Alcuin of York () or Ealhwine, nicknamed Albinus or Flaccus (730s or 740s – 19 May 804) was an English scholar, ecclesiastic, poet and teacher from York, Northumbria. He was born around 735 and became the student of Archbishop Ecgbert at York. At the invitation of Charlemagne, he became a leading scholar and teacher at the Carolingian court, where he remained a figure in the 780s and 790s. He wrote many theological and dogmatic treatises, as well as a few grammatical works and a number of poems. He was made Abbot of Saint Martin's at Tours in 796, where he remained until his death. "The most learned man anywhere to be found" according to Einhard's ''Life of Charlemagne'', he is considered among the most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance. Among his pupils were many of the dominant intellectuals of the Carolingian era.

Biography

Alcuin of York had a long career as a teacher and scholar, first at the school at York founded in AD 627 (now known as St Peter's School, York) and later as Charlemagne's leading advisor on ecclesiastical and educational matters. From 796 until his death he was Abbot of the great monastery of St. Martin of Tours.

The majority of details on Alcuin's life come from his letters and poems. There are also autobiographical sections in Alcuin's poem on York and in the ''Vita Alcuini'', a ''Life'' written for him at Ferrières in the 820s, possibly based in part on the memories of Sigwulf, one of Alcuin's pupils.

Background

Alcuin was born in Northumbria, presumably sometime in the 740s. Virtually nothing is known of his parents, family background, or origin. If so, Alcuin's origins may lie in the southern part of what was formerly known as Deira.

York

The young Alcuin came to the cathedral church of York during the golden age of Archbishop Ecgbert and Northumbrian King Eadberht. Egbert had been a disciple of the Venerable Bede, who urged him to raise York to an archbishopric. King Eadbert and his brother Egbert oversaw the re-energising and re-organisation of the English church, with an emphasis on reforming the clergy and on the tradition of learning that Bede had begun. Egbert was devoted to Alcuin, who thrived under his tutelage. It was in York that Alcuin formed his love of classical poetry, though he was sometimes troubled by the fact that it was written by non-Christians.

The York school was renowned as a centre of learning, in the liberal arts, literature and science as well as in religious matters. It was from here that Alcuin drew inspiration for the school he would lead at the Frankish court. He revived the school with the trivium and quadrivium disciplines. He wrote a codex on the trivium and his student Hraban wrote one on the quadrivium.

Alcuin graduated to become a teacher during the 750s. His ascendancy to the headship of the York school, the ancestor of St Peter's School, began after Aelbert became Archbishop of York in 767. Around the same time Alcuin became a deacon in the church. He was never ordained as a priest and there is no real evidence that he became an actual monk, but he lived his life as one.

In 781, King Elfwald sent Alcuin to Rome to petition the Pope for official confirmation of York’s status as an archbishopric and to confirm the election of the new archbishop, Eanbald I. On his way home he again met Charlemagne, this time in the Italian city of Parma.

Charlemagne

Alcuin's love of the church and his intellectual curiosity allowed him to be reluctantly persuaded to join Charlemagne's court. He joined an illustrious group of scholars that Charlemagne had gathered around him, the mainsprings of the Carolingian Renaissance: Peter of Pisa, Paulinus of Aquileia, Rado and Abbot Fulrad. Alcuin would later write that "the Lord was calling me to the service of King Charles."

He was welcomed at the Palace School of Charlemagne in Aachen (''Urbs Regale'') in 782. It had been founded by the king’s ancestors as a place for the education of the royal children (mostly in manners and the ways of the court). However, Charlemagne wanted to include the liberal arts and, most importantly, the study of the religion that he held sacred. From 782-790, Alcuin taught Charlemagne himself, his sons Pepin and Louis, the young men sent to be educated at court and the young clerics attached to the palace chapel. Bringing with him from York his assistants Pyttel, Sigewulf and Joseph, Alcuin revolutionized the educational standards of the Palace School, introducing Charlemagne to the liberal arts and creating a personalised atmosphere of scholarship and learning, to the extent that the institution came to be known as the 'school of Master Albinus'.

In this role as adviser, he tackled the emperor over his policy of forcing pagans to be baptised on pain of death, arguing, "Faith is a free act of the will, not a forced act. We must appeal to the conscience, not compel it by violence. You can force people to be baptised, but you cannot force them to believe." His arguments seem to have prevailed - Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797.

