Official name	City of Dayton
Settlement type	City
Nickname	The Gem City
Motto	Birthplace of Aviation
Website	www.cityofdayton.org
Image seal	Dayton seal.jpg
Map caption	Location in Montgomery County
Pushpin map	USA Ohio
Pushpin label position	right
Pushpin mapsize	250
Pushpin map caption	Location in Ohio
Coordinates region	US-OH
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision type1	State
Subdivision type2	County
Subdivision name	United States
Subdivision name1	Ohio
Subdivision name2	Montgomery
Leader title	Mayor
Leader name	Gary Leitzell (I)
Established title	Founded
Established date	1796
Established title2	Incorporated
Established title3
Established date3	1805 (city)
Unit pref	Imperial
Area magnitude	1 E8
Area total km2	147
Area total sq mi	56.6
Area land km2	144
Area land sq mi	55.7
Area water km2	2
Area water sq mi	0.9
Population as of	2010
Population	141,527 (174th in U.S.)
Population metro	841,502 (61st in U.S.)
Population density sq mi	2979
Area code	937
Timezone	EST
Utc offset	-5
Timezone dst	EDT
Utc offset dst	-4
Coordinates display	inline,title
Elevation m	225
Elevation ft	738
Blank name	FIPS code
Blank info	39113
Blank1 name	GNIS feature ID
Blank1 info	1064514
Footnotes	}}

Dayton () is the 6th largest city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County, the fifth most populous county in the state. The population was 141,527 at the 2010 census. The Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 841,502 in the 2010 census. As of the 2010 census, Dayton is the fourth largest metropolitan area in Ohio and the 61st largest metropolitan area in the United States. The Dayton-Springfield-Greenville Combined Statistical Area had a population of 1,072,891 in 2010 and is the 43rd largest combined statistical area in the United States. Dayton is situated within the Miami Valley region of Ohio, just north of the Cincinnati metropolitan area.

Dayton is within of 60% of the population and manufacturing capacity of the U.S. and so is defined as one of only two major logistics centroids in the United States. It plays host to significant industrial, aerospace, and technological/engineering research activity and is known for the many technical innovations and inventions developed there. Much of this innovation is due in part to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and its place within the community. With the decline of heavy manufacturing, Dayton's businesses have diversified into a service economy, including the insurance and legal sectors and most importantly the healthcare and government sectors.

Other than defense and aerospace, healthcare accounts for much of the Dayton area's economy. Hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000, a yearly economic impact of $6.8 billion. It is estimated that Premier Health Partners, a hospital network, contributes more than $2 billion a year to the region through operating, employment, and capital expenditures. In 2011, Dayton was rated the #3 city in the nation out of the top 50 cities in the United States by HealthGrades for excellence in health care. Many hospitals in the Dayton area are consistently ranked by ''Forbes'', ''U.S. News & World Report'', and HealthGrades for clinical excellence.

Dayton is also noted for its association with aviation; the city is home to the National Museum of the United States Air Force. Orville Wright, poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, and entrepreneur John H. Patterson were born in Dayton. Dayton is also known for its many patents, inventions, and inventors that have come from the area, most notable being the Wright Brothers' invention of powered flight. In 2008, 2009, and 2010, ''Site Selection'' magazine ranked Dayton the #1 mid sized metropolitan area in the nation for economic development. Also in 2010, Dayton was named one of the best places in the United States for college graduates to find a job.

History

Dayton was founded on April 1, 1796, seven years before the admission of Ohio to the Union in early 1803, by a group of 12 settlers known as "The Thompson Party." They traveled in March from Cincinnati up the Great Miami River by pirogue and landed at what is now St. Clair Street, where they found two small camps of Native Americans. Among the settlers was Benjamin Van Cleve, whose memoirs provide insights into the history of the Ohio Valley. Two other groups who were travelling overland arrived several days later.

In 1797, Daniel C. Cooper had laid out the Mad River Road, the first overland connection between Cincinnati, Ohio, and Dayton, opening the "Mad River Country" at Dayton and the upper Miami Valley to settlement.

The city was incorporated in 1805 and was named after Jonathan Dayton, who owned the land. Dayton had been a captain in the American Revolutionary War and was a signer of the U.S. Constitution. By 1827, construction on the Dayton-Cinainnati canal began as a way to better transport goods from Dayton to Cincinnati. The canal provided the main source of growth for Dayton at the time.

Historically, Dayton has been the site for many patents and inventions since the 1870s. Famous inventors such as the Wright Brothers who invented the practical airplane and Charles F. Kettering who had numerous inventions also came from Dayton. According to the National Park Service who cited information from the U.S. Patent Office Dayton had more granted patents per capita than any other U.S. city in 1890 and ranked fifth in the nation as early as 1870.

The 1890's brought several key persons to the forefront of Dayton's historical achievements. The first, Paul Laurence Dunbar an African American poet, began his most famous works in the 1890's and is an integral part of Dayton's history. Dunbar became a nationally recognized poet. The second were the Wright Brothers who were credited for inventing the world's first successful airplaine and founding the Wright Cycle Company.

In 1884, The National Cash Register Company was founded by John Henry Patterson which manufactured the first cash registers in existence. The company played a crucial role in the success and shaping of Dayton as a manufacturing center and in the livelihood of Dayton residents as a source of employment and tax revenue. In 1906, Charles F. Kettering introduced the first electric cash register to the company. This helped to further increase the presence and production of NCR. After the Great Dayton Flood, John Patterson donated nearly one million dollars to help with cleanup and rescue efforts. This move helped to further draw the importance of the company to Dayton. NCR was also known for its code-breaking machines, including the American Navy bombe designed by Joseph Desch which helped crack the Enigma machine cipher.

The catastrophic Great Dayton Flood of March 1913 severely affected much of the city, stimulated the growth of suburban communities outside central Dayton in areas lying further from the Miami River and on higher ground, and led to the establishment of the Miami Conservancy District in 1914. The flood remains an event of note in popular memory and local histories. The high waters damaged some of the Wright Brothers' glass plate photographic negatives of their glider flights at Kitty Hawk and power flights over Huffman Prairie near Dayton.

During World War II, Dayton, like many other American cities, was heavily involved in the war effort. Residential neighborhoods in Dayton and in nearby Oakwood hosted the Dayton Project, in which the Monsanto Company Chemical Company developed methods to industrially produce polonium for use in the triggers of early atomic bombs, including those dropped by the United States on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Because of Dayton's manufacturing boom to support war efforts, housing in the Dayton area was in extremely high demand. In an attempt for the region to keep up, emergency housing was put into place because of a lack of dwellings in the region. Many of these dwellings that were meant to be temporary are still inhabited today.

Between the 1940's and the 1970's, significant suburban growth began to take place. Along with the implementation of the Interstate Highway System, more than 1.8 million homes were built in Montgomery County alone between 1950 and 1960. Many of these homes were built in neighboring suburbs as growth in the city proper of Dayton slowed. Despite Dayton's slowed growth, many of Dayton's high-rise buildings were also constructed during this period.

From the 1980's to recent times, Dayton's population has continued to decline with the drop in heavy manufacturing and national economic woes. Despite this, Dayton has diversified its workforce from manufacturing to healthcare and defense, as well as being recognized as Ohio's aerospace hub.

The 2000's brought a new revitalization to Dayton's urban core. Fifth Third Field, home of the Dayton Dragons, was built in 2000. The stadium and team have been an important part of Dayton's culture, and with the nation's longest sellout streak in all professional sports it remains very popular in the Dayton region. The Schuster Center performing arts theater opened in 2003 providing a new arts venue for the city. Along with these, Miami Valley Hospital expanded with a 12-story patient tower and Five Rivers MetroParks expanded and added a bike hub and an outdoor entertainment venue for concerts downtown. In 2010, the Greater Downtown Dayton Plan was introduced. The plan focuses on job creation and retention, infrustructure imporvements, housing, recreation, and collaboration. The plan is to be implemented through the year 2020.

Peace accords

The Dayton Agreement, a peace accord between the parties to the hostilities of the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina and the former Yugoslavia, was negotiated at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Negotiations took place from November 1, 1995, to November 21, 1995, at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near to Fairborn, Ohio.

Richard Holbrooke wrote about this event in his memoirs:

There was also a real Dayton out there, a charming Ohio city, famous as the birthplace of the Wright Brothers. Its citizens energized us from the outset. Unlike the population of, say, New York, Geneva or Washington, which would scarcely notice another conference, Daytonians were proud to be part of history. Large signs at the commercial airport hailed Dayton as the "temporary center of international peace". The local newspapers and television stations covered the story from every angle, drawing the people deeper into the proceedings. When we ventured into a restaurant or a shopping center downtown, people crowded around, saying that they were praying for us. Warren Christopher was given at least one standing ovation in a restaurant. Families on the air base placed "candles of peace" in their front windows, and people gathered in peace vigils outside the base. One day they formed a "peace chain", although it was not large enough to surround the sprawling eight-thousand-acre base. Ohio's famous ethnic diversity was on display.

Nicknames

Dayton's primary nickname is the "Gem City." The origin of the name is no longer clear; it appears to stem either from a well-known racehorse named "Gem" that hailed from Dayton, or from descriptions of the city likening it to a gem. The most likely origin appears to be an 1845 article in the Cincinnati ''Daily Chronicle'' by an author writing with the byline "T", that reads :''"In a small bend of the Great Miami River, with canals on the east and south, it can be fairly said, without infringing on the rights of others, that Dayton is the gem of all our interior towns. It possesses wealth, refinement, enterprise, and a beautiful country, beautifully developed."'' Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872–1906) later acknowledged the nickname in his poem, "Toast to Dayton", which contains this stanza: :''"She shall ever claim our duty,'' :''For she shines—the brightest gem'' :''That has ever decked with beauty'' :''Dear Ohio's diadem."''

Another explanation for the nickname Gem notes that Dayton's sister city to the south, Cincinnati, is known as the "Queen City", which makes Dayton a gem in the queen's crown.

The city was advertised as "The Gem City, the Cleanest City in America" in the 1950s, 60s and into the 70s. The phrase was often seen on public trash cans, and other places throughout the city during this time period. Additionally, Dayton has one of the most consistent street cleaning schedules. Every morning, street cleaners sweep downtown Dayton of any trash from the previous day.

Ohio's nickname "Birthplace of Aviation" is frequently seen due to Dayton being the hometown of the Wright Brothers. In their bicycle shop in Dayton, the Wrights developed the principles of aerodynamics, and designed and constructed a number of gliders and portions of their first airplane. After their first manned flights in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, which had been chosen only due to its high average wind speeds, the Wrights returned to Dayton and continued testing at nearby Huffman Prairie.

Climate

The region is dominated by a humid continental climate (Köppen ''Dfa''), characterized by hot, muggy summers and cold, dry winters. It should be noted that the table presented above is from Dayton International Airport, to the north of downtown Dayton, which lies within the Miami Valley, and thus temperatures in the former location are often cooler than in downtown.

At the airport, Monthly mean temperatures range from in January to in July. The highest temperature ever recorded in Dayton was in July 1901, and the coldest was in February 1899.

Dayton is subject to severe weather typical of the Midwestern United States. Tornadoes are possible from the spring to the fall. Floods, blizzards and severe thunderstorms can also occur from time to time.

Demographics

:''Note: the following demographic information applies only to the city of Dayton proper. For other Dayton-area communities, see their respective articles.'' As of the census of 2000, there were 166,179 people, 67,409 households, and 37,614 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,979.3 people per square mile (1,150.3/km²). There were 77,321 housing units at an average density of 1,386.3 per square mile (535.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 53.40% White, 43.10% Black, 0.30% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.70% from other races, and 1.83% from two or more races. 1.58% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. The population of Dayton has been declining since the 1970s, as can be observed from portrayal of historical population data. This is in part due to the slowdown of manufacturing in the region and the growth of Dayton's affluent suburbs including Englewood, Beavercreek, Springboro, Miamisburg, and Centerville.

There were 67,409 households out of which 27.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.2% were married couples living together, 20.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.2% were non-families. 36.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 3.04.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,523, and the median income for a family was $34,978. Males had a median income of $30,816 versus $24,937 for females. The per capita income for the city was $34,724. About 18.2% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.0% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Dayton's economy is relatively diversified and vital to the overall economy of the state of Ohio. In 2008 and 2009, ''Site Selection'' magazine ranked Dayton the #1 medium sized metropolitan area in the U.S. for economic development. Also in 2010, according to ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' Dayton was one of the best places in the U.S. for college graduates to find a job. Dayton is also among the top 100 metropolitan areas in the United States exports and export related jobs by the Brookings Institution. Dayton ranked number 16 out of the top 100 metropolitan areas for exports and number 14 in export related jobs with 44,133 Dayton employees related to exports. The report placed the value of exports from Dayton at $4.7 billion, ranking the metropolitan area at number 56 for the statistic. The Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area ranks 4th in Ohio's Gross Domestic Product with a 2008 industry total of $33.78 billion. Additionally, Dayton ranks 3rd among 11 major metropolitan areas in Ohio for exports to foreign countries. In 2008, products and services with value of more than $4.5 billion were exported from the Dayton area. Moody's Investment Services revised Dayton's bond rating from A1 to the stronger rating of Aa2 as part of its global recalibration process. Standard and Poor's upgraded Dayton's rating from A+ to AA- in the summer of 2009.

