Events

842 – Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German languages.

1014 – Pope Benedict VIII crowns Henry of Bavaria, King of Germany and of Italy, as Holy Roman Emperor.

1076 – Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.

1349 – Several hundred Jews are burned to death by mobs while the remainder of their population is forcibly removed from the city of Strasbourg.

1556 – Thomas Cranmer is declared a heretic.

1778 – The United States Flag is formally recognized by a foreign naval vessel for the first time, when French Admiral Toussaint-Guillaume Picquet de la Motte rendered a nine gun salute to USS ''Ranger'', commanded by John Paul Jones.

1779 – American Revolutionary War: the Battle of Kettle Creek is fought in Georgia.

1779 – James Cook is killed by Native Hawaiians near Kealakekua on the Island of Hawaii.

1797 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Cape St. Vincent – John Jervis, (later 1st Earl of St Vincent) and Horatio Nelson (later 1st Viscount Nelson) lead the British Royal Navy to victory over a Spanish fleet in action near Gibraltar.

1804 – Karadjordje leads the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman Empire.

1831 – Ras Marye of Yejju marches into Tigray and defeats and kills Dejazmach Sabagadis in the Battle of Debre Abbay.

1835 – The original Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is formed in Kirtland, Ohio.

1849 – In New York City, James Knox Polk becomes the first serving President of the United States to have his photograph taken.

1852 – Great Ormond St Hospital for Sick Children, the first hospital providing in-patient beds specifically for children in the English-speaking world, is founded in London.

1855 – Texas is linked by telegraph to the rest of the United States, with the completion of a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas.

1859 – Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state.

1876 – Alexander Graham Bell applies for a patent for the telephone, as does Elisha Gray.

1879 – The War of the Pacific breaks out when Chilean armed forces occupy the Bolivian port city of Antofagasta.

1899 – Voting machines are approved by the U.S. Congress for use in federal elections.

1900 – Second Boer War: In South Africa, 20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State.

1903 – The United States Department of Commerce and Labor is established (later split into Department of Commerce and Department of Labor).

1912 – Arizona is admitted as the 48th U.S. state.

1912 – In Groton, Connecticut, the first diesel-powered submarine is commissioned.

1918 – The Soviet Union adopts the Gregorian calendar (on 1 February according to the Julian calendar).

1919 – The Polish-Soviet War begins.

1920 – The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago, Illinois.

1924 – The Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company changes its name to International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).

1929 – Saint Valentine's Day massacre: Seven people, six of them gangster rivals of Al Capone's gang, are murdered in Chicago, Illinois.

1942 – Battle of Pasir Panjang contributes to the fall of Singapore.

1943 – World War II: Rostov-on-Don, Russia is liberated.

1943 – World War II: Tunisia Campaign – General Hans-Jurgen von Arnim's Fifth Panzer Army launches a concerted attack against Allied positions in Tunisia.

1944 – World War II: Anti-Japanese revolt on Java.

1945 – World War II: On the first day of the bombing of Dresden, the British Royal Air Force and the United States Army Air Forces begin fire-bombing Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony.

1945 – World War II: Navigational error leads to the mistaken bombing of Prague, Czechoslovakia by an American squadron of B-17s assisting in the Soviet's Vistula–Oder Offensive.

1945 – World War II: Mostar is liberated by Yugoslav partisans.

1945 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt meets with King Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia aboard the USS ''Quincy'', officially starting the U.S.-Saudi diplomatic relationship.

1946 – The Bank of England is nationalized.

1949 – The Knesset (Israeli parliament) convenes for the first time.

1949 – The Asbestos Strike begins in Canada. The strike marks the beginning of the Quiet Revolution in Quebec.

1950 – Chinese Civil War: The National Revolutionary Army instigates the unsuccessful Battle of Tianquan against the People's Liberation Army.

1956 – The XX Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union begins in Moscow. On the last night of the meeting, Premier Nikita Khrushchev condemns Joseph Stalin's crimes in a secret speech.

1961 – Discovery of the chemical elements: Element 103, Lawrencium, is first synthesized at the University of California.

1962 – First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy takes television viewers on a tour of the White House.

1966 – Australian currency is decimalised.

1979 – In Kabul, Setami Milli militants kidnap the American ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs who is later killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police.

1981 – Stardust Disaster: A fire in a Dublin nightclub kills 48 people

1983 – United American Bank of Knoxville, Tennessee collapses. Its president, Jake Butcher, is later convicted of fraud.

1989 – Union Carbide agrees to pay $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984 Bhopal disaster.

1989 – Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini issues a fatwa encouraging Muslims to kill the author of ''The Satanic Verses'', Salman Rushdie.

1990 – 92 people are killed aboard Indian Airlines Flight 605 at Bangalore, India.

1998 – An oil tanker train collides with a freight train in Yaoundé, Cameroon, spilling fuel oil. One person scavenging the oil drops a lit cigarette, creating a massive explosion which kills 120.

2000 – The spacecraft ''NEAR Shoemaker'' enters orbit around asteroid 433 Eros, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid.

2002 – The Budapest Open Access Initiative, one of the cornerstones of the Open access movement, was released to the public.

2004 – In a suburb of Moscow, Russia, the roof of the Transvaal water park collapses, killing more than 25 people, and wounding more than 100 others.

2005 – Lebanese self-made billionaire and business tycoon Rafik Hariri is killed, along with 21 others, when explosives, equivalent of around 1,000 kg of TNT, are detonated as his motorcade drove near the St. George Hotel in Beirut.

2005 – Seven people are killed and 151 wounded in a series of bombings by suspected al-Qaeda-linked militants that hit the Philippines' Makati financial district in Metro Manila, Davao City, and General Santos City.

2008 – Northern Illinois University shooting: a gunman opened fire in a lecture hall of the DeKalb County, Illinois university resulting in 6 fatalities (including gunman) and 18 injuries.

2011 – As a part of Arab spring, the 2011–2012 Bahraini uprising, a series of demonstrations, amounting to a sustained campaign of civil resistance, in the Persian Gulf country of Bahrain begins.

Births

1468 – Johann Werner, German mathematician (d. 1522)

1483 – Babur, Moghul emperor of India (d. 1530)

1602 – Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (d. 1676)

1679 – Georg Friedrich Kauffmann, composer and organist from southern Germany (d. 1735)

1680 – John Sidney, 6th Earl of Leicester, English privy councillor (d. 1737)

1692 – Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée, French writer (d. 1754)

1701 – Enrique Florez, Spanish historian (d. 1773)

1763 – Jean Victor Marie Moreau, French general (d. 1813)

1766 – Thomas Robert Malthus, English demographer and political economist (d. 1834)

1778 – Fernando Sor (baptized), Spanish composer (d. 1839)

1778 – Minh Mang, the second emperor of the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam (d. 1841)

1799 – Walenty Wańkowicz, Polish painter (d. 1842)

1800 – Emory Washburn, American politician and 22nd Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1877)

1812 – Alfred Thomas Agate, American artist (d. 1846)

1818 – Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist (d. 1895)

1819 – Christopher Sholes, American inventor (d. 1890)

1824 – Winfield Scott Hancock, American Civil War general (d. 1886)

1828 – Edmond François Valentin About, French writer (d. 1885)

1835 – Piet Paaltjens, Dutch writer and minister (d. 1894)

1838 – Margaret E. Knight, American inventor, (d. 1914)

1846 – Julian Scott, American artist and American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1901)

1847 – Anna Howard Shaw, American suffragette (d. 1919)

1847 – Queen Maria Pia of Savoy of Portugal (d. 1911)

1848 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (d. 1934)

1856 – Frank Harris, Irish author and editor (d. 1931)

1859 – George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr., American engineer and inventor (d. 1896)

1860 – Eugen Schiffer, German politician (d. 1954)

1869 – Charles Wilson, Scottish physicist, Nobel Prize Laureate (d. 1959)

1871 – Gerda Lundequist, Swedish actress (d. 1959)

1884 – Nils Olaf Chrisander, Swedish actor, film director (d. 1947)

1884 – Joe Jagersberger, Austrian racing driver (d. 1952)

1884 – Kostas Varnalis, Greek poet (d. 1974)

1885 – Syed Zafarul Hasan, Indian-born Pakistani philosopher (d. 1949)

1890 – Nina Hamnett, Welsh artist (d. 1956)

1892 – Radola Gajda, Czech military commander (d. 1948)

1894 – Jack Benny, American actor and comedian (d. 1974)

1895 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (d. 1973)

1898 – Bill Tilman, English mountaineer and explorer (d. 1977)

1898 – Fritz Zwicky, Swiss-born American physicist and astronomer (d. 1974)

1903 – Stuart Erwin, American actor (d. 1967)

1903 – Bernhard Leene, Dutch cyclist (d. 1988)

1904 – Charles Oatley, British electrical engineer (d. 1996)

1904 – Hertta Kuusinen, Finnish communist (d. 1974)

1905 – Thelma Ritter, American actress (d. 1969)

