Name	Karolos PapouliasΚάρολος Παπούλιας
Office	7th President of the Third Hellenic Republic
Primeminister	Kostas KaramanlisGeorge Papandreou
Term start	12 March 2005
Predecessor	Costis Stephanopoulos
Office2	Minister for Foreign Affairs
Term start2	26 July 1985
Term end2	2 July 1989
Predecessor2	Ioannis Charalambopoulos
Successor2	Tzannis Tzannetakis
Term start3	13 October 1993
Term end3	2 January 1996
Predecessor3	Michalis Papakonstantinou
Successor3	Theodoros Pangalos
Birth date
Birth place	Ioannina, Greece
Party	Panhellenic Socialist Movement
Spouse	May Panou Papoulia
Children	Fani, Vicky and Anna
Alma mater	National and Kapodistrian University of AthensLudwig Maximilian University of MunichUniversity of Cologne
Profession	Jurist
Religion	Greek Orthodoxy
Signature	Karolos Papoulias Signature.svg
Residence	Presidential Palace (Official)
Website	Official website }}

Dr. Karolos Papoulias (, ; born June 4, 1929) is the seventh and current President of the Third Hellenic Republic.

Private life and family

Karolos Papoulias (Greek: Κάρολος Παπούλιας) was born in Ioannina. Papoulias is the son of Major General Gregorios Papoulias. He studied law at the University of Athens and the University of Milan, has a doctorate in private international law from the University of Cologne, and is an associate of the Munich Institute for Southeast Europe. Apart from his native Greek, he also speaks French, German and Italian. A former pole-vault and volley ball champion, Papoulias has been chairman of the National Sports Association since 1985. He is also a founding member and until recently president of the Association for the Greek Linguistic Heritage.

Karolos Papoulias is married to Maria Panou and has three daughters.

Role in PASOK, parliamentary and government offices

Papoulias was a founding member of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) and a close associate of its leader Andreas Papandreou. Since December 1974 he was continually elected to the PASOK Central Committee. He was also member of the Coordination Council, the Executive Bureau and the Political Secretariat, as well as Secretary of the PASOK International Relations Committee from April 1975 to 1985. For a number of years he was also a member of the Coordinating Committee of the Socialist and Progressive Parties of the Mediterranean.

He was first elected to the Greek Parliament in 1977 for Ioannina, and held his seat continuously through the subsequent legislative elections until his 2004 election as President of the Republic. He held several high offices during the PASOK cabinets:

Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs, from 21 October 1981 to 8 February 1984.

Alternate Minister for Foreign Affairs, from 8 February 1984 to 5 June 1985 and again from 5 June 1985 to 26 July 1985.

Minister for Foreign Affairs, from 26 July 1985 to 2 July 1989.

Alternate Minister for National Defence, from 23 November 1989 to 13 February 1990 in the ecumenical government of Xenophon Zolotas .

Minister for Foreign Affairs, from 13 October 1993 to 22 January 1996.

In the administration of Costas Simitis, he was the Chairman of the Standing Committee on Defence and Foreign Affairs of the Hellenic Parliament for a number of years.

Election to the Presidency

On 12 December 2004, Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis, leader of the governing New Democracy party, and George Papandreou, leader of the PASOK opposition, nominated Papoulias as for the position of President, who is chosen by the Parliament. On 8 February 2005, he was elected by an overwhelming parliamentary majority of 279 (out of 300) votes to serve a five-year term. He was sworn in as the 7th President of the Third Hellenic Republic on 12 March 2005, succeeding Konstantinos Stephanopoulos. After securing the support of the two major political parties, he was re-elected to a second and final term on 3 February 2010 with a parliamentary majority of 266 votes.

Papoulias as Foreign Minister

During his long tenure in the Foreign Ministry, he identified himself with a foreign policy that was clearsighted and comprehensive. In the 1980s he played a key role in trying to bring about a solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This culminated in the successful mediation for the safe departure of the trapped Palestinian militants and Yassir Arafat himself from Lebanon on board Greek vessels in 1983.

He paid particular attention to the creation of sound relations with the Arab world and achieved, among other things, the normalisation of relations between Greece and Egypt and the establishment of the tripartite cooperation of Iran, Armenia and Greece. He held talks with a total of 12 Turkish Foreign Ministers and was firmly committed to the continuous and difficult effort to normalize Greco-Turkish relations. This culminated in the signing of the Papoulias-Yılmaz memorandum in 1988.

He supported Turkey's European aspirations conditional on their respect for international law and European Union values.