Charlemagne was a master at gathering the best men of every land in his court. He himself became far more than just the king at the center. It seems that he made many of these men his closest friends and counsellors. They referred to him as 'David', a reference to the Biblical king David. Alcuin soon found himself on intimate terms with Charlemagne and the other men at court, to whom he gave nicknames to be used for work and play. Alcuin himself was known as 'Albinus' or 'Flaccus'.

Alcuin’s friendships also extended to the ladies of the court, especially the queen mother and the king's daughters. His relationships with these women never reached the intense level of those of the men around him. Modern commentators, have identified the homo-erotic tone of some of Alcuin's poetry, emphasising the spiritual and idealistic aspects of his love for his friends and his pupils. While at Aachen, his pupils were given pet names, derived from classical allusions (mainly from Virgil's ''Eclogues'').

Return to Northumbria and back to Francia

In 790 Alcuin returned from the court of Charlemagne to his own country, to which he had always been greatly attached. He dwelt there for some time, but Charlemagne then invited him back to help in the fight against the Adoptionist heresy which was at that time making great progress in Toledo, the old capital of the Visigoths and still a major city for the Christians under Islamic rule in Spain. He is believed to have had contacts with Beatus of Liébana, from the Kingdom of Asturias, who fought against Adoptionism. At the Council of Frankfurt in 794, Alcuin upheld the orthodox doctrine and obtained the condemnation of the heresiarch Felix of Urgel. Having failed during his stay in Northumbria to influence King Æthelred in the conduct of his reign, Alcuin never returned home.

He was back at Charlemagne's court by at least mid 792, writing a series of letters to Æthelred, to Hygbald, Bishop of Lindisfarne, and Æthelhard, Archbishop of Canterbury in the succeeding months, which dealt with the Viking attack on Lindisfarne in July 792. These letters and Alcuin's poem on the subject ''De clade Lindisfarnensis monasterii'' provide the only significant contemporary account of these events.

In his description of the Viking attack, he wrote:- "''Never before has such terror appeared in Britain. Behold the church of St Cuthbert, splattered with the blood of God's priests, robbed of its ornaments''."

Tours and death

In 796 Alcuin was in his sixties. He hoped to be free from court duties and was given the chance upon the death of Abbot Itherius of Saint Martin at Tours, when Charlemagne put Marmoutier Abbey into Alcuin's care, with the understanding that he should be available if the king ever needed his counsel.

Alcuin died on 19 May 804, some ten years before the emperor, and was buried at St. Martin’s Church under an epitaph that partly read:

Carolingian Renaissance figure and legacy

Literary influence

Alcuin made the abbey school into a model of excellence and many students flocked to it. He had many manuscripts copied using outstandingly beautiful calligraphy, the Carolingian minuscule based on round and legible uncial letters. He wrote many letters to his English friends, to Arno, bishop of Salzburg and above all to Charlemagne. These letters (of which 311 are extant) are filled mainly with pious meditations, but they form an important source of information as to the literary and social conditions of the time and are the most reliable authority for the history of humanism during the Carolingian age. Alcuin trained the numerous monks of the abbey in piety and it was in the midst of these pursuits that he died.

Alcuin is the most prominent figure of the Carolingian Renaissance, in which three main periods have been distinguished: in the first of these, up to the arrival of Alcuin at the court, the Italians occupy a central place; in the second, Alcuin and the Anglo-Saxons are dominant; in the third (from 804), the influence of Theodulf, the Visigoth is preponderant.

We owe to him, too, manuals used in his educational work - a grammar and works on rhetoric and dialectics. They are written in the form of dialogues and in two of them the interlocutors are Charlemagne and Alcuin. He wrote several theological treatises: a ''De fide Trinitatis'', commentaries on the Bible, etc.

Alcuin transmitted to the Franks the knowledge of Latin culture which had existed in Ango-Saxon England. A number of his works still exist. His letters and his poetry are equally interesting. Besides some graceful epistles in the style of Venantius Fortunatus, he wrote some long poems and notably he is the author of a history (in verse) of the church at York, ''Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae''.

Mathematician

The textbook ''Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes'' is usually attributed to Alcuin. It contains about 53 mathematical word problems (with solutions), in no particular pedagogical order. Among the most famous of these problems are: four that involve river crossings, including the problem of three jealous husbands, each of whom can't let another man be alone with his wife (Problem 17); the problem of the wolf, goat, and cabbage (Problem 18); and the problem of "the two adults and two children where the children weigh half as much as the adults" (Problem 19).

