name	LiveJournal
logo
screenshot
url	Livejournal.com
alexa	109 ()
commercial	Yes
type	Blog hosting
language	32 languages
registration	Required
owner	LiveJournal, Inc. (San Francisco, United States of America) (owned by SUP Media (Russia))
author	Brad Fitzpatrick
launch date	1999
current status	Online
content license	}}

LiveJournal (LJ), or Zhivoy Zhurnal (Живой Журнал) / ZheZhe (ЖЖ) in Russia is a social network owned by SUP Media where Internet users can keep a blog, journal or diary - a wide variety of political pundits also use the service for political commentary, particularly in Russia, where it partners with the politically independent online newspaper Gazeta.ru (also owned by parent company SUP Media). As with many other social networks, a wide variety of public figures use the network. However, LiveJournal is also the name of the free and open source server software that was designed to run the LiveJournal virtual community.

LiveJournal was started on April 15, 1999 by American programmer Brad Fitzpatrick as a way of keeping his high school friends updated on his activities. In January 2005, blogging software company Six Apart purchased Danga Interactive, the company that operated LiveJournal, from Fitzpatrick. Six Apart sold LiveJournal to Russian media company SUP Media in 2007, but continued to develop the site by the San Francisco-based company LiveJournal, Inc. In January 2009 LiveJournal laid off some employees and moved product development and design functions to Russia.

Features[link]

Each journal entry has its own web page, which includes the comments left by other users. In addition, each user has a journal page, which shows all of his or her most recent journal entries, along with links to the comment pages.

The most distinctive feature of LiveJournal is the "friends list," which gives the site a strong social aspect in addition to the blog services. The friends list provides various syndication and privacy services as described below. Each user has a friends page, which collects the most recent journal entries of the people on his or her friends list.

LiveJournal allows users to customize their accounts in several ways. The S2 programming language allows journal templates to be modified by members. Users may upload graphical avatars, or "userpics," which appear next to the username in prominent areas as it would on an Internet forum. Paid account holders are given full access to S2 management and more userpics, as well as other features.

Each user also has a "User Info" page, which contains a variety of data including contact information, a biography, images (linked from off-site sources) and lists of friends, interests, communities and even schools which the user has attended in the past or is currently attending.

LiveJournal also allows "voice posts" to their paid and sponsored users, where one can call into the system and record an entry.

Currently LiveJournal has five account levels: basic (comprising approximately 95% of the network); plus (sponsored with more advertising); "early adopters" who were registered prior to 14 September 2000; paid and permanent. Permanent accounts are normally not available to the "average user;" there have been occasional sale days or special offers, but such sales are not guaranteed in the future. Prior to March 12, 2008, "basic" accounts were ad-free; in August, 2008, LiveJournal resumed new basic account creation but changed that account level to display ads to non-logged-in readers. Basic users also see advertising, but not on other "basic" journals.

Social networking[link]

The unit of social networking on LiveJournal is quaternary (with four possible states of connection between one user and another). Two users can have no relationship, they can list each other as friends mutually, or either can "friend" the other without reciprocation. On LiveJournal, "friend" is also used as a verb to describe listing someone as a friend.

The term "friend" on LiveJournal is mostly a technical term; however, because the term "friend" is emotionally loaded for many people, there have been discussions in such LiveJournal communities as ''lj_dev'' and ''lj_biz'', as well as ''suggestions'' about whether the term should be used in this way; this conflict is discussed in greater detail below.

A user's list of friends (''friends list'', often shortened to ''flist'') will often include several communities and RSS feeds in addition to individual users. Generally, "friending" allows the friends of a user to read protected entries and causes the friends' entries to appear on the user's "friends page." Friends can also be grouped together in "friends groups," allowing for more complex behavior in both of these features.

Privacy[link]

LiveJournal provides an option intended to reduce the chances of search engines indexing a journal; however, the only way to make it completely impossible for such indexing to occur is to set the entry security to "friends only" or higher when first posting the entry. If an entry is first posted publicly, and then edited to reflect a higher security level, it may have already been indexed by a search engine in the time between the security edit. The popular "friends only" security option, which has since been adopted by Xanga and MySpace, hides a post from the general public so that only those on the user's friends list can read it. Some users keep all their posts friends-only (except for a single post explaining that the journal is friends-only). LiveJournal also allows users to create custom user groups within their group of friends to further restrict who can read any particular post, and to allow easy reading of subsets of a user's friends list.