Many major corporations and companies such as Reynolds and Reynolds, CareSource, Cargill, NewPage Corporation, Huffy Bicycles, LexisNexis, Kettering Health Network, Premier Health Partners, Standard Register, Dayton Reliable Tool and Teradata have their headquarters in Dayton. It is the former home of the Speedwell Motor Car Company and the Mead Paper Company before it became MeadWestvaco. NewPage Corporation is a Fortune 1000 company. Behr Dayton Thermal Products LLC is also located in Dayton. The Dayton Development Coalition is attempting to leverage the regions large water capacity, estimated to be 1.5 trillion gallons of renewable water aquifers, to attract new businesses.

Research, development, aerospace and aviation

The Dayton region gave birth to aviation and is known for its high concentration of aerospace and aviation technology. In 2009, Governor Ted Strickland designated Dayton as Ohio's aerospace innovation hub, the first such technology hub in the state. Two major United States research and development organizations have leveraged Dayton's historical leadership in aviation and maintain their headquarters in the area: The National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC) and the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). NASIC is the U.S. military's primary producer of intelligence on foreign air and space forces, weapons and systems, while the AFRL provides leading-edge warfighting capabilities to keep the United States air, space and cyberspace forces the world's best. Both have their headquarters at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base is one of the largest Air Base Wings in the Air Force, its over 27,400 employees and 68 tenant units generated a Total Economic Impact in the Dayton area of $5.1 billion in its 2009 fiscal year. In addition, state officials are working to make the Dayton region a hub and a leader for UAV research and manufacturing. There a several research organizations that support NASIC, AFRL and the Dayton community. The Advanced Technical Intelligence Center, is a confederation of government, academic and industry partners that leverage advanced technical intelligence expertise. daytaOhio is a non-profit organization on the campus of Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio. The University of Dayton Research Institute (UDRI), is a research institute led by the University of Dayton. In 2004 and 2005, UDRI was ranked #2 in the nation in federal and industry-funded materials research by the National Science Foundation. The Cognitive Technologies Division (CTD) of Applied Research Associates, Inc., that performs human-centered research and design, is headquartered in the Dayton suburb of Fairborn. The city of Dayton has also started Tech Town, a development project intended to attract technology-based firms to Dayton and revitalize the downtown area. Tech Town is home to the world's first RFID business incubator. The University of Dayton-led Institute for Development & Commercialization of Sensor Technologies (IDCAST) at TechTown, is a world-class center for excellence in remote sensing and sensing technology, and one of Dayton's technology business incubators housed in The Entrepreneurs Center building.

The NCR Corporation (originally named the National Cash Register Corporation), which was founded and headquartered in Dayton for over 125 years, announced on June 2, 2009 that it was accepting a $96 million offer to move its corporate headquarters to Duluth, Georgia. While NCR has retained about 45 employees at its corporate-wide data center in Dayton, the move resulted in a loss of about 1,250 positions. The building complex that formerly housed NCR's World Headquarters was quickly absorbed by the University of Dayton Research Institute for $18 million.

Healthcare

The Kettering Health Network and Premier Health Partners have a major role on the Dayton area's economy. Hospitals in the Greater Dayton area have an estimated combined employment of nearly 32,000, a yearly economic impact of $6.8 billion. Thomson Reuters rated the Kettering Health Network as one of the top 10 hospital networks for clinical excellence in the United States. In addition, several Dayton area hospitals consistently earn top national ranking and recognition including the ''U.S. News & World Report'''s list of "America's Best Hospitals" as well as many of HealthGrades top ratings. The most notable hospitals are Miami Valley Hospital and Kettering Medical Center. In 2011, the Dayton area was rated number three in the nation out of the top 50 cities in the United States by HealthGrades for excellence in healthcare. Also in 2011, Dayton was ranked the fourth best in the nation for emergency medicine care.

Several key institutes and centers for health care exist in the Dayton region. The Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton is a center that focuses on the science and development of human tissue regeneration. The National Center for Medical Readiness (NCMR) is also located in the Dayton area. The center includes Calamityville which is a state-of-the art disaster training facility. It is conservatively estimated that over a five year period the Calamityville will generate a direct and indirect economic impact to the Miami Valley Region of $374 million. Also, the Neurological Institute at Miami Valley Hospital is an institute focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and research of neurological disorders.

The Dayton region's largest employers

Largest employers and Number of employees:

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base 27,406

Premier Health Partners 14,335

Kettering Health Network 9,500

The Reynolds and Reynolds Company 6,000

WinWholesale Inc. 5,200

Wright State University 3,095

LexisNexis 3,000

Cityscape

thumb|center|800px|Panorama of Dayton

Architecture

Unlike many midwestern cities of its age, Dayton has very broad and straight downtown streets (generally two or three full lanes in each direction), facilitating access to the downtown even after the automobile became popular. The main reason for the broad streets was that Dayton was a marketing and shipping center from its beginning: streets were broad to enable wagons drawn by teams of three to four pairs of oxen to turn around. In addition, some of today's streets were once barge canals flanked by draw-paths. A courthouse building was constructed in downtown Dayton in 1888 to supplement Dayton's original Neoclassical courthouse, which still stands. This second, "new" courthouse has since been replaced with new facilities as well as a park. The Old Court House has also been a favorite campaign stop. On September 17, 1859, future President Abraham Lincoln delivered an address on the steps of the building. Eight other presidents have visited the courthouse, either as presidents or during presidential campaigns. They include Andrew Johnson, James Garfield, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan, and Bill Clinton.

In 2009, The CareSource Management Group finished construction of a $55 million corporate headquarters in downtown Dayton. The , 10-story building marks downtown's first new office tower in over a decade.

The two tallest buildings of the Dayton skyline are the Kettering Tower at 408 ft (124 m) and the KeyBank Tower at 385 ft (117 m). Kettering Tower was originally Winters Tower, the headquarters of Winters Bank. The building was renamed after Virginia Kettering when Winters was merged into BankOne. KeyBank Tower was formerly known as the MeadWestvaco Tower before KeyBank gained naming rights to the building in 2008.

Neighborhoods

Dayton's ten historic neighborhoods — Oregon District, Wright Dunbar, Dayton View, Grafton Hill, McPherson Town, Webster Station, Huffman, Kenilworth, St. Anne's Hill, and South Park — feature mostly single-family houses and mansions in the Neoclassical, Jacobethan, Tudor Revival, English Gothic, Chateauesque, Craftsman, Queen Anne, Georgian Revival, Colonial Revival, Renaissance Revival Architecture, Shingle Style Architecture, Prairie, Mission Revival, Eastlake/Italianate, American Foursquare, and Federal styles of architecture. Downtown Dayton is also a large area that encompasses several neighborhoods itself, and has seen a recent uplift and revival.

Suburbs

Dayton's suburbs with a population of 10,000 or more include Beavercreek, Centerville, Clayton, Englewood, Fairborn, Harrison Township, Huber Heights, Kettering, Miami Township, Miamisburg, Oakwood, Riverside, Springboro (partial), Trotwood, Vandalia, Washington Township, West Carrollton, and Xenia.

Culture

Fine arts

The Dayton Region ranked within the top 10% in the nation out of 373 metropolitan areas in arts and culture. Dayton is the home of the Dayton Art Institute (see below).

The Benjamin and Marian Schuster Performing Arts Center in downtown Dayton, is a world-class performing arts center and the home venue of the Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra, Dayton Opera, and the Dayton Ballet. In addition to Philharmonic and Opera performances, the Schuster Center hosts concerts, lectures, traveling Broadway shows, and is a popular spot for weddings, and other events. The historic Victoria Theatre, located in downtown Dayton, hosts concerts, traveling Broadway shows, ballet, a summertime classic film series, and more. The Loft Theatre, also located downtown, is the home of the Human Race Theatre Company. The Dayton Playhouse, in West Dayton, is the site of numerous plays and theatrical productions.

Dayton is the home of the Dayton Ballet, one of the oldest professional dance companies in the United States. The Company runs the Dayton Ballet School, the oldest dance school in Dayton and one of the oldest in the country. It is the only ballet school in the Miami Valley associated with a professional dance company. Additionally, Dayton is home to the Gem City Ballet and Progressive Dance Theater, companies in residence at the Pontecorvo Ballet Studio. Dayton is also home to "World Class" Dayton Contemporary Dance Company (DCDC).

Food

Dayton is home to a variety of popular pizza chains that have become woven into local culture, the most notable of which are Cassano's and Marion's Piazza. Dayton is also a hub for groundbreaking pizza research. Domino's Pizza chain is test-marketing breakfast pizza in its location close to University of Dayton.

Also based in Dayton is the Mexican Restaurant chain Hot Head Burritos, which was ranked by AOL.com in 2009 as one of America's next big chains.

Other Dayton-based food chains are Super Subby's which specializes in submarine sandwiches and chili, The Flying Pizza which is a New York–style pizza chain, Fricker's which specializes in chicken wings, and The Submarine House which specializes in submarine sandwiches. Along with these food chains, Esther Price Candies (a candy and chocolate company), and Mike-sells, the oldest potato chip company in the United States, are also based in Dayton.

Religion

Christianity is represented in Dayton by dozens of denominations and their respective churches. Notable Dayton churches include the First Lutheran Church and the Sacred Heart Church both located downtown. Dayton is also home to the United Theological Seminary of the United Methodist Church. Christmas on Campus invites children each year to celebrate Christmas on the campus of the University of Dayton. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cincinnati list 21 parishes in City of Dayton and 32 total in Montgomery County.

Judaism is represented by Temple Israel, Beth Jacob Synagogue, Chabad of Greater Dayton, Temple Beth Or, Beth Abraham Synagogue and the Jewish Federation of Greater Dayton. Islam is represented by the Dayton Islamic Center, Masjid of Islam, and the Islamic Community Center. Non-Abrahamic places of worship in the city include the Dayton Hindu Temple.

Tourism

Tourism visiting Montgomery County accounted for $1.7 billion in business activity in 2007. Tourism also accounts for 1 out of every 14 private sector jobs in the county. Tourism in the Dayton region is led by The National Museum of the United States Air Force at nearby Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. It is the largest and oldest military aviation museum in the world. The museum draws over 1.3 million visitors per year and is one of the single most visited tourist attractions in Ohio. The museum houses the National Aviation Hall of Fame.

Other museums also play significant roles in the tourism and economy of the Dayton area. The Dayton Art Institute, a museum of fine arts, owns collections containing more than 20,000 objects spanning 5,000 years of art and archaeological history. The Dayton Art Institute was rated one of the top 10 best art museums in the United States for children. Dayton is also home to a children's museum. The Boonshoft Museum of Discovery is a local children's museum of science with numerous exhibits, one of which includes an indoor zoo with nearly 100 different animals.

Some historical museums also have notability in the region. The Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park, operated by the National Park Service, commemorates the lives and achievements of Dayton natives Orville and Wilbur Wright and Paul Laurence Dunbar. The Wright brothers' famous Wright Flyer III aircraft is housed in a museum at Carillon Historical Park. Dayton is also home to America's Packard Museum with contains many restored historical Packard vehicles. Another notable park, SunWatch Indian Village/Archaeological Park is located on the south end of Dayton. SunWatch is the location of a 12th century American Indian village that has been partially reconstructed and includes a museum where visitors can learn about the Indian history of the Miami Valley.

Entertainment

The Vectren Dayton Air Show is an annual air show that takes places at the Dayton International Airport. The Vectren Dayton Airshow is one of the largest air shows in the United States.

The Dayton area is served by Five Rivers MetroParks, encompassing over 23 facilities for year-round recreation, education, and conservation. In cooperation with the Miami Conservancy District, the MetroParks maintains over miles of paved, multi-use scenic trails that connect Montgomery County with Greene, Miami, Warren and Butler Counties. Five Rivers Metroparks, from 1996 to 1998, Dayton hosted the National Folk Festival. Since then, the annual Cityfolk Festival has continued to bring the best in folk, ethnic and world music and arts to Dayton. The Five Rivers MetroParks also owns and operates the PNC Second Street Market located near downtown Dayton. The Market has more than 50 vendors selling items such as produce, cooked foods, baked goods, crafts, and flowers.

The Dayton area hosts several arenas and venues. South of Dayton in Kettering is the Fraze Pavilion, which hosts many nationally and internationally known musicians for concerts. Several notable performances have included the Backstreet Boys, Boston, and Steve Miller Band. South of downtown, on the banks of the Great Miami River, is the University of Dayton Arena, home venue for the University of Dayton Flyers basketball teams and the location of various other events and concerts. UD Arena also hosts the Winter Guard International championships, at which hundreds of percussion and color guard ensembles compete from around the world. North of Dayton is the Hara Arena that frequently hosts expo events and concerts. In addition, the Dayton Amateur Radio Association hosts the annual Dayton Hamvention, North America's largest hamfest, at Hara Arena. Up to 25,000 amateur radio operators attend this convention. The Nutter Center, which is just east of Dayton in the suburb of Fairborn, is the home arena for athletics of Wright State University and the former Dayton Bombers hockey team. This venue is used for many concerts, community events, and various national traveling shows and performances.

Located in the nearby suburb of Moraine is an outdoor waterpark known as Splash Moraine. The park is best known for its large wave pool.

The Oregon District is a historic residential and commercial district in southeast downtown Dayton. The district is populated with art galleries, specialty shops, pubs, nightclubs, and coffee houses.

