:This article uses some professional terms to describe relative positions and directions. See Anatomical terms of location for more detailed information. In human anatomy, the clavicle or collar bone is a long bone of short length that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum. It is the only long bone in body that lies horizontally. It makes up part of the shoulder and the pectoral girdle and is palpable in all people, and, in people who have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible as it creates a bulge in the skin. It receives its name from the ("little key") because the bone rotates along its axis like a key when the shoulder is abducted.

Human anatomy

The clavicle is a doubly curved short bone that connects the arm (upper limb) to the body (trunk), located directly above the first rib. It acts as a strut to keep the scapula in position so the arm can hang freely. Medially, it articulates with the manubrium of the sternum (breast-bone) at the sternoclavicular joint. At its lateral end it articulates with the acromion of the scapula (shoulder blade) at the acromioclavicular joint. It has a rounded medial end and a flattened lateral end.

From the roughly pyramidal sternal end, each clavicle curves laterally and anteriorly for roughly half its length. It then forms a smooth posterior curve to articulate with a process of the scapula (acromion). The flat, acromial end of the clavicle is broader than the sternal end. The acromial end has a rough inferior surface that bears prominent line, Trapezoid line and a small rounded projection, Conoid tubercle. These surface features are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments of the shoulder.

It can be divided into three parts. Medial end, lateral end and shaft.

Medial End

The medial end is quadrangular and articulates with clavicular notch of menubrium sterni to form sternoclavicular joint. Articular surface extends to anterior aspect for attachment with first costal cartilage.

It gives attachments to 1. Fibrous capsule of sternoclavicular joint all around 2. Articular disc superoposteriorly 3. Interclavicular ligament superiorly

Lateral End

The lateral end is flat from above downward downward. It bears a facet for attachment to acromion process of scapula forming acromioclavicular joint. The area surrounding the joint gives attachment to joint capsule.

Shaft

The shaft is divided into medial 2/3rd and lateral 1/3. Medial 2/3rd is thicker than lateral 1/3.

Medial 2/3rd of shaft

Medial 2/3rd of shaft has 4 surfaces and no borders.

Anterior surface is convex forward and gives origin to pectoralis major. Posterior surface is smooth and gives origin to sternohyoid muscle at its medial end. Superior surface is rough at its medial part and gives origin to sternocleidomastoid muscle . Inferior surface has an oval impression at its medial end for costoclavicular ligament. At the lateral side of inferior surface, there is a subclavian groove for insertion of subclavius muscle. At the lateral side of subclavian groove, nutrient foramen lies.

Lateral 1/3rd of shaft

It has 2 borders and 2 surfaces.

Anterior border is concave forward and gives origin to deltoid muscle. Posterior border is convex backward and gives attachment to trapezius muscle . Superior surface is subcutaneous. Inferior surface has a ridge called trapezoid line and a tubercle, the conoid tubercle for attachment with trapezoid and conoid part of Coracoclavicular ligament that serves to connect the clavicle with the coracoid process of the scapula.

Attachments

Muscles and ligaments that attach to the clavicle include:

The levator claviculae muscle, present in 2–3% of people, originates on the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is inserted in the lateral half of the clavicle.

Functions

The clavicle serves several functions:

It serves as a rigid support from which the scapula and free limb (arm) are suspended; an arrangement that keeps the upper limb away from the thorax so that the arm has maximum range of movement. Acting as flexible, crane-like strut, it allows the scapula to move freely on the thoracic wall.

Covering the cervicoaxillary canal, it protects the neurovascular bundle that supply the upper limb.

Transmits physical impacts from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

Development

The clavicle is the first bone to begin the process of ossification (laying down of minerals onto a preformed matrix) during development of the embryo, during the 5th and 6th weeks of gestation. However, it is one of the last bones to finish ossification, at about 21-25 years of age. It forms by intramembranous ossification. It consists of a mass of cancellous bone surrounded by a compact bone shell. The cancellous bone forms via two ossification centres, one medial and one lateral, which fuse later on. The compact forms as the layer of fascia covering the bone stimulates the ossification of adjacent tissue. The resulting compact bone is known as a periosteal collar.

Even though it is classified as a long bone, the clavicle has no medullary (bone marrow) cavity like other long bones. It is made up of spongy (trabecular) bone with a shell of compact bone.

