Coordinates	21°50′52″N105°45′28″N
name	Andy Griffith
birth name	Andy Samuel Griffith
birth date	June 01, 1926
birth place	Mount Airy, North Carolina, United States
nationality	American
education	Mount Airy High School
alma mater	University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
party	Democrat
notable works	The Andy Griffith Show
spouse	Barbara Bray Edwards (m. 1949–72) (divorced)Solica Cassuto (m. 1975–81) (divorced)Cindi Knight (1983–present)
years active	1954–present
occupation	Actor, comedian, director, producer, singer (country, bluegrass & southern gospel), writer }}

Andy Samuel Griffith (born June 1, 1926) is an American actor, director, producer, Grammy Award-winning Southern-gospel singer, and writer. He gained prominence in the starring role in director Elia Kazan's epic film ''A Face in the Crowd'' (1957) before he became better known for his television roles, playing the lead characters in the 1960-68 situation comedy, ''The Andy Griffith Show'', and in the 1986-95 legal drama, ''Matlock''. Griffith was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by US President George W. Bush on November 9, 2005.

Early life and education

Griffith was born in Mount Airy, North Carolina, the only child of Geneva (''née'' Nunn) and Carl Lee Griffith. At a very young age, Griffith had to live with relatives until his parents could afford to get a home of their own. Without a crib or a bed, he slept in drawers for a few months. In 1929, when Griffith was three years old, his father took a job working as a carpenter and was finally able to purchase a home in Mount Airy's "blue-collar" southside.

Like his mother, Griffith grew up listening to music. His father instilled a sense of humor from old family stories. By the time he entered school he was well aware that he was from what many considered the "wrong side of the tracks". He was a shy student, but once he found a way to make his peers laugh, he began to come into his own.

As a student at Mount Airy High School, Griffith cultivated an interest in the arts, and he participated in the school's drama program. A growing love of music, particularly swing, would change his life. Griffith was raised Baptist and looked up to Ed Mickey, a minister at Grace Moravian Church, who led the brass band and taught him to sing and play the trombone. Mickey nurtured Griffith's talent throughout high school until graduation in 1944. Griffith was delighted when he was offered a role in ''The Lost Colony'', a play still performed today on historic Roanoke Island, part of the history filled Outer Banks, the barrier islands that sit along most of coastal North Carolina. He performed as a cast member of the play for several years, playing a variety of roles, until he finally landed the role of Sir Walter Raleigh, the namesake of North Carolina's capital.

He began college studying to be a Moravian preacher, but he changed his major to music and became a part of the school's Carolina Play Makers. He attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, and graduated with a bachelor of music degree in 1949. At UNC he was president of the UNC Men's Glee Club and a member of the Alpha Rho Chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, America's oldest fraternity for men in music.

After graduation, he taught English for a few years at Goldsboro High School in Goldsboro, North Carolina, where he taught, among others, Carl Kasell. He also began to write.

Career

From rising comedian to film star

Griffith's early career was as a monologist, delivering long stories such as ''What it Was, Was Football'', which is told from the point of view of a rural backwoodsman trying to figure out what was going on in a football game. Released as a single in 1953 on the Colonial label, the monologue was a hit for Griffith, reaching number nine on the charts in 1954.

Griffith starred in a one-hour teleplay version of ''No Time for Sergeants'' (March 1955)—a story about a country boy in the US Air Force—on ''The United States Steel Hour'', a television anthology series. He expanded that role in a full-length theatrical version of the same name (October 1955) on Broadway in New York City, New York. His Broadway career also included the title role in the 1957 musical, ''Destry Rides Again'', co-starring Delores Gray. The show, with a score by Harold Rome, ran for more than a year.

Griffith later reprised his role for the film version (1958) of ''No Time for Sergeants''; the film also featured Don Knotts, as a corporal in charge of manual-dexterity tests, marking the beginning of a life-long association between Griffith and Knotts. ''No Time for Sergeants'' is considered the direct inspiration for the later television situation comedy ''Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.''