In the period 1993–1996 and particularly at the crucial Essen Summit he played an important role in starting accession talks between the Republic of Cyprus and the European Union.

As president-in-office of the European Union and member of the contact group for the former Yugoslavia, together with Warren Christopher, Klaus Kinkel, Alain Juppé, Andrei Kozyrev and Hans van den Broek, he spared no effort to bring about a resolution of the crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He signed the Interim Agreement with the Republic of Macedonia, aiming at the establishment of better relations between the two countries. He has always kept channels of communication open with all Balkan leaders and has repeatedly mediated on behalf of the EU.

He was very interested in relations between Greece and the Balkan states and it was upon his initiative that the first meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Balkans was organized in Belgrade in 1988. There, he began talks with Bulgaria and the then Soviet Union on the Burgas-Alexandroupolis oil pipeline.

He was responsible for the signing of the protocol of mutual civil and military assistance with Bulgaria in the 1980s. He restored friendly and neighbourly relations with Albania by ending the state of war between the two countries.

Karolos Papoulias has always been very supportive of any step towards détente, peace and disarmament e.g. the "Initiative of the Six" for peace and disarmament, the participation of Greece in the Conference on Disarmament and Peace in Europe and in the Conference for the Abolition of Chemical Weapons, his proposals to create a nuclear-free zone in the Balkans and the promotion of the idea of making the Mediterranean a sea of peace and cooperation. The JANNINA 1 tripartite cooperation conference, between Greece, Bulgaria and Romania, was his idea and he was a strong supporter of the Black Sea Conference, which he also chaired.

With his visit to Washington in 1985 and the return visit of Secretary of State George Shultz, he made an important contribution to the redefining and improvement of Greek-American relations which had gone through a delicate phase during the previous years.

Honours and awards

type	Presidential
name	Karolos Papoulias
reference	His Excellency(Greek: Αυτού Εξοχότητα)
spoken	Your Excellency(Greek: Εξοχώτατε)
alternative	Mr. President(Greek: κύριε Πρόεδρε) }}

Knight Grand Cross with Grand Cordon of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (January 18, 2006)

Knight Grand Cross of the Grand Order of King Tomislav ("For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Hellenic Republic." – 21 March 2007)

References

External links

Official Website of the President of Greece –

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Category:1929 births Category:Living people Category:Current national leaders Category:Foreign ministers of Greece Category:Greek MPs 1977–1981 Category:Greek MPs 1981–1985 Category:Greek MPs 1985–1989 Category:Greek MPs 1989 (June–November) Category:Greek MPs 1989–1990 Category:Greek MPs 1990–1993 Category:Greek MPs 1993–1996 Category:Greek MPs 1996–2000 Category:Greek MPs 2000–2004 Category:Panhellenic Socialist Movement politicians Category:Presidents of Greece Category:National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni Category:People from Ioannina Category:Knights Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Category:Grand Order of King Tomislav recipients

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Name	Shimon Peresשמעון פרס
Office	9th President of Israel
Primeminister	Ehud OlmertBenjamin Netanyahu
Term start	15 July 2007
Predecessor	Moshe Katsav
Office2	Prime Minister of Israel
President2	Ezer Weizman
Term start2	4 November 1995
Term end2	18 June 1996Acting until 22 November 1995
Predecessor2	Yitzhak Rabin
Successor2	Benjamin Netanyahu
President3	Chaim Herzog
Term start3	13 September 1984
Term end3	20 October 1986
Predecessor3	Yitzhak Shamir
Successor3	Yitzhak Shamir
President4	Ephraim Katzir
Term start4	22 April 1977
Term end4	21 June 1977Acting
Predecessor4	Yitzhak Rabin
Successor4	Menachem Begin
Birth date	August 02, 1923
Birth place	Wiszniew, Poland (now Belarus)
Birthname	Szymon Perski
Party	Kadima (2005–present)
Otherparty	Mapai (1959–65)Rafi (1965–68)Labor (1968–2005)
Spouse	Sonya Gelman Peres (1945–2011) (her death)
Children	ZviaYoniChemi
Religion	Judaism
Signature	Shimon Peres Signature.svg }}

(, born Szymon Perski; 2 August 1923) is the ninth President of the State of Israel. Peres served twice as the eighth Prime Minister of Israel and once as Interim Prime Minister, and has been a member of 12 cabinets in a political career spanning over 66 years. Peres was elected to the Knesset in November 1959 and, except for a three-month-long hiatus in early 2006, served continuously until 2007, when he became President.

