Official name	Copenhagen
Native name	København
Blank emblem type	Coat of arms
Blank emblem link	Coat of arms of Copenhagen
Dot mapsize	180px
Pushpin map	Denmark
Pushpin label position	right
Pushpin map caption	Location in Denmark
Subdivision type	Country
Subdivision name
Subdivision type1	Municipalities
Subdivision name1
Subdivision name2	Copenhagen County
Subdivision type3	Region
Subdivision name3	Hovedstaden
Leader title	Lord Mayor
Leader name	Frank Jensen (S)
Established title	First mention
Established date	11th century
Established title1	City Status
Established date1	13th century
Area total km2	88.25
Area urban km2	455.61
Area metro km2	3,030
Population as of	1 July 2011 for the city and metro area and 1 January 2011 for the urban area.
Population total	541,989
Population density km2	auto
Population urban	1,199,224
Population density urban km2	auto
Population metro	1,919,979
Population density metro km2	auto
Timezone	CET
Utc offset	+1
Timezone dst	CEST
Utc offset dst	+2
Coordinates display	displayinline,title
Coordinates type	type:city(1800000)_scale:5000000_region:DK
Website	www.kk.dk/english}}

Copenhagen ( or ; ) is the capital and largest city of Denmark, with an urban population of 1,199,224 () and a metropolitan population of 1,919,979 (). With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region. Within this region, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö are growing into a combined metropolitan area. Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager.

First documented in the 11th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre.

Copenhagen is a major regional centre of culture, business, media, and science, as indicated by several international surveys and rankings (see International rankings below). Life science, information technology and shipping are important sectors and research & development plays a major role in the city's economy. Its strategic location and excellent infrastructure, with the largest airport in Scandinavia located 14 minutes by train from the city centre, have made it a regional hub and a popular location for regional headquarters and conventions.

Copenhagen has repeatedly been recognized as one of the cities with the best quality of life. It is also considered one of the world's most environmentally friendly cities. The water in the inner harbour is clean and safe for swimming. 36% of all citizens commute to work by bicycle. Every day, they cycle a combined 1.2 million km.

Since the turn of the millennium, Copenhagen has seen a strong urban and cultural development and has been described as a boom town. This is partly due to massive investments in cultural facilities as well as infrastructure and a new wave of successful designers, chefs and architects. , Copenhagen is ranked as the 10th most expensive city in the world according to ''Forbes'' magazine.

History

Copenhagen's founding has traditionally been dated to Bishop Absalon's construction of a castle on the small island of Slotsholmen in 1167 where Christiansborg Palace stands today. Recent archeological finds indicate that by the 11th century, Copenhagen had already grown into a small town with a large estate, a church, a market, at least two wells and many smaller habitations spread over a fairly wide area. Many historians believe that the town dates to the late Viking age, and was possibly founded by Sweyn I Forkbeard. From the middle of the 12th century it grew in importance, after coming into Absolon's possession, who fortified it in 1167, the year traditionally marking the foundation of Copenhagen. The excellent harbour encouraged Copenhagen's growth until it became an important centre of commerce. However it did not become the nation's capital until the middle of the 15th century, and the archbishop still has residence in Roskilde.

The city's origin as a harbour and a place of commerce is reflected in its name. Its original designation, from which the contemporary Danish name is derived, was ''Køpmannæhafn'', meaning "merchants' harbour" or "buyer's haven" (cf. German "Kaufmannshafen"). The English name for the city is derived from its Low German name, ''Kopenhagen''. The element hafnium is also named for Copenhagen, whose Latin name is ''Hafnia'', derived from the city's original name, ''Hafnæ'' ("harbour").

As the town rose in prominence, it was repeatedly attacked by the Hanseatic League. In 1254 it received its charter as a city under Bishop Jakob Erlandsen. During 1658–59 it withstood a siege by the Swedes under Charles X and successfully repelled a major assault. In 1711 the plague reduced Copenhagen's population of about 65,000 by one-third.

On 2 April 1801 a British fleet under the command of Admiral Sir Hyde Parker defeated a Danish-Norwegian fleet anchored near Copenhagen. Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson led the main attack. He famously disobeyed Parker's order to withdraw, destroying many of the Dano-Norwegian ships before a truce was agreed. Copenhagen is often considered to be Nelson's hardest-fought battle, surpassing even the heavy fighting at Trafalgar. It was during this battle that Lord Nelson famously "put the telescope to the blind eye" in order not to see Admiral Parker's signal to cease fire.

The Second Battle of Copenhagen (or the Bombardment of Copenhagen) (16 August – 5 September 1807) was from a British point of view a preemptive attack on Copenhagen, targeting the civilian population in order to seize the Dano-Norwegian fleet. But from a Danish point of view the battle was a terror bombardment on their capital. Particularly notable was the use of incendiary Congreve rockets (containing phosphorus, which cannot be extinguished with water) that randomly hit the city. Few houses with straw roofs remained after the bombardment. The largest church, ''Vor frue kirke'', was destroyed by the sea artillery. The battle is considered the first terror attack against a major European city in modern times by several historians. The confiscation of the navy, would later source the term to ''Copenhagenize''.

The British landed 30,000 men and surrounded Copenhagen. The attack continued for the next three days, killing some 2,000 civilians and destroying most of the city. The devastation was so great because Copenhagen relied on an old defence-line whose limited range could not reach the British ships and their longer-range artillery. Not until the 1850s were the ramparts of the city opened to allow new housing to be built around The Lakes () that bordered the old defences to the west. This dramatic increase of space was long overdue, because the old ramparts were out of date as a defence system, and because of bad sanitation in the old city. Before the opening, central Copenhagen was inhabited by approximately 125,000 people, peaking in the census of 1870 (140,000); today the figure is around 25,000. In 1901, Copenhagen expanded further, incorporating communities with 40,000 people, and in the process making Frederiksberg an enclave within Copenhagen.

During World War II, Copenhagen was occupied by German troops along with the rest of the country from 9 April 1940 until 4 May 1945. The occupation was not a part of the Nazi German expansion, and in the first years German authorities wanted a kind of understanding with the Danish government. Even a general parliamentary election was granted in 1941, with only the Communist Party excluded. But in August 1943, when the government's collaboration with the occupation forces collapsed, several ships were scuttled in Copenhagen Harbour by the Royal Danish Navy to prevent their use by the Germans. Around that time the Nazis started to arrest Jews, although many managed to escape to Sweden.

After the Normandy invasion the Germans feared that the Danish police could become a problem, and in early September 1944 the entire Danish police force was meant to be arrested. But a majority of the Danish police managed to either hide or escape to Sweden. Out of 2,000 policemen captured and deported to Germany fewer than half returned after the war. During the last eight months of occupation Copenhagen suffered a high rate of common criminality.

thumb|left|250px|Christiansborg Palace, seat of the [[Folketing|Danish Parliament]] Ole Lippman, the leader of the Danish resistance movement (SOE), asked for RAF assistance in attacking Nazi headquarters in Copenhagen. Accordingly, vice Air Marshall Sir Basil Embry drew the plans for a spectacular precision attack on the SD and Gestapo building, the former office of the Shell Oil Company. Political prisoners were kept in the attic to prevent an air raid, so the RAF had to bomb the lower levels of the building. The attack came on 22 March 1945, coming in three small waves. All six planes (carrying one bomb each) in the first wave hit their target, but unfortunately one of the aircraft crashed near Frederiksberg girls school. Due to this crash four of the planes in the two following waves assumed the school was the target, and aim their bombs at the school. Several teachers and some 15 students were killed, but 18 (of 20 total) political prisoners managed to escape, the Gestapo archives were completely destroyed, and Hitler became so insecure of the situation that he withdrew only half of the roughly 200,000 soldiers in Denmark to reinforce German forces on the Rhine.

Since the summer of 2000, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö have been connected by a toll bridge/tunnel (Øresund Bridge), which carries railroad and automobile traffic. As a result, Copenhagen has become the centre of a larger metropolitan area which spans both nations. The construction of the bridge has led to many changes to the public transport system and extensive redevelopment of Amager, south of Copenhagen.

In December 2009 Copenhagen hosted the worldwide climate meeting COP15. When US President Barack Obama participated in the end of this meeting it was the fourth time an American President had visited Copenhagen during his term (Obama also visited Copenhagen in October 2009, George W. Bush in 2005 and Bill Clinton in the 1990s).

Geography

Location

Copenhagen is located on the eastern shore of the island of Zealand ''(Sjælland)'', partly on the island of Amager and on a number of natural and artificial islets between the two. Copenhagen faces the Øresund to the east, the strait of water that separates Denmark from Sweden, and which connects the North Sea with the Baltic Sea. The Swedish towns of Malmö and Landskrona lie on the Swedish side of the sound directly across from Copenhagen.

Copenhagen is part of the Øresund region, which consists of Zealand, Lolland-Falster and Bornholm in Denmark and Scania in Sweden.

Copenhagen Municipality

Copenhagen Municipality is an administrative unit which covers the central part of the actual city of Copenhagen. It is a fairly small part of the actual city which falls within the municipality both because it covers a confined area and because the enclave of Frederiksberg is an independent municipality. Since a reform in 2006–08, Copenhagen is divided into 10 official districts (Danish: Bydele).

{| |- !Official districts !Other areas |- style="vertical-align:top;" |

Indre By

Christianshavn

Østerbro

Vesterbro/Kongens Enghave

Vesterbro

Kongens Enghave

Nørrebro

Valby

Vanløse

Brønshøj-Husum

Bispebjerg

Amager Øst

Amager Vest

Sundbyvester

Vestamager

|

Slotsholmen

Frederiksstaden

Islands Brygge

Holmen

Christiania (Freetown)

Carlsberg

Sluseholmen

Amagerbro

Ørestad

Nordhavnen

Bellahøj

Brønshøj

Ryparken

Vigerslev

|}

The suffix ''-bro'' in the names Østerbro, Nørrebro, Vesterbro and Amagerbro should not be confused with the Danish word for ''bridge'', which is also 'bro'. The term is thought to be an abbreviation or short form of the Danish word ''brolagt'' meaning ''paved'' referring to the roads paved with cobblestones leading to the city's former gates.

Greater Copenhagen

The conurbation of Copenhagen consists of several municipalities. After Copenhagen Municipality, the second largest is Frederiksberg Municipality, an enclave inside Copenhagen Municipality. Both are contained in the larger Capital Region of Denmark, containing most of the Copenhagen metropolitan area.

Previously, the areas of Frederiksberg, Gentofte and Copenhagen municipalities have been used to define the city of Copenhagen. This definition is now obsolete. To meet statistical needs upon the latest municipal reform, which took place in early 2007, a definitory concept of Danish ''lands'' () was introduced. A land is basically a geographical and statistical definition, and the area is not considered to be an administrative unit. The land of Copenhagen City includes the municipalities of Copenhagen, Dragør, Frederiksberg and Tårnby, with a total population of 692,876 at the start of 2011.

Copenhagen and Frederiksberg were two of the three last Danish municipalities not belonging to a county. On 1 January 2007, the municipalities lost their county privileges and became part of Copenhagen Capital Region.

Finger Plan

Suburban Copenhagen is planned according to the Finger Plan (), initiated in 1947, dividing the suburbs into five fingers. The S-train lines are built according to the Finger Plan, while green wedges and highways are built between the fingers.

Climate

Copenhagen is in the oceanic climate zone, bordering on a humid continental climate (Köppen: ''Dfb''). As the city is in the path of Atlantic low-pressure systems, Copenhagen experiences unstable and changing weather patterns in all four seasons, as well as temperatures about 5 degrees higher than average for its latitude (55 degrees North) worldwide. The main reason for this warmth is the Atlantic Gulf Stream, which moves warm water from around Gulf Coast area toward Europe, and the low-pressure systems follow with the oceanic stream.

Precipitation is moderate throughout the year, with a small peak during June to August. Snowfall occurs mainly from late December until early March, but snow cover seldom lasts long. Rain during January and February is as common as snow, and the average temperatures for these two winter months is near the freezing point.

