A ceasefire (or truce) is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty, but they have also been called as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. An armistice is a formal agreement to end fighting.

Historical examples

World War I

During World War I, on December 24, 1914, there was an unofficial ceasefire as France, the United Kingdom, and Germany observed Christmas. No treaty was signed, and the war resumed after a few days.

Vietnam War

On January 15, 1973, President Richard Nixon ordered a ceasefire of the aerial bombings in North Vietnam. The decision came after Dr Henry Kissinger, the National Security Affairs advisor to the president, returned to Washington from Paris France with a draft peace proposal. Combat missions continued in South Vietnam. By January 27, 1973, all warring parties in the Vietnam War signed a ceasefire as a prelude to the Paris Peace Accord.

Kashmir conflict

Pakistan's government has repeatedly claimed that India is violating the Simla Agreement by constructing a fence along the Line of Control in the Kashmir Conflict. However, India maintains the fence has decreased armed infiltration into Indian-administered Kashmir.

Then-Pakistani President and ex-Army Chief of Staff Pervez Musharraf promised in 2002 to curb infiltration into the disputed territory.

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

An example of a ceasefire in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict was announced between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority on February 8, 2005. When announced, chief Palestinian negotiator Saeb Erekat publicly defined the ceasefire as follows: "We have agreed that today President Mahmoud Abbas will declare a full cessation of violence against Israelis anywhere and Prime Minister Ariel Sharon will declare a full cessation of violence and military activities against Palestinians anywhere."

Provisional IRA - British government

Throughout the period of The Troubles, the Provisional IRA and other paramilitary groups have called ceasefires. The most notable of these being the IRA ceasefire which was called on 31 August 1994 and ended on 9 February 1996 with the Docklands bombing. Another ceasefire was declared in July 1997 after negotiations were reopened.

Spanish government - ETA

ETA has declared several ceasefires during its long running campaign against the Spanish state. A ceasefire declared in March 2006, was broken on December 30, 2006, when a car bomb exploded in Madrid killing two people. On 5 September 2010 ETA declared a ceasefire.

See also

Armistice

Korean Armistice Agreement

Peace treaty

References

Category:Military diplomacy Category:Military terminology Category:Peace Category:Military strategy

Name	Death Angel
Landscape	Yes
Background	group_or_band
Origin	San Francisco Bay Area, California, United States
Genre	Thrash metal, speed metal, heavy metal
Years active	1982–19912001–present
Label	Enigma, Geffen, Nuclear Blast
Associated acts	Big Shrimp, The Organization, Swarm
Url	Official site
Current members	Mark OseguedaRob CavestanyTed AguilarWill CarrollDamien Sisson
Past members	Andy Galeon Gus PepaDennis PepaSammy Diosdado

Death Angel is a Filipino-American thrash metal band from Concord, California, initially active from 1982 to 1991 and again since 2001. Death Angel has released six studio albums, two demo tapes, one box set and two live albums.

Two independent releases, The Ultra-Violence (1987) and Frolic Through the Park (1988), attracted the attention of Geffen Records, who signed the quintet in 1989, and released their next album, Act III, one year later. While Death Angel was touring in support of Act III, drummer Andy Galeon was injured in a tour bus accident, needing more than a year to fully recover. This resulted in the band's break up in 1991. However, Death Angel reformed in 2001 (without original guitarist Gus Pepa) at the Thrash of the Titans benefit concert for Testament singer Chuck Billy. The band continues to record and perform today.

Biography

Early years (1982–1986)

Death Angel was formed in the San Francisco Bay Area, California, in 1982 by cousins Rob Cavestany (lead guitar), Dennis Pepa (vocals, bass), Gus Pepa (rhythm guitar), and Andy Galeon (drums). After considering a number of different names for the band, including Dark Fury, Cavestany and D. Pepa settled on the name Death Angel after coming across a book by that title in a book store. In 1983, the band released their first demo, Heavy Metal Insanity, with Matt Wallace serving as producer. According to Mark Osegueda, the group was then "more like a metal band, more like Iron Maiden, Tygers Of Pan Tang and stuff like that," as the so-called Bay Area thrash movement was only just beginning to rise to prominence at the time, and make its influence felt. Osegueda, a second cousin of the other four members who had been working as their roadie, became the group's vocalist in 1984 and performed his first show with the band on a bill with Megadeth in April of that year (at one of the four Megadeth gigs to feature Kerry King on guitar).