He also portrayed a US Coast Guard sailor in the feature film ''Onionhead'' (1958); it was neither a critical nor a commercial success.

Dramatic role in ''A Face in the Crowd'' (1957)

In 1957 Griffith made his film début, starring in the film ''A Face in the Crowd''. Although he plays a "country boy", this country boy is manipulative and power-hungry, a drifter who becomes a television host and uses his show as a gateway to political power. Co-starring Patricia Neal, Walter Matthau, Tony Franciosa, and Lee Remick (in her film début as well), this now-classic film, directed by Elia Kazan, showcases Griffith's powerful talents. Written by Budd Schulberg, and partly based on the on-stage phoniness of both Arthur Godfrey and Will Rogers, the film demonstrated, quite early on, the power that television can have upon the masses. This prescient film was seldom run on television until the 1990s.

A 2005 DVD reissue of ''A Face in the Crowd'' includes a mini-documentary on the film, with comments from Schulberg and surviving cast members Griffith, Franciosa, and Neal. In his interview, Griffith, revered for his wholesome image for decades, reveals a more complex side of himself. He recalls Kazan prepping him to shoot his first scene with Remick's teenaged baton twirler, who captivates Griffith's character on a trip to Arkansas. Griffith also expresses his belief that the film was far more popular and respected in more recent decades than it was when originally released.

Television roles

Early television roles

Griffith's first appearance on television had been in 1955 in the one-hour teleplay of ''No Time for Sergeants'' on ''The United States Steel Hour''. That was the first of two appearances on that series.

In 1960, Griffith appeared as a county sheriff (who was also a justice of the peace and the editor of the local newspaper) in an episode of ''Make Room for Daddy'', starring Danny Thomas. This episode, in which Thomas' character is stopped for speeding in a little town, served as a backdoor pilot for ''The Andy Griffith Show''. Both shows were produced by Sheldon Leonard.

''The Andy Griffith Show'' (1960–1968)

Beginning in 1960, Griffith starred as Sheriff Andy Taylor in ''The Andy Griffith Show'' for the CBS television network alongside other successful 1960s family-oriented situation comedies that dealt with single parent families, such as: ''My Three Sons'', ''Family Affair'', ''The Beverly Hillbillies'', ''Petticoat Junction'', ''The Lucy Show'', ''Julia'', ''The Courtship of Eddie's Father'', and, a decade later, ''The Brady Bunch''.

The show took place in the fictional town of Mayberry, North Carolina, where Taylor, a widower, was the sheriff and town sage. The show was filmed at Desilu Studios, with exteriors filmed at Forty Acres in Culver City, CA.

From 1960 to 1965, the show co-starred character actor and comedian—and Griffith's longtime friend—Don Knotts in the role of Deputy Barney Fife, Taylor's best friend and partner. He was also Taylor's cousin in the show. In the series première episode, in a conversation between the two, Fife calls Taylor "Cousin Andy", and Taylor calls Fife "Cousin Barney". The show also starred child actor Ron Howard (then known as Ronny Howard), who played Taylor's only child, Opie Taylor.

It was an immediate hit. Although Griffith never received a writing credit for the show, he worked on the development of every script. While Knotts was frequently lauded and won multiple Emmy Awards for his comedic performances (as did Frances Bavier in 1967), Griffith was never nominated for an Emmy Award during the show's run.

In 1967, Griffith was under contract with CBS to do one more season of the show. However, he decided to quit the show to pursue a movie career and other projects. The series continued as ''Mayberry R.F.D.'', with Ken Berry starring as a widower farmer and many of the regular characters recurring, some regularly and some as guest appearances. Griffith served as executive producer (according to Griffith, he came in once a week to review the week's scripts and give input) and guest starred in five episodes (the pilot episode involved his marriage to Helen Crump). He made one final appearance as Taylor in the 1986 reunion television film, ''Return to Mayberry'', and appeared in two reunion specials, in 1993 and 2003, respectively.