LiveJournal additionally has a "private" security option which allows users to make a post that only the poster can read, thus making their LiveJournal a private diary rather than a blog. It is also possible to choose a default security setting for one's journal, so that all entries are posted at that security level by default even if one forgets to alter the security setting at the time of posting.

Users may restrict who can comment on their posts in addition to who has the ability to read their posts. Comments on a given entry may be allowed from anyone who can read the entry or restricted. Commenting may be restricted by disabling commenting altogether or by screening comments. Screened comments are visible only to the original posters until the journal owner approves the comment. These restrictions can be applied to just anonymous users, users who aren't listed as a friend, or everyone. The IP address of commenters can be logged as well if the journal owner wishes to enable it.

An option allows users to hide their 'friend of' list from public view, but leaves the list visible to the user. In this case, only the friends list is shown. When 'friend of' is allowed, journal accounts who have friended the user and who are also friended are listed in neither 'friend of' nor 'friend', but rather a third category, 'mutual friends'. This was eventually made a separate option, like the 'friend of' list, and reworded so that the lists would have to be selected to include them in a profile, rather than to select an option to remove them.

LiveJournal lists that users can hide communities from their profile page by not friending them (friended communities are 'watched') and by either banning the community from posting in their journal (which has no effect since they cannot anyway, but does remove them from the 'member of' list) or by removing the 'friend of' list, which removes the 'member of' list in addition to the 'friend of' list.

LiveJournal allows paid account users to change privacy settings on past entries in bulk. Basic and plus accounts do not have an official web-based method, and normally must manually change such settings one by one; some third party clients, such as Livejournal Visibility Changer, provide this functionality for non-Paid users.

Community[link]

User interaction[link]

As with most weblogs, people can comment on each other's journal entries and create a message board-style thread of comments – each comment can be replied to individually, starting a new thread. All users, including non-paying users, can set various options for comments: they can instruct the software to only accept comments from those on their friends list or block anonymous comments (meaning only LiveJournal users can comment on their posts). They can also screen various types of comments before they are displayed, or disable commenting entirely. Users can also have replies sent directly to their registered e-mail address.

In addition, LiveJournal acts as host to group journals, dubbed "communities" (frequently abbreviated as ''comms''). Anyone who joins a community can make posts to it as they would on a regular journal; communities also have "maintainers", ordinary users who run the community and oversee membership and moderation.

Some areas of LiveJournal rely heavily on user contributions and volunteer efforts. In particular, the LiveJournal Support area is run almost entirely by unpaid volunteers. Similarly, the website is translated into other languages by volunteers, although this effort is running down due to a perceived lack of involvement from the LiveJournal administration.

The development of the LiveJournal software has seen extensive volunteer involvement in the past. In February and March 2003, there was even an effort, nicknamed the ''Bazaar'', to boost volunteer performance by offering money in return for "wanted" enhancements or improvements. The Bazaar was intended to follow a regular monthly pay-out scheme, but it ended up paying out only once, after which it was neglected without a word from the management until about one year later when it was shut down.

Nowadays, voluntary contributions to the software are considered for inclusion less and less as the company has acquired more and more paid employees who focus on the organization's commercial interests. This has led to the formation of several forks, many of which introduce new features that users would like to see at LiveJournal, especially features that are brought up repeatedly in LiveJournal's own ''suggestions'' journal.

In some cases legal and administrative concerns have led LiveJournal to prohibit some people from volunteering.

Demographics[link]

, 31,772,640 accounts exist on LiveJournal, with 1,959,750 listed as "active in some way." Of those users who provided their date of birth, the majority were in the 17-25 age group, with an exceptionally large group of 31-year-olds. Of those who specified a gender, five-eighths were female.