During winter, the weather is dependent on which latitude the Atlantic low pressure centre takes. With a stable high-pressure system around the Alps, the low pressure from the southwest moves toward southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, producing above-freezing temperatures day and night. When a stable high-pressure system sits over Denmark or the lands to the northeast (such as Finland or Russia), the mild Atlantic winds from the southwest are blocked, allowing polar winds to cover the area, and the temperature dips to below freezing (rarely below during the day and during the night). If the European continent experiences cold due to the eastern Russian winds, which rarely occurs, it can "freeze from the south". This was a phenomenon that took several centuries to understand.

Spring is comparable to continental Europe, but delayed about a week because of the cold surrounding water. On the other hand, in late autumn Copenhagen is kept milder due to the same factor, but reversed. In late November and December the surrounding ocean water is generally warmer than the air. From mid-October to February, one or two storms (or even hurricanes) occur. Storms in the summertime are rare.

Summer is a mixture of southwestern mild, windy and rainy low-pressure systems, and periods of stable high pressures. In summer, high-pressure systems usually bring sunny and fairly warm weather. But these warm periods, which can occur any time from late April until mid September, usually last no longer than ten days.

Cityscape

The city's appearance today is shaped by the key role it has played as a regional centre for centuries. Copenhagen has a multitude of districts, each representing its time and with its own distinctive character, making up a dense urban fabric. Other distinctive features of Copenhagen include the abundance of water, the many parks, and the bicycle paths that line most streets.

Architecture

The oldest section of Copenhagen's inner city is often referred to as "Middelalderbyen" (The Medieval City). However, the most distinctive district of Copenhagen is Frederiksstaden developed during the reign of Frederick V. It has Amalienborg Palace at its centre and is dominated by the dome of the Marble Church and several elegant 18th century mansions. The old inner city of Copenhagen includes the small island of Slotsholmen with Christiansborg Palace and Christianshavn. Around the historical city centre lies a band of congenial residential bouroughs (Vesterbro, Inner Nørrebro, Inner Østerbro) dating mainly from late 19th century. They were built outside the old ramparts of the city when the city was finally allowed to expand beyond this barrier.

Sometimes referred to as "the City of Spires", Copenhagen is known for its horizontal skyline, only broken by spires at churches and castles. Most characteristic is the baroque spire of Church of Our Saviour with its spiralling and narrowing external stairs that visitors can climb to the very top of the spire. Other important spires are those of Christiansborg Palace, the City Hall and the former Church of St. Nikolaj that now houses a modern art venue. A bit lower are the renaissance spires of Rosenborg Castle and the "dragon spire" of Christian IV's former stock exchange, so named because it resembles the tails of four dragons twined together. Recent years have seen a boom in modern architecture in Copenhagen both when it comes to Danish architecture and works by international architects. For a few hundred years, virtually no foreign architects had worked in Copenhagen but since the turn of the millennium the city and its immediate sourroundings have seen buildings and projects from international star architects. In the same time, a number of Danish architects have achieved success in Copenhagen and abroad. Buildings in Copenhagen have won RIBA European Awards four years in a row ("Sampension" in 2005, "Kilen" in 2006, "Tietgenkollegiet" in 2007 and the Royal Playhouse in 2008.) The last three mentioned projects are all by Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects. At the 2008 World Architecture Festival in Barcelona, Bjarke Ingels Group won an award for the World's Best Residential Building 2008 for a house in Ørestad. The Forum AID Award for Best building in Scandinavia went to Copenhagen buildings both in 2006 and 2008. In 2008 British design magazine Monocle named Copenhagen the ''World's best design city 2008''.

The boom in urban development and modern architecture has brought some changes to the city's skyline. A political majority has decided to keep the historical centre free of high-rise buildings, but several areas will see or have already seen massive urban development. Ørestad now has seen most of the recent development. Located near Copenhagen Airport, it currently boasts one of the largest malls in Scandinavia and a variety of office and residential buildings as well as IT University and a high school. The two largest hotels in Scandinavia are currently under construction (ultimo 2008).

An ambitious regeneration project will create a new Carlsberg District at the historical premises of the Carlsberg Breweries that has terminated the production of beer in Copenhagen and moved it to Fredericia. The district will have a total of nine high-rise buildings and seeks to mix the old industrial buildings with modern architecture to create a dense, maze-like quarter with a focus on sustainability and an active urban life. A third major area of urban development also with a focus on sustanibility is Nordhavn. The Copenhagen tradition with urban development on artificial islands that was initiated with Christian IV's construction of Christianshavn has recently been continued with the creation of Havneholmen as well as a canal district at Sluseholmen in the South Harbour. A district in Copenhagen with a different take on modern architecture is that of Christiania whose many creative and idiosyncratic buildings are exponents of an "architecture without architects".

Parks

Copenhagen is a green city with many big and small parks. King's Garden, the garden of Rosenborg Castle, is the oldest and most visited park in Copenhagen. Its landscaping was commenced by Christian IV in 1606. Every year it sees more than 2.5 million visitors and in the summer months it is packed with sunbathers, picnickers and ballplayers. It serves as a sculpture garden with a permanent display of sculptures as well as temporary exhibits during summer. Also located in the city centre are the Botanical Gardens particularly noted for their large complex of 19th century greenhouses donated by Carlsberg founder J. C. Jacobsen. Fælledparken is at 58 hectares the largest park in Copenhagen. It is popular for sports and hosts several annual events such as a free opera concert at the opening of the opera season, other open-air concerts, carnival, Labour Day celebrations and Copenhagen Historic Grand Prix, which is a race for antique cars. A historical green space in the northeastern part of the city is Kastellet, a well-preserved renaissance citadel that now serves mainly as a park. Another popular park is the Frederiksberg Garden, a 32-hectare romantic landscape park. It houses a colony of tame grey herons and other waterfowl. The park offers views of the elephants and the elephant house designed by world-famous British architect Norman Foster of the adjacent Copenhagen Zoo, the largest zoo in Denmark.

In Copenhagen, many cemeteries double as parks, though only for the more quiet activities such as sunbathing, reading and meditation. Assistens Cemetery, the burial place of Hans Christian Andersen, is an important green space for the district of Inner Nørrebro and a Copenhagen institution. The lesser known Vestre Kirkegaard is the largest (54 hectares) cemetery in Denmark and offers a maze of dense groves, open lawns, winding paths, hedges, overgrown tombs, monuments, tree-lined avenues, lakes and other garden features.

It is official municipal policy in Copenhagen that all citizens by 2015 must be able to reach a park or beach on foot in less than 15 minutes. In line with this policy, several new parks are under development in areas lacking green spaces.

Beaches

Copenhagen and the surrounding areas have 3 beaches with a total of approx. 8 km of sandy beaches within 30 minutes cycling from the city centre. This includes Amager Strandpark, which opened in 2005 and includes a 2 km long artificial island and a total of 4.6 km of beaches, located just 15 minutes by bicycle or a few minutes by metro from the city centre.

The beaches are supplemented by a system of Harbour Baths along the Copenhagen waterfront. The first and most popular of these is located at Islands Brygge and has won international acclaim for its design.

Demographics

As of 2010, 78.4% of Copenhagen's population is Danish, 7.0% are immigrants from western countries and 14.47% of a non-Western background.

Depending on the boundaries used, the population of Copenhagen differs. Statistics Denmark uses a measure of the contiguously built-up urban area of Copenhagen, this means the number of communities included in this statistical abstract has changed several times, in the abstracts latest edition with about 1.2 million (1,199,224 (2011)) inhabitants. This number is not a strict result of the commonly used measuring methods of 200 meters of continuously build-up area, as there are exceptions to the general rule: The suburbs of Birkerød and Hørsholm are excluded, while all of Brøndby and parts of Ishøj and Greve are included. Statistics Denmark has never stated the geographical area of urban Copenhagen. However, we know it consists of Copenhagen Municipality, Frederiksberg and 16 of the 20 municipalities in the old counties Copenhagen and Roskilde, though 5 of them only partially.

Statistics Denmark has worked out definitions of so-called lands (''landsdele''), a definition used to meet statistical needs on a lower level than regions. From this, the land of Copenhagen city (''København by'') is defined by the municipalities of Copenhagen, Dragør, Frederiksberg and Tårnby, with a total population of 667,228 in the beginning of 2009. The surroundings of Copenhagen is defined by another land, Copenhagen suburban (''Københavns omegn''), which includes the municipalities of Albertslund, Ballerup, Brøndby, Gentofte, Gladsaxe, Glostrup, Herlev, Hvidovre, Høje-Taastrup, Ishøj, Lyngby-Taarbæk, Rødovre and Vallensbæk, and with a total population of 508,183 (1 January 2009). This gives a total population of 1,171,709 for these two lands together. The lands of Copenhagen city and Copenhagen suburban can together be used as a definition of the metropolitan area, although perhaps a somewhat narrow one.

From 1 January 2009 the population of the 34 municipalities closest to and including the municipality of Copenhagen is 1.875.179. Land area: 2,923 km². (Capital Region – Bornholm + East Zealand + Stevns) . Thus, the region comprises 6.8% of the land area of Denmark, but has 34% of Denmark's population. This gives a total of 667 inhabitants per km² or 1,660 per square mile for the region. This compares with a population density in the rest of the country of approximately 90 per km² or around 230 per square mile.

Based on a 10%-isoline (data from 2002) in which at least 10% commutes into central parts of the Copenhagen area, most of Zealand would be covered and this area has a population of about 2.3 million inhabitants.

Since the opening of the Øresund Bridge in 2000, commuting between and integration of Greater Malmö and Copenhagen have increased rapidly, and a combined statistical metropolitan area has formed. This combined metropolitan area has a population of 2,488,551 (2009).

A high-ranking civil servant of the Interior Ministry, Henning Strøm, who was involved in (i.e. known as "the Father of") a past municipal reform, which took effect on 1 April 1970, said on television, broadcast in connection with the recent ''Kommunalreformen'' ("The Municipal Reform" of 2007), that Copenhagen municipality would encompass an area with 1.5 million inhabitants, if the principles of the 1970 municipal reform were also applied on Copenhagen municipality. In other words: in the rest of Denmark the ''city'' occupies only part of the municipality, but in Copenhagen the ''municipality'' of Copenhagen occupies only part of the city of Copenhagen.

Culture and recreation

Since the late 1990s, Copenhagen has undergone a transformation from a cozy Scandinavian capital to a cool metropolitan city of international scope in the league of cities like Barcelona and Amsterdam. This is due to massive investments in infrastructure as well as culture and a wave of new successful Danish architects, designers and chefs.

Museums

Copenhagen has a wide array of museums of International standard. The National Museum, ''Nationalmuseet'', is Denmark's largest museum of Archaeology and cultural history, comprising the histories of Danish and foreign cultures alike. The National Gallery – "Statens Museum for Kunst" – is Denmark's national art museum and contains collections dating from 12th century and all the way up to present day artists. Among artists represented in the collections are Rubens, Rembrandt, Picasso, Braque, Léger, Matisse and Emil Nolde.

Another important Copenhagen art museum is the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek founded by second generation Carlsberg tycoon-philanthropist Carl Jacobsen and is built around his personal collections. Its main focus is classical Egyptian, Roman and Greek sculptures and other antiquities and a collection of Rodin sculptures that is the largest outside France (Glypto-, from the Greek root glyphein, to carve and theke, a storing-place). Besides its sculpture collections, the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek also holds a comprehensive collection of paintings of impressionist and post-impressionist painters such as Monet, Renoir, Cézanne, van Gogh and Toulouse-Lautrec as well as Danish Golden Age painters.

Louisiana is a museum of modern art situated on the coast just north of Copenhagen. It is located in the middle of a sculpture garden on a cliff overlooking Øresund. The museum is included in the Patricia Schultz book 1,000 Places to See Before You Die. The Danish Museum of Art & Design is housed in the 18th century former Frederiks Hospital and displays Danish design as well as international design and crafts.