''Matlock'' (1986–1995)

After leaving his still-popular show in 1968, and starting his own production company (Andy Griffith Enterprises) in 1972, Griffith starred in less-successful television series such as ''Headmaster'' (1970), ''The New Andy Griffith Show'' (1971), ''Adams of Eagle Lake'' (1975) ''Salvage 1'' (1979), and ''The Yeagers'' (1980).

After spending time in rehabilitation for leg paralysis from Guillain–Barré syndrome in 1986, Griffith returned to television as the title character, Ben Matlock, in the legal drama ''Matlock'' (1986–1995) on NBC and ABC. Matlock was a country lawyer in Atlanta, Georgia, who was known for his Southern drawl and for always winning his cases. ''Matlock'' also starred unfamiliar actors (both of whom were childhood fans of Andy Griffith) Nancy Stafford as Michelle Thomas (1987–1992) and Clarence Gilyard Jr. as Conrad McMasters (1989–1993). By the end of its first season it was a ratings powerhouse on Tuesday nights. Although the show was nominated for four Emmy Awards, Griffith once again was never nominated. He did, however, win a People's Choice Award in 1987 for his work as ''Matlock''.

During the series' sixth season, he served as unofficial director, executive producer and writer of the show.

Other television appearances

Griffith has also made other character appearances through the years on ''Playhouse 90'', ''Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.'', ''The Mod Squad'', ''Hawaii Five-O'', ''The Doris Day Show'', ''Here's Lucy'', ''The Bionic Woman'', ''Fantasy Island'', among many others. He also reprised his role as Ben Matlock on ''Diagnosis: Murder'' in 1997, and his most recent guest-starring role was in 2001 in an episode of ''Dawson's Creek''.

Films (including television films)

For most of the 1970s, Griffith starred or appeared in many television films including ''The Strangers In 7A'' (1972), ''Go Ask Alice'' (1973), ''Winter Kill'' (1974), and ''Pray for the Wildcats'' (1974), which marked his first villainous role. Griffith appeared again as a villain in ''Savages'' (1974), a television film based on the novel ''Deathwatch'' (1972) by Robb White. Griffith received his only Primetime Emmy Award nomination as Outstanding Supporting Actor - Miniseries or a Movie for his role as the father of a murder victim in the television film ''Murder In Texas'' (1981) and won further acclaim for his role as a homicidal villain in the television film ''Murder in Coweta County'' (1983), co-starring music legend Johnny Cash as the sheriff. He also proved to be a good character actor and appeared in several television mini-series, including the television version of ''From Here to Eternity'' (1979), ''Roots: The Next Generations'' (1979), ''Centennial'' (1978), and the Watergate scandal-inspired ''Washington: Behind Closed Doors'' (1977), playing a former president loosely based on Lyndon B. Johnson.

Most of the TV movies Griffith starred in were also attempts to launch a new series. 1974's ''Winter Kill'' launched the short lived ''Adams of Eagle Lake'' which was canceled after only two episodes in 1975. A year later, he starred as a New York City attorney for the DA's office in ''Street Killing'' which also failed to launch a new series. Two television films for NBC in 1977, ''The Girl in The Empty Grave'' and ''Deadly Game'', were attempts for Griffith to launch a new series featuring him as Police Chief Abel Marsh, a more hard-edged version of Andy Taylor; despite strong ratings for both films, both were unsuccessful.

While appearing in television films and guest roles on television series over the next 10 years, Griffith also appeared in two feature films, both of which flopped at the box office. He co-starred with Jeff Bridges as a crusty old 1930s western actor in the comedy ''Hearts of the West'' (1975), and he appeared alongside Tom Berenger as a gay villainous colonel and cattle baron in the western comedy spoof ''Rustlers' Rhapsody'' (1985).

He also appeared as an attorney in the NBC mini-series ''Fatal Vision'' in 1984, which is considered a precursor to his role in ''Matlock''.