Demographics by countries[link]

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" font-size:85%; | ''Top 15 countries'' || || style="text-align:right; width:65px;"|8,673,909 || style="text-align:right; width:65px;"|100% |- style="background:#eee;" | || style="width:100px;" | According to Alexa Internet 50% of LiveJournal's audience is located in Russia. The following are the fifteen countries LiveJournal has the most users in and the number of users as of May 22, 2010 (based on the information listed by the users):

Demographics by gender[link]

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;" font-size:85%; |- | Female || style="width:100px" | community on LiveJournal, with over 100,000 members. The community is centered around celebrity gossip, and most of its posts are taken and sourced from other gossip blogs.

In the end of January 2009, ''Oh No They Didn't!'' was the first LiveJournal to surpass 16,777,216 comments (2²⁴), effectively breaking LiveJournal's previously undocumented limit on comments. This resulted in almost a week of downtime for the community, while LiveJournal worked to fix the issue.

In April 2010, the Oh No They Didn't community was moved to its own database cluster to improve site performance for all users, due to its size and the amount of traffic it was receiving.

Frank the Goat[link]

Frank the Goat is LiveJournal's mascot. Frank is treated like an actual living being by much of the LiveJournal userbase, and his brief "biography" as well as his "journal" reflect this.

Sometimes, callers to LiveJournal's Voice Post service are informed "Frank the Goat appreciates your call." This occurs randomly.

A weekly comic about Frank, written and drawn by cartoonist Ryan Estrada, is updated every Thursday on the "Frank: The Comic Strip" community on LiveJournal. As of July 2009 the community has roughly 8,000 members, and is watched by more than 7,000 LiveJournal users.

Beginning at the end of January 2010, LiveJournal's weekly news posts included references to Frank's life, becoming works of short fiction at the end of February. These pieces are often tied to weekly virtual gift promotions, where commenters that meet a certain criteria will receive a free v-gift sent by Frank.

Controversies and criticism[link]

===Invite system=== From September 2, 2001, until December 12, 2003, the growth of LiveJournal was checked by an "invite code" system. This curbing of membership was necessitated by a rate of growth faster than the server architecture could handle. New users were required to either obtain an invite code from an existing user or buy a paid account (which reverted to a free account at the expiration of the period of time paid for). The invite code system serendipitously reduced abuse on the site by deterring people from creating multiple throw-away accounts. The invite code system was lifted after a number of major improvements to the overall site architecture.

Elimination of the invite code system was met with mixed feelings and some opposition. LiveJournal's management pointed out that the invite code system was always intended to be temporary.

The word "friend"[link]

The dual usage of "friend" as those whose journals one reads, and those one trusts to read one's own journal, has been criticized for being at odds with everyday use of the term. The individual users on a user's friends list may contain a mixture of people met through real world friendships, online friendships and general interests, as well as courtesy friendships where a user has "friended" someone who friended them. A friends list may represent something entirely unrelated to social relationships, such as a reading list, a collection or a puzzle.

The difference between online and real-world friendships is sometimes a source of conflict, hurt feelings, and other misunderstandings. LiveJournal friendships are not necessarily mutual; any user can befriend or "defriend" any other user at any time.

In the Russian LiveJournal community, the word френд ("friend", an English borrowing) is often used to describe this relationship instead of the native Russian word "друг" that translates to "friend".

The Dreamwidth code fork of LiveJournal has split the 'friend' concept into its two component pieces of subscription and access.

Abuse Prevention Team decisions[link]

As LiveJournal has grown, it has had to deal with issues involving the content it hosts. Like most web logging hosts, it has adopted a basic Terms of Service. The Terms of Service simultaneously expresses a desire for free speech by the users while outlining impermissible conduct such as spamming, copyright violation, harassment, ''etc''. LiveJournal created an Abuse Prevention Team and processes to handle claims about violations of the Terms of Service, violations of copyright, violations of the law, and other issues.

