An ore is a type of rock that contains minerals with important elements including metals. The ores are extracted through mining; these are then refined to extract the valuable element(s).

The grade or concentration of an ore mineral, or metal, as well as its form of occurrence, will directly affect the costs associated with mining the ore. The cost of extraction must thus be weighted against the contained metal value of the rock to determine what ore can be processed and what ore is of too low a grade to be worth mining. Metal ores are generally oxides, sulfides, silicates, or "native" metals (such as native copper) that are not commonly concentrated in the Earth's crust or "noble" metals (not usually forming compounds) such as gold. The ores must be processed to extract the metals of interest from the waste rock and from the ore minerals. Ore bodies are formed by a variety of geological processes. The process of ore formation is called ore genesis.

Ore deposits

An ore deposit is an accumulation of ore. This is distinct from a mineral resource as defined by the mineral resource classification criteria. An ore deposit is one occurrence of the particular ore type. Most ore deposits are named according to either their location (for example, the Witswatersrand, South Africa), or after a discoverer (e.g. the kambalda nickel shoots are named after drillers), or after some whimsy, an historical figure, a prominent person, something from mythology (phoenix, kraken, serepentleopard, etc.) or the code name of the resource company which found it (e.g. MKD-5 is the in-house name for the Mount Keith nickel ).

Classification of ore deposits

Ore deposits are classified according to various criteria developed via the study of economic geology, or ore genesis. The classifications below are typical.

Hydrothermal epigenetic deposits

''Mesothermal'' lode gold deposits, typified by the Golden Mile, Kalgoorlie

Archaean conglomerate hosted gold-uranium deposits, typified by Elliot Lake, Canada and Witwatersrand, South Africa

Carlin–type gold deposits, including;

* Dolomite-hosted jasperoid replacement subtype

''Epithermal'' stockwork vein deposits

Granite related hydrothermal

IOCG or iron oxide copper gold deposits, typified by the supergiant Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U deposit

Porphyry copper +/- gold +/- molybdenum +/- silver deposits

Intrusive-related copper-gold +/- (tin-tungsten), typified by the Tombstone, Arizona deposits

Hydromagmatic magnetite iron ore deposits and skarns

Skarn ore deposits of copper, lead, zinc, tungsten, etcetera

Nickel-cobalt-platinum deposits

Magmatic nickel-copper-iron-PGE deposits including

* Cumulate vanadiferous or platinum-bearing magnetite or chromite

* Cumulate hard-rock titanium (ilmenite) deposits

* Komatiite hosted Ni-Cu-PGE deposits

* Subvolcanic feeder subtype, typified by Noril'sk-Talnakh and the Thompson Belt, Canada

* Intrusive-related Ni-Cu-PGE, typified by Voisey's Bay, Canada and Jinchuan, China

Lateritic nickel ore deposits, examples include Goro and Acoje, (Philippines) and Ravensthorpe, Western Australia.

Volcanic-related deposits

Volcanic hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) Cu-Pb-Zn including;

* Examples include Teutonic Bore and Golden Grove, Western Australia

** Besshi type

** Kuroko type

Metamorphically reworked deposits

Podiform serpentinite-hosted paramagmatic iron oxide-chromite deposits, typified by Savage River, Tasmania iron ore, Coobina chromite deposit

Broken Hill Type Pb-Zn-Ag, considered to be a class of reworked SEDEX deposits

Carbonatite-alkaline igneous related

Phosphorus-tantalite-vermiculite (Phalaborwa South Africa)

Rare earth elements - Mount Weld, Australia and Bayan Obo, Mongolia

Diatreme hosted diamond in kimberlite, lamproite or lamprophyre

Sedimentary deposits

Banded iron formation iron ore deposits, including

* Channel-iron deposits or pisolite type iron ore

Heavy mineral sands ore deposits and other sand dune hosted deposits

Alluvial gold, diamond, tin, platinum or black sand deposits

Alluvial oxide zinc deposit type: sole example Skorpion Zinc

Sedimentary hydrothermal deposits

SEDEX

* Lead-zinc-silver, typified by Red Dog, McArthur River, Mount Isa, etc.

* Stratiform arkose-hosted and shale-hosted copper, typified by the Zambian copperbelt.