Other museums include:

Thorvaldsens Museum is a single-artist museum dedicated to the oeuvre of romantic Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen who lived and worked in Rome.

Cisternerne is a small but different museum dedicated to modern glass art. It is located in some grotto-like former cisterns that come complete with Stalactites formed by the changing water levels.

The Ordrupgaard Museum is an art museum located just north of Copenhagen in an old mansion with an extension by Iraqi-British architect Zaha Hadid. It features 19th century French and Danish art and is particularly noted for its works by Paul Gaugin.

Performing Arts

The new Copenhagen Concert Hall opened in January 2009. It is designed by Jean Nouvel and has four halls with the main auditorium seating 1800 people. It serves as the home of the Danish National Symphony Orchestra and along with the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles the most expensive concert hall ever built. Another important venue for classical music is the Tivoli Concert Hall located in the historical Tivoli Gardens. The Copenhagen Opera House (in Danish usually called Operaen) that opened in 2005 and is designed by Henning Larsen, is the national opera house of Denmark and among the most modern opera houses in the world. The old Royal Danish Theatre dating from 1748 still works as a supplementary opera scene. The Royal Danish Theatre is also home to the Royal Danish Ballet. Founded in 1748 along with the theatre, it is one of the oldest ballet troupes in Europe. It is home to the Bournonville style of ballet. Copenhagen has a significant jazz scene that has existed for many years. It developed when a number of American jazz musicians such as Ben Webster, Thad Jones, Richard Boone, Ernie Wilkins, Kenny Drew, Ed Thigpen, Bob Rockwell, Dexter Gordon, and others such as rock guitarist Link Wray came to live in Copenhagen during the 1960s. Every year in early July Copenhagen's streets, squares and parks fill up with big and small jazz concerts during the Copenhagen Jazz Festival (see yearly events). The most important venue for rhythmical music in Copenhagen is Vega in Vesterbro district which has been chosen as "best concert venue in Europe" by international music magazine Live

For free entertainment one can stroll along Strøget, especially between Nytorv and Højbro Plads, which in the late afternoon and evening is a bit like an impromptu three-ring circus with musicians, magicians, jugglers and other street performers.

Sports

Copenhagen has a wide variety of sport teams. The major football teams is FC København. FC København plays at Parken in Østerbro, Copenhagen. Other teams are Fremad Amager, B93, AB, Frem, Lyngby and Hvidovre IF.

Copenhagen also has multiple ice hockey teams, of which two are playing in the top league, AL-Bank Ligaen, namely Rødovre Mighty Bulls and Hvidovre Ligahockey.

World ranked no.2, Peter Gade, is one of the world's best international badminton players.

There are a lot of handball teams in Copenhagen. FC København owns both a women's and a men's team, which have the same name and logo. They were formerly known as FIF. Of other clubs playing in the "highest" leagues there are; Ajax Heroes, Ydun, and HIK (Hellerup).

Rugby union is also played in the Danish capital with teams such as CSR-Nanok, Copenhagen Business School Sport Rugby and Rugbyklubben Speed. The Danish Australian Football League, based in Copenhagen is the largest Australian rules football competition outside of the English speaking world.

In 2011 Copenhagen will host the UCI Road World Championships.

Amusement parks

Copenhagen has the two oldest amusement parks in the World. World-famous Tivoli Gardens is an amusement park and pleasure garden located right in the middle of Copenhagen between the City Hall Square and the Central Station. Among its rides are the oldest still operating roller coaster and the oldest ferris wheel in the World. It also functions as an open-air concert venue. It opened on 15 August 1843 making it the second oldest amusement park in the world. Dyrehavsbakken (in English "the Deer Garden Hill") is located in Klampenborg a little north of Copenhagen in a forested area known as dyrehaven. Having been made into an amusement park complete with rides, games and restaurants by Christian IV, it is the oldest surviving amusement park in the World.

Cuisine

As of 2009, Copenhagen has 13 Michelin star restaurants, the most of any Scandinavian city. The city is increasingly recognized internationally as a gourmet destination. Apart from the selection of upmarket restaurants, Copenhagen offers a great variety of Danish, international and ethnic restaurants. It is possible to find modest eateries serving open sandwiches ("smørrebrød") – the traditional and best known Danish lunch dish; however, most restaurants serve international dishes. Another local specialty, Danish pastry, can be sampled from any of numerous bakeries found in all parts of the city. The restaurant Noma (Short for Danish: nordisk mad English: Nordic food) was ranked as the Best Restaurant in the World by ''Restaurant'' in 2010 and 2011.

Copenhagen has long been associated with beer. Carlsberg beer has been brewed at the brewery's premises at the border between Vesterbro and Valby districts since 1847 and has long been almost synonymous with Danish beer production. However, recent years have seen an explosive growth in the number of microbreweries so that Denmark today has more than 100 breweries, many of which are located in Copenhagen. Some like ''Nørrebro Bryghus'' also act as brewpubs where it is also possible to eat at the premises.

Media

Many Danish media corroborations are located in Copenhagen. DR, the major Danish public service broadcasting corporation collected their activities in a new headquarters, DR byen, in 2006 and 2007. Similarly has Odense based TV2 collected its Copenhagen activities in a modern media house in the Teglholmen. The two national daily newspapers Politiken and Berlingske Tidende and the two tabloids Ekstra Bladet and B.T. are based in Copenhagen. Other important media corporations include Aller Media which is the largest publisher of weekly and monthly magazines in Scandinavia, the Egmont media group and Gyldendal, the largest Danish publisher of books.

Copenhagen also has a sizable movie and television industry. Filmbyen, The Movie City, which is located in a former military camp in the suburb of Hvidovre and houses several movie companies and studio studios. Among the movie companies are Zentropa co-owned by Danish movie director Lars von Trier who is behind several international movie productions as well as a founding force behind the Dogma Movement.

Annual events

Copenhagen Marathon, Copenhagen's annual marathon event

Copenhagen Fashion Week takes place every year in February and August. It is the largest fashion event in Northern Europe. Copenhagen Carnival takes place every year since 1982 during the Whitsun Holiday in Fælledparken and around the city. 120 bands, 2000 dancers and 100,000 spectators participate. Copenhagen Distortion is a youth culture festival capturing the zeitgeist of the city, gathering every year (5 days up to the first weekend of June) up to 100.000 people in the streets, in shops, galleries, clubs, bars, in boats and buses, with a cultural focus on street culture, art and upfront dance music.

Roskilde Festival is a music festival held every year in Roskilde west of Copenhagen. Gathering around 100,000 people every year, it is one of the four largest rock music festivals in Europe.

Copenhagen Jazz Festival, which begins on the first Friday in July, is a popular annual event that is the result of Copenhagen's significant jazz scene. The festival takes place throughout the city in streets, squares and parks as well as in cafés and concert halls. It embraces around 900 concerts, 100 venues and over 200,000 guests from Denmark and around the world. It is recognized as one of the leading jazz festivals in the World. Copenhagen Pride is a gay pride festival taking place every year in August. Among the events is "Tivoli goes pink" and it ends with a parade.

Round Christiansborg Open Water Swim Race is a 2 km open water swimming competition taking place each year in late August. This amateur event is combined with a 10 km Danish championship. In 2009 the event included a 10 km FINA World Cup competition in the morning.

Copenhagen Cooking takes place in August every year and is a food festival with a wide array of events all over the city.

CPH:PIX is Copenhagen's international feature film festival, established in 2009 as a fusion of the 20-year-old Natfilm festival and the 4-year-old CIFF. The CPH:PIX festival takes place in mid-April. CPH:DOX is Copenhagen's international documentary film festival, every year in November. On top of its documentary film programme of over 100 films, CPH:DOX includes a wide event programme with dozens of events, concerts, exhibitions and parties all over town.

Copenhell is an outdoor metal festival located on Refshaleøen in Copenhagen. Everything from death metal to hard rock is played on two scenes: Helvíti and Hades.

Economy

Copenhagen is the economic and financial centre of Denmark and also strong business and economic centre in the Scandinavian-Baltic region. Around 3.5 million inhabitants live within a 50 km (31 miles) radius of Copenhagen, making the city centre of the most dense and populated area in Northern Europe. The region generates approximately 25 per cent of both Sweden's and Denmark's GDP. In 2008, Copenhagen was ranked 4th by Financial Times-owned FDi magazine on their list of ''Top 50 European Cities of the Future'' after London, Paris and Berlin. In 2006/07 FDi Magazine named Copenhagen ''Scandinavian City of the Future'' and in 2004/05 Copenhagen was named ''Northern European City of the Future'' ahead of other cities from Scandinavia, UK, Ireland and Benelux. In the 2008 ''Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index'', published by MasterCard, Copenhagen was ranked 14th in the world and 1st in Scandinavia. Copenhagen is one of the cities in Western Europe attracting most regional headquarters and distribution centres. Among the international companies that have chosen to locate their regional headquarters in Copenhagen is Microsoft. There are 2,100 foreign companies located in the Copenhagen area, of which approx. 500 are Scandinavian head offices, representing a wide range of industries.

Copenhagen has a service oriented economy. An important sector is life science and research & development plays a major role in the economy of the city. The entire Oresund Region is in cooperation with Sweden being promoted as Medicon Valley. Major Danish biotech companies like Novo Nordisk and Lundbeck, both of which are among 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the World, are located in the greater Copenhagen area. The region also boasts the largest IT-cluster in Scandinavia with nearly 100,000 employees and the city of Copenhagen is home to Nokia's largest research centre outside Finland. Shipping is also an import business with Maersk, the World's largest shipping company, having their world headquarters in Copenhagen.

Several international companies have established their regional headquarters in Copenhagen, for example, Microsoft. Maersk, the world's largest container shipping company, has their world headquarters in Copenhagen. A substantial number of Danish pharmaceuticals such as Novo Nordisk, Ferring Pharmaceuticals and Bavarian Nordic also operate in the area, having placed their headquarters in or close to Copenhagen.

Copenhagen has some of the highest gross wages in the world. High taxes mean that wages are reduced after mandatory deduction. A ''beneficial researcher scheme'' with low taxation of foreign specialists has made Denmark an attractive location for foreign labour to settle. Copenhagen is however also among the most expensive cities in Europe.

Education, science, research

Copenhagen has a well-developed higher education system of public universities. The city has a higher education student population of at least 89,000, combining the numbers of the largest universities and institutions: University of Copenhagen (40,000 students), Copenhagen Business School (17,000 students), Metropolitan University College and University College Copenhagen (10,000 students each), Technical University of Denmark (7,000 students), KEA (3,000 students) and IT University of Copenhagen (2,000 students.) Most prominent among these is the University of Copenhagen. Founded in 1479, it is the oldest university in Denmark. It is a world-renowned research and teaching institution with campuses around the city and forms part of the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU), which is a collaboration between international top universities including Oxford, Cambridge, Yale, Berkeley and The Australian National University. The University attracts app. 1500 international and exchange students every year. It is repeatedly ranked as one of the best universities in Europe. At the Times Higher Education-QS World University Rankings 2008 list, it was ranked as fourth best in continental Europe. The Academic Ranking of World Universities 2008 placed it as number 43 worldwide and 8th in Europe. A second all-round university in the Copenhagen area is Roskilde University located in Roskilde.

The Technical University of Denmark (DTU), ''Danmarks Tekniske Universitet'', is located in Lyngby at the northern outskirts of Copenhagen. In 2008 it was ranked third highest in Europe on Times Higher Education's list of the most influential technical universities in the World. The Max Planck Institute in Germany was ranked 15, ETH Zurich in Switzerland was ranked 15 and DTU in Denmark was ranked 20.

Copenhagen Business School (CBS) is an esteemed and EQUIS accredited business school located in Frederiksberg.

The IT University of Copenhagen is Denmark's youngest university, a mono-faculty institution focusing on technical, societal and business aspects of information technology.