Legacy

In several churches of the Anglican Communion, Alcuin is celebrated on 20 May, the first available day after the day of his death (as Dunstan is celebrated on 19 May).

Alcuin College, one of the colleges of the University of York, England, is named after him.

Quotations

;"potius animam curare memento, quam carnem, quoniam haec manet, illa perit.": 'Better to take (good/more) care of the soul rather than the body(flesh), for the former remains, the latter perishes.'

;"Nec audiendi qui solent dicere, Vox populi, vox Dei, quum tumultuositas vulgi semper insaniae proxima sit.": 'And those people should not be listened to who keep saying the voice of the people is the voice of God, since the riotousness of the crowd is always very close to madness.'

Selected works

The following list is partially based on an overview by Robert Levine and Whitney Bolton

;Poetry

''Carmina'', ed. Ernst Dümmler. ''Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini''. vol 1. Berlin, 1881.

*Godman, Peter (tr.). ''Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance''. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. 118-49.

*Isbell, Harold (tr.). ''The Last Poets of Imperial Rome''. Baltimore: Penguin, 1971.

Epitaph for Cone

Poem on York, ''Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae'', ed. and tr. Peter Godman, ''De pontificibus et sanctis Ecclesiae Eboracensis, The Bishops, Kings, and Saints of York.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982.

''De clade Lindisfarnensis monasterii'', "On the destruction of the monastery of Lindisfarne

;''Epistolae'' (Letters) Of Alcuin's letters, just over 310 have survived.

Dümmler, Ernst (ed.). 'Alkuini Epistolae' in MGH Epistolae IV (Berlin 1895) 1-493.

Jaffe, Philipp, Ernst Dümmler, W. Wattenbach (eds.). Monumenta Alcuiniana, Berlin, Weidmann, 1873, pp. 132–897.

Chase, Colin (ed.). ''Two Alcuin Letter-books''. Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1975.

Allott, Stephen (tr.). ''Alcuin of York, c. AD 732 to 804. His life and letters''. York, 1974.

Sturgeon, Thomas G. (tr.). ''The Letters of Alcuin: Part One, the Aachen Period (762-796)''. Harvard University Ph.D. Thesis, 1953.

Dorothy Whitelock (tr.), ''English Historical Documents''.

;Didactic works

''Ars grammatica''

''De orthographia'', ed. H. Keil, Grammatici Latini VII, 1880. 295-312.

''De dialectica''

''Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico'' "Dialogue of Pepin, the Most Noble and Royal Youth, with the Teacher Albinus", ed. L.W. Daly and W. Suchier, ''Altercatio Hadriani Augusti et Epicteti Philosophi''. Urbana, 1939. 134-46; ed. Wilhelm Wilmanns, "Disputatio regalis et nobilissimi juvenis Pippini cum Albino scholastico." ''Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum'' 14 (1869): 530-55, 562.

''Disputatio de rhetorica et de virtutibus sapientissimi regis Carli et Albini magistri'', ed. and tr. Wilbur Samuel Howell, ''The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne.'' New York: Russell and Russell, 1965 (1941); ed. C. Halm, ''Rhetorici Latini Minores''. 1863. 523-50.

''De virtutibus et vitiis'', also ''De vitiis et virtutum'' (moral treatise dedicated to Count Wido of Brittany, 799 x 800), ed. J.P. Migne. PL 101. Paris, 1851. 613-639 (transcript available online). A new critical edition is being prepared for the ''Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Medievalis''.

''De animae ratione (ad Eulaliam virginem)'' (written for Gundrada, Charlemagne's cousin)

''De Cursu et Saltu Lunae ac Bissexto'', astronomical treatise.

;Hagiography

''Vita II Vedastis episcopi Atrebatensis''. Revision of the earlier ''Vita Vedastis'' by Jonas of Bobbio.

''Vita Richarii confessoris Centulensis''. Revision of an earlier anonymous life.

''Vita Willibrordi archiepiscopi Traiectensis'', ed. W. Levison, ''Passiones vitaeque sanctorum aevi Merovingici''. MGH Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum 7/2. Hanover, 1920. 81–141.

See also

Carolingian art

Carolingian Empire

Category: Carolingian period

Correctory

Notes

Secondary sources

Bullough, Donald. ''Alcuin: Achievement and Reputation''. Leiden, 2003.

Bullough, Donald. "Alcuin." ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''.