He held several diplomatic and military positions during and directly after Israel's War of Independence. His first high-level government position was as Deputy Director-General of Defense in 1952, and Director-General in 1953 through 1959. During his career, he has represented five political parties in the Knesset: Mapai, Rafi, the Alignment, Labor and Kadima, and has led Alignment and Labour. Peres won the 1994 Nobel Peace Prize together with Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat for the peace talks that he participated in as Israeli Foreign Minister, producing the Oslo Accords.

Peres was nominated in early 2007 by Kadima to run in that year's presidential election, and was elected by the Knesset for the presidency on 13 June 2007 and sworn into office on 15 July 2007 for a seven-year term. He is the first former Prime Minister to be elected President of Israel.

Biography

Shimon Peres was born Szymon Perski on 2 August 1923 in Wiszniewo, Poland (now Višnieva, Belarus), to Yitzhak (1896–1962) and Sara (b. 1905 née Meltzer) Perski. The family spoke Hebrew, Yiddish and Russian at home, and Peres learned Polish at school. He now speaks English and French in addition to Hebrew. His father was a lumber merchant, later branching out into other commodities while his mother was a librarian. Peres has a younger brother, Gershon, and is a first cousin of American actress Lauren Bacall (born Betty Joan Persky).

Peres' grandfather, Rabbi Zvi Meltzer, a grandson of Rabbi Chaim Volozhin, had a great impact on his life. In an interview, Peres said: "As a child, I grew up in my grandfather's home… I was educated by him… my grandfather taught me Talmud. It was not as easy as it sounds. My home was not an observant one. My parents were not Orthodox but I was Haredi. At one point, I heard my parents listening to the radio on the Sabbath and I smashed it." All of Peres' relatives who remained in Wiszniewo in 1941 were murdered during the Holocaust, many of them (including Rabbi Meltzer) burned alive in the town's synagogue.

In 1932, Peres' father immigrated to Palestine and settled in Tel Aviv. The family followed him in 1934. He attended Balfour Elementary School and High School, and Geula Gymnasium (High School for Commerce) in Tel Aviv. At 15, he transferred to Ben Shemen agricultural school and lived on Kibbutz Geva for several years. Peres was one of the founders of Kibbutz Alumot. In 1941 he was elected Secretary of Hanoar Haoved Vehalomed, a Labor Zionist youth movement, and in 1944 returned to Alumot, where he worked as a dairy farmer, shepherd and kibbutz secretary.

In 1945, Peres married Sonya Gelman, who preferred to remain outside the public eye. They had three children. Sonya Peres was unable to attend Shimon's inauguration ceremony due to ill health. She died on 20 January 2011, aged 87.

In 2005, he was voted the 11th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website ''Ynet'' to determine whom the general public considered the 200 Greatest Israelis.

Military career

In 1947, Peres joined the Haganah, the predecessor of the Israel Defense Forces. David Ben-Gurion made him responsible for personnel and arms purchases.

In 1952, he was appointed Deputy Director General of the Ministry of Defense, and in 1953, at the age of 29, became the youngest ever Director General of the Ministry of Defense. He was involved in arms purchases and establishing strategic alliances that were important for the State of Israel. He was instrumental in establishing close relations with the French, securing massive amounts of quality arms that, in turn, helped to tip the balance of power in the region. Owing to Peres' mediation, Israel acquired the advanced Dassault Mirage III French jet fighter, established the Dimona nuclear reactor and entered into a tri-national agreement with France and the United Kingdom, positioning Israel in what would become the 1956 Suez Crisis.

Political career

Peres was first elected to the Knesset in the 1959 elections, as a member of the Mapai party. He was given the role of Deputy Defense Minister, which he fulfilled until 1965. Peres and Moshe Dayan left Mapai with David Ben-Gurion to form a new party, Rafi, which reconciled with Mapai and joined the Alignment (a left-wing alliance) in 1968.

In 1969, Peres was appointed Minister of Immigrant Absorption and in 1970 became Minister of Transportation and Communications. In 1974, after a period as Information Minister, he was appointed Minister of Defense in the Yitzhak Rabin government, having been Rabin's chief rival for the post of Prime Minister after Golda Meir resigned in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War. During this time, Peres continued to challenge Rabin for the chairmanship of the party, but in 1977, he again lost to Rabin in the party elections.