The City of Dayton is also host to yearly festivals. Most notably the Dayton Celtic Festival and the City Folk Festival. The Dayton Celtic Festival attracts more than 30,000 people yearly and has Irish dancing, food, crafts, and performers such at Gaelic Storm. Other festivals held in the city of Dayton include, the Dayton Blues Festival, Urban Nights, the African American and Cultural Festival, and the Dayton Reggae Fest.

Sports

Club	League	Venue	Established
Dayton Dragons			2000
! scope="row" style="font-weight: normal;"		Hara Arena	2009
Dayton Air Strikers		James S. Trent Arena	2011
Dayton Dutch Lions		Miami Valley South Stadium	2009
Dayton Flyers	NCAA Division I Baseball, Basketball, Cross country, Football, Golf, Soccer, Rowing, softball, Tennis, Track and field, and Volleyball	University of Dayton Arena (Basketball), Welcome Stadium (Football), Thomas J. Frericks Center (Volleyball), Time Warner Cable Stadium (Baseball)	1903
Wright State Raiders	NCAA Division I Men's and Women's Basketball, Baseball, Softball, & Men's and Women's Soccer		1968
Dayton Area Rugby Club	Midwest Rugby Football Union		1969

;Baseball:The [[Dayton Dragons is Dayton's only professional baseball team and is the minor league affiliate for the Cincinnati Reds. The Dayton Dragons are the first (and only) team in minor league baseball history to sell out an entire season before it began and was voted as one of the top ten hottest tickets to get in all of professional sports by Sports Illustrated. The Dayton Dragon's series of 815 consecutive sellouts surpassed the Portland Trail Blazers for the longest sellout streak across all professional sports in the U.S.

;Collegiate: The University of Dayton and Wright State University both host NCAA basketball. The University of Dayton Arena hosted 82 games in the NCAA men's basketball tournament over its history, the second most prolific venue in NCAA history and the most prolific among active venues, with the most recent being first and second round games of the 2009 tournament. Wright State University's NCAA mens basketball is the Wright State Raiders and the University of Dayton's NCAA men's basketball team is the Dayton Flyers.

;Hockey: The Dayton Bombers were an ECHL ice hockey team that most recently played the North Division of the ECHL's American Conference. In June 2009, it was announced that the Bombers would turn in their membership back to the league. However, hockey will remain in Dayton as the Dayton Gems of the International Hockey League began play in the fall of 2009 at Hara Arena.

;Football: Dayton hosted the first American Professional Football Association game (precursor to the NFL). The game was played at Triangle Park between the Dayton Triangles and the Columbus Panhandles on October 3, 1920 and is considered one of the first professional football games ever to be played. Present football teams in the Dayton area are the Dayton Flyers Football and the Dayton Diamonds women's football.

;Golf: The Dayton region is also known for the many golf courses and clubs that it hosts. The Miami Valley Golf Club, Moraine Country Club, NCR Country Club, and the Pipestone Golf Course are some of the more notable courses. In addition, several PGA Championships have been held at area golf courses. The Miami Valley Golf Club hosted the 1957 PGA Championship, the Moraine Country Club hosted the 1945 PGA Championship, and the NCR Country club hosted the 1969 PGA Championship.Additionally, NCR CC hosted the 1986 U.S. Women's Open and the 2005 U.S. Senior Open. Other notable courses include the Yankee Trace Golf Club, the Beavercreek Golf Club, Dayton Meadowbrook Country Club, Heatherwoode Golf Club, Community Golf Course, and Kitty Hawk Golf Course.

;Rugby Union: The city of Dayton is the home to the Dayton Area Rugby Club. As of 2010, the club fields three squads and play their home games at Eastwood Metropark.

Media

Dayton is served in print by ''The Dayton Daily News'', the city's sole remaining daily newspaper. The ''Dayton Daily News'' is owned by Cox Enterprises. As well as the daily print, the Dayton region's main business newspaper is the Dayton Business Journal. Nielsen Media Research ranked the 11-county Dayton television market as the #62 market in the United States. The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: WDTN, Channel 2 – NBC, operated by LIN TV, WHIO-TV, Channel 7 – CBS, operated by Cox Communications, WPTD, Channel 16 – PBS, operated by ThinkTV, which also operates WPTO, assigned to Oxford, Ohio, WKEF, Channel 22 – ABC, operated by Sinclair Broadcasting, WBDT, Channel 26 – The CW, operated by Acme Television, and WRGT-TV, Channel 45 – Fox/My Network TV, operated under a local marketing agreement by Sinclair Broadcasting. The nationally syndicated morning talk show ''The Daily Buzz'' originated from WBDT-TV, the Acme property in Miamisburg, Ohio, before moving to its current home in Florida. Dayton is also served by 42 AM and FM radio stations directly, and numerous other stations are heard from elsewhere in Southwest Ohio, which serve outlying suburbs and adjoining counties.

Transportation

Public transit

The Greater Dayton Regional Transit Authority (RTA) operates public bus routes in the Dayton metro area. In addition to routes covered by traditional diesel-powered buses, RTA has a number of electric trolley bus routes. The Dayton trolleybus system is the second longest-running of the five remaining trolleybus systems in the U.S., having entered service in 1933. It is the present manifestation of an electric transit service that has been operated continuously in Dayton since 1888.

Dayton operates a Greyhound Station which provides inter-city bus transportation to and from Dayton. The hub is located in the Greater Dayton Regional Transit Authority North-West hub.

Airports

Air transportation is available just north of Dayton proper via the Dayton International Airport. The airport operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week, and offers service to 21 markets through 10 airlines. In 2008, it served 2.9 million passengers. The Dayton International Airport is also a significant regional air freight hub hosting FedEx Express, UPS Airlines, United States Postal Service, and major commercial freight carriers. The Dayton area also has several regional airports.

The Dayton area also has several regional airports. The Dayton-Wright Brothers Airport is a general aviation airport owned by the City of Dayton located 10 miles (16 km) south of the central business district of Dayton on Springboro Pike in Miami Township. It serves as the reliever airport for Dayton International Airport. The airport primarily serves corporate and personal aircraft users. The Dahio Trotwood Airport, also known as Dayton-New Lebanon Airport, is a privately-owned, public-use airport located 7 miles (11 km) west of the central business district of Dayton. The Moraine Airpark is a privately-owned, public-use airport situated 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of the city of Dayton.

Major highways

The Dayton region is primarily served by three interstates:

Interstate 75 runs north to south though the city of Dayton and many of Dayton's north and south suburbs.

Interstate 70 is a major east-west interstate that runs through many of Dayton's east and west suburbs and intersects with I-75 in Vandalia, Ohio just north of the city. This intersection of I-70/I-75 is also known as "Freedom Veterans Crossroads" which was officially named by the U.S. Department of Transportation in 2004. I-70 is the major route to the airport.

Interstate 675 is a partial interstate ring along the eastern suburbs of Dayton. It runs north to south and connects I-70 to the north and I-75 to the south.

Other major routes for the region include:

US 35 is a major east-west highway that is most widely used between Drexel, Ohio and Xenia, Ohio.

Route 4 is a freeway that is most heavily traveled between I-75 and I-70.

Route 444 is north-south state highway. Its southern terminus is at its interchange with Route 4 and its northern terminus is at Interstate 675. This limited-access road serves Dayton and Fairborn and is a significant route to access points serving Wright Patterson Air Force Base.

The Ohio Department of Transportation is currently in the process of $533 million of construction to modify and reconstruct I-75 through downtown Dayton. ODOT is upgrading and widening I-75 from Edwin C Moses Blvd. to Stanley Avenue.

Rail freight

Dayton has been identified as a hub in the proposed Ohio Hub project, which would bring high-speed rail to Ohio. Dayton also hosts several inter-modal freight railroad terminals. Two Class I railroads both CSX and Norfolk Southern Railway, operate switching yards in the city.

Bicycling

In cooperation with the Miami Conservancy District, Five Rivers MetroParks maintains over miles of paved, off-road, multi-use scenic trails that connect Montgomery County with over of trails in Greene, Miami, Warren and Butler Counties. The contiguous bike trail system extends as far east as southwest Columbus and as far south as the Ohio River just east of Cincinnati.

The League of American Bicyclists named Dayton as one of only two major cities in Ohio to be "bicycle-friendly". Dayton has also implemented "bike only" lanes downtown.

Education

Public schools

The Dayton Public Schools operates 34 schools that serve 16,855 students, including:

Paul Laurence Dunbar High

Thurgood Marshall High

Meadowdale High

Belmont High

Stivers School for the Arts

Ponitz Career Technology Center

Private schools

The city of Dayton has 35 private schools located within the city.

Archbishop Alter High School

Chaminade-Julienne Catholic High School

The Miami Valley School

Carroll High School

Charter schools

Dayton is the nation's top charter school district. There are 33 charter schools operating in the city.

Dayton Early College Academy

Colleges and universities

Dayton is home to two major universities: First, the University of Dayton, a private, Catholic institution founded in 1850 by the Marianist order which has the only American Bar Association (ABA) approved law school in the Dayton area. The University of Dayton is also Ohio's largest private university and is one of the top 10 Catholic universities in the United States. UD is also home to the University of Dayton Research Institute which ranks second in the nation for sponsored research, and the Center for Tissue Regeneration and Engineering at Dayton which focuses on human tissue regeneration.

Second, the public Wright State University, which became a state university in 1967. Wright State University established the National Center for Medical Readiness, a national training program for disaster preparedness and relief. The Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University is the only medical school in the Dayton area and is a leader in biomedical research.

Dayton is also home to Sinclair Community College the largest community college at a single location in Ohio and one of the largest community colleges in the nation. Sinclair is acclaimed as one of the country's best community colleges. Sinclair was originally founded as the YMCA college in 1887. Dayton is also home to Miami-Jacob's College, the International School of Broadcasting, and the Dayton School of Medical Massage. Other schools just outside of Dayton that shape the educational landscape are Kettering College of Medical Arts in Kettering, DeVry University in Beavercreek (Dayton), and Clark State Community College in Springfield. Just outside of Dayton proper is the public Air Force Institute of Technology, which was founded in 1919 and serves as a graduate school for the United States Air Force. The Air Force Institute of Technology is located at the nearby Wright Patterson Airforce Base.

The Dayton area was ranked the 10th best metropolitan area in the United States for higher education by Forbes.

Public safety

Dayton has experienced an improving public safety environment since 2003, with crime declining in key categories according to FBI Uniform Crime Reports and Dayton Police Department data. City officials reported in January 2008 a decline of 6.1 percent in crime for 2007 when compared to 2006. From 2003 to 2007, crime decreased by 10.7 percent. Among violent crimes (homicide, rape, robbery and aggravated assault), Dayton saw a decline of 17.3 percent over the five years ending December 31, 2007. Targeted crimes in Dayton declined 39 percent over the five-year period. In 2009, crime continued to fall in the city of Dayton. Crime in the categories of forcible rape, aggravated assault, property crime, motor vehicle theft, robbery, burglary, theft and arson all showed declines for 2009. Overall, crime in Dayton dropped 40 percent over the previous year.

A new police chief, Richard S. Biehl, joined the Dayton Police Department in January 2008. Biehl brought more than 25 years of law enforcement experience (with expertise in prevention and community policing) to Dayton following a career with the Cincinnati Police Department and the Community Police Partnering Center (where he served as Executive Director), also in Cincinnati.

Also notable, John Dillinger a famous bank robber during the early 1930s, was at one time captured and arrested by Dayton city police while visiting his girlfriend at a high-class boarding house in downtown Dayton.

Sister cities

Augsburg, Germany Holon, Israel Monrovia, Liberia Oiso, Japan Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

See also

Greater Dayton

List of people from Dayton, Ohio

National Aviation Hall of Fame

Politics of Dayton, Ohio

List of mayors of Dayton, Ohio

References

What Dreams We Have, The Wright Brothers and Their Hometown of Dayton, Ohio

External links

City of Dayton Home Page

Dayton Area Chamber of Commerce

Greater Dayton CVB

Category:Populated places established in 1796 Category:Cities in Ohio Category:Wright brothers Category:County seats in Ohio Category:Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Category:Greater Dayton Category:Populated places in Montgomery County, Ohio

ar:دايتون، أوهايو bs:Dayton, Ohio bg:Дейтън (Охайо) cs:Dayton da:Dayton de:Dayton (Ohio) et:Dayton es:Dayton (Ohio) eo:Dayton (Ohio) fa:دیتون fr:Dayton (Ohio) hr:Dayton, Ohio id:Dayton, Ohio it:Dayton (Ohio) he:דייטון sw:Dayton, Ohio ht:Dayton, Ohio mr:डेटन, ओहायो nl:Dayton (Ohio) ja:デイトン (オハイオ州) pl:Dayton pt:Dayton (Ohio) ksh:Dayton ro:Dayton, Ohio ru:Дейтон sah:Дэйтон simple:Dayton, Ohio sk:Dayton sr:Дејтон fi:Dayton sv:Dayton tl:Dayton, Ohio uk:Дейтон (Огайо) vi:Dayton, Ohio vo:Dayton (Ohio) war:Dayton, Ohio zh:代顿 (俄亥俄州)

Ohio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S., it is the 7th-most populous with nearly 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more. The state's capital is Columbus. The Anglicized name "Ohio" comes from the Iroquois word ''ohi-yo’'', meaning 'great river'. The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes."

The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.