If the Abuse Prevention Team determines that a violation has occurred, the user will be either required to remove the infringing material (as in the case of copyright violations); the journal will be suspended until such time as the material can be removed (e.g., posting of home addresses or other various contact information of another); or, in cases of severe or multiple violations, the journal will be suspended (e.g., account hijacking, multiple instances of copyright violation, child pornography). The offending user is notified by email of any journal suspension or, if any offending material must be removed, the user is given a deadline for its removal. When a journal is suspended, it effectively removes from sight everything the user has written on LiveJournal, including comments in other people's journals; however, the user is able to download the material while suspended. Those suspended users who have paid for LiveJournal's service do not have payments refunded.

A small controversy arose in November 2004 when a policy document used by the Abuse Prevention Team was leaked to a group of its critics before it was due to be released. The policy document has since been officially released.

Another controversy arose when users complained after an unknown number of users were asked to remove default user pictures containing images of breast feeding that were considered inappropriate as they contained a view of nipples or areolae. The incident attracted the attention of breast feeding advocacy groups such as Pro-Mom who publicized the issue to gain larger media awareness. LiveJournal responded by changing the FAQ on appropriate content for default user pictures. The current FAQ 111 says that nudity is not appropriate in ''default'' user pictures; the original FAQ 111 said that graphic sexual content was not appropriate. Breastfeeding pictures were not restricted by the original FAQ, and the current FAQ reflects the fact that they are only restricted from use as a default user picture. It should be noted that breastfeeding pictures are still allowed as user pictures that may be manually chosen while posting but may not be the default.

Account vulnerabilities[link]

In January 2006 the site had to make emergency changes to the way the site hosts user accounts due to a web browser-side security vulnerability. The hacker group responsible was later identified as "Bantown". Approximately 900,000 accounts were at risk.

LiveJournal and advertisements[link]

In April 2006, LiveJournal announced it was introducing a new user type that gave free users some of the features available to paid members in exchange for ad sponsorship. This user type was initially called Sponsored+, but was later renamed to Plus.

This announcement was met with a whirlwind of controversy. Between April 2004 and January 2005, one of LiveJournal's Social Contract promises stated the site would, "Stay advertisement free." The Social Contract went on to say, "It may be because it's one of our biggest pet peeves, or it may be because they don't garner a lot of money, but nonetheless, we promise to never offer advertising space in our service or on our pages."

Another ad-related controversy occurred in June 2006, when ads for Kpremium began installing malware and triggering pop-up ads on Australian and Western European users' computers, against the LiveJournal ad guidelines. LiveJournal responded by removing the advertisement from the website and issuing an apology to its users.

In March 2008, LiveJournal discontinued the ability for new users to select the "basic" level of journal, which allowed for a minimal set of features with no advertising at no cost. However, in August of the same year, the company reversed the decision, reviving "basic" service as a manual, post-registration downgrade. However, the resumed basic service level is no longer ad-free: advertisements are displayed when readers who are not logged in to livejournal view postings on a basic account.

Account suspension controversy[link]

In May 2007, LiveJournal suspended approximately 500 accounts and communities, causing what news.com referred to as a "revolt" from "thousands of LiveJournal customers", after a number of activist groups, including one named Warriors for Innocence, reported pedophilic material on its website.

According to Six Apart chairman and chief executive Barak Berkowitz, "We did a review of our policies related to how we review those sites, those journals, and came up with the fact that we actually did have a number of journals up that we didn't think met our policies and didn't think they were appropriate to have up". In a subsequent posting to the LiveJournal news community, he apologized, discussed some of the circumstances behind the suspensions, and indicated that the suspended journals would be reviewed and potentially brought back online. In particular, he noted that Livejournal's normal practice of reviewing suspensions and notifying suspended account holders had not been followed:

[T]hese journals were suspended for easily correctable problems [...] [T]his was not communicated to the journal or community owners at all. [T]hese journals were taken down before review could be completed to avoid mistakes.

Most of the backlash was from fan fiction writers whose communities and personal journals were among those suspended, seemingly because they listed interests such as "incest" or "non-con" (short for non-consensual). Although these communities did not necessarily encourage illegal behavior, it has been reported that there was no further investigation into the content of these journals.

Beyond merely fan communities, many were initially upset that communities entirely unrelated to anything but the discussion, sometimes therapeutic and other times literary, of rape or child molestation were among those suspended.