Further reading

Frederick Lorenz. ''The life of Alcuin'' (Thomas Hurst, 1837).

Rolph Barlow Page. ''The Letters of Alcuin'' (New York: Forest Press, 1909).

E. M. Wilmot-Buxton. ''Alcuin'' (P J Kennedy, 1922).

Stephen Allot. ''Alcuin of York, his life and letters'' ISBN 0-900657-21-9

Andrew Fleming West. ''Alcuin and the Rise of the Christian Schools'' (C. Sscribner's Sons, 1912) ISBN 0-8371-1635-X

Eleanor Shipley Duckett. ''Alcuin, Friend of Charlemagne,'' (1951)

Eleanor Shipley Duckett. ''Carolingian Portraits'', (1962)

F. L. Ganshof. ''The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy'' ISBN 0-582-48227-5

John Boswell.''Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality'' ISBN 0-226-06710-6

Brian P. McGuire. ''Friendship, and Community: The Monastic Experience'' ISBN 0-87907-895-2

Thomas Stehling. ''Medieval Latin Love Poems of Male Love and Friendship'',

Peter Godman. ''Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance'' ISBN 0-7156-1768-0

Throop, Priscilla, trans. ''Alcuin: His Life; On Virtues and Vices; Dialogue with Pepin'' (Charlotte, VT: MedievalMS, 2011)

External links

Alcuin's book, ''Problems for the Quickening of the Minds of the Young''

Introduction to Alcuin's writings by Robert Levine and Whitney Bolton

''The Alcuin Society''

''Anglo-Saxon York on History of York site''

Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes

Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis: new critical editions in preparation

Corpus Grammaticorum Latinorum: complete texts and full bibliography

Category:735 births Category:804 deaths Category:8th-century philosophers Category:Anglo-Saxon poets Category:Anglo-Saxon writers Category:Carolingian dynasty Category:Carolingian Latin writers Category:Early Middle Ages Category:English astrologers Category:English theologians Category:Latin grammarians Category:Medieval European mathematics Category:Medieval linguists Category:People from York Category:Roman Catholic monks Category:Scholastic philosophers Category:Sources on Germanic paganism Category:9th-century Christians Category:Latin texts of Anglo-Saxon England Category:Anglican saints

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name	Prince Harry of Wales
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full name	Henry Charles Albert David|groupfn|namesur}}

| styles = ''HRH'' Prince Henry of Wales | house = House of Windsor | father = Charles, Prince of Wales | mother = Diana, Princess of Wales | birth_date = September 15, 1984 | birth_place = St Mary's Hospital, London | place of christening = St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle |}}

Prince Henry of Wales (Henry Charles Albert David; born 15 September 1984), commonly known as Prince Harry, is the younger son of Charles, Prince of Wales and the late Diana, Princess of Wales, and fourth grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. As such, he is third in the line of succession (behind his father and elder brother) to the thrones of sixteen independent sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis. Consequently, he is also third in line, again behind his father and elder brother, to the position Supreme Governor of the Church of England.

After an education at various schools around the United Kingdom and spending parts of his gap year in Australia and Lesotho, Harry, unlike his elder brother, Prince William, eschewed a university education in favour of following in the footsteps of various royal men by enrolling in the military. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the Blues and Royals of the Household Cavalry Regiment—serving temporarily with his brother—and completed his training as a tank commander. He served for 77 days on the front line in the Afghan War, although he was pulled out following publication of the story in an Australian magazine.

Early life

Harry was born at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, London, England, on 15 September 1984, weighing 6 lb 15oz. He was baptised at St George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle, by then Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Runcie. Harry's godparents were Prince Andrew (his paternal uncle); Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones (his paternal cousin); Lady Vestey; Mrs. William Bartholomew; Bryan Organ; and Gerald Ward.

Persistent suggestions, based on a similarity of hair colour, have been made that Harry's father is not Charles but James Hewitt, with whom Diana had an affair. However, red hair is known to be a Spencer family trait, and Hewitt stated to the press in 2002 that Harry had already been born by the time his affair with Diana began, a statement corroborated by Diana's police bodyguard.

