A drag queen is a man who dresses, and usually acts, like a caricature woman often for the purpose of entertaining. There are many kinds of drag artists and they vary greatly, from professionals who have starred in films to people who just try it once. Drag queens also vary by class and culture and can vary even within the same city. Although many drag queens are gay men, there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities who do drag for various reasons or purposes. Women who dress like men for the same purpose are known as drag kings.

Generally, however drag queens are males who dress in a female gender role, often exaggerating certain characteristics (such as make-up and eyelashes) for comic, dramatic or satirical effect. Other drag performers include drag kings, who are women who perform in male roles, faux queens, who are women who dress in an exaggerated style to emulate drag queens and faux kings, who are men who dress to impersonate drag kings.

The term ''drag queen'' usually refers to people who dress in drag for the purpose of performing, whether singing or lip-synching, dancing, participating in events such as gay pride parades, drag pageants, or at venues such as cabarets and discotheques. In the United Kingdom, alongside traditional drag work such as shows and performances, many drag queens engage in 'mix-and-mingle' or hosting work at night clubs or at private parties/events. Drag is a part of Western gay culture;

Terminology

Drag queen

The etymology of the term "drag queen" is disputed. The term ''drag queen'' occurred in Polari, a subset of English slang that was popular in some gay communities in the early part of the 20th century. Its first recorded use to refer to actors dressed in women's clothing is from 1870. A folk etymology whose acronym basis reveals the late 20th-century bias, would make "drag" an abbreviation of "dressed as a girl" in description of male transvestism. Queen may refer to the trait of affected royalty found in many drag characters. It is also related to the Old English word "quean" or ''cwene'', which originally simply meant "woman", then was later used as a label both for promiscuous women and gay men (see Oxford English Dictionary definition number 3 for "queen"). Drag as a term referring to women's clothing worn by men has less clear origins. According to one theory, it was used in reference to transvestites at least as early as the 18th century, owing to the tendency of their skirts to drag on the ground. Another possibility is that it derives from non-English languages. ''Bardag'' was a Persian word meaning "slave", which developed into the Spanish term ''bardaje'' referring to a "passive sodomite". This was borrowed into French as ''bardache''. The French word was then used in America in the American-English form ''berdache'', and was used in referring to indigenous men who assumed the role of homemaker and dressed as a woman, while the wife left the home to assume warrior duties.

Female impersonator

Another term for a drag queen ''female impersonator'', is still used—though it is sometimes regarded as inaccurate, because some contemporary drag performers are not attempting to pass as women. ''Female impersonation'', has been and continues to be illegal in some places, which inspired the drag queen José Sarria to hand out labels to his friends reading "I am a boy," so he could not be accused of female impersonation. American drag queen RuPaul once said "I do not impersonate females! How many women do you know who wear seven-inch heels, four-foot wigs, and skintight dresses?" He also said, "I don't dress like a woman; I dress like a drag queen!". Celebrity drag couple "The Darling Bears" go so far as to sport full beards for their performances, which could also be referred to as genderfuck. Going in drag while retaining clearly masculine features is referred to as ''skag drag''. Some performers draw the distinction that a female impersonator seeks to emulate a specific female star or celebrity, while a drag queen only seeks to create a distinctive feminine persona of his or her own.

Alternative terms

There are also performers who prefer to be called "gender illusionists" who do blur the line between transgender and drag queen. Generally transgender performers do not consider themselves to be drag queens and drag queens don't consider themselves to be illusionists, but, as with everything, there are exceptions. Often these distinctions are more generational as laws and acceptance of individuality change and grow.

Many drag queens prefer to be referred to as "she" while in drag and desire to stay completely in character. Some performers object to being referred to as "he" or by their legal name while in character. Drag performer RuPaul is an exception, as he seems to be completely indifferent to which pronoun is used to refer to him. In his words, "You can call me he. You can call me she. You can call me Regis and Kathie Lee; I don't care!"

The term tranny has most recently been embraced by drag performers, notably RuRaul, and the gay male community in the United States. It is considered very offensive to transgender and transsexual people.

Drag and transvestism

Most drag queens perform for personal fulfillment as a hobby, a profession, or an art form; as a way to be in the spotlight; or as a road to local or wider fame. Historically and currently, there have been and are a significant number of heterosexual men, generally actors, who perform in drag. There are also transgender or transsexual people, as well as straight women, who perform as drag queens.

Drag queens are sometimes called transvestites, although that term also has many other connotations than the term "drag queen". "Drag queen" usually connotes cross-dressing for the purposes of entertainment or performance without necessarily aiming to pass as female. It is not generally used to describe those persons who cross-dress for the fulfillment of transvestic fetishes alone, or whose cross-dressing is primarily part of a private sexual activity or identity. As for those whose motivation is not primarily sexual, and who may socialise cross-dressed, they tend not to adopt the typical over-the-top drag queen look.

Drag queen names

There tend to be three types of drag names: The first are satirical names that play on words, such as Miss Understood, Peaches Christ, and Lypsinka.