1912 – Tibor Sekelj, Croatian explorer (d. 1988)

1913 – Mel Allen, American sports reporter (d. 1996)

1913 – Woody Hayes, American college football coach (d. 1987)

1913 – Jimmy Hoffa, American labor union leader (presumed d. 1975)

1913 – James Pike, American Episcopal bishop (d. 1969)

1914 – Norman Von Nida, Australian golfer (d. 2007)

1916 – Marcel Bigeard, French general (d. 2010)

1916 – Sally Gray, English actress (d. 2006)

1916 – Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese director (d. 1996)

1916 – Edward Platt, American actor (d. 1974)

1917 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, Nobel Prize Laureate (d. 2011)

1920 – Judith Holzmeister, Austrian actress (d. 2008)

1921 – Hugh Downs, American television host

1921 – Hazel McCallion, Canadian politician 3rd mayor of Mississauga, Ontario

1922 – Murray the K, American impresario and disk jockey (d. 1982)

1927 – Lois Maxwell, Canadian actress (d. 2007)

1929 – Vic Morrow, American actor (d. 1982)

1931 – Bernie Geoffrion, Canadian hockey player (d. 2006)

1931 – Brian Kelly, American actor (d. 2005)

1931 – Phyllis McGuire, American singer (The McGuire Sisters)

1932 – Alexander Kluge, German actor and film director

1933 – Madhubala, Indian actress (d. 1969)

1934 – Michel Corboz, Swiss conductor

1934 – Neil Davis, Australian cameraman (d. 1985)

1934 – Florence Henderson, American actress

1936 – Fanne Foxe, Argentine dancer and Wilbur Mills scandal figure

1936 – Andrew Prine, American actor

1937 – Magic Sam, American blues musician (d. 1969)

1939 – Eugene Fama, American economist

1941 – Donna Shalala, American educator

1941 – Paul Tsongas, American politician (d. 1997)

1942 – Michael Bloomberg, American media mogul and politician

1942 – Andrew Robinson, American actor

1942 – Ricardo Rodríguez, Mexican racing driver (d. 1962)

1943 – Eric Andersen, American singer-songwriter

1943 – Maceo Parker, American musician (P-Funk)

1943 – Aaron Russo, American movie producer (d. 2007)

1944 – Carl Bernstein, American journalist

1944 – Alan Parker, British film director and writer

1944 – Ronnie Peterson, Swedish racing driver (d. 1978)

1945 – Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein

1946 – Bernard Dowiyogo, Nauru politician (d. 2003)

1946 – Gregory Hines, American dancer and actor (d. 2003)

1947 – Tim Buckley, American singer-songwriter (d. 1975)

1947 – Judd Gregg, American politician

1948 – Pat O'Brien, American sportscaster and television host

1948 – Teller, American magician (Penn and Teller)

1950 – Roger Fisher, American musician (Heart)

1951 – Terry Gross, National Public Radio host

1951 – Kevin Keegan, English footballer

1951 – JoJo Starbuck, American ice skater

1952 – Nancy Keenan, American reproductive-rights advocate

1953 – Odds Bodkin, American storyteller

1955 – Ronald Desruelles, Belgian athlete

1955 – James Eckhouse, American actor

1955 – Carol Kalish, American publishing executive (d. 1991)

1955 – Rip Rogers, American professional wrestler

1956 – Dave Dravecky, American baseball player

1957 – Alan Hunter, American TV personality

1957 – Soile Isokoski, Finnish soprano

1958 – Enrique Mansilla, Argentine racing driver

1958 – Grant Thomas, Australian rules footballer

1959 – Renée Fleming, American soprano

1960 – Jim Kelly, American football player

1960 – Meg Tilly, American actress

1961 – Phillip Hamilton, American author

1961 – Latifa, Tunisian singer

1962 – Kevyn Aucoin, American cosmetologist (d. 2002)

1962 – Michael Higgs, English actor

1962 – Sakina Jaffrey, Indian actress

1962 – Philippe Sella, French rugby player

1963 – Enrico Colantoni, Canadian actor

1963 – John Marzano, American baseball player (d. 2008)

1964 – Gianni Bugno, Italian cyclist

1964 – Zach Galligan, American actor

1965 – Slick Rick, English-born American rapper

1966 – Petr Svoboda, Czech ice hockey player

1967 – Stelios Haji-Ioannou, British entrepreneur

1967 – Manuela Maleeva, Bulgarian tennis player

1967 – Mark Rutte, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands

1968 – Jules Asner, American television personality

1968 – Scott McClellan, American civil servant and 25th White House Press Secretary

1969 – Adriana Behar, Brazilian beach volleyball player

1969 – Harry Colon, American football player

1970 – Giuseppe Guerini, Italian cyclist

1970 – Sean Hill, American ice hockey player

1970 – Simon Pegg, British comedian and actor

1971 – Kris Aquino, Filipino Actress and TV Host

1971 – Tommy Dreamer, American professional wrestler

1971 – Gheorghe Muresan, Romanian basketball player

1971 – Noriko Sakai, Japanese singer

1972 – Drew Bledsoe, American football player

1972 – Big Daddy V, American professional wrestler

1972 – Hiroshi, Japanese comedian

1972 – Najwa Nimri, Spanish actress

1972 – Rob Thomas, American musician (Matchbox Twenty)

1973 – Tyus Edney, American basketball player

1973 – Steve McNair, American football player (d. 2009)

1973 – Yuka Sato, Japanese figure skater

1974 – Filippa Giordano, Italian singer

1974 – Philippe Léonard, Belgian footballer

1975 – Xie Hui, Chinese footballer

1975 – Yul Kwon, American reality television personality

1975 – Scott Owen, Australian musician (The Living End)

1975 – Malik Zidi, French actor

1976 – Liv Kristine, Norwegian singer (Leaves' Eyes)

1976 – Erica Leerhsen, American actress

1977 – Darren Bennett, British professional ballroom dancer

1977 – Donna Cruz, Filipina Actress and Singer

1977 – Cadel Evans, Australian cyclist

1977 – Darren Purse, English footballer

1977 – Elmer Symons, South African motorcycle racer (d. 2007)

1978 – Dwele, American R&B;/Soul singer

1978 – Dean Gaffney, British actor

1978 – Richard Hamilton, American basketball player

1978 – Darius Songaila, Lithuanian basketball player

1979 – Paolo Ginestra, Italian footballer

1979 – Pablo Pallante, Uruguayan footballer

1980 – Fátima Leyva, Mexican footballer

1980 – Josh Senter, American screenwriter

1980 – Michelle Ye, Hong Kong actress

1981 – Randy de Puniet, French motorcycle racer

1981 – Erin Torpey, American actress and singer

1982 – Marián Gáborík, Slovak ice hockey player

1982 – John Halls, English footballer

1982 – Lenka Tvarošková, Slovak tennis player

1983 – Callix Crabbe, US Virgin Islander baseball player

1983 – Rocky Elsom, Australian rugby player

1983 – Vincent Labrie, Canadian speed skater

1983 – Rhydian Roberts, Welsh singer and reality show contestant

1983 – Bacary Sagna, French footballer

1984 – Hamed Namouchi, Tunisian footballer

1985 – Karima Adebibe, Moroccan-born British actress and model

1985 – Tyler Clippard, American baseball player

1985 – Heart Evangelista, Filipino singer and actress

1985 – John Prats, Filipino Actor and Dancer

1985 – Natsume Sano, Japanese gravure idol

1985 – Philippe Senderos, Swiss footballer

1985 – Miki Yeung, Hong Kong singer and actress (Cookies)

1986 – Michael Ammermüller, German racing driver

1986 – Roxanne Guinoo, Filipina actress

1986 – Markus Karl, German footballer

1986 – Oliver Lee, British actor

1986 – Gao Lin, Chinese footballer

1986 – Kang Min-Soo, South Korean footballer

1986 – Tiffany Thornton, American actress

1986 – Aschwin Wildeboer, Spanish swimmer

1987 – Edinson Cavani, Uruguayan footballer

1987 – Joseph Pichler, American actor

1987 – Tom Pyatt, Canadian ice hockey player

1987 – Yulia Savicheva, Russian singer

1987 – Fabian Schönheim, German footballer

1987 – David Wheater, English footballer

1988 – Katie Boland, Canadian actress

1988 – Ángel di María, Argentine footballer

1988 – Quentin Mosimann, Swiss singer and reality show contestant

1988 – Asia Nitollano, American dancer and reality show contestant

1989 – Néstor Calderón, Mexican footballer

1989 – Christopher Handke, German footballer

1989 – Adam Matuszczyk, Polish footballer

1989 – Emma Miskew, Canadian curler

1989 – Brandon Sutter, Canadian ice hockey player

1992 – Freddie Highmore, English actor

1994 – Paul Butcher, Jr., American actor

Deaths

270 – St. Valentine marking Valentine's Day

869 – Saint Cyril, Greek monk, scholar, theologian and linguist (b. 827)

1229 – Raghnall mac Gofraidh, King of the Isles.