Griffith stunned many unfamiliar with his ''A Face in the Crowd'' work in the television film ''Crime of Innocence'' (1985), where he portrayed a callous judge who routinely sentenced juveniles to hard prison time. He further stunned audiences with his role as a dangerous and mysterious grandfather in 1995's ''Gramps'', co-starring the late John Ritter. He also appeared as a comical villain in the spy movie spoof ''Spy Hard'' (1996) starring Leslie Nielsen. In the television film ''A Holiday Romance'' (1999), Griffith played the role of "Jake Peterson." In the film ''Daddy and Them'' (2001), Griffith portrayed a patriarch of a dysfunctional southern family.

In the feature film ''Waitress'' (2007), Griffith played a crusty diner owner who takes a shine to Keri Russell's character. His latest appearance was the leading role in the romantic comedy, independent film ''Play The Game'' (2009) as a lonely, widowed grandfather re-entering the dating world after a 60-year hiatus. The cast of ''Play The Game'' also included Rance Howard, Ron Howard's real-life father, who made appearances in various supporting roles on ''The Andy Griffith Show,'' and Clint Howard, Ron's younger brother, who had the recurring role of ''Leon'' (the kid offering the ice cream cone or peanut butter sandwich) on TAGS.

Singing and recording career

Griffith sang as part of some of his acting roles, most notably in ''A Face In The Crowd'' and in many episodes of both ''The Andy Griffith Show'' and ''Matlock''. In addition to his recordings of comic monologues in the 1950s, he made an album of upbeat country and gospel tunes during the run of ''The Andy Griffith Show'', which included a version of the show's theme sung by Griffith under the title "The Fishin' Hole". In recent years, he has recorded successful albums of classic Christian hymns for Sparrow Records. His most successful was the 1996 release ''I Love to Tell the Story: 25 Timeless Hymns'', which was certified platinum by the RIAA.

Griffith appeared in country singer Brad Paisley's music video "Waitin' on a Woman" (2008).

Name dispute

William Harold Fenrick of Platteville, Wisconsin, legally changed his name to Andrew Jackson Griffith and ran unsuccessfully for sheriff of Grant County in November 2006. Subsequently, actor Griffith filed a lawsuit against Griffith/Fenrick, asserting that he violated trademark, copyright, and privacy laws by changing his name for the "sole purpose of taking advantage of Griffith's notoriety in an attempt to gain votes". On May 4, 2007, US District Court Judge John C. Shabaz ruled that Griffith/Fenrick did not violate federal trademark law because he did not use the Griffith name in a commercial transaction but instead strove "to seek elective office, fundamental First Amendment protected speech."

Associations

R.G. Armstrong

The longest association Griffith has had began in 1949 with a then-unknown actor, R.G. Armstrong. They met when Armstrong was one of Griffith's and his first wife's students at UNC, where Armstrong majored in drama. After graduating from college, Armstrong went on to become a versatile character actor while attending The Actors Studio in New York City.

In the 1960s, they were reunited in an episode of ''The Andy Griffith Show'', with Armstrong playing a farmer who was the father of a tomboy. In the 1980s, Armstrong made a guest appearance in a two-part episode of ''Matlock'', which was filmed in Wilmington, North Carolina (Griffith's place of residence), playing the role of a sheriff who introduces Matlock to a young, hotshot private investigator. Griffith and Armstrong keep in contact.

Don Knotts

Griffith's relationship with Knotts began in 1955, when they co-starred in the Broadway play ''No Time for Sergeants''. Several years later, Knotts had a regular role on ''The Andy Griffith Show'' for five seasons. Knotts left the series in 1965 but periodically returned for guest appearances. He appeared in the pilot for Griffith's subsequent short-lived series, ''The New Andy Griffith Show'', and he had a recurring role on ''Matlock'', from 1988 to 1992.

They kept in contact until Knotts' death in early 2006. Griffith traveled from his Manteo, North Carolina home to Los Angeles, California, to visit a terminally ill Knotts in the hospital just before Knotts died from complications of lung cancer.