Geography

Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network, and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity. To the north, Lake Erie gives Ohio 312 miles (502 km) of coastline, which allows for numerous seaports. Ohio's southern border is defined by the Ohio River (with the border being at the 1793 low-water mark on the north side of the river), and much of the northern border is defined by Lake Erie. Ohio's neighbors are Pennsylvania to the east, Michigan to the northwest, Ontario Canada, to the north, Indiana to the west, Kentucky on the south, and West Virginia on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by metes and bounds in the Enabling Act of 1802 as follows: Note that Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by Virginia (which, at that time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792. Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.

The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the Toledo War, to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.

Much of Ohio features glaciated plains, with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the Great Black Swamp. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the glaciated Allegheny Plateau, and then by another belt known as the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau features rugged hills and forests.

The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West Virginia Panhandle to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct socio-economic unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the United States Congress passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, at attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region." This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia. While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476 million people.) Significant rivers within the state include the Cuyahoga River, Great Miami River, Maumee River, Muskingum River, and Scioto River. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via Lake Erie and the St. Lawrence River, and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the Gulf of Mexico via the Ohio River and then the Mississippi.

The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the Great Dayton Flood, the entire Miami River watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of Dayton. As a result, the Miami Conservancy District was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.

Grand Lake St. Marys in the west central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for canals in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. For many years this body of water, over 20 square miles (52 km²), was the largest artificial lake in the world. It should be noted that Ohio's canal-building projects were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.

Climate

The climate of Ohio is a humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification ''Dfa'') throughout most of the state except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's Bluegrass region section which are located on the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate and Upland South region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer tornado reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the Tornado Alley. Severe lake effect snowstorms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of Lake Erie, which is located in an area designated as the Snowbelt.

Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna does reach well into Ohio. For instance, a number of trees with more southern ranges, such as the blackjack oak, ''Quercus marilandica'', are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia ''(Magnolia grandiflora)'', Albizia julibrissin (mimosa), Crape Myrtle, and even the occasional Needle Palm are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the Bluegrass region of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the State. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on Interstate 75 from Cincinnati to Toledo; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's common wall lizard, one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.

Records

The highest recorded temperature was 113 °F (45 °C), near Gallipolis on July 21, 1934. The lowest recorded temperature was -39 °F (-39 °C), at Milligan on February 10, 1899.

Earthquakes

Although few have registered as noticeable to the average citizen, more than 30 earthquakes occurred in Ohio between 2002 and 2007, and more than 200 quakes with a magnitude of 2.0 or higher have occurred since 1776.

The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the Anna (Shelby County) earthquake, which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of intensity VIII.

Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include: one of magnitude 4.8 near Lima on September 19, 1884; one of magnitude 4.2 near Portsmouth on May 17, 1901; and one of 5.0 in LeRoy Township in Lake County on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.

The most recent earthquake in Ohio of any appreciable magnitude occurred on January 8, 2008, at 8:34:46 PM local time. It had a magnitude of 3.1, and its epicenter was under Lake Erie, northeast of Cleveland, approximately west of Mentor-on-the-Lake.

The Ohio Seismic Network (OhioSeis), a group of seismograph stations at several colleges, universities, and other institutions, and coordinated by the Division of Geological Survey of the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, maintains an extensive catalog of Ohio earthquakes from 1776 to the present day, as well as earthquakes located in other states whose effects were felt in Ohio.

^{Superscript text}===Major cities=== !2010 Metro Population |- | style="text-align:left;"|1 | style="text-align:left;"|Columbus |787,033 |1,836,540 |- | style="text-align:left;"|2 | style="text-align:left;"|Cleveland |396,815 |2,077,240 |- | style="text-align:left;"|3 | style="text-align:left;"|Cincinnati |296,943 |2,130,151 |- | style="text-align:left;"|4 | style="text-align:left;"|Toledo |287,208 |651,429 |- | style="text-align:left;"|5 | style="text-align:left;"|Akron |199,110 |703,200 |- | style="text-align:left;"|6 | style="text-align:left;"|Dayton |141,527 |841,502 |- | style="text-align:left;"|7 | style="text-align:left;"|Parma |81,601 |¹ |- | style="text-align:left;"|8 | style="text-align:left;"|Canton |73,007 |404,422 |- | style="text-align:left;"|9 | style="text-align:left;"|Youngstown |66,982 |565,773 |- | style="text-align:left;"|10 | style="text-align:left;"|Lorain |64,097 |¹ |- | style="text-align:left;"|11 | style="text-align:left;"|Hamilton |62,477 |² |- | style="text-align:left;"|12 | style="text-align:left;"|Springfield |60,608 |133,333 |- | style="text-align:left;"|13 | style="text-align:left;"|Kettering |56,163 |⁴ |- | style="text-align:left;"|14 | style="text-align:left;"|Elyria |54,533 |¹ |- | style="text-align:left;"|15 | style="text-align:left;"|Lakewood |52,131 |¹ |- | style="text-align:left;"|16 | style="text-align:left;"|Cuyahoga Falls |49,652 |⁵ |- | style="text-align:left;"|17 | style="text-align:left;"|Euclid |48,920 |¹ |- | style="text-align:left;"|18 | style="text-align:left;"|Middletown |48,694 |² |- | style="text-align:left;"|19 | style="text-align:left;"|Mansfield |47,821 |124,475 |- | style="text-align:left;"|20 | style="text-align:left;"|Newark |47,573 |³ |- | colspan = 4|

¹''Cleveland Metro'', ²''Cincinnati Metro'', ³''Columbus Metro'', ⁴''Dayton Metro'', ⁵''Akron Metro'' |}

Columbus (home of The Ohio State University, Franklin University, Capital University, and Ohio Dominican University) is the capital of Ohio, near the geographic center of the state.

Other Ohio cities functioning as centers of United States metropolitan areas include: :*Akron (home of University of Akron and Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company) :*Canton (home of Pro Football Hall of Fame, Malone University, and The Timken Company) :*Cincinnati (home of University of Cincinnati, Xavier University, Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra, Procter & Gamble, Kroger, Macy's Inc., Chiquita Brands International, and Fifth Third Bank) :*Cleveland (home of Cleveland State University, Playhouse Square Center, The Cleveland Museum of Art, The Cleveland Orchestra, Case Western Reserve University, The Cleveland Clinic, Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Forest City Enterprises, and University Hospitals) :*Dayton (home of University of Dayton, Dayton Ballet, Wright State University, Premier Health Partners, and National Museum of the United States Air Force) :*Lima (home of University of Northwestern Ohio) :*Mansfield (home of North Central State College and Mansfield Motorsports Park) :*Sandusky (home of Cedar Point, and Kalahari Resort and Convention Center) :*Springfield (home of Wittenberg University) :*Steubenville (home of Franciscan University of Steubenville) :*Toledo (home of The University of Toledo, The Toledo Museum of Art, and Owens-Illinois) :*Youngstown (home of Youngstown State University and Butler Institute of American Art).

Note: The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.

Ohio cities that function as centers of United States micropolitan areas include: :*Ashland (home of Ashland University) :*Ashtabula :*Athens (home of Ohio University) :*Bellefontaine :*Bucyrus :*Cambridge :*Celina :*Chillicothe (home of Ohio University-Chillicothe) :*Coshocton :*Defiance (home of Defiance College) :*East Liverpool-Salem :*Findlay (home of The University of Findlay) :*Fremont :*Greenville :*Marion (home of Marion Popcorn Festival) :*Mount Vernon (home of Mount Vernon Nazarene University) :*New Philadelphia-Dover :*Norwalk (home of the NHRA venue Summit Motorsports Park, headquarters of the International Hot Rod Association, and pioneer automobile company Fisher Body) :*Oxford (home of Miami University) :*Portsmouth (home of Shawnee State University) :*Sidney :*Tiffin (home of Heidelberg College and Tiffin University) :*Urbana (home of Urbana University) :*Van Wert :*Wapakoneta (birthplace of Apollo 11 astronaut Neil Armstrong) :*Washington Court House :*Wilmington (home of Wilmington College) :*Wooster (home of The College of Wooster) :*Zanesville (home of Zane State College).

History

Native Americans

Archeological evidence suggests that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by nomadic people as early as 13,000 BC. These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000 BC, "but their material culture provided a base for those who followed them". Between 1,000 and 800 BC, the sedentary Adena culture emerged. As Ohio historian George W. Knepper notes, this sophisticated culture was "so named because evidences of their culture were excavated in 1902 on the grounds of Adena, Thomas Worthington's estate located near Chillicothe". The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, which included squash, sunflowers, and perhaps corn. Cultivation of these in addition to hunting and gathering supported more settled, complex villages. The most spectacular remnant of the Adena culture is the Great Serpent Mound, located in Adams County, Ohio.

Around 100 BC, the Adena were joined in Ohio Country by the Hopewell people, who were named for the farm owned by Captain M. C. Hopewell, where evidence of their unique culture was discovered. Like the Adena, the Hopewell people participated in a mound-building culture. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated earthworks can be found in modern-day Marietta, Newark, and Circleville. The Hopewell, however, disappeared from the Ohio Valley in about 600 AD. Little is known about the people who replaced them. Researchers have identified two additional, distinct prehistoric cultures: the Fort Ancient people and the Whittlesey Focus people. Both cultures apparently disappeared in the 17th century, perhaps decimated by infectious diseases spread in epidemics from early European contact. The Native Americans had no immunity to common European diseases. Some scholars believe that the Fort Ancient people "were ancestors of the historic Shawnee people, or that, at the very least, the historic Shawnees absorbed remnants of these older peoples."

American Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the Iroquois Confederation, based in central and western New York. After the so-called Beaver Wars in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly Algonquian-speaking descendants of its ancient inhabitants, that is, descendants of the Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian cultures. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease, war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture (corn, sunflowers, beans, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the fur trade.

The indigenous nations to inhabit Ohio in the historical period included the Miamis (a large confederation); Wyandots (made up of refugees, especially from the fractured Huron confederacy); Delawares (pushed west from their historic homeland in New Jersey); Shawnees (also pushed west, although they may have been descended from the Fort Ancient people of Ohio); Ottawas (more commonly associated with the upper Great Lakes region); Mingos (like the Wyandot, a group recently formed of refugees from Iroquois); and Eries (gradually absorbed into the new, multi-ethnic "republics," namely the Wyandot). Ohio country was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the Yellow Creek Massacre, Gnadenhutten and Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre.

Colonial and Revolutionary eras

During the 18th century, the French set up a system of trading posts to control the fur trade in the region. In 1754, France and Great Britain fought a war that was known in North America as the French and Indian War and in Europe as the Seven Years War. As a result of the Treaty of Paris, the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the Old Northwest to Great Britain.

Pontiac's Rebellion in the 1760s, however, posed a challenge to British military control. This came to an end with the colonists' victory in the American Revolution. In the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.

Northwest Territory: 1787–1803

The United States created the Northwest Territory under the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Slavery was not permitted in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of Marietta by the Ohio Company of Associates, which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the Miami Company (also referred to as the "Symmes Purchase") claimed the southwestern section, and the Connecticut Land Company surveyed and settled the Connecticut Western Reserve in present-day Northeast Ohio.

The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as Ohio Country and Illinois Country. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the Indiana Territory was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern tip of the Upper Peninsula.

Under the Northwest Ordinance, areas of the territory could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population numbered only 45,000 in December 1801, Congress determined that the population was growing rapidly and Ohio could begin the path to statehood. The assumption was that it would exceed 60,000 residents by the time it was admitted as a state.

Statehood: 1803–present

On February 19, 1803, President Jefferson signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution. However, Congress had never passed a resolution formally admitting Ohio as the 17th state. The current custom of Congress declaring an official date of statehood did not begin until 1812, with Louisiana's admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, Ohio congressman George H. Bender introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803. At a special session at the old state capital in Chillicothe, the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood that was delivered to Washington, D.C. on horseback. On August 7, 1953 (the year of Ohio's 150th anniversary), President Eisenhower signed an act that officially declared March 1, 1803 the date of Ohio's admittance into the Union.

Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. In 1830 under President Andrew Jackson, the US government forced Indian Removal of most tribes to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.

In 1835, Ohio fought with Michigan in the Toledo War, a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the Upper Peninsula, in addition to the eastern third that was already considered part of the state.

Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the Civil War. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. Ohio contributed more soldiers per-capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the battle of Shiloh, a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties. Later that year, when Confederate troops under the leadership of Stonewall Jackson threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor David Tod still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service. Ohio historian Andrew R. L. Cayton writes that almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, "and some thirty thousand carried battle scars with them for the rest of their lives." By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals–Ulysses S. Grant, William Tecumseh Sherman, and Philip Sheridan–were all from Ohio.

In 1912 a Constitutional Convention was held with Charles B. Galbreath as secretary. The result reflected the concerns of the Progressive Era. It introduced the initiative and the referendum. In addition, it allowed the General Assembly to put questions on the ballot for the people to ratify laws and constitutional amendments originating in the Legislature. Under the Jeffersonian principle that laws should be reviewed once a generation, the constitution provided for a recurring question to appear on Ohio's general election ballots every 20 years. The question asks whether a new convention is required. Although the question has appeared in 1932, 1952, 1972, and 1992, it has never been approved. Instead constitutional amendments have been proposed by petition to the legislature hundreds of times and adopted in a majority of cases.

Eight U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "Mother of Presidents", a sobriquet it shares with Virginia (also termed "Modern Mother of Presidents," in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history). Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born William Henry Harrison lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, John Cleves Symmes, in North Bend, Ohio. The seven presidents born in Ohio were Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison (grandson of William Henry Harrison), William McKinley, William Howard Taft and Warren G. Harding.