1317 – Marguerite of France, queen of Edward I of England (b. 1282)

1400 – King Richard II of England (murdered) (b. 1367)

1405 – Timur, Mongol conqueror (b. 1336)

1571 – Odet de Coligny, French cardinal and Protestant (b. 1517)

1676 – Abraham Bosse, French engraver and artist

1714 – Maria Luisa of Savoy, Queen Consort of Spain (b. 1688)

1737 – Charles Talbot, 1st Baron Talbot of Hensol, Lord Chancellor of Great Britain (b. 1685)

1744 – John Hadley, inventor (b. 1682)

1779 – James Cook, British naval captain and explorer (b. 1728)

1780 – William Blackstone, English jurist (b. 1723)

1782 – Singu Min, King of Burma (b. 1756)

1808 – John Dickinson, American lawyer and Governor of Delaware and Pennsylvania (b. 1732)

1831 – Vicente Guerrero, Mexican revolutionary hero (b. 1782)

1831 – Henry Maudslay, English inventor (b. 1771)

1870 – St. John Richardson Liddell, American Civil War Confederate General (b. 1815)

1881 – Fernando Wood, New York City mayor (b. 1812)

1885 – Jules Vallès, French writer (b. 1832)

1891 – William Tecumseh Sherman, Civil War General (b. 1820)

1894 – Eugène Charles Catalan, Belgian mathematician (b. 1814)

1910 – Giovanni Passannante, Italian anarchist (b. 1849)

1922 – Heikki Ritavuori, Finnish politician (assassinated) (b. 1880)

1929 – Thomas Burke, American sprinter (b. 1875)

1929 – Frank Gusenberg, American gangster (b. 1892)

1929 – Peter Gusenberg, American gangster (b. 1889)

1942 – Adnan Bin Saidi, Officer of the Malay Regiment killed in the defense of Singapore (b. 1915)

1943 – Dora Gerson, German actress, cabaret singer, and Holocaust victim (b. 1899)

1943 – David Hilbert, German mathematician (b. 1862)

1948 – Mordecai Brown, American baseball player (b. 1876)

1949 – Yusuf Salman Yusuf, Iraqi-Assyrian communist leader (b. 1901)

1950 – Karl Guthe Jansky, American Discoverer of cosmic radio waves (b. 1905)

1952 – Maurice De Waele, Belgian cyclist (b. 1896)

1958 – Abdul Rab Nishtar, veteran leader of Pakistan Movement, (b. 1899)

1959 – Baby Dodds, American jazz drummer (b. 1898)

1967 – Sig Ruman, German-American actor (b. 1884)

1969 – Vito Genovese, American gangster (b. 1897)

1970 – Herbert Strudwick, English cricketer (b. 1880).

1974 – Stewie Dempster, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1903)

1975 – Julian Huxley, British biologist (b. 1887)

1975 – P. G. Wodehouse, English writer (b. 1881)

1978 – Paul Governali, American football player (b. 1921)

1979 – Adolph Dubs, American diplomat (b. 1920)

1980 – Luitkonwar Rudra Baruah, Assamese composer and actor (b. 1926)

1983 – Lina Radke, German athlete (b. 1903)

1986 – Edmund Rubbra, English Composer (b. 1901)

1987 – Dmitry Kabalevsky, Russian composer (b. 1904)

1987 – Karolos Koun, Greek theater director (b. 1908)

1988 – Frederick Loewe, Austrian-American composer (b. 1901)

1989 – James Bond, American ornithologist (b. 1900)

1990 – Tony Holiday, German singer (b. 1951)

1992 – Helen Vela, Filipina TV host/journalist and actress (b. 1946)

1994 – Andrei Chikatilo, Russian serial killer (executed) (b. 1936)

1994 – Christopher Lasch, American historian and social critic (b. 1932)

1994 – Rodney Orr American racing driver (b. 1962)

1995 – Michael V. Gazzo, American actor (b. 1923)

1995 – U Nu, Burmese politician (b. 1907)

1996 – Bob Paisley, English football manager (b. 1919)

1999 – John Ehrlichman, American presidential advisor (b. 1925)

1999 – Buddy Knox, American singer and songwriter (b. 1933)

2002 – Nándor Hidegkuti, Hungarian footballer (b. 1922)

2002 – Mick Tucker, English drummer (Sweet)

2003 – Dolly, first cloned mammal (b. 1996)

2003 – Johnny Longden, English jockey (b. 1907)

2004 – Marco Pantani, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)

2005 – Tatiana Gritsi-Milliex, Greek novelist and journalist (b. 1920)

2005 – Rafic Hariri, Lebanese businessman and politician (b. 1944)

2005 – Najai Turpin, American boxer (b. 1981)

2006 – Darry Cowl, French musician and actor (b. 1925)

2006 – Shoshana Damari, Israeli singer and actress (b. 1923)

2006 – Lynden David Hall, British singer (b. 1974)

2007 – Ryan Larkin, Canadian animated filmmaker (b. 1943)

2007 – Gareth Morris, British flautist (b. 1920)

2009 – Sir Bernard Ashley, Welsh businessman (b. 1926)

2009 – Louie Bellson, American jazz drummer (b. 1924)

2009 – John McGlinn, American conductor (b. 1953)

2010 – Doug Fieger, American musician (The Knack) (b. 1952)

2010 – Dick Francis, British jockey-turned-novelist (b. 1920)

2011 – Sir George Shearing, Anglo-American jazz pianist (b. 1919)

Holidays and observances

Christian Feast Day:

* Cyril and Methodius, patron saints of Europe (Roman Catholic Church)

* Valentine

* February 14 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

Communist Martyrs Day (Iraqi Communist Party)

Statehood Day (Arizona)

Statehood Day (Oregon)

The second day of Lupercalia (Ancient Rome)

Valentine's Day (International)

External links

BBC: On This Day

On this day in Canada

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Category:Days of the year Category:February Category:Article Feedback 5

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name	Craig Ferguson
birth date	May 17, 1962
birth place	Glasgow, Scotland
medium	Stand-up, television, film, music, books
nationality	Scottish
active	1980–present
genre	Observational comedy, satire/political satire/news satire
subject	Everyday life, popular culture, self-deprecation, politics
website	''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson''
spouse	Anne Hogarth (1983–86) (divorced)Sascha Corwin (1998–2004) (divorced) 1 childMegan Wallace-Cunningham (2008–present) 1 child
notable work	Host of ''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson''Nigel Wick on ''The Drew Carey Show''Glaswegian in ''One Foot in the Grave''Gobber in ''How to Train Your Dragon'' }}

Craig Ferguson (born 17 May 1962) is a Scottish-American television host, stand-up comedian, writer, actor, director, author, and producer. He is the host of ''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson'', an Emmy Award-nominated, Peabody Award-winning late-night talk show that airs on CBS. In addition to hosting that program and performing stand-up comedy, Ferguson has written two books: ''Between the Bridge and the River'', a novel, and ''American on Purpose'', a memoir. He became a citizen of the United States in 2008.

Before his career as a late-night television host, Ferguson was best known in the United States for his role as the office boss, Nigel Wick, on ''The Drew Carey Show'' from 1996 to 2003. He also wrote and starred in three films, directing one of them.

Early life

Ferguson was born in the Stobhill Hospital in the Springburn district of Glasgow, Scotland to Robert and Janet Ferguson, and raised in nearby Cumbernauld, growing up "chubby and bullied". When he was six months old, he and his family moved from their Springburn apartment to a council house in Cumbernauld. They lived there as Glasgow was re-housing many people following damage to the city from World War II. Ferguson attended Muirfield Primary School and Cumbernauld High School. At age sixteen, Ferguson dropped out of Cumbernauld High School and began an apprenticeship to be an electronics technician at a local factory of American company Burroughs Corporation.

His first visit to the United States was as a teenager to visit an uncle who lived on Long Island, near New York City. When he moved to New York City in 1983, he worked in construction in Harlem. Ferguson later became a bouncer at a nightclub, Save the Robots.

Career

British career

Ferguson's experience in entertainment began as a drummer in a rock band called Exposure. He then joined a punk band called The Bastards from Hell. The band, later renamed "Dreamboys", and fronted by vocalist Peter Capaldi, performed regularly in Glasgow from 1980 to 1982. Ferguson credits Capaldi for inspiring him to try comedy.

After a nerve-wrecking, knee-knocking first appearance, he decided to create a character that was a "parody of all the über-patriotic native folk singers who seemed to infect every public performance in Scotland." The character, "Bing Hitler" (actually coined by Capaldi as Ferguson started with the monogram of "Nico Fulton" but admittedly later stole the name for his "own nefarious ends"), premiered in Glasgow, and subsequently became a hit at the 1986 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. A recording of his stage act as Bing Hitler was made at Glasgow's Tron Theatre and released in the 1980s; a Bing Hitler monologue ("A Lecture for Burns Night") appears on the compilation cassette ''Honey at the Core.''