Ron Howard

Griffith's friendship with Howard began in 1960, when they guest-starred in the episode of ''Make Room For Daddy'' that led to the formation of ''The Andy Griffith Show'' that same year. For eight seasons they shared a unique father-son relationship on the set. They guest-starred together in its spin-off series, ''Mayberry R.F.D.'', in an episode where Griffith's character married his long-time girlfriend. They also appeared in the episode ''Opie's Ill-Gotten Gain'', in which Howard's character, Opie, runs away from home and attempts to enlist in the US Marines. Howard and Griffith starred together in most of "The Andy Griffith Show" episodes. They costarred in the television special ''Return to Mayberry'' (1986), in which the now-adult Opie is about to become a father, and they later appeared together in CBS reunion specials in 1993 and 2003.

Griffith made a surprise appearance as the ghost of Andy Taylor when Howard hosted ''Saturday Night Live'' in 1982. Howard did not make any cameo appearances on ''Matlock'', but his mother, Jean Speegle Howard, had a small role in one episode. Howard attended the People's Choice Awards in 1987, where Griffith was honored.

Howard and Griffith keep in contact sharing news about family and personal activities. Howard and his family attended ''Waitress'' (2007), which they reportedly enjoyed. To this day, Griffith still calls Howard by his childhood nickname, "Ronny".

In October 2008, Griffith and Howard briefly reprised their Mayberry roles in an online video ''Ron Howard’s Call to Action''. It was posted to comedy video website Funny or Die. The video encouraged people to vote and endorsed Democratic Party US presidential candidate Barack Obama, and US vice-presidential candidate Joe Biden.

Personal life

Marriage and family

Griffith and Barbara Bray Edwards were married on August 22, 1949, and they adopted a son, Andrew Samuel Griffith Jr. (born in 1957 and known as Sam Griffith), a real-estate developer, and a daughter, Dixie Nan. They were divorced in 1972. Sam died in 1996 after years of alcoholism.

In 1975 Griffith and Solica Cassuto were married; they were divorced in 1981.

He and Cindi Knight were married on April 12, 1983; they had met when he was filming ''Murder in Coweta County''.

Political activities

In addition to his online video with Howard in 2008, in politics Griffith has favored Democrats and recorded television commercials endorsing North Carolina Governors Mike Easley and Bev Perdue. He spoke at the inauguration ceremonies of both. In 1984, he declined an offer by Democratic party officials to run against Jesse Helms, a US Senator from North Carolina.

In July 2010, he also starred in ads about Medicare.

Health

Griffith's first serious health problem was in April 1983, when he was diagnosed with Guillain-Barré syndrome and could not walk for seven months because of paralysis from the knees down.

On May 9, 2000, he underwent quadruple heart-bypass surgery at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital in Norfolk, Virginia. After a fall, Griffith underwent hip surgery on September 5, 2007, at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles.

Albums

''Andy and Cleopatra'' on Capitol Records - T 2066, (1964)

''What it Was, Was Football'' (as Deacon Andy Griffith) on Capitol Records - EAP 1-498, (1953)

''Just for Laughs'' (1958)

''Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs'' (1959) (album includes a guest appearance by bluesmen Brownie McGhee and Sonny Terry).

''Somebody Bigger Than You and I'' (1972)

''American Originals'' (1993)

''I Love to Tell the Story: 25 Timeless Hymns'' (1996)

''Sings Favorite Old-Time Songs'' (1997)

''Just as I Am: 30 Favorite Old Time Hymns (1998)

''Wit & Wisdom of Andy Griffith'' (1998)

''Favorite Old Time Songs'' (2000)

''Absolutely the Best'' (remastered) (2002)

''Back to Back Hits'' (2003)

''The Christmas Guest'' (2003)

''Bound for the Promised Land: The Best of Andy Griffith Hymns'' (2005)

''The Collection'' (2005)

''Pickin' and Grinnin': The Best of Andy Griffith'' (2005)

Music videos

! Year	! Video	! Director
2008	"Waitin' on a Woman"(w/ Brad Paisley)	Jim Shea/Peter Tilden