On May 31, 2007, Berkowitz released a statement to the LiveJournal news community announcing that Six Apart was currently in the process of unsuspending about half of suspended journals. The journals being reinstated fell into fandom or fiction categories or were journals that were suspended for problems related only to the contents of their profiles. In an earlier interview with news.com, he had stated that he would be "shocked" if "more than a dozen" journals would be reinstated.

On July 19, 2007, Abe Hassan at LiveJournal released a statement clarifying LiveJournal's suspension policies. A further statement was made on August 7, 2007.

Advisory Board election[link]

As previously announced, SUP Media, the latest owners of LiveJournal, decided to create an Advisory Board to help it make decisions. The first members were distinguished people in the areas of law and technology, Danah Boyd, Esther Dyson, Lawrence Lessig, and the original LiveJournal founder, Brad Fitzpatrick. SUP announced two other members would be appointed from the LiveJournal userbase, one Russian and one English speaking. The English speaking election was marred with accusations of ballot stuffing, conflicts of interest, and multiple death threats. The developer who wrote the poll software running the election called the ballot stuffing plausible.

Distributed Denial of Service Attacks[link]

LiveJournal has been the victim of several DDoS attacks in 2011. The first attack on March 30 took down the site for several hours. The attack is reported to be the largest DDoS attack against LiveJournal since the site's creation. A second attack continued through April 4 and 5, causing service disruption for some users. A third attack in July caused the site to be unavailable for several hours at a time for a week. On December 2, 2011 another attack was recorded, with LiveJournal's Status blog acknowledging it as such. Of the attacks, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev commented in April 2011 that "what has occurred should be examined by LiveJournal's administration and law enforcement agencies."

On election day in December, 2011, LiveJournal saw another attack.

Sale to Six Apart[link]

LiveJournal's parent company, Danga Interactive, was initially formed and held entirely by Brad Fitzpatrick. However, as LiveJournal became more popular, Fitzpatrick was approached by multiple parties who wished to purchase it. He initially resisted many of these offers, not wanting his pet project (which he has characterized as his "baby") in the hands of those who did not understand the site's core principles — reliance on paid memberships to fund site operations, the absence of advertising, the volunteer support model, and LiveJournal's support of the free software movement. Nonetheless, as the administrative aspect of LiveJournal began to consume more of Fitzpatrick's time, which he would have rather spent working on the site's technical workings, he began to take the acquisition offers more seriously. In August 2007, Fitzpatrick left to work for Google.

Community reaction[link]

Rumors of Danga's impending sale to Six Apart were first reported by Business 2.0 journalist Om Malik in his blog, on January 4, 2005. By the next evening, speculation of major changes, including a rumor that LiveJournal would require non-paying users to purchase memberships, had caused enough users to backup their journals to impact the site's performance. A few hours later, Fitzpatrick confirmed the sale, and insisted the site's core principles would not be discarded by the new ownership. He also stressed that he and other Danga employees would still continue to manage LiveJournal and that he had determined that Six Apart was committed to the site's core principles before selling.

Fitzpatrick's supporters offered rebuttals to many of these arguments. They noted that the bulk of the code running LiveJournal at the time of the acquisition would continue to be open source, as it was licensed under the GPL.

Finally, Fitzpatrick himself noted he was growing tired of the administrative aspects of the site – to the point where he had contemplated shutting down the service – and "I knew I would've shut down the site on my own if I didn't get help."

Fitzpatrick left Six Apart in August 2007 and is no longer involved in the development of LiveJournal. However, Fitzpatrick continued to serve on the Advisory Board of LiveJournal, Inc until it was retired in June 2010.

Sale to SUP Media[link]

LiveJournal became extremely popular in Russia. The Russian translation of LiveJournal – ЖЖ (''ZheZhe'', which stands for Живой Журнал) – has become a genericized trademark for blogging in Russia, and the community boasts something close to 700,000 Russian LiveJournals, perhaps 300,000 of them active.