Ferguson's first television appearance was as Confidence on BBC sitcom ''Red Dwarf'' during the episode "Confidence and Paranoia".

Ferguson made his starring television debut in ''The Craig Ferguson Show'', a one-off comedy pilot for Granada Television, which co-starred Paul Whitehouse and Helen Atkinson-Wood. This was broadcast throughout the UK on 4 March 1990, but was not made into a full series.

He has also found success in musical theatre. Beginning in 1991, he appeared on stage as Brad Majors in the London production of ''The Rocky Horror Show'', alongside Anthony Head, who was playing Dr. Frank-N-Furter at the time. In 1994, Ferguson played Father MacLean in the highly controversial production of ''Bad Boy Johnny and the Prophets of Doom'' at the Union Chapel in London. The same year, he appeared again at the Edinburgh Fringe, as Oscar Madison in ''The Odd Couple'', opposite Gerard Kelly as Felix and Kate Anthony as Gwendolin Pidgeon, who is now much better known as Aunty Pam in ''Coronation Street''; the play, which was relocated to 1990s Glasgow, later toured Scotland.

After enjoying success at the Edinburgh Festival, Ferguson appeared on ''Red Dwarf'', STV's ''Hogmanay Show'', his own show ''2000 Not Out'', and the 1993 ''One Foot in the Grave'' Christmas special ''One Foot in the Algarve.''

In 1993, Ferguson presented his own series on Scottish archaeology for Scottish Television entitled ''Dirt Detective.'' He travelled throughout the country examining archaeological history, including Skara Brae and Paisley Abbey.

U.S. career

After cancellation of his show ''The Ferguson Theory'', Ferguson moved to Los Angeles in 1994. His first U.S. role was as baker Logan McDonough on the short-lived 1995 ABC comedy ''Maybe This Time'', which starred Betty White and Marie Osmond.

His breakthrough in the U.S. came when he was cast on ''The Drew Carey Show'' as the title character's boss, Mr. Wick, a role that he played from 1996 to 2003. He played the role with an over-the-top posh English accent "to make up for generations of English actors doing crap Scottish accents." In his comedy special "A Wee Bit O' Revolution", he specifically called out James Doohan's portrayal of Montgomery Scott on Star Trek as the foundation of his "revenge". (At the end of one episode, though, Ferguson broke the fourth wall and began talking to the audience at home in his regular Scottish accent.) His character was memorable for his unique methods of laying employees off, almost always "firing Johnson", the most common last name of the to-be-fired workers. Even after leaving the show in 2003, he remained a recurring character on the series for the last two seasons, and was part of the 2-part series finale in 2004.

During production of ''The Drew Carey Show'', Ferguson devoted his off-time as a cast member to writing, working in his trailer on set in-between shooting his scenes. He wrote and starred in three films: ''The Big Tease'', ''Saving Grace'', and ''I'll Be There'', which he also directed and for which he won the Audience Award for Best Film at the Aspen, Dallas and Valencia film festivals. He was named Best New Director at the Napa Valley Film Festival. These were among other scripts that, "... in the great tradition of the movie business, about half a dozen that I got paid a fortune for but never got made." His other acting credits in films include ''Niagara Motel'', ''Lenny the Wonder Dog'', ''Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events'', ''Chain of Fools'', ''Born Romantic'', ''The Ugly Truth'', ''How to Train Your Dragon'', ''Kick-Ass'' and ''Winnie the Pooh''.

Ferguson has been touring the United States and Canada with a stand-up comedy show, and performed at Carnegie Hall on 23 October 2010.

''The Late Late Show''

In December 2004, it was announced that Ferguson would be the successor to Craig Kilborn on CBS's ''The Late Late Show''. His first show as the regular host aired on 3 January 2005. By May 2008, Ben Alba, an American television historian and an authority on U.S. talk shows, said Ferguson "has already made his mark, taking the TV monologue to new levels with an underlying story. But he is only just starting ... He is making up his own rules: It's the immigrant experience."

''The Late Late Show'' averaged 2.0 million viewers in its 2007 season, compared with 2.5 million for ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien''. In April 2008, ''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson'' beat ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'' for weekly ratings (1.88 million to 1.77 million) for the first time since the two shows went head-to-head with their respective hosts.

By the end of 2009, Craig Ferguson topped Jimmy Fallon in the ratings with Ferguson getting a 1.8 rating/6 share and Fallon receiving a 1.6 rating/6 share.

Ferguson's success on the show has led at least one "television insider" to say he is the heir apparent to take over David Letterman's role as host of ''The Late Show''.

Television and appearances

Craig Ferguson has made guest appearances on ''The Tonight Show with Jay Leno'', ''Late Show with David Letterman'', ''Late Night with Conan O'Brien'', ''Rachael Ray'', ''Countdown with Keith Olbermann'', ''The Howard Stern Show'', ''The Daily Show'', ''The View'', ''Loveline'', ''Real Time with Bill Maher'', ''The Soup'', ''The Talk'' and ''The Dennis Miller Show''. He also co-hosted ''Live with Regis & Kelly'' with Kelly Ripa.

On 4 January 2009 Ferguson was a celebrity player on ''Million Dollar Password''.

thumb|Ferguson in April 2008 In 2009, Ferguson made a cameo live-action appearance in the episode "We Love You, Conrad" on ''Family Guy''. Ferguson hosted the 32nd annual People's Choice Awards on 10 January 2006. ''TV Guide'' magazine printed a "Cheers" (Cheers and Jeers section) for appearing on his own show that same evening. From 2007 to 2010, Ferguson hosted the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular on 4 July, broadcast nationally by CBS. Ferguson was the featured entertainer at the 26 April 2008 White House Correspondents' Association dinner in Washington, DC.

Ferguson co-presented the Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama with Brooke Shields in 2008. He has done voice work in cartoons, including being the voice of Barry's evil alter-ego in the "With Friends Like Steve's" episode of ''American Dad''; in ''Freakazoid!'' as Roddy MacStew, Freakazoid's mentor; and on ''Buzz Lightyear of Star Command'' as the robot vampire NOS-4-A2. Most recently, he was the voice of Susan the boil on ''Futurama'', which was a parody of Scottish singer Susan Boyle. He makes stand-up appearances in Las Vegas and New York City. He headlined in the Just for Laughs festival in Montreal and in October 2008 Ferguson taped his stand up show in Boston for a Comedy Central special entitled ''A Wee Bit o' Revolution'', which aired on 22 March 2009.

British television comedy drama ''Doc Martin'' was based on a character from Ferguson's film ''Saving Grace'' – with Ferguson getting writing credits for 12 episodes. On 6 November 2009 Ferguson appeared as himself in a ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' special titled ''SpongeBob's Truth or Square''. He hosted Discovery Channel's 23rd season of ''Shark Week'' in 2010. Ferguson briefly appeared in Toby Keith's ''"Red Solo Cup"'' music video released on 10 October 2011.

Literature

Ferguson's novel ''Between the Bridge and the River'' was published on 10 April 2006. Ferguson appeared at the Los Angeles Festival of Books, as well as other author literary events. "This book could scare them", Ferguson said. "The sex, the violence, the dream sequences and the iconoclasm. I think a lot of people are uncomfortable with that. I understand that. It was very uncomfortable to write some of it." ''Publishers Weekly'' called it "a ''tour de force'' of cynical humor and poignant reverie, a caustic yet ebullient picaresque that approaches the sacred by way of the profane." His novel ''Between the Bridge and the River'' is dedicated to his son and to his grandfather, Adam. Ferguson revealed in an interview that he is writing a sequel to the book, to be titled "The Sphynx of the Mississippi". He also stated in a 2006 interview with David Letterman that he intends for the book to be the first in a trilogy.

Ferguson signed a deal with HarperCollins to publish his memoirs. The book, entitled ''American on Purpose: The Improbable Adventures of an Unlikely Patriot'', focuses on "how and why [he] became an American" and covers his years as a punk rocker, dancer, bouncer and construction worker as well as the rise of his career in Hollywood as an actor and comic. It went on sale 22 September 2009 in the United States. On 1 December 2010 the audiobook version was nominated for a Best Spoken Word Album Grammy.

In July 2009, Jackie Collins was a guest on ''The Late Late Show'' to promote her new book ''Married Lovers''. Collins said that a character in her book, Don Verona, was based on Ferguson because she was such a fan of him and his show.

Personal life

As mentioned on ''The Late Late Show'' on 3 August 2009, Ferguson holds an FAA Private Pilot's License issued 31 July 2009. Ferguson announced on the 8 April 2011 broadcast that he is pursuing an instrument rating.

Ferguson is a fan of Scottish football team Partick Thistle F.C. as well as the British television show ''Doctor Who''. He has three tattoos: his latest, the Join, or Die political cartoon on his right forearm; a Ferguson family crest with the Latin motto ''Dulcius ex asperis'' ("Sweeter out of [or from] difficulty") on his upper right arm in honour of his father; and the Ingram family crest on his upper left arm in honour of his mother. He has often stated that his ''Join, or Die'' tattoo is to signal his patriotism.