There are also branches of both University College Capital and Metropolitan University College inside and outside Copenhagen.

Medicon Valley

Copenhagen is rich in companies and institutions with a focus on research and development within the biotechnology and life science sectors. Two of the 50 largest pharmaceutical and biotech companies in the World are located in the greater Copenhagen area. The biotech and life science cluster in Copenhagen and the rest of the Oresund Region is one of the strongest in Europe. Since 1995 this has been branded as the Medicon Valley in a Danish-Swedish cooperation. The aim is to strengthen the region's position and to promote cooperation between companies and academia. The German biotech giant Sartorius Stedim Biotech is currently creating a Nordic head office in Tåstrup on the outskirts of Copenhagen. The Øresund region is responsible for 60 percent of life science production in Scandinavia and is home to 111 biotech companies.

Cleantech

Copenhagen was mentioned by Clean Edge as one of the key cleantech clusters to watch in their 2008 book The Cleantech Revolution. The city is the focal point for more than 300 cleantech companies drawing on 46 research institutions. The cluster employs more than 60.000 people and is characterized by a close collaboration between universities, business and governing institutions. The regions most important cleantech research institutions are the University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School, Risø DTU National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy and the Technical University of Denmark which Risø is now part of.

Transport

The greater Copenhagen area has a very well established transportation infrastructure making it a hub in Northern Europe.

Roads

Copenhagen has a large network of toll-free motorways and public roads connecting different municipalities of the city together and to Northern Europe. As in many other cities in Europe traffic is increasing in Copenhagen. The radial arterial roads leading to Copenhagen city centre are critically congested during peak hours.

Cycling

Copenhagen is known as one of the most bicycle-friendly cities in the world. Every day 1.1 million km are bicycled in Copenhagen. 36% of all citizens commute to work, school or university by bicycle and it is municipal policy that this number should go up to 40% by 2012 and 50% in 2015. The city's bicycle paths are extensive and well used. Bicycle paths are often separated from the main traffic lanes and sometimes have their own signal systems.

The municipality is also developing a system of interconnected green bicycle routes, greenways, the aim being to facilitate fast, safe, and pleasant bicycle transport from one end of the city to the other. The network will cover more than and will have 22 routes when finished. The city provides public bicycles which can be found throughout the downtown area and used with a returnable deposit of 20 kroner.

Copenhagen's well-developed bicycle culture is reflected in the use of ''copenhagenize'' to describe the practice of other cities adopting Copenhagen-style bike lanes and bicycle infrastructure. In 2007, Copenhagen-based Danish urban design consultant Jan Gehl was hired by the New York City Department of Transportation to re-imagine New York City streets by introducing designs to improve life for pedestrians and cyclists. In recognition of Copenhagen's emphasis on bicycling, the city has been chosen by the Union Cycliste Internationale as their first official ''Bike City''. ''Bike City Copenhagen'' will take place from 2008 to 2011 and consist of large cycling events for professionals as well as amateurs.

Harbour

The harbour of Copenhagen has largely lost its industrial importance. In 2001, Copenhagen Harbour merged with the harbour in Malmö to create Copenhagen-Malmö Port. It has several functions, the most important being as a major cruise destination. In 2007 a record 286 cruise ships with 420,000 cruise passengers visited Copenhagen. 120 of these ships either started or ended the cruise in Copenhagen. In 2008 these numbers grew further to 310 cruise ships and 560,000 passengers. As a result of the growth in the cruise industry facilities are being expanded and improved. At the World Travel Awards in 2008, Copenhagen Port was named the number one cruise destination in Europe for the fifth year in a row.

Copenhagen is serviced by ferry lines to Oslo in Norway (called "Oslobåden") with a daily connection and to Świnoujście in Poland (called "Polensfærgerne") with five weekly connections (Passengers are taken by bus to Ystad (Sweden) and ferry starts there).

Copenhagen has four lines of waterbuses, known as the Copenhagen Harbour Buses, serving ten water bus stops; four on the Amager-side and six on the Zealand-side of the harbour, from Sluseholmen in the South to Holmen in the North.

Airports

Copenhagen Airport is the principal airport serving Copenhagen. It is the largest in Scandinavia and the 17th largest in Europe. Located in Kastrup on the island of Amager, it has efficient connections to downtown Copenhagen, with trip times of 15 minutes to Kongens Nytorv via metro (with 4–6 minutes between departures) and 12 minutes to Central Station via regional train (10 minutes between departures). Its location also makes it the most important international airport for large parts of southern Sweden. Over the Øresund Bridge trains go to Malmö South in 14 minutes or Malmö Central Station in 22 minutes. Skytrax rates Copenhagen Airport as the tenth best airport in the world, and the fourth best in Europe. The Roskilde airport, 20 km southwest of city center, has two long (crossing) runways with full ILS equipment (all civil aircraft can land here, with the only exceptions of the very largest, like Boeing 747 and Airbus A380). This airport is also international, but is primary used for some charter flights and smaller planes.

Public transportation

|- | |- | |- | |- | |- | |- | |}

Local transport The local transportation system of Copenhagen consists of a number of different, but combined, train systems and several types of buses. The four different rail systems are

# Re-tog regional trains (stops at major stations only, continues as ''interregional'' trains outside Copenhagen local traffic area) # S-train (a combined urban and suburban rail system with a length of ., the distance between stations is approximately within the central parts) # Copenhagen Metro (under further development, the City Circle Line (M3+M4) is scheduled to be complete in 2018 with plans for three additional lines M5+M6+M7) # Local trains in the periphery of the metropolitan area. (modern but usually driven by diesel or natural gas)

There are 193 rail stations. Most of them have connecting bus services. This link shows all lines, stations and fare zones

Tickets. The Copenhagen local traffic area is divided in 95 zones. Zones 1,2 and 3 are equal to Copenhagen inner city. Ticket machines exist on all stations, and tickets can also be bought at buses and manually at the major stations. A ticket price inside the Copenhagen local traffic area is always ''between two and nine zones'' (a nine zone ticket goes for all zones). Price is currently (2011) 12 DKK for each zone. There are a number of fare discount systems, for instance 24 hour travel card (130 DKK).

Warning: The ticket system is based on the principle that one is "responsible for having the correct ticket, and to have it validated for the correct number of zones, during the whole trip". Unlike many other cities/countries, one can board a train or subway without a ticket as there are no ticket gates - on the other hand controllers often check tickets on the train. Explanations at stations are often in Danish only. Fines for not having a valid ticket is 750DKK. "Honest mistakes" are by policy not forgiven, nor is there any leniency for tourists or foreigners.

A famous example, described as a "tourist trap", child and adult clipcards look exactly the same, with the only difference being some Danish text. Using a child clipcard by mistake or without knowing will still result in the fine of 750DKK. Tourists can be advised to avoid the metro or Stog and exclusively use taxis or buses.

The main junction stations for interchange between system or lines are the stations of Nørreport, Valby, Danshøj, Kastrup Airport, Ny Ellebjerg, Hellerup, Østerport, Ryparken, Ørestaden, Flintholm, and København H (Copenhagen Central Station). The latter is also a hub for trains with destinations outside the Copenhagen local traffic area.

Danish and international trains

Copenhagen Central Station provides Copenhagen with Intercity and Express trains across Denmark, as well as services to several international destinations. The train traffic to Hamburg is especially heavy, and other distant destinations can also be reached by daily international trains. Trains to southern and western Sweden depart every 20 minutes. (A special ticket fare system exists between the Copenhagen local traffic area and the most southern part of Sweden, Skåne county.)

Environment

Copenhagen is recognized as one of the most environmentally friendly cities in the world. Much of the city's success can be attributed to a strong municipal policy combined with a sound national policy, in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973. In 2006 Copenhagen Municipality received the ''European Environmental Management Award''. The award was given for long-term holistic environmental planning. It is municipal policy to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% before the end of 2015. In 2001 a large offshore wind farm was built just off the coast of Copenhagen at Middelgrunden. It produces about 4% of the city's energy.

Many years of major investments in sewage treatment has improved water quality in the harbour to an extent that the inner harbour can be used for swimming and facilities for this are provided at a number of locations.

Another municipal policy is that 40% of all citizens should bicycle to and from work by 2012 and a number of initiatives are being taken to implement this policy (see "bicycling" above).

Copenhagen is the capital in the world where organic food has the largest market share. One in every ten purchases is organic in Copenhagen. Within the municipal sector in Copenhagen, 45% of all food consumption is organic but the target is considerably higher. With the environmental strategy "Environment Metropolis: Our Vision 2015" the politicians wish that solely organic food is to be served in 90 per cent of the Copenhagen old-age homes and residential homes for children and young persons in 2015.

International rankings

Copenhagen has placed well in a number of international rankings, some of which are mentioned below.

General rankings and comment

Copenhagen is ranked 11th in Mercer's Quality of Living global city rankings 2009. It was ranked No.1 as ''Most Livable City in the World'' by international lifestyle magazine ''Monocle'' on their ''Top 25 Most Livable Cities 2008'' list and ''World's Best Design City 2008'' also by Monocle. In 2010, Monocle ranked Copenhagen as the 2nd most liveable city, losing the top spot to Munich. In 2008, Copenhagen was ranked No.4 by Financial Times-owned FDi magazine on their list of ''Top50 European Cities of the Future'' after London, Paris and Berlin. In 2006/07 FDi Magazine named Copenhagen ''Scandinavian City of the Future'' and in 2004/05 Copenhagen was named ''Northern European City of the Future'' ahead of other cities from Scandinavia, UK, Ireland and Benelux. It is the world's No.7 most expensive city and No.3 most expensive in Europe on the Forbes List.

Business and commerce rankings

In 2009, Copenhagen was named an ''Innovation Nexus City'' and ranked 12th in Europe and 17th globally for innovation across 31 sectors, out of 256 cities in the Innovation Cities Index published by 2thinknow. In the 2008 ''Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index'', published by MasterCard, Copenhagen was ranked 14th in the world and 1st in Scandinavia. In The 2008 Global Cities Index, Copenhagen was ranked 36th in the world, 15th in Europe, and 2nd in Scandinavia. Copenhagen ranks 3rd in Western Europe and 1st in the Nordic countries for attracting head offices. Copenhagen No.1 out of 254 locations in the ''Location Ranking Survey'' performed by ECA International that has asked European experts where they prefer to be stationed worldwide. It is ranked No.7 as Preferred City For Investment Projects. It ranked 3rd in Western Europe in terms of attracting regional headquarters and distribution centres, only surpassed by London and Paris. It ranks No.1 in the 2006 ''Global Earning Ranking''. The city ranks as the 5th most popular city in the world for international meetings and conferences.

Specific rankings and related awards

It was ranked No.6 in ''Grist Magazine'''s "15 Green Cities" list in 2007 making Copenhagen the greenest capital of Scandinavia according to ''Grist Magazine''. The Copenhagen Metro has been named the ''Best Metro in the World'' by industry experts. Travellers have voted Copenhagen the cleanest city in Europe. Lonely Planet ranks Copenhagen as Scandinavia's 'coolest' capital . Copenhagen was ranked as one of the most attractive cities to live and work in Europe.

Notable residents

International relations

Partnerships

Copenhagen does not have official sister cities, but maintains cooperation on specific areas with other cities around the world:

	* Paris in France ''(partner city)''	* Prague in Czech Republic ''(partner city)''	* Reykjavík in Iceland ''(partner city)''	* Berlin in Germany ''(partner city)''	* Marseille in France ''(partner city)''

See also

Copenhagen Climate Council

Oresund Region

Ports of the Baltic Sea

Transportation in Denmark

2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen

References

Notes

External links

Copenhagenet.dk – Copenhagen Tourist Portal and Cultural Guide

kk.dk – Official municipal website

* kk.dk International Service – Citizen service for foreign expats and students in Copenhagen.