Peres succeeded Rabin as party leader prior to the 1977 elections when Rabin stepped down in the wake of a foreign currency scandal involving his wife. As Rabin could not legally resign from the transition government, he officially remained Prime Minister, while Peres became the unofficial acting Prime Minister. Peres led the Alignment to its first ever electoral defeat, when Likud under Menachem Begin won sufficient seats to form a coalition that excluded the left. After only a month on top, Peres assumed the role of opposition leader. After turning back a comeback bid by Rabin in 1980 Peres led his party to another, narrower, loss in the 1981 elections. In 1984, the Alignment won more seats than any other party but failed to muster the majority of 61 mandates needed to form a left-wing coalition. Alignment and Likud agreed to an unusual "rotation" arrangement in which Peres would serve as Prime Minister and the Likud leader Yitzhak Shamir would be Foreign Minister. A highlight of this time in office was a trip to Morocco to confer with King Hassan II.

After two years, Peres and Shamir traded places. In 1986 he became foreign minister. In 1988, the Alignment led by Peres suffered another narrow defeat. He agreed to renew the coalition with the Likud, this time conceding the premiership to Shamir for the entire term. In the national unity government of 1988–90, Peres served as Vice Premier and Minister of Finance. He and the Alignment finally left the government in 1990, after "the dirty trick" – a failed bid to form a narrow government based on a coalition of the Alignment, small leftist factions and ultra-orthodox parties.

From 1990, Peres led the opposition in the Knesset, until, in early 1992, he was defeated in the first primary elections of the new Israeli Labor Party (which had been formed by the consolidation of the Alignment into a single unitary party) by Yitzhak Rabin, whom he had replaced fifteen years earlier. Peres remained active in politics, however, serving as Rabin's foreign minister from 1992. Secret negotiations with Yasser Arafat's PLO organization led to the Oslo Accords, which won Peres, Rabin and Arafat the Nobel Peace Prize. After Rabin's assassination in 1995, Peres again became Prime Minister.

During his term, Peres promoted the use of the Internet in Israel and created the first website of an Israeli prime minister. However, he was narrowly defeated by Benjamin Netanyahu in the first direct elections for Prime Minister in 1996. In 1997 he did not seek re-election as Labor Party leader and was replaced by Ehud Barak. Barak rebuffed Peres's attempt to secure the position of party president and upon forming a government in 1999 appointed Peres to the minor post of Minister of Regional Co-operation. Peres played little role in the Barak government.

In 2000 Peres ran for a seven-year term as Israel's President, a ceremonial head of state position, which usually authorizes the selection of Prime Minister. Had he won, as was expected, he would have been the first ex-Prime Minister to be elected President. He lost however, to Likud candidate Moshe Katsav.

Following Ehud Barak's defeat by Ariel Sharon in the 2001 direct election for Prime Minister, Peres made yet another comeback. He led Labor into a national unity government with Sharon's Likud and secured the post of Foreign Minister. The formal leadership of the party passed to Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, and in 2002 to Haifa mayor, Amram Mitzna. Peres was much criticized on the left for clinging to his position as Foreign Minister in a government that was not seen as advancing the peace process, despite his own dovish stance. He left office only when Labor resigned in advance of the 2003 elections. After the party under the leadership of Mitzna suffered a crushing defeat, Peres again emerged as interim leader. He led the party into coalition with Sharon once more at the end of 2004 when the latter's support of "disengagement" from Gaza presented a diplomatic program Labor could support.

Peres won the chairmanship of the Labor Party in 2005, in advance of the 2006 elections. As party leader, Peres favored pushing off the elections for as long as possible. He claimed that an early election would jeopardize both the September 2005 Gaza withdrawal plan and the standing of the party in a national unity government with Sharon. However, the majority pushed for an earlier date, as younger members of the party, among them Ophir Pines-Paz and Isaac Herzog, overtook established leaders like Binyamin Ben-Eliezer and Haim Ramon, in the party ballot to divide up government portfolios. Peres continually led in the polls, defying predictions that rivals would overtake him. Peres lost the leadership election with 40% to Peretz's 42.4%.

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On 30 November 2005 Peres announced that he was leaving the Labor Party to support Ariel Sharon and his new Kadima party. In the immediate aftermath of Sharon's debilitating stroke there was speculation that Peres might take over as leader of the party but most senior Kadima leaders, however, were former members of Likud and indicated their support for Ehud Olmert as Sharon's successor.

Labor reportedly tried to woo Peres back to the fold. Peres announced, however, that he supported Olmert and would remain with ''Kadima''. Peres had previously announced his intention not to run in the March elections. Following Kadima's win in the election, Peres was given the role of Vice Prime Minister and Minister for the Development of the Negev, Galilee and Regional Economy.