The earliest tetrapods retained this arrangement, with the addition of a diamond-shaped interclavicle between the base of the clavicles, although this is not found in living amphibians. The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of reptiles, and is not found in any living amniotes, but the interclavicle is present in most modern reptiles, and also in monotremes. In modern forms, however, there are a number of variations from the primitive pattern. For example, crocodilians and salamanders lack clavicles altogether (although crocodilians do retain the interclavicle), while in turtles, they form part of the armoured plastron.

Additional images

See also

Bone terminology

Terms for anatomical location

References

External links

Fractures

Category:Skeletal system Category:Upper limb anatomy Category:Shoulder

Name	Jin Akanishi
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	(Akanishi Jin)
Born	July 04, 1984
Origin	Chiba Prefecture, Japan
Genre	Pop
Occupation	Singer-songwriter, arranger, actor, television personality
Instrument	Vocals, Guitar
Years active	1998-present
Label	J-One Records, Warner Music Group
Associated acts	KAT-TUN, Koichi Domoto, Crystal Kay, Lands
Url	jinakanishi.us

is a Japanese idol, singer-songwriter, actor, seiyū, and former radio host. Akanishi is a former member of the J-pop group, KAT-TUN, and was one of the two lead vocalists. Since the group's debut in 2006, it has achieved 14 consecutive number ones (including studio albums) on the Oricon charts.

Akanishi is also a budding actor with roles in the second season of popular NTV school drama, Gokusen 2, Anego and Yukan Club. He is also a co-host of KAT-TUN's own variety show, Cartoon KAT-TUN, and used to host a radio program called "KAT-TUN Style" with bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi from October 2007 to March 2008.

Early life

Born in the Chiba Prefecture on July 4, 1984, Akanishi is the oldest child. His family consists of his parents and a younger brother, Reio, who also works in the entertainment industry as an actor under the stage name, Fuuta. His given name, Jin ("benevolence"), comes from one of the five Confucian virtues. He moved to Tokyo in the first grade. He is the best friend of Tomohisa Yamashita and the two remain close today. In 1997, when he was still in grade school, a classmate sent in a photo of him to idol magazine, Myojo, and he was featured in the "Cool Classmates" corner of the issue. Akanishi expressed interest in the entertainment industry and his mother thus sent in an application to Johnny's Entertainment on his behalf in 1998. Though he technically failed his audition on November 8, 1998, he was told to stay when he tried to return his number plate to a man who happened to be Johnny Kitagawa himself. Despite his absence, KAT-TUN were obliged to continue its activities and released their third single and second studio album, "Bokura no Machi de" and Cartoon KAT-TUN II You, which both topped the charts. Akanishi finally returned from Los Angeles, the United States after six months on April 19, 2007. He quickly resumed work by joining his bandmates on their nationwide tour on April 21. All of KAT-TUN's subsequent singles and albums have since debuted at number 1 and the band has sold more than 6 million records in just over three years.

Akanishi is also a songwriter having written songs for KAT-TUN and for himself, including "Hesitate", "Love or Like" (from Cartoon KAT-TUN II You), "Lovejuice" (B-side of the limited edition 2 of "Don't U Ever Stop"), "Care" (from ) and "Wonder." The song "Wonder" is a collaboration with R&B; artist, Crystal Kay. Akanishi is also featured in the song "Helpless Night" from Crystal Kay's greatest hits album Best of Crystal Kay, released on September 2, 2009. He can play the guitar and has composed both music and lyrics for "", "ha-ha" and "Pinky". He also collaborated with bandmate Ueda to create the song, "Butterfly" (from Best of KAT-TUN).

2009–2010: Lands

At the event of Tokyo Girls Collection on September 5, 2009, Jin appeared as a special guest to promote his new movie, Bandage, he performed the movie's theme song which marked this as the solo debut under the temporary unit Lands with Takeshi Kobayashi, the producer of Mr. Children. Kobayashi wrote the lyrics and music of their debut single "Bandage." The song features drummer Nobuaki Kaneko of Rize. It was released on November 25, 2009; each copy contains a postcard to enter the drawing for tickets to Lands' special concert, held on January 16, 2010 in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.

On November 30, 2009, it was announced that Lands would release an album, Olympos, on January 13, 2010. It includes "Bandage" and 7 other songs.

