Title	September 11 attacks
Alt	A montage of eight images depicting, from top to bottom, the World Trade Center towers burning, the collapsed section of the Pentagon, the impact explosion in the south tower, a rescue worker standing in front of rubble of the collapsed towers, an excavator unearthing a smashed jet engine, three frames of video depicting airplane impacting the Pentagon.
Location	New York City; Arlington County, Virginia; and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
Date	Tuesday, September 11, 2001
Time-begin
Time-end
Timezone	UTC-04:00
Type	Aircraft hijacking, mass murder, suicide attack, terrorism
Fatalities	2,996
Injuries	More than 6,000
Perps	Al-Qaeda(See also responsibility and hijackers) }}

The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th or 9/11) were a series of four suicide attacks that were committed in the United States on September 11, 2001, coordinated to strike the areas of New York City and Washington, D.C. On that Tuesday morning, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally piloted two of those planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center complex in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. The hijackers also intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and intended to pilot the fourth hijacked jet, United Airlines Flight 93, into a target in Washington, D.C.; however, the plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after its passengers attempted to take control of the jet from the hijackers. Nearly 3,000 people died in the attacks including the 227 civilians and 19 hijackers aboard the four planes, none of whom survived.

Suspicion quickly fell on al-Qaeda, and in 2004, the group's leader Osama bin Laden, who had initially denied involvement, claimed responsibility for the attacks. Al-Qaeda and bin Laden cited U.S. support of Israel, the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, and sanctions against Iraq as motives for the attacks. The United States responded to the attacks by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, which had harbored al-Qaeda. Many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded law enforcement powers. In May 2011, after years at large, bin Laden was found and killed.

The destruction of the Twin Towers caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan and had a significant impact on global markets. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site was completed in May 2002, and the Pentagon was repaired within a year. Numerous memorials were constructed, including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York, the Pentagon Memorial, and the Flight 93 National Memorial in Pennsylvania. After a lengthy delay, the One World Trade Center is expected to be completed at ground zero in New York by 2013.

Attacks[link]

Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 hijackers took control of four commercial airliners (two Boeing 757 and two Boeing 767) en route to San Francisco or Los Angeles after takeoffs from Boston, Massachusetts, Newark, New Jersey, and Washington, D.C. Wide–body planes with long flights were intentionally selected for hijacking because they would be heavily fueled.

The four flights involved were:

American Airlines Flight 11: Left Boston's Logan Airport at 7:59 a.m. enroute to Los Angeles with a crew of 11 and 76 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m.

United Airlines Flight 175: Left Logan Airport at 8:14 a.m. enroute to Los Angeles with a crew of nine and 51 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the South Tower of the World Trade Center at 9:03 a.m.

American Airlines Flight 77: Left Washington Dulles International Airport in Northern Virginia at 8:20 a.m. enroute to Los Angeles with a crew of six and 53 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m.

United Airlines Flight 93: Left Newark International Airport at 8:42 a.m. enroute to San Francisco, with a crew of seven and 33 passengers, not including four hijackers. After the passengers revolted, the hijackers crashed the plane into the ground near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:03 a.m.

Media coverage was intense during the attacks and aftermath, beginning moments after the first crash into the World Trade Center.

Events[link]

At 8:46 a.m., five hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the World Trade Center's North Tower (1 WTC), and at 9:03 a.m., another five hijackers crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower (2 WTC).

Five hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m.

A fourth flight, United Airlines Flight 93, under the control of four hijackers, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh, at 10:03 a.m. after the passengers fought the hijackers. Flight 93's target is believed to have been either the Capitol or the White House. Flight 93's cockpit voice recorder revealed crew and passengers attempted to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that similarly hijacked planes had been crashed into buildings that morning. Once it became evident to the hijackers that the passengers might regain control of the plane, the hijackers rolled the plane and intentionally crashed it.

Some passengers and crew members who were able to make phone calls from the aircraft using the cabin airphone service and mobile phones provided details that there were several hijackers aboard each plane; that mace, tear gas, or pepper spray was used and that some people aboard had been stabbed. Reports indicated hijackers stabbed and killed pilots, flight attendants, and one or more passengers. In their final report, the 9/11 Commission found the hijackers had recently purchased multi-function hand tools and assorted knives and blades. A flight attendant on Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and passengers on Flight 93 said the hijackers had bombs, but one of the passengers also said he thought the bombs were fake. The FBI found no traces of explosives at the crash sites, and the 9/11 Commission concluded the bombs were probably fake.

Three buildings in the World Trade Center Complex collapsed due to structural failure. The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. after burning for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m. after burning for 102 minutes. When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center building (7 WTC), damaging it and starting fires. These fires burned for hours, compromising the building's structural integrity, and 7 WTC collapsed at 5:21 p.m. The Pentagon sustained major damage.

At 9:40 a.m., the FAA grounded all aircraft within the continental U.S., and aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately. All international civilian aircraft were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico, and all international flights were banned from landing on U.S. soil for three days. The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and air traffic controllers. Among the unconfirmed and often contradictory news reports aired throughout the day, one of the most prevalent said a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters in Washington, D.C. Another jet—Delta Air Lines Flight 1989—was suspected of having been hijacked, but the aircraft responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio.

In a September 2002 interview, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who are believed to have organized the attacks, said Flight 93's intended target was the United States Capitol, not the White House. During the planning stage of the attacks, Mohamed Atta, the hijacker and pilot of Flight 11, thought the White House might be too tough a target and sought an assessment from Hani Hanjour, who would later hijack and pilot Flight 77. Mohammed also said al-Qaeda initially planned to target nuclear installations rather than the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, but decided against it, fearing things could "get out of control." Final decisions on targeting, according to Mohammed, were left in the hands of the pilots.

Casualties[link]

The attacks resulted in the death of 2,996 people, including the 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims. The victims included 246 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in New York City in the towers and on the ground, and 125 at the Pentagon. Nearly all of the victims were civilians; 55 military personnel were among those killed at the Pentagon.

More than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact. In the North Tower 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped and died of smoke inhalation, fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames, or were killed in the building's eventual collapse. The destruction of all three staircases in the tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. A further 107 people below the point of impact did not survive.

In the South Tower, one stairwell (A), was left intact after Flight 175 hit, allowing 14 people located on the floors of impact (including one man who saw the plane coming at him) and four more from the floors above to escape. 911 operators who received calls from individuals inside the tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded and as a result, told callers not to descend the tower on their own. 630 people died in that tower, fewer than half the number killed in the North Tower. Casualties in the South Tower were significantly reduced by the decision of some occupants to start evacuating when the North Tower was struck.

At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as exemplified in the photograph ''The Falling Man''), landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below. Some occupants of each tower above the point of impact made their way toward the roof in hope of helicopter rescue, but the roof access doors were locked. No plan existed for helicopter rescues, and the thick smoke and intense heat would have prevented helicopters from approaching. A total of 411 emergency workers died as they tried to rescue people and fight fires. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) lost 341 firefighters and 2 paramedics. The New York City Police Department (NYPD) lost 23 officers. The Port Authority Police Department lost 37 officers. Eight emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics from private emergency medical services units were killed.

Cantor Fitzgerald L.P., an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of the North Tower, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer. Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100, lost 358 employees, and 175 employees of Aon Corporation were also killed. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated that about 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks though turnstile counts from the Port Authority suggest 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45 a.m. The vast majority of people below the impact zone safely evacuated the buildings.

After New York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens, with the city of Hoboken sustaining the most deaths. More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks on the World Trade Center. Two people were later added to the official death toll after dying from health conditions linked to exposure to dust from the collapse of the World Trade Center.