Family

In an episode of ''The Late Late Show'' that aired 8 December 2008, a somber Ferguson talked about his mother, Janet (3 August 1933 – 1 December 2008). He ended the program by playing her favourite song, "Rivers of Babylon" by Boney M.

Ferguson has two sisters (one older and one younger) and one older brother. His elder sister's name is Janice and his brother's name is Scott. His younger sister, Lynn Ferguson Tweddle, is also a successful comedienne, presenter, and actress, perhaps most widely known as the voice of Mac in the 2000 stop-motion animation film ''Chicken Run''. She is currently a writer on ''The Late Late Show''.

Ferguson has married three times and divorced twice as a result of what he describes as "relationship issues". His first marriage was to Anne Hogarth from 1983 to 1986, during which time they lived in New York. From his second marriage (to Sascha Corwin, founder and proprietor of Los Angeles' SpySchool), he has one son, Milo Hamish Ferguson, born in 2001. He and Corwin share custody of Milo, and live near each other in Los Angeles. On 21 December 2008, Ferguson married art dealer Megan Wallace-Cunningham in a private ceremony on her family's farm in Chester, Vermont. Ferguson announced 14 July 2010 on Twitter that they were expecting a child. He wrote: "Holy crackers! Mrs F is pregnant. How did that happen? ... oh yeah I know how. Another Ferguson arrives in 2011. The world trembles." The child, a boy named Liam James, was born 31 January 2011.

Alcoholism

A recovering alcoholic, Ferguson has been sober since 18 February 1992. Because of this, he declared he wouldn't mock Britney Spears' much-publicized alcohol problems in 2007. He said he had considered committing suicide on Christmas Day 1991, but when offered a drink by a friend for celebrating the holiday, he was distracted from jumping off Tower Bridge in London as he had planned.

Citizenship

Holding dual citizenship, Ferguson is both a naturalized citizen of the United States and a British citizen.

During 2007, Ferguson, who at the time held only British citizenship, used ''The Late Late Show'' as a forum for seeking honorary citizenship from every state in the U.S. He has received honorary citizenship from Nebraska, Arkansas, Virginia, Montana, North Dakota, New Jersey, Tennessee, South Carolina, South Dakota, Nevada, Alaska, Texas, Wyoming, Pennsylvania and Indiana, and was "commissioned" as an admiral in the tongue-in-cheek Nebraska Navy. Governors Jon Corzine (New Jersey), John Hoeven (North Dakota), Mark Sanford (South Carolina), Mike Rounds (South Dakota), Rick Perry (Texas), Sarah Palin (Alaska) and Jim Gibbons (Nevada) sent letters to him that made him an honorary citizen of their respective states. He received similar honors from various towns and cities, including Ozark, Arkansas; Hazard, Kentucky; and Greensburg, Pennsylvania.

Ferguson became an American citizen on 1 February 2008 and broadcast the taking of his citizenship test as well as his swearing in on ''The Late Late Show''.

Filmography

+ Film
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1992	''The Bogie Man''
1998	''Modern Vampires''	Richard
1999	''The Big Tease''	Crawford Mackenzie	Writer
2000		Melander Stevens
2000	''Born Romantic''	Frankie
2000		Matthew Stewart	Writer
2002	''Life Without Dick''	Jared O'Reilly
2002	''Prendimi l'anima'' (''The Soul Keeper'')	Richard Fraser
2003		Paul Kerr	Director, Writer
2004	''Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events''	Person of Indeterminate Gender
2004	''Lenny the Wonder Dog''	Dr. Wagner
2005		Fisherman
2006	''Niagara Motel''	Phillie
2007		Ted Truman
2008	''Craig Ferguson: A Wee Bit O' Revolution''
2009		Himself
2010	''The Hero of Color City''
2010		Gobber	Voice only
2010		Himself
2011			Voice only
2011	''Totally Framed''	Jeffrey Stewart
2012		Lord Macintosh	Voice only
2012		David	Post-production
2014	''How to Train Your Dragon 2''	Gobber	Voice only

+Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1988	''Red Dwarf''	Confidence
1989	''The Big Gig''	Himself	Regular Comic
1993	''One Foot in the Grave''	Glaswegian beach bully	Christmas Special "One foot in the Algarve"
1994	''The Dirt Detective: A History of Scotland''	Travel documentary series	Host
1994	''The Ferguson Theory''	Himself	Host
1995–1996	''Maybe This Time''	Logan McDonough	18 episodes
1995–1997	''Freakazoid!''	Roddy MacStew	7 episodes
1996–2004	''The Drew Carey Show''	Nigel Wick	170 episodes
2000	''Buzz Lightyear of Star Command''	NOS 4 A2	Voice only, 5 episodes
2005		Oliver Davies	1 episode
2005–present	''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson''	Himself	Host
2006	''American Dad!''	Evil Barry	Voice only, Episode: ''With Friends Like Steve's''
2009	''Family Guy''	Himself	Episode: ''We Love You, Conrad''
2009	''SpongeBob's Truth or Square''	Himself	TV movie
2010	''Futurama''	Susan Boil	Episode: ''Attack of the Killer App''
2010	''Shark Week''	Himself	Host
2010	''Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon''	Gobber	Voice only, TV short film

Bibliography

Comedy specials

''A Wee Bit o' Revolution''. Comedy Central. 2009.

''Does This Need to Be Said?'' EPIX, Comedy Central. 2011.

Discography

''Live At The Tron'' (as Bing Hitler). Jammy Records. 1986. Catalogue number JRLP 861.

References

External links

Craig Ferguson on Twitter

Craig Ferguson Interview on The Hour with George Stroumboulopoulos

Craig Ferguson and Megan Wallace Cunningham

''The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson''

Category:1962 births Category:American aviators Category:American comedians Category:American film actors Category:American memoirists Category:American novelists Category:American people of Scottish descent Category:American screenwriters Category:American television actors Category:American television talk show hosts Category:American voice actors Category:Living people Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Glasgow Category:People self-identifying as alcoholics Category:Scottish comedians Category:Scottish emigrants to the United States Category:Scottish memoirists Category:Scottish novelists Category:Scottish screenwriters Category:Scottish television actors Category:People from Cumbernauld Category:Actors from New York City Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:Scottish male comedians

de:Craig Ferguson es:Craig Ferguson fr:Craig Ferguson it:Craig Ferguson ja:クレイグ・ファーガソン no:Craig Ferguson pl:Craig Ferguson ru:Фергюсон, Крейг simple:Craig Ferguson fi:Craig Ferguson sv:Craig Ferguson zh:克雷格·费格斯

pseudonym	Dr. Seuss, Theo LeSieg, Rosetta Stone, Theophrastus Seuss
birth name	Theodor Seuss Geisel
birth date	March 02, 1904
birth place	Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.
death date	September 24, 1991
death place	La Jolla, California, U.S.
alma mater	Dartmouth College
occupation	Writer, cartoonist, animator, book publisher, artist
nationality	American
genre	Children's literature
notableworks	''Horton Hears a Who!'' (1954)''The Cat in the Hat'' (1957)''How the Grinch Stole Christmas!'' (1957)''Green Eggs and Ham'' (1960)''The Lorax'' (1971)
spouse	Helen Palmer Geisel (1927–1967)Audrey Stone Dimond (1968–1991)
website	http://www.seussville.com/
signature	Dr Seuss signature.svg }}

Theodor Seuss Geisel (; March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American writer, poet, and cartoonist most widely known for his children's books written under the pen names Dr. Seuss, Theo LeSieg and, in one case, Rosetta Stone.

He published 46 children's books, which were often characterized by imaginative characters, rhyme, and frequent use of anapestic meter. His most celebrated books include the bestselling ''Green Eggs and Ham'', ''The Cat in the Hat'', ''One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish'', ''Horton Hatches the Egg'', ''Horton Hears a Who!'', and ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas!''. Numerous adaptations of his work have been created, including 11 television specials, four feature films, a Broadway musical and four television series. He won the Lewis Carroll Shelf Award in 1958 for ''Horton Hatches the Egg'' and again in 1961 for ''And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street''.

Geisel also worked as an illustrator for advertising campaigns, most notably for Flit and Standard Oil, and as a political cartoonist for ''PM'', a New York City newspaper. During World War II, he worked in an animation department of the United States Army, where he wrote ''Design for Death'', a film that later won the 1947 Academy Award for Documentary Feature.

Geisel's birthday, March 2, has been adopted as the annual date for National Read Across America Day, an initiative on reading created by the National Education Association.

Life and career

Theodor Seuss Geisel was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, to Theodor Robert and Henrietta (Seuss) Geisel. All of his grandparents were German immigrants. His father managed the family brewery and later supervised Springfield's public park system after the brewery closed due to Prohibition. Mulberry Street in Springfield, made famous in Dr. Seuss' first children's book ''And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street!'', is less than a mile southwest of his boyhood home on Fairfield Street.