* Stratiform tungsten, typified by the Erzgebirge deposits, Czechoslovakia

* Exhalative spilite-chert hosted gold deposits

Mississippi valley type (MVT) zinc-lead deposits

Hematite iron ore deposits of altered banded iron formation

Astrobleme-related ores

Sudbury Basin nickel and copper, Ontario, Canada

Extraction

The basic extraction of ore deposits follows the steps below;

# Prospecting or exploration to find and then define the extent and value of ore where it is located ("ore body") # Conduct resource estimation to mathematically estimate the size and grade of the deposit # Conduct a pre-feasibility study to determine the theoretical economics of the ore deposit. This identifies, early on, whether further investment in estimation and engineering studies is warranted and identifies key risks and areas for further work. # Conduct a feasibility study to evaluate the financial viability, technical and financial risks and robustness of the project and make a decision as whether to develop or walk away from a proposed mine project. This includes mine planning to evaluate the economically recoverable portion of the deposit, the metallurgy and ore recoverability, marketability and payability of the ore concentrates, engineering, milling and infrastructure costs, finance and equity requirements and a cradle to grave analysis of the possible mine, from the initial excavation all the way through to reclamation. # Development to create access to an ore body and building of mine plant and equipment # The operation of the mine in an active sense # Reclamation to make land where a mine had been suitable for future use

Trade

Ores (metals) are traded internationally and comprise a sizeable portion of international trade in raw materials both in value and volume. This is because the worldwide distribution of ores is unequal and dislocated from locations of peak demand and from smelting infrastructure.

Most base metals (copper, lead, zinc, nickel) are traded internationally on the London Metal Exchange, with smaller stockpiles and metals exchanges monitored by the COMEX and NYMEX exchanges in the United States and the Shanghai Futures Exchange in China.

Iron ore is traded between customer and producer, though various benchmark prices are set quarterly between the major mining conglomerates and the major consumers, and this sets the stage for smaller participants.

Other, lesser, commodities do not have international clearing houses and benchmark prices, with most prices negotiated between suppliers and customers one-on-one. This generally makes determining the price of ores of this nature opaque and difficult. Such metals include lithium, niobium-tantalum, bismuth, antimony and rare earths. Most of these commodities are also dominated by one or two major suppliers with >60% of the world's reserves. The London Metal Exchange aims to add uranium to its list of metals on warrant.

The World Bank reports that China was the top importer of ores and metals in 2005 followed by the USA and Japan.

Important ore minerals

See also

Economic geology

Mineral resource classification

Ore genesis

Petrology

Category:Economic geology

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name	Singh Is Kinng
director	Anees Bazmee
producer	Vipul Amrutlal Shah
story	Anees Bazmee
screenplay	Anees BazmeeSuresh Nair
runtime	2:16:08
starring	Akshay Kumar Katrina KaifRanvir ShoreyNeha DhupiaJaved JaffreySonu Sood
music	Pritam
cinematography	Sanjay F. GuptaBen Nott
distributor	Studio 18Reliance Big PicturesBlockbuster Movie Entertainers
released	8 August 2008
language	HindiPunjabi
country	India
budget	$11,074,000
gross	$29,169,677 }}

''Singh is Kinng'' (Hindi: सिंह इज़ किंग, ) is a 2008 Bollywood comedy film. The film is directed by Anees Bazmee and stars Akshay Kumar and Katrina Kaif, the film also featured a music video with Snoop Dogg. About 75% of the movie was shot in Australia, around the Gold Coast region and Brisbane using an Australian production team (Instinct India). The film was released on 8 August 2008. Akshay Kumar has been nominated for Best Actor at the 3rd Asian Film Awards for his performance in the film.

The spelling of the word "king" in the film's title with an additional letter "n" was based on advice provided by a numerologist, a practice which has become routine in Bollywood.