Deaths (+ hijackers)
New York City	World Trade Center	2,606
	87 + 5
	60 + 5
Arlington		125
	59 + 5
! Shanksville		40 + 4
Total	2,977 + 19

Weeks after the attack, the death toll was estimated to be over 6,000, more than twice the number of deaths eventually confirmed. The city was only able to identify remains for about 1,600 of the World Trade Center victims. The medical examiner's office collected "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead". Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 by workers who were preparing to demolish the damaged Deutsche Bank Building. In 2010, a team of anthropologists and archaeologists searched for human remains and personal items at the Fresh Kills Landfill, where seventy-two more human remains were recovered, bringing the total found to 1,845. DNA profiling continues in an attempt to identify additional victims. As of August 2011, 1,631 victims have been identified, while 1,122 (41%) of the victims remained unidentified. The remains are being held in storage in Memorial Park, outside the New York City Medical Examiner’s facilities. It is expected that the remains will be moved in 2013 to a repository behind a wall at the 9/11 museum. As of July 2011, a team of scientists at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner continues to try to identify remains, in the hope that improved technology will allow them to identify other victims.

Damage[link]

Along with the 110-floor Twin Towers, numerous other buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed or badly damaged, including WTC buildings 3 through 7 and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. The North Tower, South Tower, the Marriott Hotel (3 WTC) and 7 WTC were completely destroyed. The U.S. Customs House (6 World Trade Center), 4 World Trade Center, 5 World Trade Center, and both pedestrian bridges connecting buildings were severely damaged. The Deutsche Bank Building on 130 Liberty Street was partially damaged and demolished later. The two buildings of the World Financial Center also suffered damage.

The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned as uninhabitable because of toxic conditions inside the office tower, and was deconstructed. The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks, and is being rebuilt. Other neighboring buildings including 90 West Street and the Verizon Building suffered major damage but have been restored. World Financial Center buildings, One Liberty Plaza, the Millenium Hilton, and 90 Church Street had moderate damage and have since been restored. Communications equipment on top of the North Tower was also destroyed, but media stations were quickly able to reroute signals and resume broadcasts.

The Pentagon, in Arlington, Virginia, across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., was severely damaged by the impact of American Airlines Flight 77 and ensuing fires, causing one section of the building to collapse. As it approached the Pentagon, the airplane's wings knocked over light poles and its right engine smashed into a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building, killing all 53 passengers, 5 hijackers, and 6 crew. The plane hit the Pentagon at the first-floor level. The front part of the fuselage disintegrated on impact, while the mid and tail sections kept moving for another fraction of a second. Debris from the tail section penetrated furthest into the building, breaking through of the three outermost of the building's five rings.

Rescue and recovery[link]

The New York City Fire Department deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the site. Their efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and emergency medical technicians. The New York City Police Department sent Emergency Service Units and other police personnel, and deployed its aviation unit. Once on the scene, the FDNY, NYPD, and Port Authority police did not coordinate efforts and performed redundant searches for civilians. As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD aviation unit relayed information to police commanders, who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed. With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders.

After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued evacuation warnings; however, due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene. Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002.

Attackers and their background[link]

al-Qaeda[link]

The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden traveled to Afghanistan and helped organize Arab mujahideen to resist the Soviets. Under the guidance of Ayman al-Zawahiri, bin Laden became more radical. In 1996 bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia.

In a second fatwā in 1998, bin Laden outlined his objections to American foreign policy with respect to Israel, as well as the continued presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War. Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances are reversed, and according to bin Laden, Muslim legal scholars, "have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries."

Osama bin Laden[link]

Bin Laden, who orchestrated the attacks, initially denied but later admitted involvement. Al Jazeera broadcast a statement by bin Laden on September 16, 2001, stating, "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation." In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the tape, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi and admits foreknowledge of the attacks. On December 27, 2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said, "Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills our people", but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks.

Shortly before the U.S. presidential election in 2004, in a taped statement, bin Laden publicly acknowledged al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the U.S. and admitted his direct link to the attacks. He said that the attacks were carried out because, "we are free ... and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security we undermine yours." Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center. Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows bin Laden with Ramzi bin al-Shibh, as well as two hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they make preparations for the attacks. The U.S. never formally indicted bin Laden for the 9/11 attacks but he was on the FBI's Most Wanted List for the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya. After a nearly 10-year manhunt, bin Laden was killed by American forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan on May 1, 2011.

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed[link]

The journalist Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television channel Al Jazeera reported that in April 2002, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed admitted his involvement, along with Ramzi bin al-Shibh. The 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Mohammed, the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed from his "violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel".

Mohammed was also an adviser and financier of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the uncle of Ramzi Yousef, the lead bomber in that attack.

Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2003, in Rawalpindi, Pakistan by Pakistani security officials working with the CIA, then transported to Guantanamo Bay and interrogated using methods including waterboarding. During U.S. hearings at Guantanamo Bay in March 2007, Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks, stating he "was responsible for the 9/11 operation, from A to Z" and that his statement was not made under duress.

Other al-Qaeda members[link]

In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui, five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operation's details. They are bin Laden, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, Abu Turab al-Urduni and Mohammed Atef. To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted for the attacks.

On September 26, 2005, the Spanish high court sentenced Abu Dahdah to 27 years in prison for conspiracy on the 9/11 attacks and being a member of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. At the same time, another 17 al-Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between six and eleven years. On February 16, 2006, the Spanish Supreme Court reduced the Abu Dahdah penalty to 12 years because it considered that his participation in the conspiracy was not proven.

Also in 2006, Moussaoui, who some originally suspected might have been the assigned 20th hijacker, was convicted for the lesser role of conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism and air piracy. He is serving a life sentence without parole. Mounir el-Motassadeq, an associate of the Hamburg-based hijackers, is serving 15 years for his role in helping the hijackers prepare for the attacks.

Motives[link]

Osama bin Laden's declaration of a holy war against the United States, and a fatwā signed by bin Laden and others calling for the killing of American civilians in 1998, are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation. In various pronouncements before and after the attacks, al-Qaeda explicitly cited three motives for its activities against Western countries: the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, U.S. support of Israel, and sanctions against Iraq. After the attacks, bin Laden and al-Zawahiri released additional video tapes and audio tapes, some of which repeated those reasons for the attacks. Two particularly important publications were bin Laden's 2002 "Letter to America", and a 2004 video tape by bin Laden.

Bin Laden interpreted the Prophet Muhammad as having banned the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia". In 1996, bin Laden issued a fatwā calling for American troops to leave Saudi Arabia. In 1998, al-Qaeda wrote, "for over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples." In a December 1999, interview, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were "too near to Mecca", and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim world.

In his November 2002 "Letter to America", bin Laden cited the United States' support of Israel as a motivation: "The creation and continuation of Israel is one of the greatest crimes, and you are the leaders of its criminals. And of course there is no need to explain and prove the degree of American support for Israel. The creation of Israel is a crime which must be erased. Each and every person whose hands have become polluted in the contribution towards this crime must pay its price, and pay for it heavily." In 2004 and 2010, bin Laden again connected the September 11 attacks with U.S. support of Israel. Bin Laden claimed in 2004 that the idea of destroying the towers had first occurred to him in 1982, when he witnessed Israel's bombardment of high-rise apartment buildings during the invasion of Lebanon. Several analysts, including Mearsheimer and Walt, also say one motivation for the attacks was U.S. support of Israel. In the 1998 fatwā, al-Qaeda identified the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill Americans, condemning the "protracted blockade" among other actions constituting a declaration of war against "Allah, his messenger, and Muslims."