College

Geisel attended Dartmouth College as a member of the Class of 1925. At Dartmouth, he joined the Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity and the humor magazine ''Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern,'' eventually rising to the rank of editor-in-chief.

While at Dartmouth, Geisel was caught drinking gin with nine friends in his room. As a result, Dean Craven Laycock insisted that he resign from all extracurricular activities, including the college humor magazine. To continue work on the ''Jack-O-Lantern'' without the administration's knowledge, Geisel began signing his work with the pen name "Seuss". His first work signed as "Dr. Seuss" appeared after he graduated, six months into his work for ''The Judge'' where his weekly feature ''Birdsies and Beasties'' appeared. Geisel was encouraged in his writing by professor of rhetoric W. Benfield Pressey, whom he described as his "big inspiration for writing" at Dartmouth.

After Dartmouth, he entered Lincoln College, Oxford, intending to earn a Doctor of Philosophy in English literature. At Oxford, he met his future wife, Helen Palmer; he married her in 1927, and returned to the United States without earning a degree.

Earliest post-college publications

He began submitting humorous articles and illustrations to ''Judge,'' ''Life,'' ''Vanity Fair,'' and ''Liberty.'' One notable "Technocracy Number" made fun of the technocracy movement and featured satirical rhymes at the expense of Frederick Soddy. The July 16, 1927, issue of the ''The Saturday Evening Post'' published his first cartoon under the name Seuss. He became nationally famous from his advertisements for Flit, a common insecticide at the time. His slogan, "Quick, Henry, the Flit!" became a popular catchphrase. Geisel supported himself and his wife through the Great Depression by drawing advertising for General Electric, NBC, Standard Oil, Narragansett Brewing Company and many other companies. In 1935, he wrote and drew a short-lived comic strip called ''Hejji.''

In 1937, while Geisel was returning from an ocean voyage to Europe, the rhythm of the ship's engines inspired the poem that became his first book, ''And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street''. It was rejected 27 times (numbers will vary). Geisel wrote three more children's books before the US entered World War II, including ''Horton Hatches the Egg'' in 1940, two of which are, atypically for him, in prose.

Essomarine

Geisel gained a significant public profile through a program for motor boat lubricants produced by Standard Oil under the brand name Essomarine. He later recounted that Harry Bruno, Ted Cook, and Verne Carrier worked with him for exhibits at the National Motor Boat Show called the Seuss Navy. In 1934 Geisel produced a 30-page booklet ''Secrets of the Deep'' which was available by mail after June. At the January boat show for 1935, visitors filled out order cards to receive ''Secrets''. Geisel drew up a Certificate of Commission for visitors in 1936. A mock ship deck called ''SS Essomarine'' provided the scene where photos of "Admirals" were taken. That summer Geisel released a second volume of ''Secrets''. For the 1937 show, he sculpted Marine Muggs and designed a flag for the Seuss Navy. The following year featured "Little Dramas of the Deep", a six-act play with ten characters. According to Geisel’s sister, "He plans the whole show with scenery and action and then, standing in a realistic bridge, reels off a speech which combines advertising with humor." For 1939, exhibitors made available the Nuzzlepuss ashtray and illustrated tide-table calendars. On 11 January 1940, at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, a Seuss Navy Luncheon was held. At that year’s boat show, Geisel provided the Navigamarama exhibit and the ''Sea Lawyers Gazette''. The final contribution to the Essomarine project, in 1941, was the mermaid Essie Neptune and her pet whale. The exhibit offered photos for a Happy Cruising passport.

World War II-era work

As World War II began, Geisel turned to political cartoons, drawing over 400 in two years as editorial cartoonist for the left-leaning New York City daily newspaper, ''PM.'' Geisel's political cartoons, later published in ''Dr. Seuss Goes to War'', denounced Hitler and Mussolini and were highly critical of non-interventionists ("isolationists"), most notably Charles Lindbergh, who opposed US entry into the war. One cartoon depicted all Japanese Americans as latent traitors or fifth-columnists, while at the same time other cartoons deplored the racism at home against Jews and blacks that harmed the war effort. His cartoons were strongly supportive of President Roosevelt's handling of the war, combining the usual exhortations to ration and contribute to the war effort with frequent attacks on Congress (especially the Republican Party), parts of the press (such as the ''New York Daily News'', ''Chicago Tribune'' and ''Washington Times-Herald''), and others for criticism of Roosevelt, criticism of aid to the Soviet Union, investigation of suspected Communists, and other offenses that he depicted as leading to disunity and helping the Nazis, intentionally or inadvertently.

In 1942, Geisel turned his energies to direct support of the U.S. war effort. First, he worked drawing posters for the Treasury Department and the War Production Board. Then, in 1943, he joined the Army as a Captain (OF-2) and was commander of the Animation Departmant of the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces, where he wrote films that included ''Your Job in Germany,'' a 1945 propaganda film about peace in Europe after World War II; ''Our Job in Japan,'' and the ''Private Snafu'' series of adult army training films. While in the Army, he was awarded the Legion of Merit. ''Our Job in Japan'' became the basis for the commercially released film, ''Design for Death'' (1947), a study of Japanese culture that won the Academy Award for Documentary Feature. ''Gerald McBoing-Boing'' (1950), which was based on an original story by Seuss, won the Academy Award for Animated Short Film.

Later years

After the war, Geisel and his wife moved to La Jolla, California. Returning to children's books, he wrote many works, including such favorites as ''If I Ran the Zoo'', (1950), ''Horton Hears a Who!'' (1955), ''If I Ran the Circus'' (1956), ''The Cat in the Hat'' (1957), ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas'' (1957) and ''Green Eggs and Ham'' (1960). Although he received numerous awards throughout his career, Geisel won neither the Caldecott Medal nor the Newbery Medal. Three of his titles from this period were, however, chosen as Caldecott runners-up (now referred to as Caldecott Honor books): ''McElligot's Pool'' (1947), ''Bartholomew and the Oobleck'' (1949), and ''If I Ran the Zoo'' (1950). Dr Seuss also wrote the musical and fantasy film ''The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T,'' which was released in 1953. The movie was a critical and financial failure, and Geisel never attempted another feature film. During the 1950s, he also published a number of illustrated short stories, mostly in ''Redbook'' Magazine. Some of these were later collected (in volumes such as ''The Sneetches and Other Stories'' or reworked into independent books (''If I Ran the Zoo''). A number have never been reprinted since their original appearances.

In May 1954, ''Life'' magazine published a report on illiteracy among school children, which concluded that children were not learning to read because their books were boring. Accordingly, William Ellsworth Spaulding, the director of the education division at Houghton Mifflin who later became its Chairman, compiled a list of 348 words he felt were important for first-graders to recognize and asked Geisel to cut the list to 250 words and write a book using only those words. Spaulding challenged Geisel to "bring back a book children can't put down." Nine months later, Geisel, using 236 of the words given to him, completed ''The Cat in the Hat.'' It was described as a ''tour de force'' by some reviewers—it retained the drawing style, verse rhythms, and all the imaginative power of Geisel's earlier works, but because of its simplified vocabulary, it could be read by beginning readers. ''The Cat in the Hat'' and subsequent books written for young children achieved significant international success and they remain very popular today. In 2009 ''Green Eggs and Ham'' sold 540,366 copies, ''The Cat in the Hat'' sold 452,258 copies, and ''One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish'' (1960) sold 409,068 copies—outselling the majority of newly published children's books.

Geisel went on to write many other children's books, both in his new simplified-vocabulary manner (sold as Beginner Books) and in his older, more elaborate style. The Beginner Books were not easy for Geisel and reportedly took him months to complete.

On October 23, 1967, suffering from a long struggle with illnesses including cancer—as well as emotional pain over her husband's affair with Audrey Stone Dimond—Geisel's wife, Helen Palmer Geisel, committed suicide. Geisel married Dimond on June 21, 1968. Though he devoted most of his life to writing children's books, Geisel had no children of his own. He would say, when asked about this, "You have 'em; I'll entertain 'em."

Death and posthumous honors

Geisel died of throat cancer on September 24, 1991, at his home in La Jolla at the age of 87. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered. On December 1, 1995, four years after his death, University of California, San Diego's University Library Building was renamed Geisel Library in honor of Geisel and Audrey for the generous contributions they made to the library and their devotion to improving literacy.

While Geisel was living in La Jolla, the United States Postal Service and others frequently confused him with another La Jolla resident, Dr. Hans Suess. Their names have been linked together posthumously: the personal papers of Hans Suess are housed in the Geisel Library.

In 2002, the Dr. Seuss National Memorial Sculpture Garden opened in his birthplace of Springfield, Massachusetts; it features sculptures of Geisel and of many of his characters. On May 28, 2008, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced that Geisel would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. The induction ceremony took place December 15 and his widow Audrey accepted the honor in his place. On March 2, 2009, the web search engine Google temporarily changed its logo to commemorate Geisel's birthday (a practice it often follows for various holidays and events).