Presidency

On 13 June 2007, Peres was elected President of the State of Israel by the Knesset. 58 of 120 members of the Knesset voted for him in the first round (whereas 38 voted for Reuven Rivlin, and 21 for Colette Avital). His opponents then backed Peres in the second round and 86 members of the Knesset voted in his favor, while 23 objected. He resigned from his role as a Member of the Knesset the same day, having been a member since November 1959 (except for a three month period in early 2006), the longest serving in Israeli political history. Peres was sworn in as President on 15 July 2007.

In November 2008, Peres received an honorary knighthood of the Order of St. Michael and St. George from Queen Elizabeth II in Buckingham Palace in London.

Political views

Peres was once considered a "hawk". He was a protégé of Ben-Gurion and Dayan and an early supporter of the West Bank settlers during the 1970s. However, after becoming the leader of his party his stance evolved. More recently he has been seen as a dove, and a strong supporter of peace through economic cooperation. While still opposed, like all mainstream Israeli leaders in the 1970s and early 1980s, to talks with the PLO, he distanced himself from settlers and spoke of the need for "territorial compromise" over the West Bank and Gaza. For a time he hoped that King Hussein of Jordan could be Israel's Arab negotiating partner rather than Yasser Arafat. Peres met secretly with Hussein in London in 1987 and reached a framework agreement with him, but this was rejected by Israel's then Prime Minister, Yitzhak Shamir. Shortly afterward the First Intifada erupted, and whatever plausibility King Hussein had as a potential Israeli partner in resolving the fate of the West Bank evaporated. Subsequently, Peres gradually moved closer to support for talks with the PLO, although he avoided making an outright commitment to this policy until 1993.

Peres was perhaps more closely associated with the Oslo Accords than any other Israeli politician (Rabin included) with the possible exception of his own protégé, Yossi Beilin. He has remained an adamant supporter of the Oslo Accords and the Palestinian Authority since their inception despite the First Intifada and the al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada). However, Peres supported Ariel Sharon's military policy of operating the Israeli Defence Forces to thwart suicide bombings.

Peres' foreign policy outlook is markedly realist. To placate Turkey, Peres allegedly downplayed the Armenian genocide. Although Peres himself did not retract the statement, the Israeli Foreign Ministry later issued a cable to its missions which stated that the "The minister absolutely did not say, as the Turkish news agency alleged, “What the Armenians underwent was a tragedy, not a genocide"". However, according to Armenian news agencies, the statement released by the Israeli Consulate in Los Angeles did not include any mention that Peres hadn't said that the events were not genocide. In an interview with Army Radio on 8 May 2006 he remarked that "the president of Iran should remember that Iran can also be wiped off the map".

Peres is a proponent of Middle East economic integration.

Family

In May 1945, Peres married Sonya Gelman, whom he had met in the Ben Shemen Youth Village, where her father served as a carpentry teacher. The couple married after Sonya finished her military service in the British Army during World War II. Through the years Sonya chose to stay away from the media and keep her privacy and the privacy of her family, despite her husband's extensive political career. With the election of Peres for president, Sonya Peres, who had not wanted her husband to accept the position, announced that she would stay in the couple's apartment in Tel Aviv and not join her husband in Jerusalem. The couple thereafter lived separately. She died on 20 January 2011, aged 87, from heart failure at her apartment in Tel Aviv.

Shimon and Sonya Peres had three children:

A daughter, Mrs. Zvia Valdan, a linguist and professor at Beit Berl Academic College;

An elder son, Yoni, director of Village Veterinary Center, a veterinary hospital on the campus of Kfar Hayarok Agricultural School near Tel Aviv. He specializes in the treatment of guide dogs;

A younger son, Nehemia ("Chemi"), Co-founder/Managing General Partner of Pitango Venture Capital, one of Israel's largest venture capital funds. Chemi Peres is a former helicopter pilot in the IAF.