In addition to those cited by bin Laden and al-Qaeda, analysts have suggested other motives, including western support of non-Islamist authoritarian regimes in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan and northern Africa, and western troups in some of these countries. Other authors suggest that humiliation resulting from the Islamic world falling behind the Western world – this discrepancy made especially visible by recent globalization, and a desire to provoke the U.S. into a broader war against the Islamic world, in the hope of motivating more allies to support al-Qaeda.

Events prior to the attacks[link]

Planning of the attacks[link]

The idea for the attacks came from Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who first presented it to Osama bin Laden in 1996. At that time, bin Laden and al-Qaeda were in a period of transition, having just relocated back to Afghanistan from Sudan. The 1998 African Embassy bombings and bin Laden's 1998 fatwā marked a turning point, as bin Laden became intent on attacking the United States.

In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden gave approval for Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot. A series of meetings occurred in early 1999, involving Mohammed, bin Laden, and his deputy Mohammed Atef. Atef provided operational support for the plot, including target selections and helping arrange travel for the hijackers. Bin Laden overruled Mohammed, rejecting some potential targets such as the U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles because, "there was not enough time to prepare for such an operation".

Bin Laden provided leadership and financial support for the plot, and was involved in selecting participants. Bin Laden initially selected Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, both experienced jihadists who had fought in Bosnia. Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States in mid-January 2000. In spring 2000, Hazmi and Mihdhar took flying lessons in San Diego, California, but both spoke little English, did poorly with flying lessons, and eventually served as secondary – or "muscle" – hijackers.

In late 1999, a group of men from Hamburg, Germany arrived in Afghanistan, including Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah, and Ramzi bin al-Shibh. Bin Laden selected these men because they were educated, could speak English, and had experience living in the west. New recruits were routinely screened for special skills and al-Qaeda leaders consequently discovered that Hani Hanjour already had a commercial pilot's license.

Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8, 2000, joining Hazmi. They soon left for Arizona, where Hanjour took refresher training. Marwan al-Shehhi arrived at the end of May 2000, while Atta arrived on June 3, 2000, and Jarrah arrived on June 27, 2000. Bin al-Shibh applied several times for a visa to the United States, but as a Yemeni, he was rejected out of concerns he would overstay his visa and remain as an illegal immigrant. Bin al-Shibh stayed in Hamburg, providing coordination between Atta and Mohammed. The three Hamburg cell members all took pilot training in South Florida.

In spring 2001, the secondary hijackers began arriving in the United States. In July 2001, Atta met with bin al-Shibh in Spain, where they coordinated details of the plot, including final target selection. Bin al-Shibh also passed along bin Laden's wish for the attacks to be carried out as soon as possible.

Aftermath[link]

Immediate response[link]

At 8:32 a.m., Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they in turn notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F-15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and they were airborne by 8:53 a.m. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had 9 minutes' notice that Flight 11 had been hijacked, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 a.m. At 10:20 a.m. Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. However, these instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action. Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.

For the first time in U.S. history, SCATANA was invoked, establishing an ATC Zero condition, closing all airspace and immediately grounding all non-emergency civilian aircraft in the United States, Canada, and several other countries, and so stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world. The Federal Aviation Administration closed American airspace to all international flights, causing about five hundred flights to be turned back or redirected to other countries. Canada received 226 of the diverted flights and launched Operation Yellow Ribbon to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers.

The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects upon the American people. Police and rescue workers from around the country took leaves of absence, traveling to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers. Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11.

The deaths of adults who were killed in the attacks or died in rescue operations resulted in over 3,000 children losing a parent. Subsequent studies documented children's reactions to these actual losses and to feared losses of life, the protective environment in the aftermath of the attacks, and effects on surviving caregivers.

Military operations following the attacks[link]

At 2:40 p.m. in the afternoon of September 11, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was issuing rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of Iraqi involvement. According to notes taken by senior policy official Stephen Cambone, Rumsfeld asked for, "Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H." (Saddam Hussein) "at same time. Not only UBL" (Osama bin Laden). Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying, "Need to move swiftly – Near term target needs – go massive – sweep it all up. Things related and not."

The NATO council declared the attacks on the United States were an attack on all NATO nations which satisfied Article 5 of the NATO charter. This marked the first invocation of Article 5, which had been written during the Cold War with an attack by the Soviet Union in mind. Australian Prime Minister John Howard invoked Article IV of the ANZUS treaty. The Bush administration announced a War on Terror, with the stated goals of bringing bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks. These goals would be accomplished by imposing economic and military sanctions against states perceived as harboring terrorists, and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing.

On September 14, 2001 a joint resolution was passed by the United States Congress authorizing U.S. Presidents to fight terrorists and the nations that harbor them called the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists.

On October 7, 2001, the War in Afghanistan began when U.S. and British forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting Taliban and al-Qaeda camps, then later invaded Afghanistan with ground troops of the Special Forces. The overthrow of the Taliban rule of Afghanistan by a U.S.-led coalition was the second-biggest operation of the U.S. Global War on Terrorism outside of the United States, and the largest directly connected to terrorism. Conflict in Afghanistan between the Taliban insurgency and the International Security Assistance Force is ongoing. The Philippines and Indonesia, among other nations with their own internal conflicts with Islamic terrorism, also increased their military readiness.

American response[link]

Following the attacks, President Bush's approval rating soared to 90%. On September 20, 2001 he addressed the nation and a joint session of the United States Congress regarding the events of September 11 and the subsequent nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and described his intended response to the attacks. New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani's highly visible role won him high praise in New York and nationally.

Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist victims of the attacks, with the task of providing financial assistance to the survivors of the attacks and to the families of victims. By the deadline for victim's compensation on September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those who were killed.

Contingency plans for the continuity of government and the evacuation of leaders were implemented almost immediately after the attacks. However, Congress was not told that the United States had been under a continuity of government status until February 2002.

In the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history, the United States enacted the Homeland Security Act of 2002, creating the Department of Homeland Security. Congress also passed the USA PATRIOT Act, saying it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes. Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying it allows law enforcement to invade the privacy of citizens and that it eliminates judicial oversight of law enforcement and domestic intelligence. In an effort to effectively combat future acts of terrorism, the National Security Agency (NSA) was given broad powers. NSA commenced warrantless surveillance of telecommunications which was sometimes criticized since it permitted the agency "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant".

Hate crimes[link]

Numerous incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Muslims and South Asians were reported in the days following the 9/11 attacks. Sikhs were also targeted because Sikh males usually wear turbans, which are stereotypically associated with Muslims. There were reports of attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the firebombing of a Hindu temple), and assaults on people, including one murder: Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh mistaken for a Muslim, was fatally shot on September 15, 2001 in Mesa, Arizona.

According to an academic study, people perceived to be Middle Eastern were as likely to be victims of hate crimes as followers of Islam during this time. The study also found a similar increase in hate crimes against people who may have been perceived as Muslims, Arabs and others thought to be of Middle Eastern origin. A report by the South Asian American advocacy group known as South Asian Americans Leading Together, documented media coverage of 645 bias incidents against Americans of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent between September 11 and September 17. Various crimes such as vandalism, arson, assault, shootings, harassment, and threats in numerous places were documented.

Muslim American response[link]

Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks and called "upon Muslim Americans to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families". These organizations included the Islamic Society of North America, American Muslim Alliance, American Muslim Council, Council on American-Islamic Relations, Islamic Circle of North America, and the Shari'a Scholars Association of North America. Along with monetary donations, many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance, food, and shelter for victims.