There really is no possibility whatsoever that I am Harry's father. I can absolutely assure you that I am not...I can understand the interest but Harry was already walking by the time my relationship with Diana began. Admittedly the red hair is similar to mine and people say we look alike. I have never encouraged these comparisons and although I was with Diana for a long time I must state once and for all that I'm not Harry's father. - ''James Hewitt''

Diana wanted William and Harry to have a broader range of experiences than previous royal children and took both to venues that ranged from Disney World and McDonald's to AIDS clinics and shelters for the homeless. Diana, Princess of Wales, who was by then divorced from the Prince of Wales, died in a car collision in 1997. Harry, his brother and their father were staying at Balmoral Castle at the time, and the Prince of Wales waited until early the following morning to tell his sons about their mother's death. At his mother's funeral, Harry accompanied his father, brother, paternal grandfather, and maternal uncle in walking behind the funeral cortège from Kensington Palace to Westminster Abbey.

Education

Like his father and elder brother, Harry was educated at public schools, starting at Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London. Following this, he attended Ludgrove School, and, after passing the entrance exams, was admitted to Eton College, where he studied geography, art history, and art at A-Level. The decision to place Harry in Eton went against the family tradition of sending royal children to Gordonstoun (Harry's grandfather, father, two uncles, and two cousins all attended); it did, however, make the Prince follow in the Spencer family footsteps, as both Diana's father and brother had attended Eton. In June 2003, he completed his education at Eton with two A-Levels, obtaining a B in art, and a D in geography, having decided to drop history of art after AS level. He excelled in sports, particularly polo and rugby union. .

After graduation, Harry took a gap year, during which he spent time in Australia, working (as his father had done in his youth) on a cattle station and participating in the Young England vs Young Australia Polo Test Match. He also travelled to Lesotho, where he worked with orphaned children and produced the documentary film ''The Forgotten Kingdom'' and holidayed in Argentina.

Royal duties and career

Prince Harry began to accompany his parents on official visits at an early age; his first overseas royal tour was with his parents to Italy in 1985. The earlier decision made by the Princess of Wales to take an infant William to Australia set the precedent for young royal children going on official visits. Harry then accompanied either both parents or his father on subsequent tours, though he did not begin solo official engagements until after his military training and active service. In August 1995, at the age of 10, Prince Harry attended the 50th anniversary of Victory over Japan Day at the Cenotaph in London. There he saluted the officers in the military parade, one of the most important ceremonies in the royal family agenda. In 2008, he began to undertake royal visits to schools and organisations in Wales.

Military career

Prince Harry entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on 8 May 2005, where he was known as Officer Cadet Wales, and joined the Alamein Company. Within a year, in April 2006, Harry completed his officer's training and was commissioned as a Cornet in the Blues and Royals, a regiment of the Household Cavalry in the British Army. By April 2008, whereupon he reached two years' seniority, Harry was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.

The British Ministry of Defence and Clarence House made a joint announcement on 22 February 2007 that Prince Harry would be deployed with his regiment to the front line in Iraq, to serve as part of the 1st Mechanised Brigade of the 3rd Mechanised Divisiona move supported by Harry, who had stated that he would leave the army if he was told to remain in safety while his regiment went to war; he said: "There's no way I'm going to put myself through Sandhurst and then sit on my arse back home while my boys are out fighting for their country." Then head of the British army, General Sir Richard Dannatt, first said on 30 April 2007 that he had personally decided that the Prince would serve with his unit in Iraq, and Harry was scheduled for deployment in May or June 2007, to patrol the Maysan province. By 16 May, however, Dannatt announced that Prince Harry would not serve in Iraq; concerns included Harry being a high-value target (as several threats by various groups have already been made against him) and the dangers the soldiers around him would face should any attempt be made on the Prince's life or capture. Clarence House made public the Prince's disappointment with the decision, though he said he would abide by it. In May 2007, British soldiers in Iraq were reported to be wearing t-shirts bearing the statement "I'm Harry!"; a reference to the scene in the movie ''Spartacus'' in which the survivors of Spartacus's army, defeated by Roman legions, are offered leniency by Crassus if they will identify their leader. Every survivor declares: "I'm Spartacus!"