Six Apart licenced the Livejournal brand to the Russian company SUP Media in August 2006. The deal was brokered with the assistance of founder Brad Fitzpatrick. However, expatriated Russians have expressed concerns, citing links between the company and state security. Some have also worried that SUP's purchasing of the community was less to make a profit and more to curtail or even dissolve the strong independent Russian blogging community, silencing dissent the government found inconvenient. These concerns started with the licensing deal, and have grown with the announcement of the sale.

LiveJournal was sold to SUP Media in December 2007.

Anton Nossik, an advisor to SUP Media, has not reacted favourably to criticism by site users. In an interview given in March 2008, he accused LiveJournal users of "trying to scare and blackmail us, threatening to destroy our business," and stated that a large class of users have as their only purpose bringing harm to LiveJournal and its founders; "their goal is to criticize, destabilize and ruin our reputation." In the interview, he predicted that his likely reaction to such pressure would be to retaliate against the users rather than bowing to their pressure.

Launch of LiveJournal Inc[link]

Following SUP Media's acquisition of LiveJournal, SUP announced that the service would be run by LiveJournal Inc.; this newly launched company is based in San Francisco and continues to run the site under US law.

Global expansion[link]

Following LiveJournal's acquisition SUP Media identified three international markets (Singapore, the UK and India) which it hoped to support the services growth and seed new communities. LiveJournal recently launched new communities in India and has undertaken a reach-out programme with bloggers in Singapore. On June 8, 2011, it was announced that LiveJournal will launch local start-pages across South-East Asia and India catering to the large community the site has built here. It appointed local Singapore digital publisher Tickled Media to run the LiveJournal service in the region.

Other sites running the LiveJournal engine[link]

The software running LiveJournal is open source and primarily written in Perl. Because of this, many other communities have been designed using the LiveJournal software. These sites have very similar features and formats to LiveJournal itself. However, they often have different terms of service than LiveJournal's, making them attractive to users who have become disenchanted with LiveJournal's rules and wish to move their journals to other hosts.

See also[link]

Comparison of sites using the LiveJournal codebase

List of social networking websites

Timeline of LiveJournal

References[link]

External links[link]

LiveJournal.com

LiveJournal code in a Subversion repository (GNU GPL licensed)

LiveJournal Inc. Corporate site

Category:Russian websites Category:Internet properties established in 1999 Category:Blog hosting services Category:Blog software Category:Global internet community Category:Community websites Category:Free content management systems Category:Perl software Category:Free software programmed in Perl Category:Social networking services Category:Internet services supporting OpenID Category:Virtual communities

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Name	Ahmad Zahir
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Ahmad Zahir
Birth date	June 14, 1946
Birth place	Laghman, Afghanistan
Death date	June 14, 1979
Death place	Salang, Parwan Province, Afghanistan
Genre	Rock, pop
Occupation	Singer, songwriter, composer
Instrument	Harmonium, piano, accordion, Farfisa, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, combo organ
Years active	1967–1979
Label	Afghan Music, Aj Musik, EMI, Music Center }}

Ahmad Shirpacha Zahir ( – ''Aḥmad Zāhir''; 14 June 1946 – 14 June 1979) was a singer, songwriter, and composer from Afghanistan. He is widely considered an icon of Afghan music and is sometimes called the "King of Afghan music". His songs are mostly in Persian and based on well-recognized Persian poems, although a few are in Pashto and English. Zahir composed and performed rock and pop music, in a similar style to Elvis Presley. Today, he is regarded as one of the greatest persons in Afghan culture and history.

Biography[link]

Zahir was born on 14 June 1946 (Jauza 24, 1325 of the Jalali calendar) in Laghman, Afghanistan. His father, Abdul Zahir, was a royal court doctor, minister of health, Prime Minister of Afghanistan between 1971 and 1972, speaker of the parliament and an influential figure in King Zahir Shah's era who helped write the 1964 Constitution of Afghanistan. Zahir grew up in Kabul and belonged to the Pashtun ethnic background.

Zahir attended Habibia High School in Kabul in the early 1960s. He sang and played the accordion in a band mainly consisting of his friends and classmates including Omar Sultan on guitar, Farid Zaland on congas and Kabir Howaida on piano. The band later became known as the amateur band of Habibia High School and performed in local concerts during celebratory occasions like Nowruz, Eid ul-Fitr, and Afghan Independence Day.