The second type are names that trend toward glamour and extravagance, such as Dame Edna Everage, Chi Chi LaRue, Margo Howard-Howard, Betty "Legs" Diamond and The Lady Chablis. This is the type used by the character Albin in the movie and musical ''La Cage Aux Folles'' for his drag persona, "Miss ZaZa Napoli".

The third type is considered simpler but can have an in-depth backstory, cultural or geographical significance or simply be a feminine form of their "boy" name. Often a drag queen will pick a name or be given one by a friend or "drag mother" as a one-time occasion only to discover they like performing and go on to use a less-than ideal name for years. Drag queens do change names as well even using two or more concurrently for various reasons. Some examples of simpler names include Amelia Cortez, Verka Serduchka, Miss Coco Peru, Shequida, Rikki Reeves, Betty Butterfield and Divine.

Drag shows and venues

A drag show is an entertainment consisting of a variety of songs, monologues or skits featuring either single performers or groups of performers in drag meant to entertain an audience. They range from amateur performances at small bars to elaborately staged theatrical presentations. Many drag shows feature performers singing or lip-synching to songs while performing a pre-planned pantomime, or dancing. The performers often don elaborate costumes and makeup, and sometimes dress to imitate various famous female singers or personalities. And some events are centered around drag, such as Southern Decadence where the majority of festivities are led by the Grand Marshals, who are traditionally drag queens.

In films

1953 – ''Glen or Glenda'', one of the most famous cult classics of Ed Wood, starring himself as Glen and Glenda.

1959 – ''Some Like It Hot'', starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon.

1967 – ''Thoroughly Modern Millie'', an American musical starring Julie Andrews, James Fox, Mary Tyler Moore, Carol Channing, John Gavin, and Beatrice Lillie, notable where Fox's character dresses in drag in order to find out what happened to Tyler-Moore's character.

1969 – ''Funeral Parade of Roses'' starring Peter

1979 – ''The Rose'' starring Bette Midler, notable for a scene in which Midler's character Mary Rose Foster performs a duet on stage in a drag club with a drag queen (played by Kenny Sacha) who is impersonating Midler as Foster.

1982 - ''Tootsie'' starring Dustin Hoffman, Jessica Lange, and Teri Garr

1982 - ''Victor Victoria'' starring Julie Andrews

1988 – ''Hairspray'' starring Divine

1988 – ''Torch Song Trilogy'' starring Harvey Fierstein, Anne Bancroft and Matthew Broderick

1990 – ''Paris Is Burning'' a documentary film directed by Jennie Livingston. It chronicles the ball culture of New York City and the gay and transgender community involved in it.

1991 – ''Vegas in Space'' starring Doris Fish, Miss X, Ginger Quest, and introducing 'Tippi'

1993 - ''Mrs. Doubtfire'' starring Robin Williams, Sally Field, and Pierce Brosnan.

1994 – ''The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert'' starring Terence Stamp, Hugo Weaving, and Guy Pearce

1995 – ''To Wong Foo, Thanks for Everything! Julie Newmar'' starring Wesley Snipes, Patrick Swayze, and John Leguizamo (cameo by RuPaul)

1996 – ''The Birdcage'' starring Robin Williams, Nathan Lane, Gene Hackman and Dianne Wiest

1996 - ''The Nutty Professor'' starring Eddie Murphy.

1998 – ''Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil'' starring John Cusack, Kevin Spacey and starring as herself Lady Chablis

1999 – ''Flawless'' starring Philip Seymour Hoffman and Robert DeNiro

2000 - ''Big Momma's House'' starring Martin Lawrence

2001 – ''Hedwig and the Angry Inch'' starring John Cameron Mitchell

2003 – ''Girls Will Be Girls'' directed by Richard Day, starring Miss Coco Peru (Clinton Leupp), Evie Harris (Jack Plotnick), and Varla Jean Merman (Jeffery Roberson).

2004 – ''Connie and Carla'' starring Nia Vardalos, Toni Collette, and David Duchovny

2005 – ''Kinky Boots'' starring Joel Edgerton, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Sarah-Jane Potts, and Nick Frost

2005 – ''Rent''

2006 – ''The Curiosity of Chance'' starring Tad Hilgenbrink and Brett Chukerman

2006 - "I Wanna Be a Republican" starring The Kinsey Sicks, America's Favorite Dragapella Beautyshop Quartet

2007 – ''A Shade Before Pink'' features cross dressing, drag queens and gender questioning. Starring Cary Woodworth and Rhoda Jordan, guest appearance by Jackie Beat.

2007 – ''St. Trinian's'' starring Rupert Everett as Camilla Fritton, the headmistress of the school.

2008 – Slingbacks and Syrup a documentary about the House of LeMay that held its world premiere at the Vermont International Film Festival.

2009 - Tamid oto chalom Israeli TV miniseries about drag life in Tel Aviv, based on the songs of Israeli song writer Svika Pick

2010 – Yazima Beauty Salon the Movie featuring drag comedy/dance group Yazima Beauty Salon

2011 - ''Big Mommas: Like Father Like Son'' starring Martin Lawrence and Brandon T Jackson

In music

Some male music celebrities wear exaggerated feminine clothing as part of their show, but they should not be necessarily called drag queens. Boy George wears drag queen style clothes and cosmetics but he once stated he was not a drag queen. RuPaul and Pete Burns are professional singers and drag queen performers.