International response[link]

The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide. Across the globe, nations offered pro-American support and solidarity. Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries, and Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that, "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity". While the government of Saudi Arabia officially condemned the attacks, privately many Saudis favored bin Laden's cause. As in the United States, the aftermath of the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims.

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368 condemned the attacks, and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their Charter. Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of al-Qaeda ties. Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists.

Tens of thousands of people attempted to flee Afghanistan following the attacks, fearing a response by the United States. Pakistan, already home to many refugees from previous conflicts, closed its border with Afghanistan on September 17, 2001. Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad coalition of international forces to overthrow the Taliban regime from Afghanistan for their harboring of al-Qaeda. Though Pakistani authorities were initially reluctant to align themselves with the United States against the Taliban, they permitted the coalition access to their military bases, and arrested and handed over to the U.S. over 600 suspected al-Qaeda members.

The U.S. set up the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to hold inmates they defined as "illegal enemy combatants". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by the European Union and human rights organizations.

Long-term effects[link]

Economic aftermath[link]

The attacks had a significant economic impact on United States and world markets. The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. Reopening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline. By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history. In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week.

In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion dollars in wages were lost in the three months after the attacks. The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors. The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the Government of New York City in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs. Also hurt were small businesses in Lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center, 18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced, resulting in lost jobs and their consequent wages. Assistance was provided by Small Business Administration loans, federal government Community Development Block Grants, and Economic Injury Disaster Loans. Some of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed. Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and if the damaged tax base would recover. Studies of the economic effects of 9/11 show the Manhattan office real-estate market and office employment were less affected than first feared, because of the financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction.

North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.

The September 11 attacks also led indirectly to the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, as well as additional homeland security spending, totaling at least $5 trillion.

Health effects[link]

The hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers contained more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens. Subsequent debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers are said to be linked to exposure to these carcinogens. The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.

Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown. Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial. Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust. There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development. A notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby. A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.

Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city. Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe. Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area.

Government policies toward terrorism[link]

As a result of the attacks, many governments across the world passed legislation to combat terrorism. In Germany, where several of the 9/11 terrorists had resided and taken advantage of that country's liberal asylum policies, two major anti-terrorism packages were enacted. The first removed legal loopholes that permitted terrorists to live and raise money in Germany. The second addressed the effectiveness and communication of intelligence and law enforcement. Canada passed the Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act, that nation's first anti-terrorism law. The United Kingdom passed the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 and the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. New Zealand enacted the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002.

In the United States, the Department of Homeland Security was created to coordinate domestic anti-terrorism efforts. The USA Patriot Act gave the federal government greater powers, including the authority to detain foreign terror suspects for a week without charge, to monitor telephone communications, e-mail, and Internet use by terror suspects, and to prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions. The Federal Aviation Administration ordered that airplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists gaining control of planes, and assigned sky marshals to flights. Further, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act made the federal government, rather than airports, responsible for airport security. The law created a federal security force to inspect passengers and luggage, causing long delays and concern over passenger privacy.

Cultural impact [link]

The impact of 9/11 extends beyond geopolitics into society and culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater focus on home life and time spent with family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the flying of flags. The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from playlists, and the attacks have subsequently been used as background, narrative or thematic elements in film, television, music and literature. Already-running television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have reflected post-9/11 cultural concerns. 9/11 conspiracy theories have become social phenomena, despite negligible support for such views from expert scientists, engineers, and historians.

Investigations[link]

FBI investigation[link]

Immediately after the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation started PENTTBOM, the largest criminal inquiry in the history of the United States. At its height, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads. The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable" evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks. The FBI was quickly able to identify the hijackers, including leader Mohamed Atta, when his luggage was discovered at Boston's Logan Airport. Due to a mix-up, the luggage failed to make it aboard American Airlines Flight 11 as planned. The luggage contained the hijackers' names, assignments and al-Qaeda connections. "It had all these Arab-language (sic) papers that amounted to the Rosetta stone of the investigation", said one FBI agent.

Within hours of the attacks, the FBI released the names and in many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers. By midday, the U.S. National Security Agency and German intelligence agencies had intercepted communications pointing to Osama bin Laden. On September 27, 2001, the FBI released photos of the 19 hijackers, along with information about possible nationalities and aliases. Fifteen of the men were from Saudi Arabia, two from the United Arab Emirates, one (Atta) from Egypt, and one from Lebanon.

9/11 Commission[link]

The ''National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States'' (9/11 Commission), chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean, was formed in late 2002 to prepare a thorough account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks. On July 22, 2004, the 9/11 Commission issued the 9/11 Commission Report. The report detailed the events of 9/11, found the attacks were carried out by members of al-Qaeda, and examined how security and intelligence agencies were inadequately coordinated to prevent the attacks. Formed from an independent bipartisan group of mostly former Senators, Representatives, and Governors, the commissioners explained, "We believe the 9/11 attacks revealed four kinds of failures: in imagination, policy, capabilities, and management". The commission made numerous recommendations on how to prevent future attacks, and in 2011 was dismayed that several of its recommendations had yet to be implemented.

Collapse of the World Trade Center[link]

The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology investigated the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC. The investigations examined why the buildings collapsed and what fire protection measures were in place, and evaluated how fire protection systems might be improved in future construction. The investigation into the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005 but that of 7 WTC wasn't finalized until August 2008.

The NIST found that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that, had this not occurred, the towers likely would have remained standing. A study published by researchers of Purdue University confirmed that, if the thermal insulation on the core columns were scoured off and column temperatures were elevated to approximately , the fire would have been sufficient to initiate collapse. The director of the original investigation stated that, "the towers really did amazingly well. The terrorist aircraft didn’t bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed. It was proven that you could take out two thirds of the columns in a tower and the building would still stand." The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns causing the exterior columns to bow inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. Additionally, the report found the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide adequate emergency escape for people above the impact zones. NIST concluded that uncontrolled fires in 7 WTC caused floor beams and girders to heat and subsequently "caused a critical support column to fail, initiating a fire-induced progressive collapse that brought the building down".

Internal review of the CIA[link]

The Inspector General of the CIA conducted an internal review of the CIA's pre-9/11 performance and was harshly critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism. He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States and their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI. In May 2007, senators from both major U.S. political parties drafted legislation to make the review public. One of the backers, Senator Ron Wyden said, "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months before 9/11."

Rebuilding[link]

On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani proclaimed, "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."

The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks. The temporary World Trade Center PATH station opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing. One World Trade Center is currently under construction at the site and at 1,776 ft (541 m) upon completion in 2013, will become the tallest building in North America.

On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers are expected to be built one block east of where the original towers stood. Construction has begun on all three of these towers; they are expected to be completed after One World Trade Center.

Memorials[link]

In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and vigils were held around the world. In addition, people posted photographs of the dead and missing all around Ground Zero. A witness described being unable to "get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed. Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street lights, walls of subway stations. Everything reminded me of a huge funeral, people quiet and sad, but also very nice. Before, New York gave me a cold feeling; now people were reaching out to help each other.”

One of the first memorials was the Tribute in Light, an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers. In New York, the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site. The winning design, ''Reflecting Absence'', was selected in August 2006, and consists of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers, surrounded by a list of the victims' names in an underground memorial space. Plans for a museum on the site have been put on hold, following the abandonment of the International Freedom Center in reaction to complaints from the families of many victims.

The Pentagon Memorial was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008. It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon. When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.