He later attended and graduated from ''Daru' l-Malimeen'' ("Teachers' College") in Kabul, then continued his higher education for two more years in India to get a degree as an English instructor. Eventually, however, he decided that music was his true calling. Zahir began his solo career composing songs based on well-recognized Persian poems. His first recorded song, "Gar Kuni Yak Nizara", was his own composition, sung in the pilu raga. He continued writing and recording songs such as "Azeezam Ba Yaadat", "Ahista-ahista", "Akhir Ay Darya", "Hama Yaranam", "Agar Sabza Boodam", "Guftam Ke Mekhwaham Tura", "Shabe Ze Shabha" and "Parween-e Man".

Zahir worked with mentors such as Ismail Azami (saxophonist), Nangalai (trumpeter), Abdullah Etemadi (drummer), and other musicians including Salim Sarmast, Naynawaz, Taranasaz, and Mas'hour Jamal. He recorded over 22 albums in the 1970s. His songs were noted for their mellifluous tone, poetic style, compelling depth, and passionate emotional evocation. His lyrics covered a wide range of subjects. Many of his songs contained autobiographical elements or political criticism of Afghanistan's government. As a result many of his recordings were destroyed by the government.

The Zahir professionally was on the scene of Afghan Music for only 10 years at the most; however, Zahir managed to record more than 30 albums. This was and is unheard of in any music industry around the world. All of these albums were successful and widely accepted (to this date) by everyone. The kings managed to complete these recordings almost 40 years ago with almost no technology of today's world, and all was done in live recordings. It is said the kings recorded his Arian Music Album 1 in one day, that had more than 12 songs. Zahir only recorded two music videos during his career.

Death[link]

Zahir died on 14 June 1979, on his 33rd birthday. There are many mixed views from critics for why he was killed, but according to his son Rishad Zahir, Zahir "was assassinated by the order of a communist general named ''Daud Taroon'', who used one of Zahir's best friends as an accomplice to carry out his orders". Zahir's political stance was at odds with the Marxist government of the time who claimed that he had died in a car accident. Other critics state that he was shot twice by someone, who then crashed Zahir's car on a wall, and put him inside the vehicle, pretending that he had a car accident.

A large crowd of mourners attended Zahir's funeral in Kabul, clogging the city streets and bringing daily activities to a halt.

After his death Zahir became a national hero and his image was mythologized by the Afghan people. Because of his privileged family background, Zahir helped to establish music as a more respected profession which in turn led to the founding of The Kabul Music School in 1974.

Discography[link]

Afghan music albums[link]

''Vol. 1 – Dilak am'' (1973)

''Vol. 2 – Bahar'' (1973)

''Vol. 3 – Shab ha ye zulmane'' (1974)

''Vol. 4 – Mother'' (1974)

''Vol. 5 – Awara'' (1975)

''Vol. 6 – Ghulam-e Qamar'' (1975)

''Vol. 7 – Sultan Qalbaam'' (1976)

''Vol. 8 – Az Ghamat Hy Nazaneen'' (1976)

''Vol. 9 – Gulbadaan'' (1971)

''Vol. 10 – Yaare Bewafa'' (1977)

''Vol. 11 – Lylee'' (1977)

''Vol. 12 – Ahmad Zahir and Jila'' (1978)

''Vol. 13 – Ahange Zindagee'' (1978)

''Vol. 14 – Shab-e Hijraan'' (1979) (posthumous release)

Note: Audio cassette versions of many of Zahir's ''Afghan Music'' albums are missing some songs that are present on the original vinyl records.

Ariana music albums[link]

''Vol. 1 – Daard-e Dil'' (1972)

''Vol. 2 – Mosum-e Gul'' (1977)

Note: The original ''Ariana Music'' record albums contain many hidden tracks.