Books

Shimon Peres is the author of 11 books, including:

''The Next Step'' (1965)

''David's Sling'' (1970) (ISBN 0-297-00083-7)

''And Now Tomorrow'' (1978)

''From These Men: seven founders of the State of Israel'' (1979) (ISBN 0-671-61016-3)

''Entebbe Diary'' (1991) (ISBN 965-248-111-4)

''The New Middle East'' (1993) (ISBN 0-8050-3323-8)

''Battling for Peace: a memoir'' (1995) (ISBN 0-679-43617-0)

''For the Future of Israel'' (1998) (ISBN 0-8018-5928-X)

''The Imaginary Voyage: With Theodor Herzl in Israel'' (1999) (ISBN 1-55970-468-3)

References

See also

List of Jewish Nobel laureates

External links

Official Israeli Presidency website

Channel on YouTube

Peres Center for Peace

Biography at the Encyclopaedia Britannica

Lecture at NobelPrize.org

Biography of Shimon Peres at Zionism and Israel Information Center Biography Page

Shimon Peres biography at the Jewish Virtual Library

Column archive at ''The Guardian''

BBC – Sharon seals new Israel coalition

Peres's metaphysical propensity to lose by Matthew Wagner, published in the Jerusalem Post, 10 November 2005.

Former Labor Leader Shimon Peres Heading For Sharon's new party – recorded Report from IsraCast.

Shimon Peres speaks at the Council on Foreign Relations about the Israel/Lebanon conflict on 31 July 2006

Shimon Peres speaks at Cornell University – "A Conversation with Shimon Peres"

"Presidency rounds off 66-year career" by Amiram Barkat, Haaretz

President Peres' address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, 24 September 2008

Honorary doctorate of Law from King's College London

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Category:1923 births Category:Living people Category:People from Valozhyn Raion Category:Belarusian Jews Category:Polish emigrants to Israel Category:Current national leaders Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:Israeli civil servants Category:Israeli Jews Category:Israeli Nobel laureates Category:Israeli party leaders Category:Israeli people of Belarusian origin Category:Jewish politicians Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Category:Members of the Knesset Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates Category:Polish Jews Category:Presidents of Israel Category:Prime Ministers of Israel Category:Mapai politicians Category:Rafi (political party) politicians Category:Israeli Labor Party politicians Category:Kadima politicians

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name	The Dutchess
type	studio
artist	Fergie
cover	Fergiethedutchess.jpg
released
recorded	2006
genre	Pop, R&B;, hip hop
length	54:58
label	A&M;, will.i.am music group
producer	Polow da Don, Printz Board, Rgobb Boldt, Ron Fair, George Pajon Jr, Keith Harris, John Legend, will.i.am (exec.)
this album	''The Dutchess''(2006)
misc	}}

''The Dutchess'' is the debut studio album by American recording artist Fergie, who is a member of The Black Eyed Peas. The album was released on September 19, 2006. As of 2008, the album has sold more than six million copies worldwide. The album produced 5 top five singles in the U.S., including three number-one hits on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, "London Bridge", "Big Girls Don't Cry", and "Glamorous", as well as the number two single "Fergalicious" and the number five single "Clumsy". All five of the aforementioned singles have sold over two million digital downloads each in the U.S., thus setting a new record in the digital era for the most multi-platinum singles from one album. The song, "All That I Got (The Make Up Song)" has been remixed slightly and used as one of the two main music themes for Tyra Banks' talk show, ''Tyra''. Edited and Parental Advisory versions of the album were available. In Japan, the United States and Australia, deluxe versions of the album were released.

Background

The title is a derivation and misspelling of the title "The Duchess of York", as Fergie (a derivative of her last name "Ferguson") and Sarah Ferguson, the real Duchess of York, share a surname and nickname. Will.I.Am was an executive producer for the album. Ludacris, B-Real from Cypress Hill and Rita Marley all make guest appearances. Fergie has made it clear in interviews that she will still be an active member of the Black Eyed Peas.

In Australia, with the success of her first number-one single "Big Girls Don't Cry", the album peaked at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart on July 23, 45 weeks after it was released. The album has shifted over 210,000 copies and is certified triple platinum by ARIA. It has spent an impressive 62 weeks inside the nation's top 50, and 21 weeks inside the top 10. It spent four consecutive weeks at number one. Fergie has also had five consecutive top 4 hits from a debut album, the first artist to do so was Delta Goodrem with her 2003 album, ''Innocent Eyes'', which had five consecutive number ones. Due to the re-release of ''The Dutchess'' in the U.S, the original album bounced back from #104 to #28, because of the 11,000 copies of the deluxe edition sold in its first week.

On December 21, 2007, Fergie performed "Finally" on the 9th Annual ''A Home for the Holidays'' special on CBS and on ''Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve'' 2008 on ABC, where Ryan Seacrest announced that it would be a single in 2008. It was released to radio on February 26, 2008. Fergie's current single is "Finally". The music video for "Finally" was filmed by Marc Webb, but has yet to be released. Some songs were written with Fergie's old band, Wild Orchid members Renee Sands, and Stefanie Ridel.