Demographics

Population

From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew at rates of over 10% per decade until the census of 1970, which recorded just over 10.65 million Ohioans. Growth then slowed for the next three decades, and approximately 11.35 million people resided in Ohio in 2000. As of July 1, 2008, the state's population was estimated at 11,485,910 by the United States Census Bureau. Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and Caucasians are found in a greater density than the United States average. , Ohio's center of population is located in Morrow County, in the county seat of Mount Gilead. This is approximately south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.

, 6.5% of Ohio's population is under 5 years of age, compared to a national rate of 6.9%. Also, 13.4% of Ohio's population is over 65 years of age, compared to a United States rate of 12.6%. Females comprise 51.3% of Ohio's population, compared to a national rate of 50.8%.

Race and ancestry

As of 2007, 3.6% of Ohio's total population is estimated to be foreign-born, compared to an estimated 12.5% of the United States population.

Ohio's five largest ancestry groups, as of 2007, are: # German (28.9%); # Irish (14.8%); # English (10.1%); # Polish (8.4%); # Italian (6.4%). The state's racial makeup in 2006 was:

82.8% White (non-Hispanic);

11.8% Black (non-Hispanic);

2.3% Hispanic, a category that includes people of many races;

1.5% Asian/Pacific Islander

1.3% mixed race

0.2% Native American/Alaskan Native

0.1% other races.

Religion

According to a Pew Forum poll, as of 2008, 76% of Ohioans identified as Christian. Specifically, 26% of Ohio's population identified as Evangelical Protestant, 22% identified as Mainline Protestant, and 21% identified as Roman Catholic. In addition, 17% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body. There are also small minorities of Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), Jews (1%), Muslims (1%), Hindus (<0.5%), Buddhists (<0.5%), Mormons (<0.5%), and practitioners of other faiths (1-1.5%).

According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 55%, feel that religion is "very important," while 30% say that it is "somewhat important," and 15% responded that religion is "not too important/not important at all." Also, 36% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, while 35% attend these services occasionally, and 27% seldom or never participate in these services.

Economy

In 2009, Ohio was ranked #4 in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database. The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments. , Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $466 billion. This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the District of Columbia.

The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state #10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked #6 at 1.9%. Ohio was ranked #11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009. The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state #13 overall for best business climate, including #7 for best litigation climate. Forbes ranked the state #8 for best regulatory environment in 2009. Ohio has 5 of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to U.S. News and World Report's 2010 rankings, and was ranked #8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.

Ohio's unemployment rate stood at 10.7 in May 2010, adding 17,000 new jobs that month. Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874. Moody's is predicting a 1.3% increase in personal income in 2009 for Ohio, compared to the 2007 rate of 4.7%. , Ohio's median household income is $46,645, and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line, slightly above the national rate of 13%. Ohio's employment base is expected to grow 5% from 2006 to 2016, a net gain of 290,700 jobs.

The manufacturing and financial activities sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP. Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances. 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.

By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the health care and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%). Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%). Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product. Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including Procter & Gamble, Goodyear Tire & Rubber, AK Steel, Timken, Abercrombie & Fitch, and Wendy's.

Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery, the Ohio Lottery. The Ohio Lottery has contributed over $15.5 billion to public education in its 34-year history.

Transportation

Ground Travel Many major east-west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic Lincoln Highway which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including Canton, Mansfield, Wooster, Lima, and Van Wert. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became U.S. Highway 30.

Ohio also is home to of the Historic National Road, now U.S. Route 40.

Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the Ohio Turnpike (I-80/I-90) in the north, I-76 through Akron to Pennsylvania, I-70 through Columbus and Dayton, and the Appalachian Highway (Ohio 32) running from West Virginia to Cincinnati. Major north-south routes include I-75 in the west through Toledo, Dayton, and Cincinnati, I-71 through the middle of the state from Cleveland through Columbus and Cincinnati into Kentucky, and I-77 in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, Canton, New Philadelphia and Marietta down into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio.

Air Travel

Ohio has 5 international airports, 4 commercial and 2 military. The 5 international includes Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, which is a major hub for Continental Airlines, Port Columbus International Airport, and Dayton International Airport, Ohio's third largest airport. Akron Fulton International Airport handles cargo and for private use. Rickenbacker International Airport is one of military which is also home to the 7th largest fed ex building in America. The other military airport is Wright Patterson Air Force Base which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in Toledo and Akron.

Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport is in Kentucky and therefore is not listed above.

Transportation lists

List of Ohio state highways

List of Ohio train stations

List of Ohio railroads

List of Ohio rivers

Historic Ohio Canals

Law and government

The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, judicial, and legislative branches.

Executive branch

The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Ohio. The current governor is John Kasich, a Republican elected in 2010. A lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor. The current lieutenant governor is Mary Taylor. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the secretary of state (Jon A. Husted), auditor (Dave Yost), treasurer (Josh Mandel), and attorney general (Mike DeWine).

Judicial branch

There are three levels of the Ohio state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally-mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters." The intermediate-level court system is the district court system. Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.

The highest-ranking court, the Ohio Supreme Court, is Ohio's "court of last resort." A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.

Legislative branch

The Ohio General Assembly is a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 constituents. The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.

National politics

+ Presidential elections results
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Ohio, nicknamed the "Mother of Presidents," has sent seven of its native sons (Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding) to the White House. All seven were Republicans. Virginia native William Henry Harrison, a Whig, resided in Ohio. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia 'had a state made such a mark on national political affairs.' ''The Economist'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American — part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb,"

, Ohio's voter demographic leans towards the Democratic Party. An estimated 2,408,178 Ohioans are registered to vote as Democrats, while 1,471,465 Ohioans are registered to vote as Republicans. These are changes from 2004 of 72% and 32%, respectively, and Democrats have registered over 1,000,000 new Ohioans since 2004. Unaffiliated voters have an attrition of 15% since 2004, losing an estimated 718,000 of their kind. The total now rests at 4,057,518 Ohioans. In total, there are 7,937,161 Ohioans registered to vote. In the United States presidential election of 2008, then-Senator Barack Obama of Illinois won 51.50% of Ohio's popular vote, 4.59% more than his nearest rival, Senator John McCain of Arizona. However, Obama won only 22 of Ohio's 88 counties.

Following the 2000 census, Ohio lost one congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, which leaves Ohio with 18 districts, and consequently, 18 representatives. The state is expected to lose two more seats following the 2010 Census. The 2008 elections, Democrats gained three seats in Ohio's delegation to the House of Representatives. This leaves eight Republican-controlled seats in the Ohio delegation. Ohio's U.S. Senators in the 112th Congress are Republican Rob Portman and Democrat Sherrod Brown. Marcia Kaptur (D-9) is the dean, or most senior member, of the Ohio delegation to the United States House of Representatives.

Education

Ohio's system of public education is outlined in Article VI of the state constitution, and in Title XXXIII of the Ohio Revised Code. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in other states. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the Ohio State Board of Education, governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The Ohio Board of Regents coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the University System of Ohio under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of over 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.

Colleges and universities

13 state universities

* The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio

* Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio

* Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio

* University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio

* Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio

* Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

* Miami University, Oxford, Ohio

* Ohio University, Athens, Ohio

* The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

* Shawnee State University, Portsmouth, Ohio

* University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio

* Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio (Fairborn, Ohio)

* Youngstown State University, Youngstown, Ohio

24 state university branch and regional campuses

46 private colleges and universities ^{a b}

6 free-standing state-assisted medical schools

* University of Toledo College of Medicine (formerly Medical University of Ohio)

* Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine

* The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health

* Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine

* University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

* Boonshoft School of Medicine (formerly known as The Wright State University School of Medicine)

15 community colleges

8 technical colleges

24 independent non-profit colleges

:^a Included among these is the University of Dayton, which is the largest private university in Ohio.

:^b Two of these institutions are ranked among the top 40 in the nation by US News & World Report: Case Western Reserve University (private national university), and Oberlin College (private liberal arts college).

Libraries

Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranking public libraries. The 2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr. ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison. For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.

500,000 or more

* Columbus Metropolitan Library (First)

* Cuyahoga County Public Library (Second)

* Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County (Tenth)

The Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN) is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.

Ohio also offers the OhioLINK program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials in other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers access to books and other media that might not otherwise be available.

Sports

Professional sports

Ohio is home to major professional sports teams in baseball, basketball, football, hockey, and soccer. The state's major professional sporting teams include: Cincinnati Reds (Major League Baseball), Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball), Cincinnati Bengals (National Football League), Cleveland Browns (National Football League), Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association), Columbus Blue Jackets (National Hockey League), and the Columbus Crew (Major League Soccer). Baseball's first fully professional team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869, were organized in Ohio.

On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts minor league baseball, arena football, indoor football, mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer. The minor league baseball teams include: Akron Aeros (affiliated with the Cleveland Indians), Chillicothe Paints (independent), Columbus Clippers (affiliated with the Cleveland Indians), Dayton Dragons (affiliated with the Cincinnati Reds), Lake County Captains (affiliated with the Cleveland Indians), Mahoning Valley Scrappers (affiliated with the Cleveland Indians), and Toledo Mud Hens (affiliated with the Detroit Tigers).

Ohio's minor professional football teams include: Canton Legends (American Indoor Football Association), Cincinnati Marshals (National Indoor Football League), Cincinnati Sizzle (National Women's Football Association), Cleveland Fusion (National Women's Football Association), Cleveland Gladiators (Arena Football League), Columbus Comets (National Women's Football Association), Columbus Destroyers (Arena Football League), Mahoning Valley Thunder (af2), Marion Mayhem (Continental Indoor Football League), and Miami Valley Silverbacks (Continental Indoor Football League).

Ohio's alternative professional hockey teams include: Cincinnati Cyclones (ECHL), Dayton Bombers (ECHL), Lake Erie Monsters (American Hockey League), Dayton Gems (Central Hockey League), Mahoning Valley Phantoms (North American Hockey League), Toledo Walleye (ECHL), and Youngstown Steelhounds (Central Hockey League).

In lower division professional soccer, Ohio accommodates the Cincinnati Kings and Cleveland City Stars, both of the United Soccer League and the Dayton Dutch Lions of the USL Premier Development League.

Ohio is also home to the Akron Racers, a minor professional softball club, of National Pro Fastpitch.

Former major league teams:

Akron Pros (NFL) (1920–1925)

Canton Bulldogs (NFL) (1920–1923 and 1925–1926)

Portsmouth Spartans (NFL) (1930–1933)

Cincinnati Red Stockings (NL)(1876–1880)

Cleveland Blues (NL) (1879–1884)

Cleveland Spiders (AA-NL) (1887–1899)

Cleveland Rams (NFL) (1936–1945)

Cleveland Rebels (BAA) (1946–1947)

Cincinnati Royals (NBA) (1957–1972)

Cleveland Barons (NHL) (1976–1978)

Cleveland Crusaders (WHA)(1972–1976)

Cincinnati Stingers (WHA) (1975–1979).

Dayton Triangles (NFL) (1920–1929)

Cleveland Rockers (WNBA) (1997–2003)

College football

Ohio has eight NCAA Division I-A college football teams, divided among three different conferences. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.

In Division I-A, representing the Big Ten, the Ohio State Buckeyes football team ranks 5th among all-time winningest programs, with seven national championships and seven Heisman Trophy winners. Their rivals are the Michigan Wolverines. They typically play each other in their last game of the regular season. As of December 2010 the Buckeyes have won the last seven matchups.

Ohio has six teams represented in the MAC conference: the University of Akron, Bowling Green, Kent State, Miami University, Ohio University and the University of Toledo. The MAC Conference headquarters are based in Cleveland.

The University of Cincinnati Bearcats represent Ohio in the Big East Conference.

Division I-AA Youngstown State is a perennial power in the Missouri Valley Football Conference, having won four FBS National Championships under (now OSU Head Coach) Jim Tressel.

Division III Mount Union College boasts a record-setting ten National Championships and also hold the record for 110 consecutive game winning streak from 1994 until 2005. They have won two of the last three D-III National Championship games.

State symbols

Ohio's state symbols: State animal: White-tailed Deer (1987) State beverage: Tomato juice (1965) State bird: Cardinal (1933) State capital: Columbus (1816) State flower: Red carnation (1904) State fossil: ''Isotelus maximus'', a trilobite (1985) State herb capital: Gahanna (1972) State insect: Ladybug (1975) State motto: "With God all things are possible." (1959) State reptile: Black racer snake (1995) State rock song: "Hang On Sloopy" (1985) State song: "Beautiful Ohio" (1969) State stone: Ohio Flint (1965) State tree: Buckeye (1953) State wildflower: Large white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) (1986)

See also

List of National Register of Historic Places in Ohio

List of people from Ohio

Notes

References

Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). ''Ohio: The History of a People''. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. ISBN 0-8142-0899-1

Knepper, George W. (1989). ''Ohio and Its People''. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-791-0

Mithun, Marianne (1999). ''Languages of Native North America''. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Morris, Roy, Jr. (1992). ''Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan''. New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 0-517-58070-5.

Holli, Melvin G. (1999). ''The American Mayor''. State College, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 0-271-01876-3

Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). ''A History of Ohio''. Columbus: The Ohio Historical Society.