At his alma mater, Dartmouth, where over 90% of incoming first-year students participate in pre-registration Dartmouth Outing Club trips into the New Hampshire wilderness, it is traditional for students returning from the trips to overnight at Dartmouth's Moosilauke Ravine Lodge, where they are served green eggs and ham for breakfast in honor of Dr. Seuss. On April 4, 2012, the Dartmouth Medical School renamed itself the Audrey and Theodor Geisel School of Medicine in honor of their many years of generosity to the college.

Dr. Seuss's honors include two Academy awards, two Emmy awards, a Peabody award, the Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal, and the Pulitzer Prize.

Dr. Seuss has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at the 6500 block of Hollywood Boulevard.

Pen names and pronunciations

Geisel's pen name is regularly pronounced , an anglicized pronunciation inconsistent with his German surname. He himself noted that it rhymed with "voice" (his own pronunciation being ) and Alexander Liang (his collaborator on the Dartmouth ''Jack-O-Lantern'') wrote of him:

:You’re wrong as the deuce :And you shouldn’t rejoice :If you’re calling him Seuss. :He pronounces it Soice (or Zoice)

Geisel switched to the anglicized pronunciation because it "evoked a figure advantageous for an author of children’s books to be associated with—Mother Goose" and because most people used this pronunciation.

For books that Geisel wrote and others illustrated, he used the pen name "Theo LeSieg" ("LeSieg" is "Geisel" spelled backward).

Political views

Geisel was a liberal Democrat and a supporter of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal. His early political cartoons show a passionate opposition to fascism, and he urged to oppose it, both before and after the entry of the United States into World War II. His cartoons tended to regard the fear of communism as overstated, finding the greater threat in the Dies Committee and those who threatened to cut the US's "life line" to Stalin and the USSR, the ones carrying "our war load".

Geisel's cartoons also called attention to the early stages of the Holocaust and denounced discrimination in the USA against African Americans and Jews. Geisel himself experienced anti-Semitism: in his college days, he was mistaken for a Jew and denied entry into conservative social circles, although he was actually of German ancestry and a practising Christian.

Geisel supported the Japanese American internment during World War II. His treatment of the Japanese and of Japanese Americans, between whom he often failed to differentiate, has struck many readers as a moral blind spot. On the issue of the Japanese, he is quoted as saying:

After the war, though, Geisel overcame his feelings of animosity, using his book ''Horton Hears a Who!'' (1954) as an allegory for the Hiroshima bombing and the American post-war occupation of Japan, as well as dedicating the book to a Japanese friend.

In 1948, after living and working in Hollywood for years, Geisel moved to La Jolla, California. It is said that when he went to register to vote in La Jolla, some Republican friends called him over to where they were registering voters, but Geisel said, "You, my friends, are over there, but I am going over here [to the Democratic registration]."

Shortly before the end of the 1972–1974 Watergate scandal, in which United States president Richard Nixon resigned, Geisel converted one of his famous children's books into a polemic. "Richard M. Nixon, Will You Please Go Now!" was published in major newspapers through the column of his friend Art Buchwald.

The line "A person's a person, no matter how small!!" from ''Horton Hears a Who!'' has grown, despite the objections of Geisel's widow, into widespread use on the pro-life side of the issue. While Geisel preferred to let his work speak for itself, in 1986 when the line first started being used by the pro-life movement, Geisel, who would speak out to protect his characters from exploitation, demanded a retraction and received one. In its original context, it is unrelated to abortion issues.

In his books

Though Geisel made a point of not beginning the writing of his stories with a moral in mind, stating that "kids can see a moral coming a mile off," he was not against writing about issues; he said that "there's an inherent moral in any story," and he remarked that he was "subversive as hell."

Many of Geisel's books express his views on a remarkable variety of social and political issues: ''The Lorax'' (1971), about environmentalism and anti-consumerism; "The Sneetches" (1961), about racial equality; ''The Butter Battle Book'' (1984), about the arms race; ''Yertle the Turtle'' (1958), about Hitler and anti-authoritarianism; ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas'' (1957), criticizing the materialism and consumerism of the Christmas season; and ''Horton Hears a Who!'' (1950), about anti-isolationism and internationalism.

==Poetic meters== Geisel wrote most of his books in anapestic tetrameter, a poetic meter employed by many poets of the English literary canon. This is often suggested as one of the reasons that Geisel's writing was so well-received.

Anapestic tetrameter consists of four rhythmic units, anapests, each composed of two weak syllables followed by one strong syllable (the beat); often, the first weak syllable is omitted, or an additional weak syllable is added at the end. An example of this meter can be found in Geisel's "Yertle the Turtle", from ''Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories'':

:"And today the Great Yertle, that Marvelous he :Is King of the Mud. That is all he can see."

Some books by Geisel that are written mainly in anapestic tetrameter also contain many lines written in amphibrachic tetrameter, such as these from ''If I Ran the Circus'':

:"All ready to put up the tents for my circus. :I think I will call it the Circus McGurkus.

:"And NOW comes an act of Enormous Enormance! :No former performer's performed this performance!"

Geisel also wrote verse in trochaic tetrameter, an arrangement of a strong syllable followed by a weak syllable, with four units per line (for example, the title of ''One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish''). Traditionally, English trochaic meter permits the final weak position in the line to be omitted, which allows both masculine and feminine rhymes.

Geisel generally maintained trochaic meter for only brief passages, and for longer stretches typically mixed it with iambic tetrameter, which consists of a weak syllable followed by a strong, and is generally considered easier to write. Thus, for example, the magicians in ''Bartholomew and the Oobleck'' make their first appearance chanting in trochees (thus resembling the witches of Shakespeare's ''Macbeth''):

:"Shuffle, duffle, muzzle, muff"

then switch to iambs for the oobleck spell:

:"Go make the Oobleck tumble down :On every street, in every town!"

Artwork

Geisel's earlier artwork often employed the shaded texture of pencil drawings or watercolors, but in children's books of the postwar period, he generally employed the starker medium of pen and ink, normally using just black, white, and one or two colors. Later books such as ''The Lorax'' used more colors.

Geisel's figures are often rounded and somewhat droopy. This is true, for instance, of the faces of the Grinch and of the Cat in the Hat. It is also true of virtually all buildings and machinery that Geisel drew; although these objects abound in straight lines in real life, for buildings, this could be accomplished in part through choice of architecture. For machines, for example, ''If I Ran the Circus'' includes a droopy hoisting crane and a droopy steam calliope.

Geisel evidently enjoyed drawing architecturally elaborate objects. His endlessly varied (but never rectilinear) palaces, ramps, platforms, and free-standing stairways are among his most evocative creations. Geisel also drew complex imaginary machines, such as the Audio-Telly-O-Tally-O-Count, from ''Dr. Seuss's Sleep Book'', or the "most peculiar machine" of Sylvester McMonkey McBean in ''The Sneetches''. Geisel also liked drawing outlandish arrangements of feathers or fur, for example, the 500th hat of ''Bartholomew Cubbins'', the tail of ''Gertrude McFuzz'', and the pet for girls who like to brush and comb, in ''One Fish Two Fish''.

Geisel's images often convey motion vividly. He was fond of a sort of ''voilà'' gesture, in which the hand flips outward, spreading the fingers slightly backward with the thumb up; this is done by Ish, for instance, in ''One Fish Two Fish'' when he creates fish (who perform the gesture themselves with their fins), in the introduction of the various acts of ''If I Ran the Circus'', and in the introduction of the Little Cats in ''The Cat in the Hat Comes Back''. He was also fond of drawing hands with interlocked fingers, which looked as though the characters were twiddling their thumbs.

Geisel also follows the cartoon tradition of showing motion with lines, for instance in the sweeping lines that accompany Sneelock's final dive in ''If I Ran the Circus''. Cartoonists' lines are also used to illustrate the action of the senses (sight, smell, and hearing) in ''The Big Brag'' and even of thought, as in the moment when the Grinch conceives his awful idea.

Recurring images

Geisel's early work in advertising and editorial cartooning produced sketches that received more perfect realization later in the children's books. Often, the expressive use to which Geisel put an image later on was quite different from the original.

An editorial cartoon of July 16, 1941, depicts a whale resting on the top of a mountain, as a parody of American isolationists, especially Charles Lindbergh. This was later rendered (with no apparent political content) as the Wumbus of ''On Beyond Zebra'' (1955). Seussian whales (cheerful and balloon-shaped, with long eyelashes) also occur in ''McElligot's Pool'', ''If I Ran the Circus'', and other books. Another editorial cartoon from 1941 shows a long cow with many legs and udders, representing the conquered nations of Europe being milked by Adolf Hitler. This later became the Umbus of ''On Beyond Zebra.'' The tower of turtles in a 1942 editorial cartoon prefigures a similar tower in ''Yertle the Turtle.'' This theme also appeared in a ''Judge'' cartoon as one letter of a hieroglyphic message, and in Geisel's short-lived comic strip ''Hejji.'' Geisel once stated that Yertle the Turtle ''was'' Adolf Hitler.