Singles

"London Bridge" was released as the lead single from the album on July 18, 2006, and was Fergie's first single as a solo artist. As of January 1, 2008, the single has sold 1,792,912 copies in the U.S. "Fergalicious" is the second single from the album, ''The Dutchess''. It features Black Eyed Peas member will.i.am, who also produced the track. "Fergalicious" was not officially released as the second single in the UK, where "Glamorous" was officially made the second single instead. However, "Fergalicious" still managed to chart at number 26 on the UK Official Download Chart and will be released as the fourth single there, over a year after the song's initial release, as a double A-side with "Clumsy". This is possibly due to the huge success of "Big Girls Don't Cry" in the UK which reached #2, saved the album, and even made it reach a new peak position at #18. As of August 2008, the single has sold over 2,700,000 copies.

"Glamorous" is the third single of ''The Dutchess''; the song features Ludacris. The beat was originally presented to Gwen Stefani as a remix for her single "Luxurious", but the singer ultimately decided not to use it. Ludacris' verse is leftover from that version. In March 2007, the song became Fergie's second number-one single in the United States. The single was released on March 19, 2007 in the UK and was the second single taken from the album. The single was not as successful in Latin America (excluding Mexico, where it proved to be a hit) as "London Bridge" and "Fergalicious". "Glamorous" is the fourth single from the album in Brazil, where "Big Girls Don't Cry" was released as the third single. Fergie sang this song along with "Big Girls Don't Cry" at the Concert for Diana. As of March 2008, the single has sold 2,300,000 copies. "Big Girls Don't Cry", also known as "Big Girls Don't Cry (Personal)", is a song written by Fergie and Toby Gad for Fergie's debut solo album ''The Dutchess'' (2006). The song was released as the album's fourth single in 2007 (see 2007 in music) and topped the charts in several countries, most notably in Australia (for nine consecutive weeks - also becoming the number-one single in the ARIA's Year End Charts for 2007), and in the United States. It was the most played song of 2007 in Brazil (the success of the song there is due to Big Brother Brasil, which chose the song as the theme of the most popular couple of the show) and the most downloaded track in the U.S., with astonishing sales of more than 2,750,000 copies sold. In July 2007, Fergie performed the song at the Concert for Diana and Live Earth. By the end of August 2007, the song became Fergie's third number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It was nominated in the 'Best Female Pop Vocal Performance' category at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, which was held February 10, 2008.

"Clumsy" was written by Fergie and will.i.am, sampling Little Richard's "The Girl Can't Help It", Deee-Lite's "Who Was That", and a small part of MC Lyte's "Poor Georgie". The song was released as the album's fifth single. The song peaked at number five in the U.S. on the Billboard Hot 100, making it the fifth consecutive top-five single from ''The Dutchess''. Fergie has also had five consecutive top 5 hits from a debut album on the ARIA Charts in Australia making her the first artist to do so since Delta Goodrem in 2003 with ''Innocent Eyes'' who had five consecutive number ones. Initially "Clumsy" was Fergie's least successful single, but later it was replaced by "Finally".

Promotional singles

"Here I Come" is a song produced and featured Will.i.am. The track was released in Australia in January 2008. It reached 22 on Australia Singles Chart and 122 on Hot 100. It was used on the commercials that advertised the debut of the new channel CW and in a Motorola Rockr commercial for Brazil and Portugal featuring Fergie. "Finally" is the sixth single from ''The Dutchess''. It is the album's least successful single. It featured John Legend on piano.

"Party People" was released as the first single from Nelly's fifth studio album ''Brass Knuckles''. The song is also a single from the Deluxe Edition of ''The Dutchess''. It reached 40 in the USA and 14 in the UK. "Labels or Love" is the second single from the Deluxe Edition of ''The Dutchess'', and eighth overall. The song did not chart on Hot 100, but in UK it reached 56. This is the last single from the album and a music video was filmed.