External links

Ohio Department of Natural Resources

Ohio Earthquake Information

Ohio State Facts

State of Ohio Official Website

Ohio Sunshine Wiki

State of Ohio wiki

U.S. Census Bureau (Ohio Quick Facts)

USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Ohio

Category:States of the United States Category:Midwestern United States Category:States and territories established in 1803

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name	Jamey Johnson
background	solo_singer
born	July 14, 1975
birth place	Enterprise, Alabama, USA
origin	Montgomery, Alabama, USA
instrument	Vocals, guitar
genre	Country
occupation	Singer-songwriter
years active	2005–present
label	BNAMercury Nashville
website	JameyJohnson.com
associated acts	Trace AdkinsRandy HouserJohn Michael MontgomeryJoe NicholsJames OttoGeorge StraitGeorge Jones }}

Jamey Johnson (born July 14, 1975) is an American country music artist. Signed to BNA Records in 2005, Johnson made his debut with his single "The Dollar", the title track to his 2006 album ''The Dollar''. Johnson was dropped from BNA in 2006 and signed to Mercury Nashville Records in March 2008, releasing his second album, the gold-certified ''That Lonesome Song''. This album has produced two more singles: the Top 10 hit "In Color" and "High Cost of Living." In addition to most of his own material, Johnson has co-written singles for Trace Adkins, George Strait, James Otto, Joe Nichols and Jessie James.

Career

Johnson was born on July 14, 1975, in Enterprise, Alabama, but raised in Montgomery, Alabama. From an early age, he was influenced by country acts such as Alabama and Alan Jackson, the latter of whom was the first act that he saw in concert. After graduating high school (Jeff Davis High School), Johnson attended Jacksonville State University, the same university from which Alabama lead singer Randy Owen graduated. During his time at Jacksonville State University, he was a member of Sigma Nu in the Iota Lambda chapter.

Johnson quit college after two years and served in the United States Marine Corps Reserve for eight years. He served in Co L, 3rd Bn, 23rd Marines as an 0341 (Mortarman) and attained the rank of Corporal. He would often play original songs for his fellow Marines and has kept in contact with many of them. He wrote two songs on his initial self-released album that mention his Marine Corps service. After exiting the Marines, he began playing country music in various bars throughout Montgomery; one of his first gigs was opening for David Allan Coe. By 2000, Johnson had moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in pursuit of a career in country music. He also self-released an album called ''They Call Me Country''. One of his first connections was with Greg Perkins, a fiddler who had played for Tanya Tucker and other artists. Perkins invited Johnson to sing as a duet partner on a demo tape; the other duet partner with whom he sang was Gretchen Wilson. Songs for which Johnson sang demos include "Songs About Me" (cut by Trace Adkins) and "That's How They Do It in Dixie" (cut by Hank Williams, Jr. with Big & Rich, Gretchen Wilson, and Van Zant).

In addition, Johnson had made connections with producer and songwriter Buddy Cannon, who helped him land a songwriting contract. Among Johnson's first cuts as a songwriter was "Honky Tonk Badonkadonk," which Adkins released from his 2005 album ''Songs About Me''. That song he co-wrote along with fellow country singer-songwriter Randy Houser, who later worked with Johnson again co-writing "My Cowboy" for country pop singer Jessie James for her self-titled debut album.

Musical career

By 2005, Johnson had also been signed to a recording contract with BNA Records. His first single, entitled "The Dollar," was released that year, followed by his Buddy Cannon-produced debut album (also entitled ''The Dollar'') in March 2006. "The Dollar" went on to peak at #14 on the ''Billboard'' Hot Country Songs charts. The album's second single, "Rebelicious," failed to enter the charts and Johnson was dropped from BNA.

After the loss of his record deal, Johnson divorced his wife and took on a reclusive lifestyle, residing in a friend's house while working on his songwriting. He wrote several songs for other artists. In 2006, George Strait reached #1 on the Country chart with "Give It Away," a song which Johnson co-wrote with Bill Anderson and Cannon. This song became Strait's 51st #1 on the ''Billboard'' country charts, setting a new record for most #1s on that chart.

In 2007, Trace Adkins charted with two more songs that Johnson co-wrote: "Ladies Love Country Boys" and "I Got My Game On," the former being Adkins' first #1 in 10 years. Also in 2007, Joe Nichols reached Top 20 with "Another Side of You," another song co-written by Johnson. This song was the first single on Nichols's album ''Real Things'', which also contained "She's All Lady," a song that Johnson originally recorded on ''The Dollar''.

Johnson was part of the Fox TV television series ''Nashville'', which was cancelled after two episodes in September 2007.

Johnson released an album in 2008, ''That Lonesome Song'', which was only made available online. The album drew the attention of Mercury Nashville Records, who signed him to a record deal in 2008. His first single for the label, "In Color," was released in March 2008. This song, which Johnson co-wrote with Lee Thomas Miller and James Otto, entered Top 40 in June 2008, and ''That Lonesome Song'' was physically released in August of that year. "In Color" peaked at #9 on the Country chart in January 2009 and was followed a month later by "High Cost of Living," which managed to crack the Top 40, but only reaching #34. By April 2009, ''That Lonesome Song'' was certified Gold by the RIAA.

A fifth single, "My Way to You," was issued in July 2009. The song was released to radio on July 13, 2009, and debuted at #56 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' Hot Country Songs chart. The song peaked at #52 in September 2009.

Johnson was nominated for the 2009 CMA Awards New Artist of the Year, and has been nominated for the 2010 Academy of Country Music Top New Solo Vocalist.

Johnson's newest single, "Playing the Part," was released in summer, 2010 and included on ''The Guitar Song'', released Sept. 14, 2010. The music video for the single was released in October, and was directed by Matthew McConaughey, who also stars in the video as a dancing gorilla.

Johnson is the supporting act on Kid Rock's 2011 Born Free Tour, accompanying Rock on a duet or 2 most nights.

Johnson is a main stage act on Willie Nelson's Country Throwdown May–July 2011.

Discography

Studio albums

Title	Album details	Peak chartpositions			! width="45"
		''They Call Me Country''			* Release date: 2002	* Label: [[self-released">Music recording sales certification
! width="45"	! width="45"
''They Call Me Country''		* Release date: 2002	* Label: [[self-released	—	—
''The Dollar''		* Release date: January 31, 2006	* Label: BNA Records	20	87
''That Lonesome Song''		* Release date: August 5, 2008	Universal Music Group Nashville>Mercury Nashville	6	28		RIAA certification>US: Gold
''The Guitar Song''		* Release date: September 14, 2010	* Label: Mercury Nashville	1	4		* US: Gold

Singles

Year	Single	Peak chartpositions		Album
		! width="45"	! width="45"
2005	! scope="row"	14	101
2006	"Rebelicious"	—	—
2008	! scope="row"	9	52		US">Music recording sales certification	Album
! width="45"	! width="45"
2005	! scope="row"	14	101
2006	"Rebelicious"	—	—
2008	! scope="row"	9	52		US: Gold
	"High Cost of Living"	34	—
"My Way to You"	52	—
2010	"Playing the Part"	39	—
2011	"Heartache"	51	—

Music videos

! Year	! Video	! Director
2006	"The Dollar"	Wes Edwards
2008	"In Color"	Shaun Silva
	"High Cost of Living"	Clifton Collins, Jr.
"Bad Angel" (with Dierks Bentley and Miranda Lambert)	George Flanigen
"Playing The Part"	Matthew McConaughey

Other appearances

! Year	Title	! Album
2010	"Cold Beer" (with Colt Ford)	''Ride Through the Country''
2010	"Bad Angel" (with Dierks Bentley, and Miranda Lambert)	''Up on the Ridge''
2010	"Cover of The Rolling Stone" (with Sammy Kershaw)	''Better Than I Used to Be''
2010	"Four Walls Of Raiford"	''Sweet Home Alabama: A country Tribute to Lynrd Skynrd''
2011	"This Time"	''Music Inside - Collaboration Dedicated to Waylon Vol 1''
2011	"The Day Hank Jr. Came To Town" (with Tonya Watts)	''Handcuff My Soul''
2011	"Some Gave All" (with Billy Ray Cyrus, Darryl Worley, and Craig Morgan)	''I'm American''
2011	"Yesterdays Wine" (with Blackberry Smoke, and George Jones)	''Little Piece of Dixie (2010 Deluxe edition)''
2011	"Two Outta' Three Ain't Bad"	''Imus Ranch Record II''
2010	"Bad Angel" (with Dierks Bentley, and Miranda Lambert)	''Up on the Ridge''
2011	"Have Thine Own Way Lord" (with The Blind Boys of Alabama)	'Take The High Road''
2011	"La Grange"	'ZZ Top: A Tribute From Friends''

Awards and nominations

Johnson received three Grammy Award nominations at the 51st Grammy Awards: Best Country Album for ''That Lonesome Song'', and Best Country Song and Best Male Country Vocal Performance for "In Color." "In Color" won the Academy of Country Music's 2009 award for Song of the Year and the same award during the 2009 Country Music Association Awards. Going into 2010, Johnson received two more Grammy Award nominations for the 52nd Grammy Awards: Best Country Song and Best Male Country Vocal Performance, both for his 2009 single "High Cost of Living."

|- |- | rowspan="10"| 2009 | rowspan="3"| 51st Grammy Awards | Best Country Album — ''That Lonesome Song'' | |- | Best Country Song — "In Color" | |- | Best Male Country Vocal Performance — "In Color" | |- | rowspan="3"| Academy of Country Music | Song of the Year — "In Color" | |- | Top New Male Artist | |- | Top Album of the Year — ''That Lonesome Song'' | |- | rowspan="4"| Country Music Association | Song of the Year — "In Color" | |- | Single of the Year — "In Color" | |- | New Artist of the Year | |- | Album of the Year — ''That Lonesome Song'' | |- | rowspan="4"| 2010 | rowspan="2"| 52nd Grammy Awards | Best Country Song — "High Cost of Living" | |- | Best Male Country Vocal Performance — "High Cost of Living" | |- | Academy of Country Music | Top New Solo Vocalist | |- | Country Music Association Awards | Musical Event - "Bad Angel" (with Dierks Bentley and Miranda Lambert) | |- |rowspan=3|2011 |rowspan=3|53rd Grammy Awards | Best Male Country Vocal Performance — "Macon" | |- | Best Country Collaboration with Vocals — "Bad Angel" (with Dierks Bentley and Miranda Lambert) | |- | Best Country Album — ''The Guitar Song'' | |}

References

External links

Official Site

Official Jamey Johnson UMG Nashville Artist Page

Category:1975 births Category:American country singers Category:American country singer-songwriters Category:American male singers Category:BNA Records artists Category:Living people Category:Mercury Records artists Category:Musicians from Alabama Category:People from Montgomery, Alabama

tr:Jamey Johnson

name	Harry Nilsson
background	solo_singer
birth name	Harry Edward Nilsson III
alias	Nilsson
birth date	June 15, 1941Brooklyn, New York,
death date	January 15, 1994Agoura Hills, California,
instrument	Piano, vocals, keyboards, guitar, harmonica
genre	RockPopRock and roll
occupation	Singer-songwriter
years active	1958–1994
label	Tower RecordsRCA VictorMercury Records
website	}}

Harry Edward Nilsson III (June 15, 1941 – January 15, 1994) was an American singer-songwriter who achieved the peak of his commercial success in the early 1970s. On all but his earliest recordings he is credited as Nilsson and is known for the hit singles "Without You", "Everybody's Talkin'" and "Coconut", and for songs appearing in numerous movies and television shows.

He was awarded Grammys for two of his recordings; best male contemporary vocal in 1969 for "Everybody's Talkin'", the theme song to the Academy Award-winning movie ''Midnight Cowboy'', and best male pop vocal in 1972 for "Without You".

Life and career

Early years

Nilsson was born in the Bushwick section of Brooklyn, New York, in 1941. His paternal grandparents were Swedish circus performers and dancers, especially known for their "aerial ballet" (which is the title of one of Nilsson's albums). His father, Harry Edward Nilsson, Jr., abandoned the family three years later. An autobiographical reference to this is found in the opening to Nilsson's song "1941":

:Well, in 1941, the happy father had a son :And in 1944, the father walked right out the door

Nilsson's "Daddy's Song", and "Cuddly Toy" recorded by The Monkees, also refer to this period.

Nilsson grew up with his mother Bette and his younger half-sister. His younger half-brother Drake was left with family or friends during their moves between California and New York, sometimes living with a succession of relatives and stepfathers. His Uncle John, a mechanic in San Bernardino, California, helped Nilsson improve his vocal and musical abilities.

He had a half-brother and a half-sister through their mother. He also had three half-sisters and one half-brother through his father.

Due to the poor financial situation of his family, Nilsson worked from an early age, including a job at the Paramount Theatre in Los Angeles. When the Paramount closed, Nilsson applied for a job at a bank, falsely stating he was a high school graduate on his application (he only completed ninth grade). He had an aptitude for computers, which were beginning to be employed by banks at the time. He performed so well that the bank retained him after discovering the lie about his education. He worked on bank computers at night, and in the daytime pursued his songwriting and singing career.

Musical beginnings

As early as 1958, Nilsson was intrigued by emerging forms of popular music, especially rhythm and blues artists like Ray Charles. He had made early attempts at performing while he was working at the Paramount, forming a vocal duo with his friend Jerry Smith and singing close harmonies in the style of the Everly Brothers. The manager at a favorite hangout gave Nilsson a plastic ukulele, which he learned to play, and he later learned to play the guitar and piano. In the 2010 documentary ''Who is Harry Nilsson? (And Why Is Everybody Talkin' About Him)'', Nilsson recalled that when he could not remember lyrics or parts of the melodies to popular songs, he created his own, which led to writing original songs.