2010–present: Solo concerts and United States tour

Akanishi had a series of solo concerts, "Akanishi Jin Star Live You & Jin", comprising a total of 32 shows from February 7, 2010 to February 28, 2010. The song "A Page" featured at his concerts, was released as part of KAT-TUN's 11th single, "Love Yourself (Kimi ga Kirai na Kimi ga Suki)," on the 2nd limited edition on February 10, 2010. He composed and arranged the song "A Page." He also co-wrote its lyrics. Announced on March 24, 2010, Akanishi's solo tour "You & Jin" had a 3 show tour in Los Angeles, California on June 19 and June 20. The solo tour tickets were sold out in the first hour when it began to sell on April 15.

In the last show of his You&Jin; concert Akanishi announced a tour in the United States. In July 2010, Akanshi announced that he would leave the band KAT-TUN, becoming a solo artist of Johnny & Associates. On 16 September 2010 dates for Akanishi's fall tour were released and the cities included were: Chicago, New York, Houston, Los Angeles and San Francisco. The tour has been named 'Yellow Gold Tour 3010'. The tour featured was held entirely in English, including 14 English-language songs that are mostly written and produced by the singer himself. On December 9, 2010, it was announced that Jin will be joining the Warner Music family. Warner Music Group and Warner Music Japan will sign Jin on a global basis and we will become responsible for his recording career in both English and Japanese language. Jin's first solo single titled "Eternal", is announced to be released on March 2nd, 2011 under Warner Music Group Japan. His album will be released on July 4, 2011. In addition, a US tour and possible Asian tour in 2011 are also announced.

Acting career

Akanishi made his debut as an actor in 1999 in a cameo appearance in the second episode of NTV's romance comedy, P.P.O.I., and also had small roles in TV Asahi's Best Friend, Omae no yukichi ga naiteiru and in NHK series, Haregi, Koko Ichiban. He also started appearing in musicals from 2000 taking on supporting roles in Millennium Shock (2000), Show Geki Shock (2001–2002), Dream Boy (2004) and Dream Boys (2006). Akanishi returned to the small screen in 2005 in the second season of the award-winning and popular NTV school drama, Gokusen, starring opposite Yukie Nakama and bandmate Kazuya Kamenashi. The show won "Best Drama" at the 44th Television Drama Academy Awards and ended its run with an average viewership rating of 27.8%. He also had a supporting role in NTV's romance series, Anego, the same year.

In 2007, Akanishi starred in his first lead role in Yukan Club, a school comedy series, alongside bandmate Junnosuke Taguchi and was voted "Best Actor" at the 11th Nikkan Sports Drama Grand Prix. He made his debut as a voice actor in 2008 for the Japanese dub of Speed Racer, providing the voice for protagonist Speed played by Emile Hirsch.

In 2009, Akanishi was cast as the lead actor in the movie, Bandage, directed by Takeshi Kobayashi and which is scheduled for release on January 16, 2010. This was his big screen debut.

Discography

KAT-TUN

Solo Recordings

Singles

"Bandage" (2009.11.25)

"Eternal" (2011.3.2)

Album

Olympos (2010.1.13)

TBA (2011.7.4)

Songs featured on CD releases by other artists

Crystal Kay - Best of Crystal Kay - 2009 - "Helpless Night"

Filmography

Movies

Bandage starring Natsu(2010)

Dramas

Yukan Club (有閑倶楽部) as Shochikubai Miroku (NTV, 2007)

Anego (アネゴ) as Kurosawa Akihiko (NTV, 2005)

Gokusen 2 (ごくせん 2005) as Yabuki Hayato (NTV, 2005)

Xmas Nante Daikirai as Kitagawa Sho (NTV, 2004)

Omae no Yukichi ga Naiteiru (TV Asahi, 2001)

Haregi, Koko Ichiban (NHK, 2000)

Taiyō wa Shizumanai (Fuji TV, 2000)

Best Friend (TV Asahi, 1999)

Kowai Nichiyōbi (NTV, 1999)

P.P.O.I. (NTV, 1999)

Voice acting

Speed Racer (2008)

Musicals

Dream Boys (2006)

Summary (2004)

Dream Boy (2004)

Shock Digest (2002)

Awards

References

Category:Johnny's Entertainment Category:KAT-TUN members Category:Japanese pop singers Category:Japanese male singers Category:1984 births Category:Living people