Also in 1990, Enigma Records — after already having sold its interest in the band to the Geffen label — illegally released and distributed Fall from Grace, an unauthorized bootleg live album featuring songs from their first two releases recorded at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The album was released without any input from the band members with regard to its songs, contents, credits, concepts, or artwork. The band learned of its existence when they stumbled upon it in a record store in Tucson, Arizona on the night prior to suffering a near-fatal auto accident (see below). Enigma Records folded after the release, cashing in on the sales. The album was also, possibly illegally, picked up, manufactured and distributed by Capitol Records.

Death Angel had embarked on what was scheduled to be a worldwide tour in support of Act III in 1990, selling out shows at the Warfield Theater in San Francisco, The Ritz in New York, and England's Hammersmith Odeon. The band was also slated to be the opening act for the "Clash of the Titans" tour featuring Megadeth, Slayer, Suicidal Tendencies, and Anthrax later in the year (but were ultimately replaced by Alice in Chains, since they were unable to perform). Additionally, Death Angel and Geffen were planning to release a live album recorded at shows in the Bay Area, and the band was intending to tour a number of other countries it had not previously visited.

But in late 1990, while driving in Arizona en route to a show in Las Vegas, Nevada, the group crashed, and drummer Andy Galeon was critically injured, needing more than a year to recover. Cavestany said at the time that "[i]n a way, it made perfect sense to have a major accident right now, it really fit the story line. We've been pushing so hard for 8 years and just not getting that far, and getting so frustrated with not being where we should be after so long, it was time for something climactic to happen!" The remaining members performed a few acoustic-only shows in the Bay Area, appearing as "The Past."

Post-breakup (1991–2000)

In the summer of 1991, with Galeon fully recovered, Death Angel's remaining members, without Mark, reformed with the band under the name of The Organization (the title of a song on Act III), with Cavestany taking over lead vocal duties. The band focused more on funk and alt-rock than traditional metal. The Organization's first demo was recorded and produced at City College of San Francisco's multitrack studios by Eric Kauschen and Dana Galloway.

The Organization toured extensively throughout the United States and Europe, including two appearances at the Netherlands's Dynamo Open Air Festival, a support slot on Rob Halford's "Fight" tour and as the main support act for Motörhead in Europe. However, both 1993's The Organization and 1995's Savor the Flavor (including a cover of Steely Dan's "Do It Again") distributed by, (Metal Blade Records) failed to make waves with the record-buying public, and Cavestany and Galeon decided to call it quits.

In 1998, Cavestany and Galeon reunited with Osegueda for the first time since 1990. Along with bassist Michael Isaiah, the trio formed Swarm and released a four-track self-titled EP in 1999, along with the five-song Devour EP in 2001. Swarm toured with Jerry Cantrell of Alice in Chains in 2000, and released the compilation album Beyond the End, which combined the contents of the two EPs with a cover of The Doors' "My Eyes Have Seen You," in 2002. Although Swarm did not become a commercial success, it did bring the core of the band back together, setting the wheels in motion for a Death Angel reunion.

Reunion (2001–present)

Death Angel officially reunited in August 2001 for Thrash of the Titans, a cancer benefit show for Testament frontman Chuck Billy. Original guitarist Gus Pepa could not participate in the reunion since he was out of the country. At Cavestany's suggestion, and with Gus's blessing, the band enlisted longtime friend and fan Ted Aguilar to handle rhythm guitar duties. Originally planned as a one-off show, the band received such a positive response that they played a string of other well-received gigs around the San Francisco area, and a pair of European tours — despite the band not having issued an album in over a decade. They also participated in Wacken Open Air 2004.

In 2004, 14 years after their last album, the band released The Art of Dying on Nuclear Blast records. Archives and Artifacts, a box set with remastered versions of the long out-of-print The Ultra-Violence and Frolic Through The Park, along with a bonus Rarities CD and DVD, followed in 2005.

Osegueda has since announced his involvement in the band All Time Highs, but has emphasized that he intends to remain a member of Death Angel. In August 2007, Cavestany released a solo CD of acoustic songs, Lines on the Road, the material on which was written in collaboration with Gus Pepa, and performed by Cavestany (vocals, bass, guitar) Gus Pepa (guitar) and Galeon (drums).

In April 2007, they headlined the seventh Pulp Summer Slam in the Philippines. Killing Season, recorded at Dave Grohl's Studio 606 in Northridge, California, was released on February 26, 2008. Death Angel’s video for "Dethroned," a track off Killing Season, debuted online on Thursday, April 17, 2008, on Headbangers Blog.

At the October 28 show at the Grand in San Francisco, Death Angel announced that founding member Dennis Pepa would be leaving the band and the show would be his final live performance with the band.