It was reported, in early June 2007, that Prince Harry had arrived in Canada to train, alongside soldiers of the Canadian Forces and British Army, at Canadian Forces base Suffield, near Medicine Hat, Alberta. It was said that this was in preparation for a tour of duty in Afghanistan, where Canadian and British forces were participating in the NATO led Afghan War; rumours that were confirmed in February the following year, when the British Ministry of Defence revealed that Harry had secretly been deployed as a Forward Air Controller to Helmand Province in the Asian country. The revelation came after the medianotably, the German newspaper ''Bild'' and Australian magazine ''New Idea'' breached the blackout placed over the information by the Canadian and British authorities. It was later reported that, while in Afghanistan, Harry had called in United States Air Force air strikes, helped Gurkha troops repel an attack from Taliban insurgents, and performed patrol duty in hostile areas. His tour came 735 years after his ancestor, Edward I of England (then Prince Edward), had also been on military duty in the Middle East during the Ninth crusade, and also made Harry the first member of the Royal Family to have served in a war zone since his uncle, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, flew helicopters during the Falklands War; at the time, Andrew was second in line to the thrones of the Commonwealth realms. For his service, Prince Harry was decorated with the Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan by his aunt, the Princess Royal, at the Combermere Barracks in May 2008.

In October 2008, the news was revealed that Prince Harry was to follow his brother, father, and uncle with the wish to fly military helicopters. After passing the initial aptitude test, he was to undertake a month-long course; depending on whether or not he passed that course he would proceed onto full flight training in early 2009. Harry had to pass his flying assessment at the Army Air Corps Base (AAC), Middle Wallop, the result of which determined if he would pass on to train as a pilot of either the Apache, Lynx, or Gazelle helicopter.

Prince Harry was presented with his flying brevet (wings) by his father, on 7 May 2010 at a ceremony at the Army Air Corps Base (AAC), Middle Wallop. Prince Harry had also let it be known that he intended to fly Apache attack helicopters if he was successful in passing the rigorous Apache training course; after which time it could be possible for him to see active military service once again on the frontline in one of the warzones. During the ceremony, he switched his Blues and Royals' Officer's Service Dress cap for that of the Army Air Corps' sky blue beret with a Blues and Royals badge.

On 10 March 2011, it was revealed that Prince Harry had passed his Apache flying test and he was awarded his Apache Flying Badge on 14 April 2011. There is speculation that he shall return to Afghanistan once again before the withdrawal in 2015. On 16 April 2011 it was announced that Prince Harry had been promoted to the Army rank of Captain after having held the rank of Lieutenant since 2008.

In June 2011, Clarence House announced that Prince Harry on completion of his training conversion course to use Apache helicopters in the war arena would be available for deployment, including in current operations in Afghanistan in his role as an Apache helicopter pilot. The final decision will ultimately rest with the Ministry of Defence's senior commanders including principally the Chief of the Defence Staff in consultation with the wishes of Harry, his father the Prince of Wales and The Queen.

Royal duties

At the age of 23, Prince Harry was appointed as a Counsellor of State, and began his royal duties by first serving in that capacity when the Queen was abroad to attend the 2005 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in Malta. The following year, Harry was in Lesotho to visit again Mants'ase Children's Home near Mohale's Hoek (which he first toured in 2004), and along with Prince Seeiso of Lesotho launched Sentebale: The Princes' Fund for Lesotho, a charity to aid children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. He has also granted his patronage to a number of other organisations, including WellChild, Dolen Cymru, and MapAction. To aid Sentebale, as well as the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund and Centrepoint, Harry and his brother organised the Concert for Diana at Wembley Stadium, on 1 July 2007.

Sports have also been a way that Harry has helped charities and other organisations, such as when he trained as a Rugby Development Officer for the Rugby Football Union in 2004 and then coached students in schools in order to encourage them to learn the sport. He has also participated in polo matches, like his brother and father, in order to raise money for charitable causes.

On 6 January 2009, Harry and his brother Prince William were granted their own royal household by their grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II. It has three main staff members, supported by a "small" team. Sir David Manning, the former British ambassador to Washington, will work as a part-time adviser to the princes. Previously, William and Harry's affairs had been handled by the office of their father at Clarence House in central London. The brothers' new household released a statement complete with their own cyphers at the top announcing that they have established their own office at nearby St. James's Palace to look after their public, military and charitable activities. Harry's cypher is similar to his brother's, but displays an ''H'' in a shade of blue similar to that used by his mother.

Personal life and relationships

Prince Harry has spent much of his free time in sporting activities, playing competitive polo, as well as skiing and motocross. Harry also earned a reputation in his youth for being rebellious, leading the tabloid press to label him as a "wild child". He was found at age 17 smoking cannabis and partaking in under-age drinking with his friends, would clash physically with paparazzi outside nightclubs, and was photographed at Highgrove House at a "Colonial and Native" themed costume party wearing a Nazi German Afrika Korps uniform with a swastika armband. He later issued a public statement apologizing for his behaviour.