Plot summary

Lakhan Singh (Sonu Sood), also called "Lucky," is the "kinng" of the Australian underworld, and is the first "Singh Is Kinng" of the film's title. He is accompanied by his associates, Julie (Neha Dhupia), Mika (Jaaved Jaffrey), Pankaj Udaas (Yashpal Sharma), Raftaar (Sudhanshu Pandey) and Dilbaugh Singh (Manoj Pahwa). Far away from Australia, in a small village in Punjab, the city in India where Lucky was born, exists a criminal more notorious than Lucky himself—Happy Singh (Akshay Kumar). Happy has caused many problems and disastrous situations in the village, and the villagers are fed up with him. They decide to send Happy on a long trip to Australia with his friend Rangeela (Om Puri) to bring Lucky back to Punjab, which will keep Happy out of the village for some time and bring peace to the village.

But at the airport, Happy's and Rangeela's tickets to Australia are accidentally exchanged with that which a stranger named Puneet was hoping to use to fly to Egypt, and they reach the opposite places. In Egypt, Happy helps Sonia (Katrina Kaif) and falls deeply in love with her. But he does not express his love to her. Instead, leaving her behind, he heads towards Australia to meet Lucky. Lucky refuses to return to his home-town and throws Happy and Rangeela out of the house where he has been living. Penniless, Happy finds warmth and affection in an elderly lady (Kirron Kher) who provides him with food when he was starving in spite of being a stranger.

Lucky winds up in hospital, paralyzed, after a series of violent incidents that Happy causes. (In one of these incidents, his head is bumped severely, and the trauma from the resultant concussion is what paralyzes him.) Happy unexpectedly receives the title of Kinng—thereby becoming the ''other'' "Singh Is Kinng" of the film's title. Alas, Happy is not proud of his rank and is kind-hearted. The lady who helped Happy is really worried and depressed as her daughter is returning from Egypt with her wealthy boyfriend, Puneet—the man at the airport with whose ticket Happy's and Rangeela's were accidentally switched. (In the film, Ranvir Shorey acted out the role.) The daughter does not know that after the death of her father years ago, her mother became poverty-stricken and was reduced to work as a flower seller. Happy gives the flower-seller his spacious house and makes all his mafia associates work as workers.

The lady's daughter arrives—and to Happy's horror, she turns out to be Sonia; worse for him, her boyfriend Puneet is with her. Happy, heart-broken, is forced to make a show of happiness to Sonia. Puneet says that he too would have had a good time with Happy and Sonia in Egypt had his ticket to Egypt not been exchanged in the airport, because of which mistake he had ended up in Australia instead. Puneet had always been jealous of Sonia being with Happy; strangely, however, he doubts that anything is going on between them. He and Sonia squabble about this topic; it is Happy who handles it.

In spite of herself, Sonia falls in love with Happy—and the truth becomes difficult to hide. Sonia becomes aware of her poverty, and that in addition to keeping it hidden from her, Happy had helped her mother. Puneet sets his heart to marry Sonia. Sonia gets trapped in an emotional tug-of-war between Puneet, who loves her, and Happy, whom she loves.

Puneet meets a man named Mika, who is the associate and brother of the Kinng, and who agrees to kill Happy. Puneet's motives to kill Happy, however, differ from Mika's: Puneet wants to kill Happy to keep Sonia away from him, whereas Mika wants to kill Happy to make himself Kinng.

The marriage day dawns and there is firing (all because Julie drops some guns). Puneet hides while the pandit chants the mantras, his head totally covered by a pot, amidst gunfire all around, while Happy and Sonia are running together around the fire seven times. (During all this, Lucky's head is bumped, and the trauma-induced paralysis he had suffered from is relieved.) Happy and Sonia eventually get married, making them a couple. Suddenly, Mika turns up on the spot, ready to kill Happy, armed with a gang and his new special glasses and hearing aid. As he is about to shoot, Lucky steps up and stops him. Then a dialogue ensues between Mika, Happy, Lucky and the associates of the kinng (sic). Then Happy tells him that being the "king" is no great thing. Lucky confesses that he always found sadness being Kinng, because a true king does not fight for himself, but for others. Overcome with remorse, Mika drops his revolver. The movie ends happily, with Happy's and Sonia's marriage off to a start.

