Keith Carradine, Pat Boone, Tom Selleck, Oliver Stone, Rob Reiner, and Christian Bale.

The funeral was held at Episcopal Parish of St. Matthew's Church in Pacific Palisades, California, the church where Heston regularly worshipped and attended Sunday services since the early 1980s. He was cremated and his ashes were given to his family.

Legacy[link]

Richard Corliss wrote in ''TIME'' magazine, "From start to finish, Heston was a grand, ornery anachronism, the sinewy symbol of a time when Hollywood took itself seriously, when heroes came from history books, not comic books. Epics like ''Ben-Hur'' or ''El Cid'' simply couldn't be made today, in part because popular culture has changed as much as political fashion. But mainly because there's no one remotely like Charlton Heston to infuse the form with his stature, fire and guts."

In his obituary for the actor, film critic Roger Ebert noted "Heston made at least three movies that almost everybody eventually sees: ''Ben-Hur'', ''The Ten Commandments'' and ''Planet of the Apes''."

Heston's cinematic legacy was the subject of ''Cinematic Atlas: The Triumphs of Charlton Heston'', an eleven-film retrospective by the Film Society of the Lincoln Center that was shown at the Walter Reade Theater from August 29 to September 4, 2008.

On April 17, 2010, Heston was inducted into the National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum's Hall of Great Western Performers.

Filmography[link]

Bibliography[link]

Heston's books include autobiographies and religious books:

''The Actor's Life'' (ISBN 0-671-83016-3)

''In the Arena: An Autobiography'' (ISBN 1-57297-267-X)

''The Courage to be Free'' (ISBN 978-0-9703688-0-5)

''Beijing Diary'' (ISBN 0-671-68706-9)

''To Be a Man: Letters to My Grandson'' (ISBN 0-7432-1311-4)

''Charlton Heston Presents the Bible'' (ISBN 1-57719-270-2)

''Charlton Heston's Hollywood: 50 Years in American Film'' with Jean-Pierre Isbouts (ISBN 1-57719-357-1)

*

References[link]

External links[link]

Hollywood.com entry

Reel Classics

BBC News Obituary

Obituary and public tribute

'From Our Files: An Interview with Charlton Heston' by Phil Elderkin, ''The Christian Science Monitor'', November 4, 1959

Charlton Heston, The Actor – French PDF (14 Mo)

Category:1923 births Category:2008 deaths Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients Category:Actors from Illinois Category:Actors from Michigan Category:African Americans' rights activists Category:American people of English descent Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American anti–Vietnam War activists Category:American Christians Category:American civil rights activists Category:American film actors Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:Best Actor Academy Award winners Category:California Republicans Category:Deaths from Alzheimer's disease Category:Deaths from pneumonia Category:Infectious disease deaths in California Category:Kennedy Center honorees Category:American voice actors Category:New Trier High School alumni Category:Northwestern University alumni Category:People from Evanston, Illinois Category:People from Roscommon County, Michigan Category:People from the Greater Los Angeles Area Category:People from Wilmette, Illinois Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Presidents of the National Rifle Association Category:Gun politics in the United States Category:Presidents of the Screen Actors Guild Category:United States Army Air Forces soldiers Category:Deaths from prostate cancer

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