Little cats A B and C (as well as the rest of the alphabet) who spring from each others hats appeared in a Ford ad.

The connected beards in ''Did I Ever Tell You How Lucky You Are?'' appear frequently in Geisel's work, most notably in ''Hejji,'' which featured two goats joined at the beard, ''The 5000 Fingers of Dr. T,'' which featured two roller-skating guards joined at the beard, and a political cartoon in which Nazism and the America First movement are portrayed as "the men with the Siamese Beard."

Geisel's earliest elephants were for advertising and had somewhat wrinkly ears, much as real elephants do. With ''And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street!'' (1937) and ''Horton Hatches the Egg'' (1940), the ears became more stylized, somewhat like angel wings and thus appropriate to the saintly Horton. During World War II, the elephant image appeared as an emblem for India in four editorial cartoons. Horton and similar elephants appear frequently in the postwar children's books. While drawing advertisements for Flit, Geisel became adept at drawing insects with huge stingers, shaped like a gentle S-curve and with a sharp end that included a rearward-pointing barb on its lower side. Their facial expressions depict gleeful malevolence. These insects were later rendered in an editorial cartoon as a swarm of Allied aircraft (1942), and again as the Sneedle of ''On Beyond Zebra,'' and yet again as the Skritz in ''I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew.''

There are many examples of creatures who arrange themselves in repeating patterns, such as the "Two and fro walkers, who march in five layers", and the Through-Horns Jumping Deer in ''If I Ran the Circus'', and the arrangement of birds which the protagonist of ''Oh, the Places You'll Go!'' walks through, as the narrator admonishes him to "...always be dexterous and deft, and never mix up your right foot with your left."

Publications

Over the course of his long career, Geisel wrote over 60 books. Though most were published under his well-known pseudonym, Dr. Seuss, he also authored over a dozen books as Theo LeSieg and one as Rosetta Stone. His books have topped many bestseller lists, sold over 222 million copies, and been translated into more than 15 languages. In 2000, ''Publishers Weekly'' compiled a list of the best-selling children's books of all time; of the top 100 hardcover books, 16 were written by Geisel, including ''Green Eggs and Ham'', at number 4, ''The Cat in the Hat'', at number 9, and ''One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish'', at number 13. In the years after his death in 1991, two additional books were published based on his sketches and notes: ''Hooray for Diffendoofer Day!'' and ''Daisy-Head Mayzie''. ''My Many Colored Days'', originally written in 1973, was posthumously published in 1996. Most recently, seven stories originally published in magazines during 1950 and 1951 were released in a collection entitled ''The Bippolo Seed and Other Lost Stories'' in September 2011.

At various times, Geisel also wrote books for adults that used the same style of verse and pictures: ''The Seven Lady Godivas'' (1939; reprinted 1987), which included nude depictions; ''You're Only Old Once!'' (written in 1986 when Geisel was 82) which chronicles an old man's journey through a clinic, a satire of the inefficiency of clinics. His last book, written a year before his death, was ''Oh, the Places You'll Go!'', a popular gift for graduating students.

Adaptations

For most of his career, Geisel was reluctant to have his characters marketed in contexts outside of his own books. However, he did allow for the creation of several animated cartoons, an art form in which he himself had gained experience during the Second World War, and gradually relaxed his policy as he aged.

The first adaptation of one of Geisel's works was a cartoon version of ''Horton Hatches the Egg'', animated at Warner Bros. in 1942. Directed by Robert Clampett, it was presented as part of the Looney Tunes series, and included a number of gags not present in the original narrative, including a fish committing suicide and a Katharine Hepburn imitation by Maisie.

In 1959, Geisel authorized Revell, the well-known plastic-model-making company, to make a series of "animals" that snapped together rather than being glued together, and could be assembled, disassembled and re-assembled "in thousands" of ways. The series was called the "Dr. Seuss Zoo" and included Gowdy the Dowdy Grackle, Norval the Bashful Blinket, Tingo the Noodle Topped Stroodle and Roscoe the Many Footed Lion. The basic body parts were the same and all were interchangeable, and so it was possible for children to combine parts from various characters in essentially unlimited ways in creating their own animal characters (Revell encouraged this by selling Gowdy, Norval and Tingo together in a "Gift Set" as well as individually). Revell also made a conventional glue-together "beginner's kit" of The Cat in the Hat.

In 1966, Geisel authorized the eminent cartoon artist Chuck Jones – his friend and former colleague from the war – to make a cartoon version of ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas!''; Geisel was credited as a co-producer, along with Jones, under his real name, "Ted Geisel." The cartoon, narrated by Boris Karloff, who also provided the voice of the Grinch, was very faithful to the original book, and is considered a classic by many to this day; it is often broadcast as an annual Christmas television special. Jones directed an adaptation of ''Horton Hears a Who!'' in 1970, and produced an adaptation of ''The Cat in the Hat'' in 1971.

From 1972 to 1983, Geisel wrote six animated specials, which were produced by DePatie-Freleng: ''The Lorax'' (1972); ''Dr. Seuss on the Loose'' (1973); ''The Hoober-Bloob Highway'' (1975); ''Halloween Is Grinch Night'' (1977); ''Pontoffel Pock, Where Are You?'' (1980); and ''The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat'' (1982). Several of the specials were nominated for and won multiple Emmy Awards.

A Soviet paint-on-glass-animated short film called ''Welcome'' (an adaptation of ''Thidwick the Big-Hearted Moose'') was made in 1986. The last adaptation of Geisel's works before he died was ''The Butter Battle Book'', a television special based on the book of the same name, directed by adult animation legend Ralph Bakshi. Geisel himself called the special "the most faithful adaptation of his work."

A television film titled ''In Search of Dr. Seuss'', released in 1994, adapted many of Seuss's stories. It uses both live-action versions and animated versions of the characters and stories featured; however, the animated portions were merely edited (and, in some cases, re-dubbed as well) versions of previous animated television specials.

After Geisel died of cancer at the age of 87 in 1991, his widow Audrey Geisel was placed in charge of all licensing matters. She approved a live-action feature-film version of ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas'' starring Jim Carrey, as well as a Seuss-themed Broadway musical called ''Seussical,'' and both premiered in 2000. ''The Grinch'' has had limited engagement runs on Broadway during the Christmas season, after premiering in 1998 (under the title ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas'') at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego, where it has become a Christmas tradition. In 2003, another live-action film was released, this time an adaptation of ''The Cat in the Hat'' that featured Mike Myers as the title character. Audrey Geisel was vocal in her dislike of the film, especially the casting of Myers as the Cat in the Hat, and stated that there would be no further live-action adaptations of Geisel's books. However, an animated CGI feature film adaptation of ''Horton Hears a Who!'' was approved, and was eventually released on March 14, 2008, to critical acclaim. A CGI-animated feature film adaptation of ''The Lorax'' was released by Universal on March 2, 2012 (on what would have been the 108th birthday of Seuss).

Four television series have been adapted from Geisel's work. The first, ''Gerald McBoing-Boing'', was an animated television adaptation of Geisel's 1951 cartoon of the same name and lasted three months between 1956 and 1957. The second, ''The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss,'' was a mix of live-action and puppetry by Jim Henson Television, the producers of The Muppets. It aired for one season on Nickelodeon in the United States, from 1996 to 1997. The third, ''Gerald McBoing-Boing,'' is a remake of the 1956 series. Produced in Canada by Cookie Jar Entertainment, it ran from 2005 to 2007. The fourth, ''The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!'', produced by Portfolio Entertainment Inc., began on August 7, 2010 in Canada and September 6, 2010 in the United States and is currently still showing.

Geisel's books and characters are also featured in Seuss Landing, one of many islands at the Islands of Adventure theme park in Orlando, Florida. In an attempt to match Geisel's visual style, there are reportedly "no straight lines" in Seuss Landing.

''The Hollywood Reporter'' has reported that Johnny Depp has agreed to produce and possibly star in a film based on Geisel's life. The film will be written by Keith Bunin, produced by Depp's Infinitum Nihil production company alongside Illumination Entertainment and distributed by Universal Pictures.

References

Further reading

Documentary aired on the Public Television System.

External links

Seussville site Random House

Dr. Seuss biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia

Dr. Seuss Went to War: A Catalog of Political Cartoons by Dr. Seuss

The Advertising Artwork of Dr. Seuss

The Register of Dr. Seuss Collection UC San Diego

Dr. Seuss / Theodor Geisel artwork can be viewed at American Art Archives web site

A Tale of Two Cartoonists, Hugh Turley, Hyattsville Life and Times, April 2009

Category:1904 births Category:1991 deaths Category:American children's writers Category:American editorial cartoonists Category:American illustrators Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:American poets Category:American writers of German descent Category:Children's poets Category:First Motion Picture Unit personnel Category:Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal winners Category:People from Springfield, Massachusetts Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:Requests for audio pronunciation Category:United States Army Air Forces officers Category:Writers from California Category:Writers from Massachusetts Category:Writers who illustrated their own writing

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