VisitCopenhagen.dk – Official VisitCopenhagen tourism website

Cph-visual.com – Copenhagen tourist and travel guide with photo gallery

Copcap.com Copenhagen Capacity official investment agency of Copenhagen

Category:Municipal seats in Capital Region of Denmark Category:Municipal seats of Denmark Category:Cities and towns in Capital Region of Denmark Category:Capitals in Europe Category:Port cities and towns in Denmark Category:Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea Category:Populated places established in the 11th century Category:European Capitals of Culture Category:IOC Session Host Cities Category:Olympic Congress Host Cities

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name	Citizen Cope
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
origin	Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
genre	Alternative rock
occupation	Musician, disc jockey
instrument	Turntables, guitar, keyboard, drum machine
years active	1993–present
label	DreamWorks RecordsArista RecordsRCA Records
associated acts	Basehead, Goodie Mob, Dido, Easy Star All-Stars
website	www.citizencope.com }}

Citizen Cope is the pseudonym of Clarence Greenwood, an American musician. Greenwood is a native of Memphis, TN, who relocated to Washington, DC for highschool. There he became the DJ for Basehead before moving again to Brooklyn, New York. He is a self-taught musician who grew up listening to Sly Stone, Willie Nelson, and Al Green. He provides lead vocals and production on his albums. He also plays a variety of instruments including guitar, keyboard and drum machines.

History

In 1997, Greenwood was featured in ''The Washington Post'' weekend section.

After releasing his demo tape, Cope was signed to Capitol Records, where he recorded ''Shotguns''. In 1998, he was dropped from Capitol, without releasing the album.

In 2000, Greenwood signed with the DreamWorks Records label, which released his first album in September 2002, ''Citizen Cope''. To promote the record, Greenwood toured as an opener for Nelly Furtado. He performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California, in 2002.

''The Washington Post'' did a large feature on Cope in early 2002, calling him "the city's most soulful export since Marvin Gaye."

In October 2002, Carlos Santana released his record titled ''Shaman''. Greenwood wrote and produced one of the tracks on that album ("Sideways").

After the release of ''Citizen Cope'', Greenwood felt that the label "mishandled" the record. Tension between the label and artist prompted Greenwood to buy out his contract with the label, using the advance he received from his next label, Arista Records and RCA Records, to do so.

In September 2004, Citizen Cope released his second record, ''The Clarence Greenwood Recordings''. The album has sold more than 300,000 records to date, with over 700,000 single downloads. From 2004 through 2010, Citizen Cope has undertaken a heavy tour schedule.

In 2005, Cope continued to tour the United States promoting his second major-label record. In April, his song "Son's Gonna Rise" began appearing in a Pontiac commercial and was distributed as the album's second single.

On September 12, 2006, Citizen Cope released the album ''Every Waking Moment''.

In early 2008, Citizen Cope parted ways with RCA records.

The song "Let the Drummer Kick" was featured in the 2008 Acura TSX commercial early that year.

In early June 2008, Citizen Cope announced a special one off solo show at the London Luminaire in Kilburn on the 2nd July.

He made an appearance on Dido's 2008 album ''Safe Trip Home'', collaborating on a track called "Burnin' Love".

Throughout 2008, Citizen Cope sold more than 100,000 tickets in North America alone (festivals and colleges not included), performing more than 120 shows.

Cope finished his highly successful US solo acoustic tour in December 2008. ''The Rainwater LP'', was released through his own label, RainWater Recordings, on February 8, 2010, elsewhere digitally February 9, 2010, with the physical CD released March 2, 2010. As of April 2011, he is touring the US on a solo acoustic tour.

Cope gave a solo performance and guest appearance at Eric Clapton's "Crossroads" Guitar Festival on June 26, 2010 in Bridgeview, IL.

Use in other media

"Sideways"

*Featured in the film "The Fountain" with Hugh Jackman and Rachel Weisz''

*Featured in the episode "My Jiggly Ball" of the television series 'Scrubs'

*Featured in 2006's ''Trust the Man''

*Featured in 2008's ''Ghost Town''

*In the television series, ''One Tree Hill''

*Featured in 2009's "So You Think You Can Dance"

"Holdin' On"

*Played during a scene in the 2005 film ''Prime''.

"D'Artagnan's Theme"

*Featured in 2010 Italian Film "Baciami Ancora" directed by Gabriele Muccino.

"Deep"

*Featured in episode of "One Tree Hill".

"If There's Love"

*Featured in 2002 episode of TV series "Smallville".

"Left for Dead"

*Featured in 2007 TV episode of "Criminal Minds".

"Brother Lee"

*Featured in a commercial for ClickNET, a Romanian ISP.

*Plays in trailer for the 2008 film ''What Just Happened?''

"Nite Becomes Day"

*Featured in the movie ''Fracture''.

*Featured in festival film 5 Up 5 Down.

*Featured in TV series "Starved."

"Pablo Picasso"

*Featured in 2006 TV series "Six Degrees."

*Featured in TV series "Starved."

*Featured in TV series "Related".

"Penitentiary"

*Played in the Series Premiere in 2005 of the CBS TV Series ''Criminal Minds''

"Son's Gonna Rise"

*Featured in Pontiac commercial.

*Featured in AXN Portugal commercial.

*In the television series, ''One Tree Hill'' on May 10, 2005.

*In a trailer for television series ''Sons of Anarchy'' in July 2009.

*In an HBO/Cinemax commercial.

"My Way Home"

*Featured in 2005 TV series "Summerland".

*A scene in the 2006 film ''Trust the Man''.

*Featured in festival film 5 Up 5 Down.

"Bullet and a Target":

*An episode of HBO's hit series Entourage ( Season 2, "Blue Balls Lagoon")

*Featured in 2005 Film "The Hit List".

*An episode of Showtime's series Sleeper Cell (Season 1, "Target")

*The end credits of the 2006 film ''The Sentinel''.

*In a 2006 episode of the CBS TV Series ''Cold Case''.

*A scene in the 2006 film ''Trust the Man''.

*Featured in 2006 TV series "Starved.

*A scene in the 2007 film ''Alpha Dog''.

*Featured in 2007 promo commercial for 24/Degree".

*In the end credits of the 2006 film ''16 Blocks''.

*In the soundtrack of Seasons, a mountain biking film by ''The Collective'', during a section by rider Andrew Shandro.

*In the soundtrack of The Tangerine Dream, a 16 mm ski film by ''Teton Gravity Research''.

*In the soundtrack of The Hit List, a ski film by ''Matchstick Productions''.

*Featured on rapper Rhymefest's album ''Blue Collar''

*Covered by rap Australian group Bliss N Eso on the Album ''Flying Colours''

*Featured in the 2008 snowboarding movie Church!

*In the movie "Frothing", when Joel Parkinson surf''

*Featured in 2009 HBO special Pacquaio/Cotto 24/7".

"Let the Drummer Kick"

*in the final scene of "Entrance Wound", an episode from the CBS TV series ''CSI: Miami''

*In the films ''Accepted'' and ''Coach Carter''.

*Featured in 2003 Episode of "CSI: Miami".

*In a 2005 episode of the CBS TV Series ''Cold Case''.

*On the hit Fox show ''So You Think You Can Dance'' in a contemporary dance routine by Neil Haskell and Lauren Gottlieb in season three. The next day, the track reached #50 on the iTunes Top 100 Singles Chart. It was also used for a solo routine by Jeanine Mason in season five.

*The HBO series ''Entourage'' during the fourth season finale "The Cannes Kids." ''Entourage'' also featured the song "Awe" during the second part of the third season's (3B) episode "The Prince's Bride".

*Featured on the album ''Radiodread'' by Easy Star All-Stars with his cover of Radiohead's "Karma Police".

*Featured in a 2008 Acura TSX commercial.

*Featured in an episode of NBC's drama series "Kingpin"

*In the soundtrack of Such is Life, a skiing film by Rage Films.

*Featured in the 2006 film, Accepted

"Awe"

*Featured in a 2007 episode of HBO's Entourage

"Left For Dead"

*Featured in Season 2 episode 22 (legacy) of Criminal Minds.

"Hurricane Waters"

*Featured in the documentary ''Trouble the Water''.

*Featured in 2005 festival film ''Midsummer Dream''.

"Back Together"

*Featured in 2006 episode of "One Tree Hill.

"Healing Hands"

*Feature in 2010 episode of "3 op Reis (Dutch Travel Program)."

*107 Degrees*

*Feature in 2011 ''The Lincoln Lawyer''.

Discography

''Cope Citizen (500 copies)'' (1992)

''Citizen Cope'' (2002)

''The Clarence Greenwood Recordings'' (2004)

''Every Waking Moment'' (2006) #69 U.S.

''The Rainwater LP'' (2010) #111 U.S.

Other contributions

''Live at the World Café: Vol. 15 - Handcrafted'' (2002, World Café) - "If There's Love"

Vocals on "Karma Police" from the Easy Star All Stars album "Radiodread" a complete reggae/dub cover of Radiohead's "OK Computer".

"Way Down In A Hole" - Tom Waits cover

Guest vocals on "The Grand Illusion (Circa 1973)" - Pharoahe Monch

Turntablism in "Let The Drummer Kick" by DJ JVC

References

External links

Official website

AOL Music: Citizen Cope performs Bullet with rapper Rhymefest

Citizen Cope collection at the Internet Archive's live music archive

Citizen Cope Artist Station: Citizen Cope on Slacker.com

Category:Living people Category:American singer-songwriters

es:Citizen Cope fr:Citizen Cope pt:Citizen Cope ru:Citizen Cope fi:Citizen Cope

name	Frankie J
background	solo_singer
birth name	Francisco Javier Bautista, Jr.
alias (nickname)	Frankie Boy, Cisko, Frankie J
born	December 07, 1975Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico
origin	San Diego, California, United States
instrument	Vocals, Piano
genre	R&B;, Pop, Latin
occupation	Singer-songwriter, Record producer
years active	1997–present
label	EMI (1999-2003)Columbia (2003-2008)Soul Sick/Upstairs (2008-Present)
associated acts	Baby Bash, Kumbia Kings
website	http://www.frankiejonline.com }}

Francisco Javier Bautista, Jr. (born December 7, 1975), better known by his stage name Frankie J, is a Mexican singer and former member of the musical group Kumbia Kings.

Born in Tijuana, he grew up in San Diego and became a freestyle artist under the stage name Frankie Boy in the late 1990s. After his debut freestyle album was shelved, he joined Kumbia Kings. Frankie J's solo debut album, ''What's a Man to Do'', was released in 2003, followed by some more English and Spanish language albums.

Biography

Early career

Bautista was born in Tijuana, Mexico and raised in San Diego, California from the age of 2, after his uncle brought him and his siblings to the United States. He grew up listening to both traditional Latin music as well as American urban music. He attended Southwest Senior High School in San Diego. He later began to develop more interest in singing, with the encouragement of his family. At high school age, he began participating in talent shows and performing at school functions.

In 1997, Bautista signed with the now defunct Hola Recordings, the brainchild of dance music legend and producer Jellybean Benitez. At the time he was a freestyle artist known as Frankie Boy and his music was released on 3 Maximum Freestyle compilations but his solo CD was shelved before release.