On January 10, 2009, Death Angel announced the addition of bassist Sammy Diosdado to the group's ranks. Diosdado is a Bay Area native who previously played with the San Francisco hardcore band The Sick and is a member of the rock and roll outfit All Time Highs, which is fronted by Osegueda.

Relentless Retribution

On May 28, 2009, Death Angel announced founding member Andy Galeon had quit the band, leaving Cavestany as the sole ever-present member in the current line-up. He was replaced on tour by Will Carroll (formerly of Scarecrow, Old Grandad and Vicious Rumors).

"Relentless Retribution" was released on September 3, 2010 in Europe. The album was recorded at Audiohammer Studios in Sanford, Florida with producer Jason Suecof (Trivium, August Burns Red, The Black Dahlia Murder, All That Remains, Whitechapel, Devildriver), and was the first Death Angel album done without longtime drummer Andy Galeon as well as its first done without either of the Pepa brothers since the band's inception.

Personnel

Death Angel has had numerous line-up changes; guitarist Rob Cavestany is the only constant member.

{| class="toccolours" border=2 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=2 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid #E2E2E2;" |- ! bgcolor="gainsboro" width="200"| Dates & releases ! bgcolor="gainsboro" width="200"| Members & prominent instruments ! bgcolor="gainsboro" width="500"| Notes |- ! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1982–1984) |

Rob Cavestany – guitars, vocals

Gus Pepa – guitar

Dennis Pepa – bass guitar, backing vocals

Andy Galeon – drums

|

First lineup of Death Angel.

This lineup recorded one demo together in 1983.

|- ! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1984–1991) |

Mark Osegueda – vocals

Rob Cavestany – guitars, backing vocals

Gus Pepa – guitar

Dennis Pepa – bass guitar, backing vocals

Andy Galeon – drums

|

The classic Death Angel lineup.

This lineup recorded three albums (The Ultra-Violence, Frolic Through the Park and Act III) and one live album together.

|- ! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1991) |

Mark Osegueda – vocals

Rob Cavestany – guitars, backing vocals

Gus Pepa – guitar

Dennis Pepa – bass guitar, backing vocals

Chris Kontos – drums

|

On tour, Chris Kontos briefly filled in for Andy Galeon on drums when he was critically injured in an accident.

|- ! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (1991–2001) | Band split | |- ! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (2001–2008) |

Mark Osegueda – vocals

Ted Aguilar – guitars, backing vocals

Rob Cavestany – guitars, backing vocals

Dennis Pepa – bass guitar, backing vocals

Andy Galeon – drums

|

The reunion Death Angel lineup.

This lineup recorded two albums (The Art of Dying and Killing Season) and one live album together.

|- ! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (2008–2009) |

Mark Osegueda – vocals

Ted Aguilar – guitars, backing vocals

Rob Cavestany – guitars, backing vocals

Andy Galeon – drums

| |- ! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (2009) |

Mark Osegueda – vocals

Rob Cavestany – guitars, backing vocals

Ted Aguilar – guitars

Sammy Diosdado – bass guitar, backing vocals

Andy Galeon – drums

| |- ! bgcolor="#E7EBEE" | (2009–present) |

Mark Osegueda – vocals

Rob Cavestany – guitars, backing vocals

Ted Aguilar – guitars

Damien Sisson – bass

Will Carroll – drums

|

This lineup recorded one album (Relentless Retribution)

|}

Discography

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Live albums

Demo albums

Singles

Music videos

{|class="wikitable" border="1" |- ! Year ! Title ! Director(s) |- | 1987 | "Voracious Souls" | |- | 1988 | "Bored" | |- | rowspan="2"| 1990 | "Seemingly Endless Time" | |- | "A Room with a View" | |- | 2008 | "Dethroned" |rowspan="2"| Robert Sexton |- | 2010 | "Truce" |- | 2011 | "River of Rapture" | Tommy Jones |}

Other appearances

album ("Trapped Under Ice") (2004)

Alone in the Dark movie soundtrack ("The Devil Incarnate") (2005)

Videography

Sonic German Beatdown - Live in Germany (Dvd) (2009)

References

External links

Official website

MySpace page">Official MySpace page

Interview with Mark Osegueda on groundcontrolmag.com, November 2008

Online wiki for Death Angel concerts and setlists

Category:Thrash metal musical groups from California Category:Music of the San Francisco Bay Area Category:American musicians of Filipino descent Category:Musical groups established in 1982 Category:1980s music groups Category:1990s music groups Category:2000s music groups Category:2010s music groups Category:Geffen Records artists