Music center albums[link]

''Vol. 1 – Ashiq rooyat Mon'' (1973)

''Vol. 2 – Neshe Gashdum'' (1976)

''Vol. 3 – Lylee Jaan'' (1977)

''Vol. 4 – Ahmad Zahir Ba Sitara Haa'' (1977)

''Vol. 5 – To Baamanee'' (1978)

Private albums[link]

''Shamali''

''Hindi Songs''

''Afghanistan Songs''

''Agar Bahar Byayad''

''Ahmad Zahir & Nainawaaz''

''Almase-Sharq''

''Gulhaayi-Jawedan''

''Gulhayi Nafaramoshshuda''

''Khateraha''

''Khudaat-Medani Guleman''

''Laily-Laily-Jan''

''Raaze-Penhan''

''Soorodhayie-Jawedan''

''Yaad-Mandaha''

''Zindani''

Other discography information[link]

He has over 10 private recording albums from 1965–1978.

He only recorded 2 music videos in Radio Kabul TV: "Laylee Jaan" in 1976 and "Khuda Buwat Yarret" in 1977.

Zahir recorded several songs in ''Radio Kabul'' and ''Radio Afghanistan'' studios which later came out as albums. Eight of these albums have been released.

References[link]

External links[link]

AhmadZahir.com Official website

Category:1946 births Category:1979 deaths Category:Afghan musicians Category:Afghan singers Category:Pashtun people Category:Persian music

ar:أحمد ظاهر ca:Ahmad Zahir de:Ahmed Zahir es:Ahmad Zahir fa:احمد ظاهر fr:Ahmad Zahir ps:احمد ظاهر fi:Ahmad Zahir sv:Ahmad Zahir tl:Ahmad Zahir tr:Ahmed Zahir

name	Alina Orlova
full name	Alina Orlovskaja
background	solo_singer
birth date	June 28, 1988
origin	Visaginas, Lithuania
genre	Sung poetry, Indie folk, Daina
years active	2007–present
website	myspace.com/alinaorlova }}

Alina Orlova (real name Alina Orlovskaya, born June 28, 1988) is a Lithuanian sung poetry singer and musician. She is of mixed Polish-Russian heritage.

Performing career [link]

Orlova both composes her own songs and performs other musicians' cover versions. She generally performs in three languages - Lithuanian, Russian and English.

Orlova's fame preceded her first studio album when she was awarded an alternative music award ''A.LT'' back in her home country, whilst at the same time also being named a "Breakthrough of the year 2006". Her song ''Nesvarbu'' was voted by the readers of highly popular Lithuanian youth magazine ''Pravda'' as the best debut of the year.

In 2008 her debut album ''Laukinis šuo dingo'' (''The Wild Dog Dingo'', named after a Russian book by Ruvim Fraerman for school children about teenage love) was released under the ''MetroMusic'' label and presented in Vilnius St.Catherine church on January 22; a week later she had a similar concert in Kaunas State Drama Theatre. Later the same year Orlova held concerts in Russia, London, Liverpool. According to her fansite, she is going to perform in Poland, Ireland, participate at Europavox festival in France, and elsewhere.

Orlova received positive recognition both worldwide and in Lithuania where she is seen as a huge success - her "cozy" gigs are highly anticipated there. According to music critics, Orlova has a ''"high-trilling voice and a unique line in exhilaratingly dark, Baltic folk pop"''. Noticed by the Travis front-man Francis Healy, Alina's song "Vaiduokliai" was picked up as one of the seven tracks to be featured on the digital-only EP, entitled "Play. Stop. Rewind" released worldwide by LIPA Records.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

''Laukinis šuo dingo'' (2008)

''Mutabor'' (2010)

References [link]

External links [link]

Alina Orlova's paintings and photography

Category:1988 births Category:Living people Category:Lithuanian female singers Category:Lithuanian singers Category:Lithuanian people of Russian descent Category:Lithuanian people of Polish descent Category:People from Visaginas

be:Аліна Арлова be-x-old:Аліна Арлова es:Alina Orlova fr:Alina Orlova gl:Alina Orlova it:Alina Orlova he:אלינה אורלובה lv:Alina Orlova lt:Alina Orlova nl:Alina Orlova pl:Alina Orlova pt:Alina Orlova ru:Орлова, Алина uk:Аліна Орлова bat-smg:Alina Orlova zh:阿林娜·奥罗瓦