Uncle John's singing lessons, along with Nilsson's natural talent, helped when he got a job singing demos for songwriter Scott Turner in 1960. Turner paid Nilsson five dollars for each track they recorded. (When Nilsson became famous, Turner decided to release these early recordings, and contacted Nilsson to work out a fair payment. Nilsson replied that he had already been paid — five dollars a track.).

In 1963, Nilsson began to have some early success as a songwriter, working with John Marascalco on a song for Little Richard. Upon hearing Nilsson sing, Little Richard reportedly remarked: "My! You sing ''good'' for a white boy!" Marascalco also financed some independent singles by Nilsson. One, "Baa Baa Blacksheep", was released under the pseudonym "Bo Pete" to some small local airplay. Another recording, "Donna, I Understand", convinced Mercury Records to offer Nilsson a contract, and release recordings by him under the name "Johnny Niles."

In 1964, Nilsson worked with Phil Spector, writing three songs with him. He also established a relationship with songwriter and publisher Perry Botkin, Jr., who began to find a market for Nilsson's songs. Botkin also gave Nilsson a key to his office, providing another place to write after hours.

Nilsson's recording contract was picked up by Tower Records, which in 1966 released the first singles actually credited to him by name, as well as the debut album ''Spotlight on Nilsson''. None of Nilsson's Tower releases charted or gained much critical attention, although his songs were being recorded by Glen Campbell, Fred Astaire, The Shangri-Las, The Yardbirds, and others. Despite his growing success, Nilsson remained on the night shift at the bank.

Signing with RCA Victor

Nilsson signed with RCA Victor in 1966 and released an album the following year, ''Pandemonium Shadow Show'', which was a critical (if not commercial) success. Music industry insiders were impressed both with the songwriting and with Nilsson's pure-toned, multi-octave vocals. One such insider was Beatles press officer Derek Taylor, who bought an entire box of copies of the album to share this new sound with others. With a major-label release, and continued songwriting success (most notably with The Monkees, who had a hit with Nilsson's "Cuddly Toy" after meeting him through their producer Chip Douglas), Nilsson finally felt secure enough in the music business to quit his job with the bank. Monkees member Micky Dolenz maintained a close friendship until Nilsson's death in 1994.

Some of the albums from Derek Taylor's box eventually ended up with the Beatles themselves, who quickly became Nilsson fans. This may have been helped by the track "You Can't Do That", in which Nilsson covered one Beatles song but added 22 others in the multi-tracked background vocals. When John Lennon and Paul McCartney held a press conference in 1968 to announce the formation of Apple Corps, John was asked to name his favorite American artist. He replied, "Nilsson". Paul was then asked to name his favorite American group. He replied, "Nilsson".

Aided by the Beatles' praise, "You Can't Do That" became a minor hit in the U.S., and a top 10 hit in Canada.

When RCA had asked if there was anything special he wanted as a signing premium, Nilsson asked for his own office at RCA, being used to working out of one. In the weeks after the Apple press conference, Nilsson's office phone began ringing constantly, with offers and requests for interviews and inquiries about his performing schedule. Nilsson usually answered the calls himself, surprising the callers, and answered questions candidly. (He recalled years later the flow of a typical conversation: "When did you play last?" "I didn't." "Where have you played before?" "I haven't." "When will you be playing next?" "I don't.") Nilsson acquired a manager, who steered him into a handful of TV guest appearances, and a brief run of stage performances in Europe set up by RCA. He disliked the experiences he had, though, and decided to stick to the recording studio. He later admitted this was a huge mistake on his part.

Once John Lennon called and praised ''Pandemonium Shadow Show'', which he had listened to in a 36-hour marathon. Paul McCartney called the following day, also expressing his admiration]. Eventually a message came, inviting him to London to meet the Beatles, watch them at work, and possibly sign with Apple Corps.

''Pandemonium Shadow Show'' was followed in 1968 by ''Aerial Ballet'', an album that included Nilsson's rendition of Fred Neil's song "Everybody's Talkin'". A minor U.S. hit at the time of release (and a top 40 hit in Canada), the song would become extremely popular a year later when it was featured in the film ''Midnight Cowboy'', and it would earn Nilsson his first Grammy Award. The song would also become Nilsson's first U.S. top 10 hit, reaching #6, and his first Canadian #1.

''Aerial Ballet'' also contained Nilsson's version of his own composition, "One", which was later taken to the top 5 of the U.S. charts by Three Dog Night. Nilsson was also commissioned at this time to write and perform the theme song for the ABC television series ''The Courtship of Eddie's Father''. The result, "Best Friend", was very popular, but Nilsson never released the song on record; an alternative version, "Girlfriend", did appear on the 1995 ''Personal Best'' anthology. Late in 1968, The Monkees' notorious experimental film ''Head'' premiered, featuring a memorable song-and-dance sequence with Davy Jones and Toni Basil performing Nilsson's composition "Daddy's Song." (This is followed by Frank Zappa's cameo as "The Critic," who dismisses the 1920s-style tune as "pretty white.")

With the success of Nilsson's RCA recordings, Tower re-issued or re-packaged many of their early Nilsson recordings in various formats. All of these re-issues failed to chart, including a 1969 single "Good Times".

Chart success

Nilsson's next album, ''Harry'' (1969), was his first to hit the charts, and also provided a Top 40 single with "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City" (written as a contender for the theme to ''Midnight Cowboy''), used in the Sophia Loren movie ''La Mortadella'' (1971) (U.S. title: ''Lady Liberty''). While the album still presented Nilsson as primarily a songwriter, his astute choice of cover material included, this time, a song by a then-little-known composer named Randy Newman, "Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear." Nilsson was so impressed with Newman's talent that he devoted his entire next album to Newman compositions, with Newman himself playing piano behind Nilsson's multi-tracked vocals. The result, ''Nilsson Sings Newman'' (1970), was commercially disappointing but was named Record of the Year by ''Stereo Review'' magazine and provided momentum to Newman's career.

Nilsson's next project was an animated film, ''The Point!'', created with animation director Fred Wolf, and broadcast on ABC television on February 2, 1971, as an "ABC Movie of the Week". Nilsson's album of songs from ''The Point!'' was well received, and it spawned a hit single, "Me and My Arrow".

Later that year, Nilsson went to England with producer Richard Perry to record what became the most successful album of his career. ''Nilsson Schmilsson'' yielded three very stylistically different hit singles. The first was a cover of Badfinger's song "Without You" (by Pete Ham and Tom Evans), featuring a highly emotional arrangement and soaring vocals to match, a performance that was rewarded with Nilsson's second Grammy Award.

The second single was "Coconut", a novelty calypso number featuring three characters (the narrator, the sister, and the doctor) all sung in different voices by Nilsson. The song is best remembered for its chorus lyric, "Put de lime in de coconut, and drink 'em both up." Also notable is that the entire song is played using one chord, C 7th. "Coconut" was featured in Episode 81 (October 25, 1973) of The Flip Wilson Show. The song has since been featured in many other films and commercials. It was also used in a comedy skit on ''The Muppet Show'', which featured Kermit the Frog in a hospital bed. The song was also used during the end credits of Quentin Tarantino's ''Reservoir Dogs''. George Carlin also made reference to "Coconut" in the live recording of "Occupation: Foole" dated 1973, singing "Put de lime in de coconut, de lemon in de Tidy Bowl." It also featured in the FOX television series Bones, episode "The Hole in The Heart"; is said to be the favorite song of a character killed in the episode and is sung by the remaining characters as they load his coffin into a hearse for transport home to England.

The third single, "Jump into the Fire", was raucous, screaming rock and roll, including a drum solo by Derek and the Dominos' Jim Gordon and a bass detuning by Herbie Flowers. The song was used during the "Sunday, May 11, 1980", sequence in the 1990 film ''Goodfellas'' - and also in the 2006 film A Good Year.

Nilsson followed quickly with ''Son of Schmilsson'' (1972), released while its predecessor was still in the charts. Besides the problem of competing with himself, Nilsson's decision to give free rein to his bawdiness and bluntness on this release alienated some of his earlier, more conservative fan base. With lyrics like "I sang my balls off for you, baby", "Roll the world over / And give her a kiss and a feel", and the notorious "You're breaking my heart / You're tearing it apart / So fuck you"- a reference to his ongoing divorce, Nilsson had traveled far afield from his earlier work. Still, the album reached 12 in the US Hot 100 and the single "Spaceman" was a Top 40 hit. However, the follow-up single "Remember (Christmas)" stalled at #53. A third single, the tongue-in-cheek C&W; send up "Joy", was issued on RCA's country imprint Green and credited to Buck Earle, but it failed to chart.

Maverick

Nilsson's disregard for commercialism in favor of artistic satisfaction showed itself in his next release, ''A Little Touch of Schmilsson in the Night'' (1973). Performing a selection of pop standards by the likes of Berlin, Kalmar and Ruby, Nilsson sang in front of an orchestra arranged and conducted by veteran Gordon Jenkins in sessions produced by Derek Taylor. This musical endeavor did not do well commercially. The session was filmed, and broadcast as a television special by the BBC in the UK.

1973 found Nilsson back in California, and when John Lennon moved there during his separation from Yoko Ono, the two musicians rekindled their earlier friendship. Lennon was intent upon producing Nilsson's next album, much to Nilsson's delight. However, their time together in California became known much more for heavy drinking and drug use than it did for musical collaboration. In a widely publicized incident, they were ejected from the Troubadour nightclub in West Hollywood for drunken heckling of the Smothers Brothers. Both men also caused property damage during binges, with Lennon trashing a bedroom in Lou Adler's house, and Nilsson throwing a bottle through a thirty-foot-high hotel window.

To make matters worse, Nilsson ruptured a vocal cord during the sessions for this album, but he hid the injury due to fear that Lennon would call a halt to the production. The resulting album was ''Pussy Cats''. In an effort to clean up, Lennon, Nilsson and Ringo Starr first rented a house together, then Lennon and Nilsson left for New York.

After the relative failure of his latest two albums, RCA Records considered dropping Nilsson's contract. In a show of friendship, Lennon accompanied Nilsson to negotiations, and both intimated to RCA that Lennon and Starr might want to sign with them, once their Apple Records contracts with EMI expired in 1975, but would not be interested if Nilsson were no longer with the label. RCA took the hint and re-signed Nilsson (adding a bonus clause, to apply to each new album completed), but neither Lennon nor Starr signed with RCA.

Nilsson's voice had mostly recovered by his next release, ''Duit on Mon Dei'' (1975), but neither it nor its follow-ups, ''Sandman'' and ''...That's the Way It Is'' (both 1976) met with chart success. Finally, Nilsson recorded what he later considered to be his favorite album, 1977's ''Knnillssonn''. With his voice strong again, and his songs exploring musical territory reminiscent of ''Harry'' or ''The Point!'', Nilsson anticipated ''Knnillssonn'' to be a comeback album. RCA seemed to agree, and promised Nilsson a substantial marketing campaign for the album. However, the death of Elvis Presley caused RCA to ignore everything except meeting demand for Presley's back catalog, and the promised marketing push never happened. This, combined with RCA releasing a ''Nilsson Greatest Hits'' collection without consulting him, prompted Nilsson to leave the label.

London flat

Nilsson's 1970s London flat at Flat #12, 9 Curzon Street on the edge of Mayfair, was a two-bedroom apartment decorated by the design company that ex-Beatle Ringo Starr and Robin Cruikshank owned at that time. Nilsson cumulatively spent several years at the flat, which was located near Apple Records, the Playboy Club, Tramps disco and the homes of friends and business associates. Nilsson's work and interests took him to the U.S. for extended periods, and while he was away he lent his place to numerous musician friends. During one of his absences, ex-Mamas and Papas singer Cass Elliot and a few members of her tour group stayed at the flat while she performed solo at the London Palladium, headlining with her Torch Songs and "Don't Call Me Mama Anymore." Following a strenuous performance with encores, Elliot returned to the flat to relax and sleep and was discovered in one of the bedrooms, dead of heart failure, on July 29, 1974.

On September 7, 1978, The Who's drummer Keith Moon returned to the same room in the flat after a night out, and died from an overdose of Clomethiazole, a prescribed anti-alcohol drug. Nilsson, distraught over another friend's death in his flat, and having little need for the property, sold it to Moon's bandmate Pete Townshend and consolidated his life in Los Angeles.

Winding down

Nilsson's musical work after leaving RCA Victor was sporadic. He wrote a musical, ''Zapata'', with Perry Botkin, Jr., libretto by Allan Katz, which was produced and directed by longtime friend Bert Convy. The show was mounted at the Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut, but never had another production. He wrote all the songs for Robert Altman's movie-musical ''Popeye'' (1980), the score of which met with unfavorable reviews. Nilsson's ''Popeye'' compositions included several songs that were representative of Nilsson's acclaimed "Point" era, such as "Everything is Food" and "Sweethaven". The song "He Needs Me" featured years later in the film, Punch-Drunk Love. Nilsson recorded one more album, ''Flash Harry'', co-produced by Bruce Robb and Steve Cropper, which was released in the UK but not in the U.S. However, Nilsson increasingly began referring to himself as a "retired musician".