In Shanksville, a permanent Flight 93 National Memorial is planned to include a sculpted grove of trees forming a circle around the crash site, bisected by the plane's path, while wind chimes will bear the names of the victims. A temporary memorial is located from the crash site. New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped like the Pentagon. It was installed outside the firehouse on August 25, 2008. Many other permanent memorials are elsewhere. Scholarships and charities have been established by the victims' families, and by many other organizations and private figures.

On every anniversary, in New York City, the names of the victims who died there are read out against a background of somber music. The President of the United States attends a memorial service at the Pentagon, and asks Americans to observe Patriot Day with a moment of silence. Smaller services are held in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which are usually attended by the President's spouse.

See also[link]

Wikipedia portals

*September 11 attacks

*Terrorism

*New York City

*Virginia

*Pennsylvania

*2000s

Wikipedia books

*September 11 attacks

Notes[link]

References[link]

Sources[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States ''official commission website''

National September 11th Memorial and Museum - List of victims

September 11, 2001, Documentary Project from the U.S. Library of Congress, ''Memory.loc.gov''

September 11, 2001, Web Archive from the U.S. Library of Congress, ''Minerva''

The September 11th Sourcebooks from The National Security Archive

September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11, 2001 from the ''Center for History and New Media'' and the ''American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning''

DoD: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024, From WikiSource

Multimedia[link]

Understanding 9/11 – A Television News Archive at Internet Archive

CNN.com – Video archive, including the first and second planes.

Remembering 9/11 – National Geographic Society

Latest video of Sept 9/11 attack emerges published by International Business Times HK

Time.com – 'Shattered: a remarkable collection of photographs', James Nachtwey

September 11, 2001 Screenshot Archive – Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world.

Category:Aircraft hijackings Category:Terrorist incidents in New York Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States Category:Terrorist incidents in the United States in 2001 Category:2001 murders in the United States Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by hijacking Category:Building fires in New York City Category:Disasters in Virginia Category:Disasters in Pennsylvania Category:Mass murder in 2001

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It is usually the first day of the year in the Coptic calendar and Ethiopian calendar (in the period AD 1900 to AD 2099).

Events[link]

506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.

1185 – Isaac II Angelus kills Stephanus Hagiochristophorites and then appeals to the people, resulting in the revolt that deposes Andronicus I Comnenus and places Isaac on the throne of the Byzantine Empire.

1226 – The Roman Catholic practice of public adoration of the Blessed Sacrament outside of Mass spreads from monasteries to parishes.

1297 – Battle of Stirling Bridge: Scots jointly-led by William Wallace and Andrew Moray defeat the English.

1390 – Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392): the Teutonic Knights begin a five-week siege of Vilnius.

1526 – The Ottoman army occupies Buda after the crushing Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács.

1541 – Santiago, Chile, is destroyed by indigenous warriors, led by Michimalonko.

1565 – Ottoman forces retreat from Malta, End of the Great Siege of Malta.

1609 – Expulsion order announced against the Moriscos of Valencia; beginning of the expulsion of all Spain's Moriscos.

1609 – Henry Hudson discovers Manhattan Island and the indigenous people living there.

1649 – Siege of Drogheda ends: Oliver Cromwell's English Parliamentarian troops take the town and execute its garrison.

1683 – Battle of Vienna.

1697 – Battle of Zenta.

1708 – Charles XII of Sweden stops his march to conquer Moscow outside Smolensk, marking the turning point in the Great Northern War. The army is defeated nine months later in the Battle of Poltava, and the Swedish empire ceases to be a major power.

1709 – Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, Netherlands and Austria fight against France.

1714 – Siege of Barcelona: Barcelona, capital city of Catalonia, surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies in the War of the Spanish Succession.

1758 – Battle of Saint Cast: France repels British invasion during the Seven Years' War.

1775 – Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec leaves Cambridge, Massachusetts.

1776 – British-American peace conference on Staten Island fails to stop nascent American Revolutionary War.

1777 – American Revolution: Battle of Brandywine – The British celebrate a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

1786 – The Beginning of the Annapolis Convention.

1789 – Alexander Hamilton is appointed the first United States Secretary of the Treasury.

1792 – The Hope Diamond is stolen along with other French crown jewels when six men break into the house used to store them.

1802 – France annexes the Kingdom of Piedmont.

1803 – Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin.

1813 – War of 1812: British troops arrive in Mount Vernon and prepare to march to and invade Washington D.C..

1814 – War of 1812: The climax of the Battle of Plattsburgh, a major United States victory in the war.

1829 – Surrender of the expedition led by Isidro Barradas at Tampico, sent by the Spanish crown in order to retake Mexico, This was the final consummation of Mexican independence.

1847 – Stephen Foster's well-known song, ''Oh! Susanna'', is first performed at a saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

1857 – The Mountain Meadows Massacre: Mormon settlers and Paiutes massacre 120 pioneers at Mountain Meadows, Utah.

1897 – After months of pursuit, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.

1903 – The first race at The Milwaukee Mile in West Allis, Wisconsin is held. It is the oldest major speedway in the world.

1914 – Australia invades New Britain, defeating a German contingent at the Battle of Bita Paka.

1916 – The Quebec Bridge's central span collapses, killing 11 men. The bridge initially collapsed ''in toto'' on August 29, 1907.

1919 – U.S. Marines invade Honduras.

1921 – Nahalal, the first moshav in Palestine, is settled as part of a Zionist plan to colonize Palestine and creating a Jewish state, later to be Israel.

1922 – The British Mandate of Palestine begins.

1922 – The Treaty of Kars is ratified in Yerevan, Armenia.

1922 – One of the ''Herald Sun'' of Melbourne, Australia's predecessor papers ''The Sun News-Pictorial'' is founded.

1931 – Salvatore Maranzano is murdered by Charles Luciano's hitmen.

1932 – Franciszek Żwirko and Stanisław Wigura, Polish Challenge 1932 winners, are killed when their RWD 6 airplane crashes during a storm.

1939 – World War II: Canada declares war on Germany, the country's first independent declaration of war

1940 – George Stibitz performs the first remote operation of a computer.

1941 – Ground is broken for the construction of The Pentagon.

1941 – Charles Lindbergh's Des Moines Speech accusing the British, Jews and the Roosevelt administration of pressing for war with Germany.

1943 – World War II: German troops occupy Corsica and Kosovo-Metohija.

1943 – World War II: Start of the liquidation of the Ghettos in Minsk and Lida by the Nazis.

1944 – World War II: The first Allied troops of the U.S. Army cross the western border of Germany.

1944 – World War II: RAF bombing raid on Darmstadt and the following firestorm kill 11,500.

1945 – World War II: Australian 9th Division forces liberate the Japanese-run Batu Lintang camp, a POW and civilian internment camp on the island of Borneo.

1954 – Hurricane Edna hits New England as a Category 3 hurricane, causing significant damage and 29 deaths.

1961 – Foundation of the World Wildlife Fund.

1961 – Hurricane Carla strikes the Texas coast as a Category 4 hurricane, the second strongest storm ever to hit the state.

1965 – Indo-Pakistani War: The Indian Army captures the town of Burki, just southeast of Lahore.

1968 – Air France Flight 1611 crashes off Nice, France, killing 89 passengers and 6 crew.

1970 – The Dawson's Field hijackers release 88 of their hostages. The remaining hostages, mostly Jews and Israeli citizens, are held until September 25.

1971 – The Egyptian Constitution becomes official.

1972 – The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit system has its opening day of passenger service.

1973 – A coup in Chile headed by General Augusto Pinochet topples the democratically elected president Salvador Allende. Pinochet remains in power for almost 17 years.