Cast

Akshay Kumar as Happy Singh

Katrina Kaif as Sonia Singh

Neha Dhupia as Julie

Jaaved Jaaferi in double role as Mika (Lucky's brother) / Puneet's dad

Ranvir Shorey as Puneet

Kamal Chopra as Guruji Gurbaksh Singh

Om Puri as Rangeela

Sudhanshu Pandey as Raftaar

Sonu Sood as Lakhan Singh a.k.a. Lucky

Kirron Kher as Rose Lady

Yashpal Sharma as Pankaj Udaas

Manoj Pahwa as Dilbag Singh

Chayan Sarkar as Man at Airport

Brad McMurray as a Gangster

Gurpreet Guggi

Snoop Dogg as himself

Khayali as one of the villagers who is getting married.

Music

The music was composed by Pritam. The song "Singh Is Kinng" was composed by the British bhangra band RDB. The soundtrack was launched officially at the IIFA Awards in Bangkok on 8 June 2008 where Akshay Kumar and RDB performed two songs from the soundtrack.

The film's music received particular attention in the United States due to the involvement of Snoop Dogg who has a cameo in the film performing the title song. Snoop Dogg's performance has been described as "The first time that a mainstream American artist has performed on a Bollywood soundtrack".

{{Infobox album | Name = Singh is Kinng | Type = Soundtrack | Artist = Pritam | Cover = | Caption = Album cover | Released = 8 June 2008 | Recorded = | Genre = Feature film soundtrack | Length = 51:94 | Label =

But some members of the Sikh community had expressed their displeasure over the portrayal of Sikhs in the movie. The Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) announced that it was up to the audience to decide if it wanted to see the film or not.

On 1 August 2008, the Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee (DSGMC) sought a ban on the movie, saying that it "ridiculed" the Sikh community. It wrote a letter to Sheila Dikshit, the chief minister of Delhi, asking her to ban the movie. The main objection raised was that the film promos showed Akshay Kumar's character sporting a trimmed beard, which Sikhs found offensive as they believe that a Sikh should not trim his beard. Akshay Kumar and Vipul Shah had a 50-minute discussion with the DSGMC authorities, in which they explained the positive message behind the film. The DSGMC members requested twelve changes, with which the filmmakers complied. As a result of the discussion, DSGMC gave a "clean chit" to the movie on 7 August 2008.

Reviews and reception

The movie was well received as of early September 2008, with most theatres outside India reporting 95%-100% attendance. Taran Adarsh, of indiafm.com, stated, ''"Singh Is Kinng'' lives up to the hype and hoopla. Want a joyride without taxing your brains? Board the SINGH IS KINNG wagon. At the box-office, the film will fetch a hurricane-like start. The paid previews, the opening weekend, the first week business, everything will be record-shattering. Notwithstanding the new oppositions in the weeks to come, ''Singh is Kinng'' will rule the hearts of the aam junta [whose verdict matters the most] as also the box-office, proving a record holder in the final tally." NDTV India gave the movie 2.5/5 stars.Rediff gave it a 3.5/5. The film was showcased at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival.

Box office

''Singh Is Kinng'' opened to a 95–100% occupancy in India and grossed Rs. 29 crore in its first weekend, breaking the previous record of Rs. 22 crore set by ''Om Shanti Om''. ''Singh Is Kinng'' went on to gross Rs. 43.77 crores in the first week in India alone. This broke the record for the highest opening week gross also previously held by ''Om Shanti Om'', which grossed Rs. 41 crores in first week in 2007. ''Singh Is Kinng'' has netted INR 68.48 crore in India, and is currently the 16th highest-grossing film according to net collections. It did record breaking business in Delhi, Rajasthan and East Punjab whereas the rest of India it did good business.

Worldwide, ''Singh Is Kinng'' had excellent opening. It shattered records in Pakistan. It has grossed over 2 crores in Pakistan in two weeks, which is a record for any Indian film. In North America, it grossed $1.1 million USD in the first weekend. In the UK, it grossed approximately $1 million USD.

It grossed $35 million worldwide (as stated on the DVD).

Home video release

The DVD release had two discs. The bonus features included promos, trailers, premiers, etc. The DVD had a replica of the diamond that Akshay Kumar was wearing on his turban as well as post cards which had scenes from the film on them.

References

External links

Category:2008 films Category:Hindi-language films Category:Indian films Category:Films set in Australia Category:Fictional Indian people

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