Nilsson was profoundly affected by the death of John Lennon on December 8, 1980. He joined the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence and overcame his preference for privacy to make appearances for gun control fundraising. He began to appear at Beatlefest conventions and he would get on stage with the Beatlefest house band "Liverpool" to either sing some of his own songs or "Give Peace a Chance."

After a long hiatus from the studio, Nilsson started recording sporadically once again in the mid to late 1980s. Most of these recordings were commissioned songs for movies or television shows. One notable exception was his work on a Yoko Ono Lennon tribute album, ''Every Man Has A Woman'' (1984) (Polydor); another was a cover of "Zip-A-Dee-Doo-Dah" recorded for Hal Willner's 1988 tribute album ''Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films''. Nilsson donated his performance royalties from the song to the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence.

In 1985 Nilsson set up a production company, Hawkeye, to oversee various film, TV and multimedia projects he was involved in. He appointed his friend, satirist and screenwriter Terry Southern, as one of the principals. They collaborated on a number of screenplays including ''Obits'' (a Citizen Kane-style story about a journalist investigating an obituary notice) and ''The Telephone'', a comedy about an unhinged unemployed actor.

''The Telephone'' was virtually the only Hawkeye project that made it to the screen. It had been written with Robin Williams in mind but he turned it down; comedian-actress Whoopi Goldberg then signed on, with Southern's friend Rip Torn directing, but the project was troubled. Torn battled with Goldberg, who interfered in the production and constantly digressed from the script during shooting, and Torn was forced to plead with her to perform takes that stuck to the screenplay. Torn, Southern and Nilsson put together their own version of the film, which screened at the Sundance Film Festival in early 1988, but it was overtaken by the "official" version from the studio, and this version premiered to poor reviews in late January 1988. The project reportedly had some later success when adapted as a theatre piece in Germany.

In 1990, Hawkeye foundered and Nilsson found himself in a dire financial situation after it was discovered that his financial adviser Cindy Sims had embezzled all the funds he had earned as a recording artist. The Nilssons were left with $300 in the bank and a mountain of debt, while Sims served less than two years and was released from prison in 1994 without making restitution.

In 1991, the Disney CD ''For Our Children'', a compilation of children's music performed by celebrities to benefit the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, included Nilsson's original composition "Blanket for a Sail," recorded at the Shandaliza Recording Studio in Los Angeles.

Nilsson made his last concert appearance September 1, 1992, when he joined Ringo Starr and His All Starr Band on stage at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada to sing "Without You" with Todd Rundgren handling the high notes. Afterwards, an emotional Ringo Starr embraced Nilsson on stage.

Death

Nilsson suffered a massive heart attack in 1993. After surviving that, he began pressing his old label, RCA, to release a boxed-set retrospective of his career, and resumed recording, attempting to complete one final album. He finished the vocal tracks for the album with producer Mark Hudson, who still retains the tapes of that session.

On January 15, 1994, Nilsson died of heart failure in his Agoura Hills, California, home. According to his wife, they had been watching ''Enchanted April'', and the last thing he told her before she fell asleep was, "I love you so much."

In 1995, the 2-CD anthology he worked on with RCA, ''Personal Best'', was released.

Legacy

Nilsson is the subject of a 2006 documentary, ''Who is Harry Nilsson? (And Why Is Everybody Talkin' About Him)'' produced by David Leaf and John Schienfeld. The film was screened in 2006 at the Seattle International Film Festival and the Santa Barbara Film Festival. In August 2006, the film received its Los Angeles premiere when it was screened at the 7th Annual Mods & Rockers Film Festival followed by a panel discussion about Nilsson featuring the filmmakers and two friends of Nilsson, producer Richard Perry and attorney/executive producer Lee Blackman.

The filmmakers re-edited the film with found rare footage of Nilsson, further interviews, and family photographs, and finally released it on September 17, 2010 at selected theaters in the United States. A DVD, including additional footage not in the theatrical release, was released on October 26, 2010.

, Nilsson's final album, tentatively titled ''Papa's Got a Brown New Robe'' (produced by Mark Hudson) has not been released, though several demos from the album are available on promotional CDs and online.

The musical ''Everyday Rapture'' features three songs by Nilsson.

Nilsson was survived by his third wife, Una (née O'Keeffe), and their six children (Annie, Beau, Ben, Kief, Olivia, Oscar), his son Zachary Nine Nilsson from his marriage to Diane Clatworthy, and one grandson (Caleb). He was married to Sandy Maganiello (1964–1966), Diane Clatworthy (1969–1974) and Una O'Keeffe (1976–1994).

Awards and nominations

Nilsson won two Grammy Awards. He received several more Grammy nominations for the album ''Nilsson Schmilsson''.

The ''New York Post'' rated Nilsson's cover of Fred Neil's "Everybody's Talking" #51 on their list of the 100 Best Cover Songs of All Time.

Discography

Tribute albums

''Nilsson by Tipton'' (1970, Warner Bros. Records), Although it may not be considered a tribute, it featured George Tipton conducting instrumental versions of 11 Nilsson songs.

''For The Love of Harry: Everybody Sings Nilsson'' (1995, MusicMasters/BMG), featured Nilsson's songs performed by Ringo Starr, Stevie Nicks, Richard Barone, Brian Wilson, Aimee Mann, Fred Schneider, and others, with proceeds benefitting the Coalition to Stop Gun Violence.

''"Pussy Cats" Starring The Walkmen''. The whole of the ''Pussy Cats'' album covered by The Walkmen.

''I'll Never Leave You: A Tribute to Harry Nilsson'' (2005 Wood Records). A percentage of profits from sales of the CD went to benefit Amnesty International.

# Peter Dizozza: "Without Her" # Hilary Levitt: "Down" # Shank: "Jump Into the Fire" # OrimaR2 featuring NitWiT: "I'd Rather Be Dead" # The Neshama Alma Band: "Ambush" # Buzzsaw and the Shavings: "Best Friend" # Matt Kinnison: "Coconut" # LAM: "Driving Along" # Johnny J with Vorgus: "Spaceman" # Mary Jane: "Me And My Arrow" # MWF: "I'll Never Leave You" # Lolwolf: "Black Sails In The Moonlight" # Charles Fyant: "The Moonbeam Song" # Pinkie: "One" # Linda Draper and Brian Wurschum: "The Lottery Song" # David Spero Peligro: "It's a Jungle Out There" # an additional track by The Spaceheaters. "Doris, Buzz and Friends" by John Krane (2008 Cloverbelly Records). Although no Nilsson tracks were featured, the digital version of this album paid tribute to the famous Nilsson Schmilsson album cover, and the robe worn by Krane in the cover photograph actually belonged to Harry Nilsson.

Filmography

''Note: this section is for songs Nilsson recorded specifically for film and television projects, as well as his few acting roles. Later use of Nilsson recordings are listed in the next section.''

''Skidoo'' (1968) songs written and performed, soundtrack music composer, actor (bit role)

''The Ghost & Mrs. Muir'' (1969 TV Series) acted and sang—He appeared in the episode "The Music Maker", and his character name was Tim Seagirt. He sang "Without Her" and "If Only I Could Touch Your Hand."

''The Courtship of Eddie's Father'' (TV series, 1969–1972) theme song written and performed, incidental music

''Midnight Cowboy'' (1969) new version of "Everybody's Talkin'" performed

''Jenny'' (1970) song "Waiting" written and performed

''The Point!'' (1971) story, all songs written and performed

''Son of Dracula'' (1974) actor (lead role), all songs performed

''The World's Greatest Lover'' (1978) song "Ain't It Kinda Wonderful" performed

''In God We Tru$t'' (1980) new version of "Good For God" performed

''Popeye'' (1980) all songs written, except "I'm Popeye the Sailor Man"

''Handgun'' (1983) song "Lay Down Your Arms" written and performed

''First Impressions'', (TV series, 1988) theme song co-written, performed

''Camp Candy'' (TV series, animated, 1989–1991) theme song written, and performed with John Candy

''The Fisher King'' (1991) song "How About You" performed

''Me, Myself, and I'' (1992) song "Me, Myself and I" written and performed

In film and television

''The Monkees'' (1967, 2nd season) - "Cuddly Toy" (cover version by The Monkees)

''Head'' (1968) - "Daddy's Song" (cover version by The Monkees)

''The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (TV series)'' 1969 - "Without Her" and fragments of other songs

''Midnight Cowboy'' (1969) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''Dusty and Sweets McGee'' (1971) - "Don't Leave Me"

''La Mortadella'' (1971) - "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City"

''The Muppet Show'' (1979, episode 410) - "Coconut"

''All That Jazz'' (1979) - "Perfect Day"

''Real Life'' (1979) - "Jump Into the Fire"

''Porridge'' (film version, 1979) - "Without You"

''Zärtliche Chaoten II'' (1988) - "Without You"

''Only Fools And Horses The Jolly Boys' Outing (1989) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''Private School for Girls'' (1983) - "You're Breakin' My Heart"

''Goodfellas'' (1990) - "Jump Into the Fire"

''Reservoir Dogs'' (1992) - "Coconut"

''Caroline'' (animated short, 1993) - "Caroline"

''Forrest Gump'' (1994) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''Duckman'' (1994 episode) - "Best Friend"

''Casino'' (1995) - "Without You"

''Seinfeld'' (1995 episode) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''Beverly Hills, 90210'' (1995 episode) - "Remember"

''The Craft'' (1996) - "Jump Into The Fire"(covered by Tripping Daisy)

''Angel on My Shoulder'' (1997)

''Contact'' (1997) - "Spaceman"

''Ellen Foster'' (1997) - "Remember"

''The Ice Storm'' (1997) - "Coconut"

''Practical Magic'' (1998) - "Coconut"

''You've Got Mail'' (1998) - "I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City", "Remember", "The Puppy Song", "Over The Rainbow"

''Dick'' (1999) - "Coconut"

''Futurama - Brannigan Begin Again'' (1999) - "Everybody's Talkin"

''Magnolia'' (1999) - "One" (Aimee Mann's cover version opens with a sample from Cuddly Toy)

''High Fidelity'' (2000) - "The Moonbeam Song"

''Bridget Jones' Diary'' (2001) - "Without You"

''Riding in Cars with Boys'' (2001) - "Everything's Got 'Em", "Me And My Arrow"

''Black Books'' - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''Punch-Drunk Love'' (2002) - "He Needs Me" (Shelley Duvall's version from ''Popeye'')

''The Rules of Attraction'' (2002) - "Without You"

''Shanghai Knights'' (2003) - "One"

''Good Boy!'' (2003) - "The Puppy Song"

''Daddy Day Care'' (2003) - Jeff Garlin entertains the kids with "Coconut"

''That '70s Show'' (2004) - "Best Friend"

''Around the Bend'' (2004) - "Daddy's Song"

''The Girl Next Door'' (2004) - "Jump Into the Fire"

''House'' (2004) - "One"

''Max & Paddy's Road To Nowhere'' (UK) (2004, Series 1, episode 2) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''Coke with Lime Ad'' (2005) - altered version of "Coconut"

''Breakfast on Pluto'' (2005) - "Me And My Arrow", "You're Breakin' My Heart", "The Moonbeam Song"

''Beyond Our Control'' (1967–1986) - "Remember" Closing theme for the series

''Little Man'' (2006) - "Best Friend"

''Crank'' (2006) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan'' (2006) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''Rob & Big'' (2006) - "Best Friend"

''American Dad'' (2006 episode 2.08) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''A Good Year'' (2007) - "How Can I Be Sure Of You" "Jump Into The Fire", "Gotta Get Up"

''Unison TV Advert'' (2007) - "One"

''DigitalUK TV Advert'' (2007) - "Everybody's Talkin'"

''My Name is Earl'' (2008 episode) - "Me And My Arrow"

''Life on Mars'' (2008 episode) - "Spaceman"

''Confessions Of A Shopaholic'' (2009) - "Don't Forget Me" (covered by Macy Gray)

''44 Inch Chest'' (2009) - "Without You"

''You Don't Know Jack (film)'' (2010) - "Early in the Morning"

''Bones (TV series)'', 2011) = "Coconut"

''Red Dog (film)'', 2011) = "Jump Into The Fire"

References

External links

For The Love Of Harry (rare recordings, articles, videos, photos)

The Harry Nilsson Web Pages: A Little Touch of Schmilsson on the Net

RareHarry: Email discussion group covering rare Harry Nilsson audio and video recordings

Harry Nilsson Discography/Bibliography

Podcast featuring Harry Nilsson

"One Last Touch of Nilsson" by Dawn Eden (''Goldmine'' magazine, April 29, 1994)

Bruce Robb (producer)

Category:1941 births Category:1994 deaths Category:American male singers Category:American pianists Category:American rock guitarists Category:Songwriters from New York Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction Category:Disease-related deaths in California Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Musicians from New York City Category:People from Brooklyn Category:American musicians of Swedish descent

ca:Harry Nilsson de:Harry Nilsson es:Harry Nilsson fa:هری نیلسون fr:Harry Nilsson it:Harry Nilsson he:הארי נילסון nl:Harry Nilsson ja:ハリー・ニルソン no:Harry Nilsson nn:Harry Nilsson pl:Harry Nilsson pt:Harry Nilsson ro:Harry Nilsson ru:Нилссон, Гарри simple:Harry Nilsson fi:Harry Nilsson sv:Harry Nilsson uk:Гаррі Нілссон