Filmography

Features

''A Face in the Crowd'' (1957)

''No Time for Sergeants'' (1958)

''Onionhead'' (1958)

''The Second Time Around'' (1961)

''Angel in My Pocket'' (1969)

''Hearts of the West'' (1975)

''Rustlers' Rhapsody'' (1985)

''Gramps'' (1995)

''Spy Hard'' (1996)

''Daddy and Them'' (2001)

''The Very First Noel'' (2006) (voice)

''Waitress'' (2007)

''Christmas Is Here Again'' (2007) (voice)

''Play the Game'' (2008)

Short subjects

''Rowan & Martin at the Movies'' (1968)

''What It Was, Was Football'' (1997)

''Waitin' on a Woman'' (music video by Brad Paisley featuring Griffith) (2008)

Television work

''The Andy Griffith Show'' (1960–1968)

''The Headmaster'' (1970–1971)

''The New Andy Griffith Show'' (1971; canceled after 13 episodes)

''The Strangers In 7A'' (1972)

''Go Ask Alice'' (1973)

''Pray for the Wildcats'' (1974)

''Winter Kill'' (1974)

''Savages'' (1974)

''Adams of Eagle Lake'' (1975; canceled after two episodes)

''Street Killing'' (1976)

''Six Characters in Search of an Author'' (1976)

''Frosty's Winter Wonderland'' (1976) (voice)

''Washington: Behind Closed Doors'' (1977)

''The Girl in the Empty Grave'' (1977)

''Deadly Game'' (1977)

''Centennial'' (1978; miniseries)

''Salvage 1'' (1979; canceled after 20 episodes)

''From Here to Eternity'' (1979; miniseries)

''Roots: The Next Generations'' (1979; miniseries)

''The Yeagers'' (1980; canceled after two episodes)

''Murder in Texas'' (1981)

''For Lovers Only'' (1982)

''Murder in Coweta County'' (1983)

''The Demon Murder Case'' (1983)

''Fatal Vision'' (1984) (miniseries)

''Crime of Innocence'' (1985)

''Return to Mayberry'' (1986)

''Matlock'' (1986–1995)

''Under the Influence'' (1986)

''The Gift of Love'' (1994)

''Gramps'' (1995)

''Scattering Dad'' (1998)

''A Holiday Romance'' (1999)

Honors

Mount Airy annually celebrates Griffith and his eponymous television series with "Mayberry Days", named after the fictional community of Mayberry in ''The Andy Griffith Show''.

A statue of the Mayberry characters, Andy and Opie, was constructed in Pullen Park in Raleigh, North Carolina, and at the Andy Griffith Playhouse in Mount Airy.

C.F. Martin & Company, guitar manufacturers, offers an Andy Griffith signature model guitar. Limited edition in 2004 of the D-18 Model with 311 units total production. Patterned after Andy's own 1956 D-18.

Griffith received a Grammy Award for Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album for ''I Love to Tell the Story — 25 Timeless Hymns'' in 1997.

In 1999 Griffith was inducted into the Country Gospel Music Hall of Fame with fellow artists Lulu Roman, Barbara Mandrell, David L. Cook, Gary S. Paxton, Jimmy Snow, Loretta Lynn, and Jody Miller.

In October 2002, an stretch of US Highway 52 that passes through Mount Airy was dedicated as the Andy Griffith Parkway.

He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bush on November 9, 2005.

A few weeks earlier, he had helped preside over the reopening of UNC's Memorial Hall and donated a substantial amount of memorabilia from his career to the university.

In 2007, he was inducted into the Christian Music Hall of Fame and Museum.

References

External links

Discography at CMT.com

Inventory of the Andy Griffith Papers, 1949–1997, in the Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

"Judge: Wis'. 'Andy Griffith' Did Not Harm Actor", news report by ''The Associated Press'' on the May 2007 ruling in favor of William Harold Fenrick.

"What It Was, Was Football", includes links to audio of the routine and ''Mad'' magazine treatment.