Drag queens in lyrycal interpretation of some songs:

Lola by The Kinks

Walk on the Wild Side by Lou Reed

Dude (Looks Like a Lady) by Aerosmith

Ballad of Cleo and Joe by Cyndi Lauper

King for a Day by Green Day

Cherry Lips by Garbage

Born This Way by Lady Gaga

Do You Mind If We Talk About Bill by James Collins (about a transgendered ex-pop singer -- video is on YouTube)

I'm Coming Out by Diana Ross

Genres

High ''camp'' drag queens employ a drag aesthetic based on clown-like values like exaggeration, satire, and ribaldry. Pandora Boxx, Divine, Miss Understood, Peaches Christ, Hedda Lettuce and Jolene Sugarbaker can be considered examples of camp queens.

Some drag queens exaggerate in the dimension of elegance and fashion, employing elaborate jewelry and gowns. The Lady Chablis, who can be seen in the movie ''Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil'' is an example of this type of performer. Many of these drag queens impersonate specific actresses and pop divas such as Britney Spears, Cher, Bette Midler, Madonna, Gilla, Charo, Connie Francis, Donna Summer, Whitney Houston, Céline Dion, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Patti LaBelle, Shirley Bassey, Janet Jackson, Spice Girls, Lady Gaga and others, emulating their high-fashion costuming and jewelry. Drag artist John Epperson has used the persona Lypsinka as a caricature of Joan Crawford, including in his play ''The Passion of the Crawford''.

Some drag queens primarily perform in pageants, hence the term ''pageant queen''. Pageant queens gear their act toward winning titles and prizes in various contests and pageant systems. Some of these have grand prizes that rival those of pageants such as Miss America; see drag pageantry. These drag queens can be known nationally and many work professionally year-round producing and hosting shows that specialize in drag and celebrity illusionists.

Post-modernist drag queens; an example would be The Divine David, now appearing as David Hoyle, who regularly performed in London during the 1990s in clubs such as Duckie, in South London. He used an extreme form of presentation, with make-up that was applied roughly and then smeared across his face. His act was designed to make the audience feel extremely uncomfortable about any preconceived ideas of acceptable subject matter for a drag queen to tackle. One show included cutting up a pig's head and throwing the pieces into the audience. As such, the act bore close similarities to performance art of the 1970s. Vaginal Davis, in Los Angeles, has performed as a drag queen for many years; her genderfuck performances, often mixing male and female signifiers (also called "sloppy drag"), and her many appearances in performance art venues since the 1980s attest to her status as a performance artist. Like RuPaul, Davis is indifferent to whether addressed as "he" or "she."

Societal reception

Drag has come to be a celebrated aspect of modern gay life. Many gay bars and clubs around the world hold drag shows as special parties. Several "International Drag Day" holidays have been started over the years to promote the shows. Typically, in the U.S. drag is celebrated in early March. This year, "Drag Day" falls on March 6.

On the Logo television network, its most successful program is a drag competition, ''RuPaul's Drag Race''. However, its winners and contestants have yet to receive the same praise as mainstream reality show contestants.

However, within the larger lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (LGBT) communities drag queens are sometimes criticized for their participation in pride parades and other public events, believing that this projects a limited and harmful image of gay people and impedes a broader social acceptance. In more recent years drag queens have been prominently featured at these same events. A common criticism of drag queens is that they promote harmful stereotypes of women, comparable to blackface portrayal of African-Americans by white performers that was popular in the early 20th century.

Drag queens are sometimes criticized by members of the transgender community — especially, but not exclusively, by many trans women — because of fears that they themselves may be stereotyped as drag queens. Canadian transgender activist Star Maris wrote a song entitled "I'm Not A Fucking Drag Queen" which expresses this viewpoint. The song was featured in the film ''Better Than Chocolate'', performed by a male-to-female transsexual on stage at a gay club. The transsexual character, played by Peter Outerbridge, struggles throughout the movie to fit in with cisgender (non-transgender) women, and partially performs the song as an act of cathartic defiance and self-empowerment. Other transwomen reject those fears in the broader context that drag queens, many of whom are gender-variant and sexuality minorities, are more of an ally than a threat.

See also

Ball culture

Cover Girl

Crossdressing

Drag pageantry

Imperial Court System

Kiki DuRane

List of transgender-related topics

List of drag queens

Wanda Wisdom

Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence

Stonewall riots

''Tootsie''

Vegas in Space

References

;Notes

External links

ICONS-NYC's Hottest Drag Show

Drag Artist Discography (information and discography with historical references and photos) of drag artists & female impersonators

The Pink Mirror – a film on Indian drag queens">The Pink Mirror – a film on Indian drag queens

The Worldwide Directory of Drag Queens

Drag Queen Social Network

Queens of Las Vegas drag show

International Drag Queens and Friends

Category:Cross-dressing Category:Transgender identities

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