Kumbia Kings (1999-2003)

In 1999 he became a member of the Kumbia Kings created by A.B. Quintanilla III, brother of Selena. He performed under the name Cisco. Members included A.B. Quintanilla (bass, background vocals), DJ Kane (born Jason Cano; lead vocals), Frankie J/Cisko (born Francisco Javier Bautista, Jr; vocals), Baby Drew (born Andrew Maes; vocals), Cruz Martínez (keyboards), Alex Ramírez (keyboards), Roy "Slim" Ramírez (percussion, background vocals), Frankie Aranda (percussion), Jorge Peña (percussion), Jesse "O'Jay" Martínez (drums), and Robert Del Moral (drums). They released their debut album ''Amor, Familia Y Respeto'' in 1999. The album included hit singles like "Azúcar", "Fuiste Mala", "Reggae Kumbia", "Te Quiero A Ti" and "Se Fue Mi Amor". In 2001 they released their second album ''Shhh!'' which included the singles "Shhh!", "Boom Boom" and "Desde Que No Estás Aquí". In 2002 the group released their third album called ''All Mixed Up: Los Remixes'' which included the single "La Cucaracha". Cisko then started perform under the name Frankie J. In 2003 they released their fourth album called ''4'' which included the hit singles "No Tengo Dinero", "Insomnio" and "Mi Gente". They also released the albums ''Presents Kumbia Kings'' repackaged English-language highlights from the group's back catalog and ''La Historia'' repackaged Spanish-language ones. Later in 2003, Frankie J was one of the original Kumbia Kings members to leave the band along with lead singer DJ Kane and other members of the band. Andrew "Baby Drew" Maes, Alex Ramírez, Roy "Slim" Ramírez, and Frankie Aranda formed their own band called K1 while DJ Kane and Frankie J went on to become solo singers.

Solo Career (2003-Present)

As Frankie J, Bautista signed as a solo artist with Columbia Records and released his first album ''What's A Man To Do'' in 2003. His self-titled first Spanish-language album ''Frankie J'' was released later in the same year. The single "Don't Wanna Try" peaked at #19 on the Billboard Hot 100 Singles Chart, while "Ya No Es Igual" was top 10 on the World Latin charts . He was featured in the single "Suga Suga" by rapper Baby Bash. Frankie J worked with a number of well known producers on his next album ''The One'' including Irv Gotti of Murder Inc. on the title track, as well as Bryan-Michael Cox and Mario Winans. The album was released in March 2005. Its hit singles included "Obsession (No Es Amor)" featuring rapper Baby Bash (a copy of the 3rd Wish European version which was produced by Mintman) , originally composed and recorded by Latin bachata group Aventura, followed by the solo singles "How To Deal" and "More Than Words", a cover song of a 1990 hit by the band Extreme. Frankie J's cover of "More Than Words" was released on the DualDisc bonus track version of ''The One'' in October 2005. By January 2006, the album was certified platinum by the RIAA for shipping over a million copies. His second Spanish-language album ''Un Nuevo Dia'' was released on June 13, 2006. It spawned the single "Pensado En Ti".

Frankie's third English-language CD, ''Priceless'', was released in stores and online on October 17, 2006. It debuted at #30 on the Billboard 200. The video for "That Girl" was shot in Miami in July featured Chamillionaire and Mannie Fresh.

On February 2007, Frankie J together with Latino celebrities, including Don Omar, Paola Turbay, Edgar Lopez, Miguel Varoni, Leti Coo, and Mary GamarraTazón played in the National Football League (NFL) Latino I/Latin Bowl I. Frankie J appeared a celebrity guest in the third season of MTV's reality game show ''Yo Momma'' in 2007.

In a December 7, 2007 interview with San Diego, CA based radio station KHTS, he announced that he was at work on his fourth English studio album, and that he had been working with the Avlia Brothers and R&B; singer Sam Salter. On June 5, 2008 a video single was released on YouTube entitled "Pictures."

He also appeared as a celebrity guest at the 16th birthday party of Marissa Mishelle on MTV's My Super Sweet 16.

Frankie J was an opening act for Britney Spears' 2007 promo tour ''The M+M's Tour''.

In December 2009, Frankie released his latest single, "Crush"."Crush" was collaborated with Eric Dlux of Power 106, Big Syphe, Hazel, and Manny Guevara of KIIS-FM.

He has recently turned to acting and appears in a show titled RPM Miami, as a mechanic named Ramon in Mun2. A second season is being developed.

Personal life

Frankie J has been married for 10 years and has 2 kids.

Discography

Albums

Year	Title	Peak chart positions		!align=center rowspan=2
		!align=center width=45	!align=center width=45
		*Released: May 27, 2003	*Label: Columbia	*Formats: CD, digital download
align=left	*Released: July 1, 2003	*Label: Sony Discos	*Formats: CD, digital download'''
	align="left"	*Released: March 22, 2005	*Label: Columbia	*Format: CD, digital download				Platinum
		*Released: April 4, 2006	*Label: Norte/Columbia	*Format: CD, digital download
align="left"	*Released: October 17, 2006	*Label: Columbia	*Format: CD, digital download
		*Released: TBA	*Label: Soul Sick Muzick/Upstairs	*Format: CD, digital download

Performed in Spanish

Singles

Year	Title	Peak chart positions			RIAA certification	Album
		!align=center width=45	!align=center width=45	!align=center width=45
	align=left
align=left
align=left

Guest appearances

Year	Title	Peak chart positions		Album
		U.S.	U.S. Rhythmic
2003	"Suga Suga" (Baby Bash featuring Frankie J)			''Tha Smokin' Nephew''
2006	"Los Infieles (Remix) (Aventura featuring Frankie J)
2007	"Dime/Tell Me (Remix)			''[[The Boatlift''
2010	"Rebound" (Jump Smokers featuring Frankie J)			''Kings of the Dancefloor''
2010	"La Nave del Olvido" (Merengue remix)(Cristian Castro featuring Frankie J)

References

External links

Official Website

Official MySpace

Official Twitter

Category:1975 births Category:American male singers Category:American musicians of Mexican descent Category:American pop singers Category:American record producers Category:American rhythm and blues singers Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American soul singers Category:Columbia Records artists Category:English-language singers Category:Kumbia Kings members Category:Latin pop singers Category:Living people Category:Mexican emigrants to the United States Category:Mexican male singers Category:Mexican pop singers Category:Mexican record producers Category:Mexican singer-songwriters Category:Musicians from California Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from San Diego, California Category:People from Tijuana Category:Spanish-language singers

pl:Frankie J

name	Amber Cope
birth date	August 18, 1983
birth place	Puyallup, Washington
height	5’ 3”
weight	100 lbs. }}

Amber Nicole Cope and Angela Christine Cope (both born August 18, 1983) are professional NASCAR drivers. They made NASCAR history on October 23, 2010 by being the first twins to compete in one of the top three series in NASCAR. That day they made their NASCAR debut in the Camping World Truck Series in Martinsville, VA. Amber finished 26th and Angela finished 30th.

They began racing in Go-Karts at age 9. They quickly gained attention by winning poles and races year after year. By age 15 they stepped up to late-model race cars—even before they had driver’s licenses.

Angela Cope took 1st place in 2002 at the Lucas Oil Can-Am 150 at the Sun Valley Speedway. In 1995, Angela finished 1st and Amber finished 3rd in the Tri-cities Gold Cup "Yamaha Class". By 1998, both girls were PSGKA Gold Cup winners in the "Junior Piston Port".

Both girls split seat time in 2006 at the ARCA Re/Max Series at Berlin, Gateway, Chicagoland, Milwaukee Mile, and Toledo, Ohio. By 2008, the twins qualified for the ARCA Re/Max Series at Kentucky Speedway, with positions 8 and 15.

Family History

Amber and Angela's grandfather, Donald Cope, began his racing career at age 18 in 1955. Donald drag-raced motorcycles until 1957. Don and his brothers, Guy and Jerry, then raced front-motor top-fuel dragsters in 1958.

By 1964, brothers Don and Jerry moved to the Pacific Northwest and set up residence. They established a family business, “The Cope Brothers Machine Show,” in Spanaway, Washington, to support their three children (Derrike, Darren, and Tamara).

In 1966, the brothers got back into the drag-racing scene and took the NHRA (National Hot Rod Association) Division Six Championship in 1970. Although they were never far from the racing scene, they continued their successful family business. The Cope Family has maintained their passion for racing down through the generations.

In 1977, Darren Cope, Amber and Angela's father, made his racing debut in drag racing. Darren and brother Derrike began racing late-model cars in 1979. Darren and Derrike each traded off racing the car on alternate nights. After the first year of Late-Model Racing, Darren decided to pursue other interests, so Derrike's racing career then began in earnest.

Derrike raced on the West Coast from 1979–1985. He raced the Winston Cup in 1986 and won the Daytona 500 in 1990.

1983 marked the start of the third generation of Cope racers when fraternal twins Amber and Angela were born to Darren and Mary on August 18. The race goes on.

Biography

Amber and Angela Cope became the third generation of Cope’s to enter into the world of racing, when, at the young age of nine, the girls’ parents gave them a go-kart for Christmas and thus began their road to NASCAR. Once they began competing locally, the girls made a name for themselves and became the most accomplished go-kart racers in the Greater Puget Sound region. In their seven years of driving go-karts included 50 first place wins and setting on pole position 20 times in the Pacific Northwest. Angela also set new track records at five of six tracks in the same region.

At the young age of 15, they progressed to late model race cars even before they had their license to drive. In 2000, a very short time after their debut in late model stock cars they instantly acquired national attention when they were featured on Bryant Gumble “Good Morning Today.” As Amber and Angela became more experienced and confident behind the wheel, they knew that in order to pursue a career in NASCAR they would have to leave Washington. They moved across the country to Charlotte, North Carolina to start training with their Uncle Derrike. The twins put all of their focus into learning the in and outs of professional racing. They traveled with their Uncle Derrike to every Cup race that he went to and became fixtures on the track and in the pit.

In 2006, the twins split seat time at the Automobile Racing Club of America’s (ARCA) Re/Max Series at Berlin, Gateway, Chicagoland, Milwaukee and Toledo, Ohio. In 2008, they qualified for the ARCA Re/Max Series at Kentucky Speedway with positions 8 and 15. The most difficult part of the ARCA Re/Max Series was that they had to share a car. At times, there would be three weeks before one of them would get back into the seat, losing precious learning time; however, it was a great series for the twins performance-wise.

2011 is shaping up to be the busiest year for the twins. On May 22, 2011 they will also be racing against their Uncle Derrike. In addition to their race in Newton, Iowa they will continue on to compete in five to six more races throughout the year.

Amber and Angela currently reside in Cornelius, North Carolina.

Achievements/Awards

1995 – Tri-cities Gold Cup. Angela finishes first in the "Yamaha Class".

1998 – PSGKA Gold Cup winner in the "Junior Piston Port".

2002 – Angela Cope takes 1st place in the Lucas Oil Can-Am 150 at the Sun Valley Speedway.

2006 – Both twins split seat time in the ARCA Re/Max series at Berlin, Gateway, Chicagoland, Milwaukee Mile and Toledo Ohio.

2008 – Both girls qualify for the ARCA Re/Max series at Kentucky Speedway, in the 8th and 15th spot

2010 – The twins race in Martinsville Virginia in the NASCAR Camping World Truck

Camping World Truck Series Statics

Amber – Truck #6 – Derrike Cope Racing – Finishing 26th

Live Interview link and articles

#Amber and Angela Cope hope to mix fashion, fierce racing in Nascar. #NACAR News Stories #Arca Re/max Kentucky Test(2008 Top Speeds) #Arca Re/Max Kentucky Amber and Angela Cope (2008) #2006 Hantz Group 200 by Belle Tire & It's Mighty - Ezy Amber Cope - Toledo Speedway? #Arca Re/Max 2006 Sara Lee / GFS Marketplace 200 #Arca Re/Max 2008 Chicagoland - Amber Cope #"Summit Your Life" live Interview #Notable Twins in Sports #Twins are about to get a Double Injection #1998 Junior Sportsman and 1999 Junior Superbox titles in addition to the presti-gious 1998 Gold Cup title in the Junior Piston Port class.

References

External links

Official website

Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:NASCAR drivers

name	Pablo Picasso
born	Malaga Spain
birth name	Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso
birth date	October 25, 1881
birth place	Málaga, Spain
death date	April 08, 1973
death place	Mougins, France
resting place	Chateau of Vauvenargues
resting place coordinates
nationality	Spanish
field	Painting, Drawing, Sculpture, Printmaking, Ceramics
training	José Ruiz y Blasco (father), Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando
movement	Cubism
works	''Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'' (1907)''Guernica'' (1937)''The Weeping Woman'' (1937)
awards	}}

Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso known as Pablo Ruiz Picasso (; 25 October 1881 – 8 April 1973) was a Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor who lived most of his life in France. He is widely known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles that he helped develop and explore. Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist ''Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'' (1907) and ''Guernica'' (1937), a portrayal of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War.