1974 – Eastern Air Lines Flight 212 crashes in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing 69 passengers and two crew.

1976 – A group of Croatian nationalists planted a bomb in a coin locker at Grand Central Terminal. After stating political demands, they revealed the location and provided the instructions for disarming the bomb. The disarming operation was not executed properly killing one NYPD bomb squad specialist.

1978 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel meet at Camp David and agree on the Camp David Accords a framework for peace between Israel and Egypt and a comprehensive peace in the Middle East.

1980 – Voters approve the present Constitution of Chile.

1982 – The international forces that were guaranteeing the safety of Palestinian refugees following Israel's 1982 Invasion of Lebanon leave Beirut. Five days later, several thousand refugees are massacred in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps.

1985 – Pete Rose breaks Ty Cobb's baseball record for most career hits with his 4,192nd hit

1988 – The St Jean Bosco massacre takes place in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

1989 – Hungary announces that the East German refugees who had been housed in temporary camps, were free to leave for West Germany.

1992 – Hurricane Iniki, one of the most damaging hurricanes in United States history, devastates the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu.

1997 – NASA's Mars Global Surveyor reaches Mars.

1997 – After a nationwide referendum, Scotland votes to establish a devolved parliament, within the United Kingdom.

1997 – 14 Estonian soldiers die in the Kurkse tragedy, drowning in the Baltic Sea

1998 – Opening ceremony for the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysia is the first Asian country to host the games.

2000 – Melbourne hosts World Economic Forum where S11 protests also took place.

2001 – The September 11 attacks take place in the United States. Airplane hijackings result in the collapse of the World Trade Center in New York City, damage to The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and the crashing of a passenger airliner near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.

2004 – All passengers are killed when a helicopter crashes in the Aegean Sea. Passengers include Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria and 16 others (including journalists and bishops of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria).

2007 – Russia tests the largest conventional weapon ever, the Father of all bombs.

Births[link]

1182 – Minamoto no Yoriie, Japanese shogun (d. 1204)

1522 – Ulisse Aldrovandi, Italian naturalist (d. 1605)

1524 – Pierre de Ronsard, French poet (d. 1585)

1525 – John George, Elector of Brandenburg (d. 1598)

1611 – Turenne, 3rd Marshal General of France (d. 1675)

1681 – Johann Gottlieb Heineccius, German jurist (d. 1741)

1700 – James Thomson, Scottish poet (d. 1748)

1711 – William Boyce, English composer (d. 1779)

1723 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German educational reformer (d. 1790)

1764 – Valentino Fioravanti, Italian composer (d. 1837)

1771 – Mungo Park, Scottish explorer of Africa (d. 1806)

1786 – Friedrich Kuhlau, German composer (d. 1832)

1798 – Franz Ernst Neumann, German mineralogist and physicist (d. 1895)

1800 – Daniel S. Dickinson, American politician (d. 1866)

1816 – Carl Zeiss, German lens maker (d. 1888)

1825 – Eduard Hanslick, German music critic (d. 1904)

1836 – Fitz Hugh Ludlow, American author (d. 1870)

1838 – John Ireland, American archbishop (d. 1918)

1859 – Vjenceslav Novak, Croatian writer (d. 1905)

1860 – Marianne von Werefkin, Russian-Swiss painter (d. 1938)

1860 – James Allan, New Zealand rugby player (d. 1934)

1861 – Juhani Aho, Finnish author and journalist (d. 1921)

1862 – Dr H.H. Crippen, American murderer hanged in England (d. 1910)

1862 – O. Henry, American writer (d. 1910)

1862 – Viscount Byng of Vimy, British army officer (d. 1935)

1865 – Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (d. 1929)

1877 – Felix Dzerzhinsky, Communist revolutionary (d. 1926)

1877 – James Hopwood Jeans, English scientist (d. 1946)

1884 – Sudhamoy Pramanick, Indian Independence activist (d. 1974)

1885 – D. H. Lawrence, English novelist (d. 1930)

1885 – Herbert Stothart, American song writer, composer (d. 1949)

1891 – William Thomas Walsh, American author (d. 1949)

1892 – Lucien Buysse, Belgian cyclist (d. 1980)

1892 – Pinto Colvig, American actor and cartoonist (d. 1967)

1893 – Douglas Hawkes, British racing driver (d. 1974)

1895 – Vinoba Bhave, Indian human rights advocate (d. 1982)

1895 – Nur Ali Elahi, Iranian philosopher, musician, spiritual teacher, and judge (d. 1974)

1898 – Field Marshal Sir Gerald Templer, British military administrator (d. 1979)

1899 – Jimmie Davis, American politician and musician (d. 2000)

1899 – Philipp Bouhler, German Nazi leader (d. 1945)

1900 – D. W. Brooks, American farmer and businessman (d. 1999)

1903 – Theodor Adorno, German philosopher and sociologist (d. 1969)

1904 – Karl Plutus, Estonian jurist and centenarian (d. 2010)

1907 – Lev Oborin, Russian pianist (d. 1974)

1908 – Alvar Lidell, British BBC announcer (d. 1981)

1911 – Bola de Nieve, Cuban pianist (d. 1971)

1913 – Paul "Bear" Bryant, American football coach (d. 1983)

1914 – Patriarch Pavle of Serbia, Serbian spiritual leader (d. 2009)

1917 – Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines (d. 1989)

1917 – Jessica Mitford, British writer (d. 1996)

1917 – Herbert Lom, Czech-born British film actor

1917 – Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer and racehorse owner (d. 2001)

1917 – Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d. 2008)

1921 – Edwin Richfield, British actor (d. 1990)

1923 – Alan Badel, British actor (d. 1982)

1923 – Betsy Drake, French born actress

1924 – Daniel Akaka, American politician

1924 – Tom Landry, American football coach (d. 2000)

1924 – Rudolf Vrba, Canadian professor (d. 2006)

1925 – Alan Bergman, American lyricist, song writer

1925 – Harry Somers, Canadian composer (d. 1999)

1926 – Eddie Miksis, American baseball player (d. 2005)

1927 – G. David Schine, American businessman (d. 1996)

1927 – Vernon Corea, Sri Lankan broadcaster (d. 2002)

1927 – Willie Christine King, American professor

1928 – Reubin O'Donovan Askew, American politician

1928 – Earl Holliman, American actor

1929 – Primož Kozak, Slovenian playwright (d. 1981)

1929 – Patrick Mayhew, Baron Mayhew, UK politician, Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

1930 – Cathryn Damon, American actress (d. 1987)

1920 – Jean-Claude Forest, French writer and illustrator (d. 1998)

1930 – Renzo Montagnani, Italian actor (d. 1997)

1930 – Saleh Selim, Egyptian football player (d. 2002)

1931 – Hans-Ulrich Wehler, German historian

1931 – Bill Simpson, Scottish actor (d. 1986)

1932 – Peter Anderson, English footballer

1933 – William Luther Pierce, American author and activist (d. 2002)

1934 – Oliver Jones, Canadian jazz pianist

1934 – Norma Croker, Australian sprinter

1935 – Arvo Pärt, Estonian composer

1935 – Gherman Titov, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2000)

1936 – Ian Abercrombie, English actor

1937 – Iosif Kobzon, Soviet-Russian singer and businessman

1937 – Queen Paola of Belgium

1937 – Robert Crippen, American astronaut

1938 – David Higgins, British composer and conductor (d. 2006)