Fans created replica of Sheriff Andy Taylor's Mayberry home for B&B;

Taylor home replica inn

Beckwith, Ryan Teague (December 27, 2007). "Andy Griffith", profile at ''The News & Observer''. Accessed November 12, 2009.

Andy Griffith Archive of American Television Interview

Category:1926 births Category:Living people Category:People from Mount Airy, North Carolina Category:Actors from North Carolina Category:American Christians Category:American comedians Category:American film actors Category:American performers of Christian music Category:American male singers Category:American people of Welsh descent Category:American singer-songwriters Category:American television actors Category:American television directors Category:American television producers Category:American voice actors Category:Colonial Records Category:Baptists from the United States Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Musicians from North Carolina Category:North Carolina Democrats Category:People from Dare County, North Carolina Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients Category:Southern Gospel performers Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni Category:Writers of the Moravian Church

ar:أندي جريفيث bg:Анди Грифит cy:Andy Griffith de:Andy Griffith fr:Andy Griffith it:Andy Griffith nl:Andy Griffith pl:Andy Griffith pt:Andy Griffith ro:Andy Griffith fi:Andy Griffith

"Medicine man" or "Medicine woman" are English terms used to describe traditional healers and spiritual leaders among Native American and other indigenous or aboriginal peoples. Anthropologists tend to prefer the term "shaman," a specific term for a spiritual mediator from the Tungusic peoples of Siberia.

The medicine man and woman in North America

Role in native society

The primary function of these "medicine elders" (who are not always male) is to secure the help of the spirit world, including the Great Spirit (Wakan Tanka in the language of the Lakota Sioux), for the benefit of the entire community.

Sometimes the help sought may be for the sake of healing disease, sometimes it may be for the sake of healing the psyche, sometimes the goal is to promote harmony between human groups or between humans & nature. So the term "medicine man/woman" is not entirely inappropriate, but it greatly oversimplifies and also skews the depiction of the people whose role in society complements that of the chief. These people are not the Native American equivalent of the Chinese "barefoot doctors", herbalists, nor of the emergency medical technicians who ride rescue vehicles.

To be recognized as the one who performs this function of bridging between the natural world and the spiritual world for the benefit of the community, an individual must be validated in his role by that community. Medicine men and women study through a medicine society or from a single teacher.

Cultural context

The term "medicine people" is commonly used in Native American communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall (Cherokee) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people is privileged, and it often remains in particular families."

Native Americans tend to be quite reluctant to discuss issues about medicine or medicine people with non-Indians. In some cultures, the people will not even discuss these matters with Indians from other tribes. In most tribes medicine elders are not expected to advertise or introduce themselves as such. As Nuttall writes, "An inquiry to a Native person about religious beliefs or ceremonies is often viewed with suspicion. One example of this was the Apache medicine cord or ''Izze-kloth'', whose purpose and use by Apache medicine elders was a mystery to nineteenth century ethnologists because "''the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them''."

The 1954 version of ''Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language,'' reflects the poorly grounded perceptions of the people whose use of the term effectively defined it for the people of that time: "a man supposed to have supernatural powers of curing disease and controlling spirits." In effect, such definitions were not explanations of what these "medicine people" were to their own communities, but instead reported on the consensus of socially and psychologically remote observers when they tried to categorize these individuals. The term "medicine man/woman," like the term "shaman", has been criticized by Native Americans, as well as other specialists in the fields of religion and anthropology.

The term "medicine man/woman" was also frequently used by Europeans to refer to African traditional healers, also known as "witch doctors" or "fetish men/women".

See also

Curandero

Ethnobotany

Herbalism

Keewaydinoquay Peschel

Kallawaya

Midewiwin

Plastic shaman

Prehistoric medicine

Shamanism

Trance

References

Category:Healthcare occupations Category:Religious occupations of the indigenous peoples of North America Category:Shamanism of the Americas Category:Herbalism

bar:Medizinmo da:Medicinmand no:Medisinmann pl:Medicine man simple:Medicine man fi:Poppamies