Prince Harry is a supporter of Arsenal Football Club.

In January 2009, the British tabloid ''News of the World'' revealed a video made by Harry three years previously, in which he referred to a Pakistani fellow officer cadet as "our little Paki friend" and later called a soldier wearing a cloth on his head a "raghead". These terms were described by David Cameron as "unacceptable", and by ''The Daily Telegraph'' as "racist", and a British Muslim youth organisation called the Prince a "thug", a statement that was later retracted. Clarence House immediately issued an apology from Harry, who stated that no malice was intended in his remarks. A former British MP and Royal Marine, Rod Richards, said that such nicknames were common amongst military comrades, stating "in the Armed Forces people often used to call me Taffy. Others were called Yankie, Oz or Kiwi or whatever. I consider Paki as an abbreviation for Pakistani. I don't think on this occasion it was intended to be offensive." It later emerged that Prince Harry had personally apologised to the soldier.

While Harry's personal relationships have not been followed as much as those of his brother, most media attention has been focused on his relationship with Chelsy Davy. In an interview conducted for his 21st birthday, Harry referred to Davy as his girlfriend, and the press reported at that time that the couple had been together for 18 months, contradicting earlier reports that they were no longer together. Harry and Davy were also seen together publicly at the Concert for Diana. Chelsy also accompanied Harry to the wedding of Harry's cousin, Peter Phillips to Autumn Kelly in May 2008, where she was introduced to the Queen for the first time. But, in early 2009 it was reported in the media that the pair had parted ways. Later that year the pair was photographed together at a rugby match, seemingly going public again with their relationship.As of 2010, Harry and Davy are no longer together following Davy's departure from England. In 2011, Harry confirmed the rumors by proclaiming himself "100% single."

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

name	Prince Henry of Wales
dipstyle	His Royal Highness
offstyle	Your Royal Highness
altstyle	Sir }}

15 September 1984: ''His Royal Highness'' Prince Henry of Wales

The Prince's style and title in full is ''His Royal Highness Prince Henry Charles Albert David of Wales''. As a British prince, Harry holds no surname; however, as with the other male-line grandchildren of Elizabeth II, he uses the name of the area over which his father holds title, i.e. ''Wales''. Past precedent is that such surnames are dropped from usage in adulthood, after which either title alone, or Mountbatten-Windsor is used when necessary. Prince Harry, however, continues to use Wales as his surname for military purposes and is known as Captain Harry Wales in such contexts. If his father succeeds to the throne he will be known as ''His Royal Highness'' The Prince Henry. Traditionally, male-line members of British royalty receive a dukedom a few hours before their marriage, the most recent being Prince William of Wales, who became Duke of Cambridge.

Military ranks

13 April 2006 13 April 2008: Cornet (Second Lieutenant), The Blues and Royals 13 April 2008 16 April 2011: Lieutenant, The Blues and Royals 16 April 2011present: Captain, The Blues and Royals attached to Army Air Corps

Honours

;Medals 30px 5 May 2008: Operational Service Medal for Afghanistan

Honorary military appointments

; Canada 10 November 2009: Canadian Ranger

; United Kingdom 3 October 2008: Honorary Air Commandant of RAF Honington 8 August 2006: Commodore-in-Chief of Small Ships and Diving

Arms

Notes	On his 18th birthday, Prince Harry was granted his own personal coat of arms, consisting of the arms of the sovereign in right of the United Kingdom with a label for difference.
Year adopted	15 September 2002
Escutcheon	Quarterly 1st and 4th gules three lions passant guardant in pale or armed and langed azure 2nd or a lion rampant gules armed and langued azure within a double tressure flory counterflory of the second 3rd azure a harp or stringed argent
Other elements	The whole differenced by a Label of five points Argent the first, third and fifth points charged with an Escallop Gules
Symbolism	As the grandchild of the sovereign, Prince Harry's coat of arms has a label of five points. The ''escallops'' (seashells) allude to his late mother Diana, Princess of Wales, whose Spencer coat of arms includes three ''escallops argent''.
Previous versions	}}