Picasso demonstrated extraordinary artistic talent in his early years, painting in a realistic manner through his childhood and adolescence; during the first decade of the 20th century his style changed as he experimented with different theories, techniques, and ideas. His revolutionary artistic accomplishments brought him universal renown and immense fortune, making him one of the best-known figures in 20th century art.

Early life

Picasso was baptized ''Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Crispiniano de la Santísima Trinidad'', a series of names honoring various saints and relatives. Added to these were Ruiz and Picasso, for his father and mother, respectively, as per Spanish law. Born in the city of Málaga in the Andalusian region of Spain, he was the first child of Don José Ruiz y Blasco (1838–1913) and María Picasso y López. Picasso’s family was middle-class. His father was a painter who specialized in naturalistic depictions of birds and other game. For most of his life Ruiz was a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. Ruiz’s ancestors were minor aristocrats. Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age. According to his mother, his first words were “piz, piz”, a shortening of ''lápiz'', the Spanish word for ‘pencil’. From the age of seven, Picasso received formal artistic training from his father in figure drawing and oil painting. Ruiz was a traditional, academic artist and instructor who believed that proper training required disciplined copying of the masters, and drawing the human body from plaster casts and live models. His son became preoccupied with art to the detriment of his classwork.

The family moved to A Coruña in 1891, where his father became a professor at the School of Fine Arts. They stayed almost four years. On one occasion the father found his son painting over his unfinished sketch of a pigeon. Observing the precision of his son’s technique, an apocryphal story relates that Ruiz felt that the thirteen-year-old Picasso had surpassed him, and vowed to give up painting, though paintings by Ruiz exist from later years.

In 1895, Picasso was traumatized when his seven-year old sister, Conchita, died of diphtheria. After her death, the family moved to Barcelona, where Ruiz took a position at its School of Fine Arts. Picasso thrived in the city, regarding it in times of sadness or nostalgia as his true home. Ruiz persuaded the officials at the academy to allow his son to take an entrance exam for the advanced class. This process often took students a month, but Picasso completed it in a week, and the impressed jury admitted Picasso, who was 13. The student lacked discipline but made friendships that would affect him in later life. His father rented him a small room close to home so Picasso could work alone, yet Ruiz checked up on him numerous times a day, judging his son’s drawings. The two argued frequently.

Picasso’s father and uncle decided to send the young artist to Madrid’s Royal Academy of San Fernando, the country's foremost art school. At age 16, Picasso set off for the first time on his own, but he disliked formal instruction and quit attending classes soon after enrollment. Madrid, however, held many other attractions. The Prado housed paintings by Diego Velázquez, Francisco Goya, and Francisco Zurbarán. Picasso especially admired the works of El Greco; elements like the elongated limbs, arresting colors, and mystical visages are echoed in Picasso’s later work.

Career beginnings

Picasso made his first trip to Paris in 1900, then the art capital of Europe. There, he met his first Parisian friend, the journalist and poet Max Jacob, who helped Picasso learn the language and its literature. Soon they shared an apartment; Max slept at night while Picasso slept during the day and worked at night. These were times of severe poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work was burned to keep the small room warm. During the first five months of 1901, Picasso lived in Madrid, where he and his anarchist friend Francisco de Asís Soler founded the magazine ''Arte Joven'' (''Young Art''), which published five issues. Soler solicited articles and Picasso illustrated the journal, mostly contributing grim cartoons depicting and sympathizing with the state of the poor. The first issue was published on 31 March 1901, by which time the artist had started to sign his work simply ''Picasso'', while before he had signed ''Pablo Ruiz y Picasso''.

By 1905 Picasso became a favorite of the American art collectors Leo and Gertrude Stein. Their older brother Michael Stein and his wife Sarah also became collectors of his work. Picasso painted portraits of both Gertrude Stein and her nephew Allan Stein. Gertrude Stein became Picasso's principal patron, acquiring his drawings and paintings and exhibiting them in her informal ''Salon'' at her home in Paris. At one of her gatherings in 1905, he met Henri Matisse, who was to become a lifelong friend and rival. The Steins introduced him to Claribel Cone and her sister Etta who were American art collectors; they also began to acquire Picasso and Matisse's paintings. Eventually Leo Stein moved to Italy, and Michael and Sarah Stein became patrons of Matisse; while Gertrude Stein continued to collect Picasso. In 1907 Picasso joined an art gallery that had recently been opened in Paris by Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler. Kahnweiler was a German art historian, art collector who became one of the premier French art dealers of the 20th century. He was among the first champions of Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and the Cubism that they jointly developed. Kahnweiler promoted burgeoning artists such as André Derain, Kees Van Dongen, Fernand Léger, Juan Gris, Maurice de Vlaminck and several others who had come from all over the globe to live and work in Montparnasse at the time.

In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, writer Alfred Jarry, and Gertrude Stein. Apollinaire was arrested on suspicion of stealing the ''Mona Lisa'' from the Louvre in 1911. Apollinaire pointed to his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.

Personal life

In the early 20th century, Picasso divided his time between Barcelona and Paris. In 1904, in the middle of a storm, he met Fernande Olivier, a Bohemian artist who became his mistress. Olivier appears in many of his Rose period paintings. After acquiring some fame and fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, whom he called Eva Gouel. Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works. Picasso was devastated by her premature death from illness at the age of 30 in 1915.

After World War I, Picasso made a number of important relationships with figures associated with Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Among his friends during this period were Jean Cocteau, Jean Hugo, Juan Gris and others. In the summer of 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev’s troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, ''Parade'', in Rome; and they spent their honeymoon in the villa near Biarritz of the glamorous Chilean art patron Eugenia Errázuriz. Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and all the social niceties attendant on the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had a son, Paulo, who would grow up to be a dissolute motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova’s insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso’s bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. During the same period that Picasso collaborated with Diaghilev’s troup, he and Igor Stravinsky collaborated on ''Pulcinella'' in 1920. Picasso took the opportunity to make several drawings of the composer.

In 1927 Picasso met 17-year-old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a secret affair with her. Picasso’s marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova’s death in 1955. Picasso carried on a long-standing affair with Marie-Thérèse Walter and fathered a daughter with her, named Maya. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso’s death. Throughout his life Picasso maintained a number of mistresses in addition to his wife or primary partner. Picasso was married twice and had four children by three women.

The photographer and painter Dora Maar was also a constant companion and lover of Picasso. The two were closest in the late 1930s and early 1940s, and it was Maar who documented the painting of Guernica.

War years and beyond

During the Second World War, Picasso remained in Paris while the Germans occupied the city. Picasso’s artistic style did not fit the Nazi ideal of art, so he did not exhibit during this time. Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint, producing works such as the ''Still Life with Guitar'' (1942) and ''The Charnel House'' (1944–48). Although the Germans outlawed bronze casting in Paris, Picasso continued regardless, using bronze smuggled to him by the French Resistance.

Around this time, Picasso took up writing as an alternative outlet. Between 1935 and 1959 he wrote over 300 poems. Largely untitled except for a date and sometimes the location of where it was written (for example “Paris 16 May 1936”), these works were gustatory, erotic and at times scatological, as were his two full-length plays ''Desire Caught by the Tail'' (1941) and ''The Four Little Girls'' (1949).

In 1944, after the liberation of Paris, Picasso began a romantic relationship with a young art student named Françoise Gilot. She was 40 years younger than he was. Picasso grew tired of his mistress Dora Maar; Picasso and Gilot began to live together. Eventually they had two children: Claude, born in 1947 and Paloma, born in 1949. In her 1964 book ''Life with Picasso'', she describes his abusive treatment and myriad infidelities which led her to leave him, taking the children with her. This was a severe blow to Picasso.

Picasso had affairs with women an even greater age disparity than his and Gilot's. While still involved with Gilot, in 1951 Picasso had a six-week affair with Geneviève Laporte, who was four years younger than Gilot. Eventually, as evident in his work, Picasso began to come to terms with his advancing age and his waning attraction to young women. By his 70s, many paintings, ink drawings and prints have as their theme an old, grotesque dwarf as the doting lover of a beautiful young model. Jacqueline Roque (1927–1986) worked at the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris on the French Riviera, where Picasso made and painted ceramics. She became his lover, and then his second wife in 1961. The two were together for the remainder of Picasso’s life.

His marriage to Roque was also a means of revenge against Gilot; with Picasso’s encouragement, Gilot had divorced her then husband, Luc Simon, with the plan to finally actually marry Picasso to secure the rights of her children as Picasso's legitimate heirs. However, Picasso had already secretly married Roque, after Gilot had filed for divorce. This strained his relationship with Claude and Paloma.

By this time, Picasso had constructed a huge Gothic home, and could afford large villas in the south of France, at Notre-dame-de-vie on the outskirts of Mougins, and in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. He was an international celebrity, and there was often as much interest in his personal life as his art.

In addition to his artistic accomplishments, Picasso made a few film appearances, always as himself, including a cameo in Jean Cocteau’s ''Testament of Orpheus''. In 1955 he helped make the film ''Le Mystère Picasso'' ''(The Mystery of Picasso)'' directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot.

Death

Pablo Picasso died on 8 April 1973 in Mougins, France, while he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. His final words were “Drink to me, drink to my health, you know I can’t drink any more.” He was interred at the Chateau of Vauvenargues near Aix-en-Provence, a property he had acquired in 1958 and occupied with Jacqueline between 1959 and 1962. Jacqueline Roque prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral. Devastated and lonely after the death of Picasso, Jacqueline Roque took her own life by gunshot in 1986 when she was 59 years old.

Children

Paulo (4 February 1921 – 5 June 1975) (Born Paul Joseph Picasso) — with Olga Khokhlova

Maya (5 September 1935 – ) (Born Maria de la Concepcion Picasso) — with Marie-Thérèse Walter

Claude (15 May 1947 –) (Born Claude Pierre Pablo Picasso) & Paloma (19 April 1949 – ) (Born Anne Paloma Picasso) — with Françoise Gilot

Political views

Aside from the several anti-war paintings that he created, Picasso remained physically neutral during World War I, the Spanish Civil War, and World War II, refusing to join the armed forces for any side or country. At the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1937, Picasso was already in his late fifties. He was even older at the onset of World War II, and could not be expected to take up arms in those conflicts. As a Spanish citizen living in France, Picasso was under no compulsion to fight against the invading Germans in either World War. In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Francisco Franco and fascists through his art, he did not take up arms against them. He also remained aloof from the Catalan independence movement during his youth despite expressing general support and being friendly with activists within it.

In 1944 Picasso joined the French Communist Party, attended an international peace conference in Poland, and in 1950 received the Stalin Peace Prize from the Soviet government, But party criticism of a portrait of Stalin as insufficiently realistic cooled Picasso’s interest in communist politics, though he remained a loyal member of the Communist Party until his death. In a 1945 interview with Jerome Seckler, Picasso stated: “I am a Communist and my painting is Communist painting. ... But if I were a shoemaker, Royalist or Communist or anything else, I would not necessarily hammer my shoes in a special way to show my politics.” His Communist militancy, common among continental intellectuals and artists at the time although it was officially banned in Francoist Spain, has long been the subject of some controversy; a notable source or demonstration thereof was a quote commonly attributed to Salvador Dalí (with whom Picasso had a rather strained relationship): : '' Picasso es pintor, yo también; [...] Picasso es español, yo también; Picasso es comunista, yo tampoco.'' :(Picasso is a painter, so am I; [...] Picasso is a Spaniard, so am I; Picasso is a communist, neither am I.)

In the late 1940s his old friend the surrealist poet and Trotskyist and anti-Stalinist André Breton was more blunt; refusing to shake hands with Picasso, he told him: “I don’t approve of your joining the Communist Party nor with the stand you have taken concerning the purges of the intellectuals after the Liberation”.