1939 – Charles Geschke, American inventor and businessman

1940 – Brian De Palma, American film director

1940 – Theodore Olson, American politician

1940 – Nong Duc Manh, Vietnamese politician

1940 – Robert Palmer, American businessman

1942 – Lola Falana, American singer

1942 – Gerome Ragni, American playwright

1943 – André Caillé, Canadian businessman

1943 – Mickey Hart, American drummer

1943 – Raymond Villeneuve, Canadian political activist

1943 – Khun Htun Oo, Burmese politician

1944 – Everaldo, Brazilian footballer

1944 – Freddy Thielemans, Belgian politician

1945 – Franz Beckenbauer, German footballer

1945 – Gianluigi Gelmetti, Italian conductor and composer

1945 – Leo Kottke, American guitarist

1945 – Felton Perry, American actor

1946 – Jim Shoulder, British footballer and coach

1946 – Dennis Tufano, American singer

1948 – John Martyn, English musician (d. 2009)

1949 – Bill Whittington, American race car driver

1950 – Bruce Doull, Australian rules footballer

1950 – Amy Madigan, American actress

1950 – Barry Sheene, British motorcyclist (d. 2003)

1951 – Richard D. Gill, British-Dutch mathematician

1951 – Hugo Porta, Argentine rugby player

1951 – Miroslav Dvořák, Czechoslovak ice hockey player (d. 2008)

1953 – Jani Allan, South African journalist and media personality

1953 – Renée Geyer, Australian jazz, soul and R&B; singer

1953 – Tommy Shaw, American musician and singer

1956 – Tony Gilroy, American screenwriter and director

1957 – Brad Bird, American director and animator

1957 – Jeff Sluman, American golfer

1957 – Jon Moss, English drummer

1958 – Brad Lesley, American baseball player, actor, and television personality

1958 – Scott Patterson, American actor

1958 – Roxann Dawson, American actress

1958 – Phoef Sutton, American television writer and producer

1960 – Anne Ramsay, American actress

1961 – Virginia Madsen, American actress

1961 – Philip Ardagh, British writer

1962 – Elizabeth Daily, American actress

1962 – Victoria Poleva, Ukrainian composer

1962 – Filip Dewinter, Belgian politician

1962 – Kristy McNichol, American actress

1962 – Julio Salinas, Spanish footballer

1962 – Jenny Sanford, American heiress and businesswoman

1963 – Patrick McWilliams, Irish author

1963 – Colin Wells, English actor

1964 – Ellis Burks, American baseball player

1964 – Victor Wooten, American musician

1965 – Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria

1965 – Paul Heyman, American sports figure

1965 – Moby, American musician

1965 – David Roe, English snooker player

1966 – Princess Akishino of Japan

1967 – Maria Bartiromo, American news anchor

1967 – Harry Connick, Jr., American singer

1967 – Tony David, Australian darts player

1968 – Kay Hanley, American musician

1968 – Paul Mayeda Berges, American film writer and director

1969 – Stefano Cagol, Italian contemporary artist

1969 – Gidget Gein, American musician (d. 2008)

1969 – Eduardo Perez, American baseball player

1970 – Chris Garver, American tattoo artist

1970 – Taraji P. Henson, American actress and singer

1970 – William Joppy, American boxer

1970 – Taja Kramberger, Slovenian poet and sociologist

1970 – Ted Leo, American musician

1970 – Laura Wright, American actress

1971 – Richard Ashcroft, British singer

1971 – Markos Moulitsas, American writer

1971 – Johnny Vegas, English comedian

1971 – Shelton Quarles, American football player

1972 – Matthew Gilmore, Belgian cyclist

1974 – DeLisha Milton-Jones, American basketball player

1975 – Juan Cobián, Argentine footballer

1975 – Pierre Issa, South African footballer

1975 – Mark Klepaski, American musician

1976 – Elephant Man, Jamaican musician

1976 – Tomáš Enge, Czech racing driver

1976 – Flora Redoumi, Greek hurdler

1977 – Jon Buckland, British guitarist

1977 – Ludacris, American rapper

1977 – Matthew Stevens, Welsh snooker player

1977 – Tobias Zellner, German footballer

1978 – Ben Lee, Australian musician and singer

1978 – Ed Reed, American football player

1978 – Dejan Stanković, Serbian footballer

1979 – Éric Abidal, French footballer

1979 – Frank Francisco, American baseball player

1979 – Nathan Gale, American murderer (d. 2004)

1979 – Steve Hofstetter, American comedian and radio personality

1979 – David Pizarro, Chilean footballer

1979 – Ariana Richards, American actress

1980 – Mike Comrie, Canadian ice hockey player

1980 – Antônio Pizzonia, Brazilian race car driver

1980 – Dawit Kebede, Ethiopian journalist

1981 – Andrea Dossena, Italian footballer

1981 – Charles Kelley, American singer-songwriter

1981 – Luscious Lopez, American pornographic actress

1981 – Dylan Klebold, American shooter partially responsible for the Columbine High School massacre (d. 1999)

1982 – Shriya Saran, Indian actress

1983 – Ike Diogu, American basketball player

1983 – Jacoby Ellsbury, American baseball player

1984 – Benson Stanley, New Zealand rugby player

1984 – Aled de Malmanche, New Zealand rugby player

1985 – Robert Acquafresca, Italian footballer

1985 – Shaun Livingston, American basketball player

1985 – Zack Stortini, Canadian ice hockey player

1986 – Dwayne Jarrett, American football player

1986 – Chiliboy Ralepelle, South African rugby union footballer

1987 – Aroldis Chapman, Cuban baseball player

1987 – Tyler Hoechlin, American actor

1987 – Mai Oshima, Japanese singer (AKB48)

1989 – Asuka Kuramochi, Japanese singer (AKB48)

1988 – Lee Yong Dae, South Korean badminton player

Deaths[link]

1063 – King Béla I of Hungary

1161 – Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (b. 1105)

1185 – Stephanus Hagiochristophorites, Byzantine courtier

1279 – Robert Kilwardby, English archbishop (b. c. 1215)

1298 – Philip of Artois, French soldier (b. 1269)

1349 – Bonne of Luxembourg, Bohemian-born duchess and countess (b. 1315)

1599 – Beatrice Cenci, Italian noblewoman (b. 1577)

1677 – James Harrington, English political philosopher (b. 1611)

1680 – Roger Crab, English political writer (b. 1621)

1680 – Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan (b. 1596)

1721 – Rudolf Jakob Camerarius, German botanist and physician (b. 1665)

1733 – François Couperin, French composer (b. 1668)

1760 – Louis Godin, French astronomer (b. 1704)

1822 – Fortunat Alojzy Gonzaga Żółkowski, Polish actor (b. 1777)

1823 – David Ricardo, English economist (b. 1772)

1843 – Joseph Nicollet, French mathematician and explorer (b. 1786)

1851 – Sylvester Graham, American nutritionist (b. 1794)

1865 – Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, French general (b. 1806)

1888 – Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, 7th President of Argentina (b. 1811)

1896 – Francis James Child, American professor (b. 1825)

1911 – Louis Henri Boussenard, French novelist (b. 1847)

1915 – William Sprague IV, American politician (b. 1830)

1915 – William Cornelius Van Horne, American businessman (b. 1843)

1917 – Georges Guynemer, French aviator (b. 1894)

1921 – Subramanya Bharathy, Tamil poet (b. 1882)

1926 – Matsunosuke Onoe, Japanese actor (b. 1875)

1932 – Stanislaw Wigura, Polish pilot (b. 1901)

1932 – Franciszek Zwirko, Polish pilot (b. 1895)

1935 – Charles Norris, American medical examiner (b. 1867)

1939 – Konstantin Korovin, Russian painter (b. 1861)