Ancestry

{{ahnentafel-compact5 |style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%; |border=1 |boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0; |boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc; |boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9; |boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc; |boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe; |1= 1. Prince Harry of Wales |2= 2. Charles, Prince of Wales |3= 3. Lady Diana Frances Spencer |4= 4. Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark |5= 5. Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom |6= 6. John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer |7= 7. Frances Ruth Burke Roche |8= 8. Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark |9= 9. Princess Alice of Battenberg |10= 10. King George VI of the United Kingdom |11= 11. Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon |12= 12. Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer |13= 13. Cynthia Elinor Hamilton |14= 14. Maurice Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy |15= 15. Ruth Sylvia Gill |16= 16. King George I of Greece |17= 17. Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia |18= 18. Prince Louis of Battenberg |19= 19. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine |20= 20. King George V of the United Kingdom |21= 21. Mary of Teck |22= 22. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne |23= 23. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck |24= 24. Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer |25= 25. Margaret Baring |26= 26. James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn |27= 27. Rosalind Cecilia Bingham |28= 28. James Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy |29= 29. Frances Work |30= 30. William Smith Gill |31= 31. Ruth Littlejohn }}

Through his paternal grandfather, Prince Harry is descended from King Henry IV, King Charles II and King James II and VII. Through his mother, Harry is of English descent and of remote Irish and Scottish descent.

Prince Harry is descended from the kings and queens of England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom with surviving offspring from William I. He is also descended from many of the pre-Union monarchs of Scotland and the pre-Conquest monarchs of England.

See also

British prince

British Royal Family

Canadian Royal Family

Line of succession to the British Throne

Genealogy of the British Royal Family

Notes

References

External links

Prince Harry's eulogy to Princess Diana delivered on 31 August 2007

Prince Harry's interview with NBC's Matt Lauer

Royal.gov.uk – Prince Harry

Prince Harry at His Hottest – slideshow by ''Life magazine''

Personal Profile – Prince Harry – From Prince of Wales official Site

Illustrated biography of Prince Harry

Prince Harry Not Going to Iraq on Time.com (a division of Time Magazine)

Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Blues and Royals officers Category:British Army Air Corps officers Category:English Anglicans Category:House of Windsor Category:Mountbatten-Windsor family Category:Old Etonians Category:Old Ludgrovians Category:People from Paddington Category:Princes of the United Kingdom Category:Sandhurst graduates Category:British Army personnel of the War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Category:Helicopter pilots Category:People educated at Wetherby School

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name	Martin Jackson
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth date	August 30, 1955
origin	Manchester , England
instrument	Drums keys.
genre	Punk rock , New Wave, Post-Punk, Sophisti-pop
occupation	Musician Writing and recording for film and tv projects, mainly in America and running own studio.
years active	c. 1975 – c. 1994
associated acts	The Bees Knees, The Freshies, Magazine, The Chameleons, Broken Glass, Design 9, Swing Out Sister, The Durutti Column
notable instruments	Drums percussion and keyboards }}

Martin Jackson (born in Manchester, England, 30 August 1955) is a British drummer who has played with several New Wave bands from Manchester, although his most successful roles were with Magazine, in 1978 with the release of the influential ''Real Life'' album, and Swing Out Sister, in 1986, with the hit song ''Breakout''.

Biography

His earliest work was alongside Chris Sievey, with whom he formed The Bees Knees, recording unreleased material, and The Freshies, around the mid-1970s.

In 1977, he answered an ad put out by ex-Buzzcocks Howard Devoto, who solicited musicians to form a new band, and joined the fledgling Magazine, which began to be very influential among future rock musicians. He took part in the recording of the "Shot By Both Sides" single, which the band performed on Top Of The Pops, and the album ''Real Life''. But after the British tour for the album, he left in late July 1978.

It seems his whereabouts were unknown until 1982, when he joined The Chameleons briefly to replace John Lever, departing in 1983 when the latter rejoined. He appeared in some songs of the live compilation ''Here Today... ...Gone Tomorrow''.

In 1984, he teamed up with keyboard friend Andy Connell to create an album called "UK Electro". Both collaborated with Design 9, alongside Steven Murray of the power-pop band Fast Cars, but they left the project to form Swing Out Sister with singer Corinne Drewery in 1985. Jackson played the drums on the debut album in 1987, but left the band in the middle of recording Swing Out Sister's second album ''Kaleidoscope World''.

He also worked with The Durutti Column, playing on the ''Sex And Death'' album released in 1994.

References

External links

O'Duffy Interview

Category:English rock drummers Category:Magazine (band) members Category:Musicians from Manchester Category:1950s births Category:Swing Out Sister members Category:Living people

es:Martin Jackson