In 1962, he received the Lenin Peace Prize. Biographer and art critic John Berger felt his talents as an artist were “wasted” by the communists.

According to Jean Cocteau's diaries, Picasso once said to him in reference to the communists: "I have joined a family, and like all families, it's full of shit".

He was against the intervention of the United Nations and the United States in the Korean War and he depicted it in ''Massacre in Korea.''

Art

Picasso’s work is often categorized into periods. While the names of many of his later periods are debated, the most commonly accepted periods in his work are the Blue Period (1901–1904), the Rose Period (1905–1907), the African-influenced Period (1908–1909), Analytic Cubism (1909–1912), and Synthetic Cubism (1912–1919).

In 1939–40 the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, under its director Alfred Barr, a Picasso enthusiast, held a major and highly successful retrospective of his principal works up until that time. This exhibition lionized the artist, brought into full public view in America the scope of his artistry, and resulted in a reinterpretation of his work by contemporary art historians and scholars.

Before 1901

Picasso’s training under his father began before 1890. His progress can be traced in the collection of early works now held by the Museu Picasso in Barcelona, which provides one of the most comprehensive records extant of any major artist’s beginnings. During 1893 the juvenile quality of his earliest work falls away, and by 1894 his career as a painter can be said to have begun. The academic realism apparent in the works of the mid-1890s is well displayed in ''The First Communion'' (1896), a large composition that depicts his sister, Lola. In the same year, at the age of 14, he painted ''Portrait of Aunt Pepa'', a vigorous and dramatic portrait that Juan-Eduardo Cirlot has called “without a doubt one of the greatest in the whole history of Spanish painting.”

In 1897 his realism became tinged with Symbolist influence, in a series of landscape paintings rendered in non naturalistic violet and green tones. What some call his Modernist period (1899–1900) followed. His exposure to the work of Rossetti, Steinlen, Toulouse-Lautrec and Edvard Munch, combined with his admiration for favorite old masters such as El Greco, led Picasso to a personal version of modernism in his works of this period.

Blue Period

Picasso’s Blue Period (1901–1904) consists of somber paintings rendered in shades of blue and blue-green, only occasionally warmed by other colors. This period’s starting point is uncertain; it may have begun in Spain in the spring of 1901, or in Paris in the second half of the year. Many paintings of gaunt mothers with children date from this period. In his austere use of color and sometimes doleful subject matter—prostitutes and beggars are frequent subjects—Picasso was influenced by a trip through Spain and by the suicide of his friend Carlos Casagemas. Starting in autumn of 1901 he painted several posthumous portraits of Casagemas, culminating in the gloomy allegorical painting ''La Vie'' (1903), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art.

The same mood pervades the well-known etching ''The Frugal Repast'' (1904), which depicts a blind man and a sighted woman, both emaciated, seated at a nearly bare table. Blindness is a recurrent theme in Picasso’s works of this period, also represented in ''The Blindman’s Meal'' (1903, the Metropolitan Museum of Art) and in the portrait of ''Celestina'' (1903). Other works include ''Portrait of Soler'' and ''Portrait of Suzanne Bloch‎''.

Rose Period

The Rose Period (1904–1906) is characterized by a more cheery style with orange and pink colors, and featuring many circus people, acrobats and harlequins known in France as saltimbanques. The harlequin, a comedic character usually depicted in checkered patterned clothing, became a personal symbol for Picasso. Picasso met Fernande Olivier, a model for sculptors and artists, in Paris in 1904, and many of these paintings are influenced by his warm relationship with her, in addition to his increased exposure to French painting. The generally upbeat and optimistic mood of paintings in this period is reminiscent of the 1899–1901 period (i.e. just prior to the Blue Period) and 1904 can be considered a transition year between the two periods.

African-influenced Period

Picasso’s African-influenced Period (1907–1909) begins with the two figures on the right in his painting, ''Les Demoiselles d'Avignon'', which were inspired by African artifacts. Formal ideas developed during this period lead directly into the Cubist period that follows.

Cubism

Analytic cubism (1909–1912) is a style of painting Picasso developed along with Georges Braque using monochrome brownish and neutral colors. Both artists took apart objects and “analyzed” them in terms of their shapes. Picasso and Braque’s paintings at this time have many similarities. Synthetic cubism (1912–1919) was a further development of the genre, in which cut paper fragments—often wallpaper or portions of newspaper pages—were pasted into compositions, marking the first use of collage in fine art.

Classicism and surrealism

In the period following the upheaval of World War I, Picasso produced work in a neoclassical style. This “return to order” is evident in the work of many European artists in the 1920s, including André Derain, Giorgio de Chirico, Gino Severini, the artists of the New Objectivity movement and of the Novecento Italiano movement. Picasso’s paintings and drawings from this period frequently recall the work of Raphael and Ingres.

During the 1930s, the minotaur replaced the harlequin as a common motif in his work. His use of the minotaur came partly from his contact with the surrealists, who often used it as their symbol, and it appears in Picasso’s ''Guernica''.

Arguably Picasso’s most famous work is his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War—''Guernica''. This large canvas embodies for many the inhumanity, brutality and hopelessness of war. Asked to explain its symbolism, Picasso said, “It isn’t up to the painter to define the symbols. Otherwise it would be better if he wrote them out in so many words! The public who look at the picture must interpret the symbols as they understand them.”

''Guernica'' hung in New York’s Museum of Modern Art for many years. In 1981 ''Guernica'' was returned to Spain and exhibited at the Casón del Buen Retiro. In 1992 the painting hung in Madrid’s Reina Sofía Museum when it opened.

Later works

Picasso was one of 250 sculptors who exhibited in the 3rd Sculpture International held at the Philadelphia Museum of Art in mid-1949. In the 1950s, Picasso’s style changed once again, as he took to producing reinterpretations of the art of the great masters. He made a series of works based on Velazquez’s painting of ''Las Meninas''. He also based paintings on works by Goya, Poussin, Manet, Courbet and Delacroix. He was commissioned to make a maquette for a huge -high public sculpture to be built in Chicago, known usually as the ''Chicago Picasso''. He approached the project with a great deal of enthusiasm, designing a sculpture which was ambiguous and somewhat controversial. What the figure represents is not known; it could be a bird, a horse, a woman or a totally abstract shape. The sculpture, one of the most recognizable landmarks in downtown Chicago, was unveiled in 1967. Picasso refused to be paid $100,000 for it, donating it to the people of the city. Picasso’s final works were a mixture of styles, his means of expression in constant flux until the end of his life. Devoting his full energies to his work, Picasso became more daring, his works more colorful and expressive, and from 1968 through 1971 he produced a torrent of paintings and hundreds of copperplate etchings. At the time these works were dismissed by most as pornographic fantasies of an impotent old man or the slapdash works of an artist who was past his prime. Only later, after Picasso’s death, when the rest of the art world had moved on from abstract expressionism, did the critical community come to see that Picasso had already discovered neo-expressionism and was, as so often before, ahead of his time.

Commemoration and legacy

Picasso was exceptionally prolific throughout his long lifetime. The total number of artworks he produced has been estimated at 50,000, comprising 1,885 paintings; 1,228 sculptures; 2,880 ceramics, roughly 12,000 drawings, many thousands of prints, and numerous tapestries and rugs. At the time of his death many of his paintings were in his possession, as he had kept off the art market what he did not need to sell. In addition, Picasso had a considerable collection of the work of other famous artists, some his contemporaries, such as Henri Matisse, with whom he had exchanged works. Since Picasso left no will, his death duties (estate tax) to the French state were paid in the form of his works and others from his collection. These works form the core of the immense and representative collection of the Musée Picasso in Paris. In 2003, relatives of Picasso inaugurated a museum dedicated to him in his birthplace, Málaga, Spain, the Museo Picasso Málaga.

The Museu Picasso in Barcelona features many of Picasso’s early works, created while he was living in Spain, including many rarely seen works which reveal Picasso’s firm grounding in classical techniques. The museum also holds many precise and detailed figure studies done in his youth under his father’s tutelage, as well as the extensive collection of Jaime Sabartés, Picasso’s close friend and personal secretary.

Several paintings by Picasso rank among the most expensive paintings in the world. ''Garçon à la pipe'' sold for US$104 million at Sotheby's on 4 May 2004, establishing a new price record. ''Dora Maar au Chat'' sold for US$95.2 million at Sotheby’s on 3 May 2006. On 4 May 2010, ''Nude, Green Leaves and Bust'' was sold at Christie's for $106.5 million. The 1932 work, which depicts Picasso's mistress Marie-Thérèse Walter reclining and as a bust, was in the personal collection of Los Angeles philanthropist Frances Lasker Brody, who died in November 2009. Christie's won the rights to auction the collection against London-based Sotheby's. The collection as a whole was valued at over $150 million, while the work was originally expected to earn $80 million at auction. There were more than half a dozen bidders, while the winning bid was taken via telephone. The previous auction record ($104.3 million) was set in February 2010, by Alberto Giacometti's ''Walking Man I''.

As of 2004, Picasso remains the top ranked artist (based on sales of his works at auctions) according to the Art Market Trends report. More of his paintings have been stolen than those by any other artist; the Art Loss Register has 550 of his works listed as missing.

The Picasso Administration functions as his official Estate. The U.S. copyright representative for the Picasso Administration is the Artists Rights Society.

In the 1996 movie ''Surviving Picasso'', Picasso is portrayed by actor Anthony Hopkins.

Recent Major Exhibitions

''Picasso: Masterpieces from the Musée National Picasso, Paris,'' an exhibition of 150 paintings, sculptures, drawings, prints and photographs from the Musée National Picasso in Paris. The exhibit touring schedule includes:

8 October 2010 – 17 January 2011, Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington, USA.

19 February 2011 – 15 May 2011, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia, USA.

11 June 2011 – 9 October 2011, M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, California, USA.

12 November 2011 – 19 February 2012, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.

28 April 2012 – 26 August 2012, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

See also

Pierre Le Guennec

Notes

References

Nill, Raymond M. “A Visual Guide to Pablo Picasso’s Works”. New York: B&H; Publishers, 1987.

External links

Biography and works of Pablo Picasso

Picasso: Genius in Color — slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Gallery of Picasso's Women

Picasso painting on glass scene from Visit to Picasso by Paul Haesaerts

Pablo Picasso — Biography, Quotes & Paintings, retrieved 14 June 2007.

Poems by Picasso in English translation from Samizdat

Cubism, The Big Picture

Artists Rights Society, Picasso's U.S. Copyright Representatives

Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies. ULAN Full Record Display for Pablo Picasso. Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Institute. Los Angeles, California

Picasso: Drawing With Light – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Footage of Pablo Picasso at Second World Peace congress in 1950

Art History Archive

Essays

''Power and Tenderness in Men and in Picasso’s ‘Minotauromachy’ '' by Chaim Koppelman

Museums

Guggenheim Museum Biography

Hilo Art Museum, (Hilo Hawaii, USA)

Honolulu Academy of Arts

Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, USA)

Musée National Picasso (Paris, France)

Musée Picasso (Antibes, France)

Museo Picasso Málaga (Málaga, Spain)

Museu Picasso (Barcelona, Spain)

Museum Berggruen (Berlin, Germany)

National Gallery of Art list of paintings

Graphikmuseum Pablo Picasso Münster (Münster, Germany)

Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) (Los Angeles, California)

Sammlung + Picasso Donation Rosengart (Lucerne, Switzerland)

Category:1881 births Category:1973 deaths Category:People from Málaga (city) Category:Ballet designers Category:Cubism Category:Figurative artists Category:French Communist Party members Category:Lenin Peace Prize recipients Category:Modern painters * Category:People from Paris Category:Spanish communists Category:Spanish expatriates in France Category:Spanish painters Category:Spanish people of the Spanish Civil War Category:Spanish potters Category:Spanish sculptors Category:20th-century sculptors *Pablo Picasso Category:School of Paris

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