1941 – Christian Rakovsky, Bulgarian-born socialist revolutionary (b. 1873)

1947 – Alice Keppel, English socialite and mistress of King Edward VII (b. 1868)

1948 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder of Pakistan (b. 1876)

1949 – Henri Rabaud, French composer and conductor (b. 1873)

1950 – Jan Smuts, South African soldier and statesman (b. 1870)

1956 – Billy Bishop, Canadian fighter pilot (b. 1894)

1958 – Robert W. Service, Scottish-born Canadian poet (b. 1874)

1958 – Camillien Houde, Canadian politician (b. 1889)

1959 – Paul Douglas, American actor (b. 1907)

1965 – Ralph C. Smedley, American educator (b. 1878)

1966 – C. E. Woolman, American businessman (b. 1889)

1967 – Tadeusz Żyliński, Polish technician and textilist (b. 1904)

1968 – René Cogny, French general (b. 1904)

1971 – Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Soviet politician and leader (b. 1894)

1971 – Bella Darvi, Polish-born French actress (b. 1928)

1971 – Errikos Kontarinis, Greek actor (b. 1906)

1972 – Max Fleischer, American animator (b. 1883)

1973 – Salvador Allende, President of Chile (b. 1908)

1973 – Neem Karoli Baba, Indian guru

1974 – Víctor Olea Alegría, Chilean socialist

1978 – Mike Gazella, American baseball player (b. 1895)

1978 – Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (b. 1929)

1978 – Janet Parker, British medical figure (b. c.1938)

1978 – Ronnie Peterson, Swedish racing driver (b. 1944)

1984 – Jerry Voorhis, American politician (b. 1901)

1985 – William Alwyn, English composer (b. 1905)

1985 – Eleanor Dark, Australian novelist (b. 1901)

1985 – Andrew C. Thornton II, American drug smuggler (b. 1945)

1986 – Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, Greek politician and academic, twice Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1902)

1986 – Noel Streatfeild, English children's writer (b. 1895)

1987 – Lorne Greene, Canadian actor and singer (b. 1915)

1987 – Peter Tosh, Jamaican musician (b. 1944)

1988 – John Sylvester White, American actor (b. 1919)

1990 – Myrna Mack, Guatemalan anthropologist (b. 1949)

1991 – Ernst Herbeck, German poet (b. 1920)

1993 – Erich Leinsdorf, Austrian conductor (b. 1912)

1993 – Antoine Izméry, Haitian political activist

1994 – Jessica Tandy, American actress (b. 1909)

1994 – Luciano Sgrizzi, Italian harpsichordist and composer (b. 1910)

1994 – William Obanhein, American police officer (b. 1924)

1995 – Anita Harding, British neurologist (b. 1952)

1997 – Camille Henry, Canadian hockey player (b. 1933)

1997 – Hannah Weiner American experimental poet (b. 1928)

1998 – Dane Clark, American actor (b. 1913)

1999 – Belkis Ayón, Cuban artist (b. 1967)

1999 – Bobby Limb, Australian entertainer (b. 1924)

1999 – Gonzalo Rodríguez, Uruguayan auto racing driver (b. 1972)

2001 – Alice Stewart Trillin, American author (b. 1938)

2001 – Casualties of the September 11 attacks:

* David Angell, American television producer (b. 1946)

* Mohamed Atta, Egyptian hijacker–pilot of American Airlines Flight 11 (b. 1968)

* Garnet Bailey, Canadian hockey player (b. 1948)

* Todd Beamer, American 9/11 figure (b. 1968)

* Berry Berenson, American photographer, actress, and model (b. 1948)

* Carolyn Beug, American filmmaker (b. 1953)

* Bill Biggart, American photojournalist (b. 1947)

* Mark Bingham, American businessman and 9/11 figure (b. 1970)

* Ronald Paul Bucca, American fire marshal (b. 1954)

* Charles Burlingame, American pilot (b. 1949)

* Tom Burnett, American businessman (b. 1963)

* William M. Feehan, American firefighter (b. 1929)

* Wilson Flagg, American Rear admiral (b. 1938)

* Peter J. Ganci, Jr., American firefighter (b. 1946)

* Hani Hanjour, Saudi hijacker–pilot of American Airlines Flight 77 (b. 1972)

* Ziad Jarrah, Lebanese hijacker–pilot of United Airlines Flight 93 (b. 1975)

* Mychal Judge, American priest (b. 1933)

* Daniel M. Lewin, American mathematician and entrepreneur (b. 1970)

* Timothy Maude, American military officer (b. 1947)

* Eamon McEneaney, American lacrosse player (b. 1954)

* John P. O'Neill, American counterterrorism expert (b. 1952)

* John Ogonowski, American commercial airplane pilot (b. 1951)

* Barbara Olson, American political commentator (b. 1955)

* Betty Ong, American flight attendant (b. 1956)

* Rick Rescorla, American Army officer (b. 1939)

* Marwan al-Shehhi, Emirati hijacker–pilot of United Airlines Flight 175 (b. 1978)

* Madeline Amy Sweeney, American flight attendant (b. 1966)

2002 – Kim Hunter, American actress (b. 1922)

2002 – Johnny Unitas, American football player (b. 1933)

2003 – Anna Lindh, Swedish politician (b. 1957)

2003 – John Ritter, American actor (b. 1948)

2004 – Patriarch Peter VII of Alexandria (b. 1949)

2004 – Fred Ebb, American lyricist (b. 1933)

2004 – David Mann, American painter (b. 1939)

2005 – Chris Schenkel, American sportscaster (b. 1923)

2006 – William Auld, Scottish poet, author, and translator (b. 1924)

2006 – Pat Corley, American actor (b. 1930)

2006 – Joachim Fest, German journalist and author (b. 1926)

2006 – Johannes Bob van Benthem, Dutch lawyer (b. 1921)

2007 – Ian Porterfield, Scottish footballer (b. 1946)

2007 – Gene Savoy, American author and cleric (b. 1927)

2007 – Jean Séguy, French sociologist (b. 1925)

2007 – Joe Zawinul, Austrian musician (b. 1932)

2009 – Gertrude Baines, American supercentenarian (b. 1894)

2009 – Pierre Cossette, Canadian television and theatre producer (b. 1923)

2009 – Larry Gelbart, American screen and television writer (b. 1928)

2009 – Yoshito Usui, Japanese manga artist (b. 1958)

2010 – Harold Gould, American actor (b. 1923)

2010 – Kevin McCarthy, American actor (b. 1914)

2011 – Andy Whitfield, Welsh actor (b. 1972)

2011 – Christian Bakkerud, Danish racing driver (b. 1984)

2011 – Ralph Gubbins, English footballer (b. 1932)

2011 – Anjali Gupta, Indian Air Force officer (b. 1975)

Holidays and observances[link]

Christian Feast Days:

*Deiniol

*John Gabriel Perboyre

*Our Lady of Coromoto

*Paphnutius of Thebes (Roman Catholic Church)

*Protus and Hyacinth

*September 11 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Death Anniversary of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a former holiday. (Pakistan)

Earliest date on which Enkutatash can fall, while September 12 is the latest, celebrated on the first day of Mäskäräm. (Ethiopia)

Emergency Number Day, proclaimed by President Reagan on August 26 in 1987. (United States communities, particularly the local emergency services)

National Day of Catalonia (Catalonia)

Nayrouz (Coptic Orthodox Church)

Patriot Day (United States)

Teacher's Day (Argentina)

External links[link]

BBC: On This Day

On This Day in Canada

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Category:Days of the year Category:September

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