Critical reception

Initial critical response to ''The Dutchess'' was mixed. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 58, based on 15 reviews, which indicates "average reviews". Andy Kellman from Allmusic gave to the album a rating of 2/5 stars and claimed that: "The Dutchess has all the characteristics of a release fronted by someone who has been itching to go solo and prove herself, once and for all, as a versatile force all her own". But that "The whole process, produced mostly by fellow Pea will.i.am, is mildly entertaining but tremendously taxing". A positive review came from Bill Lamb of About.com, who gave to the album a rating of 4/5 stars. He stated that "Fergie proves herself a skilled entertainer that can make you dance, laugh, nearly cry, and just have a really good time." He finished the review, saying that "The Dutchess is one of the top debuts of the year. Similar to Gwen Stefani's experience, this album is good enough to pull into question the wisdom of Fergie sticking with The Black Eyed Peas or considering striking out on her own. Another favorable review came from ''Entertainment Weekly'''s Leah Greenblatt' who say that "The Dutchess reaches further than most albums by contemporary divas." The ''Uncut'' review of ''The Dutchess'' was also positive, considering the album "One of the most rambunctiously entertaining and high-spirited records of 2006". Dan Gennoe from ''Dot Music'' was also favorable to the album, naming ''The Dutchess'' as an "exceptionally random R&B; mixtape". Kathryn Perry from ''The Phoenix'' described ''The Dutchess'' as "An eclectic, danceable collection of hip-hop, R&B;, and pop confections".

Chart performance

''The Dutchess'' debuted at number three on the ''Billboard'' 200 in the United States with sales of more than 150,000 in its first week. 51 weeks after its release, ''The Dutchess'' climbed to a new peak of number two in the U.S. In the UK, it debuted at number 27 with 9,110 copies sold. The song "Losing My Ground" was the upcoming single, though it was replaced for "Glamorous" for unknown reasons. In a matter of weeks it dropped out of the chart altogether until the success of "Glamorous" when the album shot up from 77 to 28. Again, after the success of "Big Girls Don't Cry", the album climbed to 19 and after dropping a few places, went back up to its number 18 peak. To date, the album has produced three ''Billboard'' Hot 100 number-one hits, including "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry", with "Fergalicious" peaking at number two. Fifth single "Clumsy" peaked at the number five on the chart. A remix of "Big Girls Don't Cry", which features Sean Kingston, became an iTunes-only single and the new song "Pick It Up" (which appears on the Japanese re-released edition of the album) will become a single in Japan.

Track listing

Charts and certifications

Charts

!Chart	!Peakposition
UK Albums Chart

;The Dutchess EP

!Chart (2008)	!Peakposition	!Sales/shipments
		14,466

End of year charts

! Year	! Country	! Chart	! Ranking
2007
2008

Certifications

!Country	! ;MuchMusic Video Awards Best International Video - "Fergalicious" (2007) Best International Video - Artist (2008) ;Juno Awards Best International Album - "The Dutchess" (2008) ;ASCAP Awards Song Of The Year - "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008) ;MTV Japan Video Music Awards Best Female Video - "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008) ;Teen Choice Awards Best (2008) References External links ''The Dutchess'' at [[Metacritic">Music recording sales certifications
	Gold
	3× Platinum
	Platinum
	3× Platinum
	Gold
	Gold
	Platinum
	Platinum
	Platinum
	3× Platinum
	Gold
	3× Platinum

Awards

;MTV Australia Video Music Awards

Sexiest Video - "Fergalicious" (2007)

;MuchMusic Video Awards

Best International Video - "Fergalicious" (2007)

Best International Video - Artist (2008)

;Juno Awards

Best International Album - "The Dutchess" (2008)

;ASCAP Awards

Song Of The Year - "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008)

;MTV Japan Video Music Awards

Best Female Video - "Big Girls Don't Cry" (2008)

;Teen Choice Awards

Best (2008)

References

External links

''The Dutchess'' at [[Metacritic

Category:2006 albums Category:Albums produced by Polow da Don Category:Albums produced by Ron Fair Category:Albums produced by will.i.am Category:A&M; Records albums Category:Debut albums Category:Fergie albums Category:Interscope Records albums Category:Albums certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan

ca:The Dutchess cs:The Dutchess da:The Dutchess de:The Dutchess es:The Dutchess fr:The Dutchess id:The Dutchess it:The Dutchess he:The Dutchess lt:The Dutchess hu:The Dutchess ja:プリンセス・ファーギー no:Fergie - The Dutchess pl:The Dutchess pt:The Dutchess ru:The Dutchess fi:The Dutchess sv:The Dutchess th:เดอะดัตเชส tr:The Dutchess

Name	The Finn Brothers
Background	group_or_band
Origin	New Zealand
Genre	Rock
Years active	1995–present
Label	Parlophone, Nettwerk Records, Discovery
Current members	Neil FinnTim Finn
Past members	}}

The Finn Brothers is a New Zealand Rock musical duo consisting of brothers Neil and Tim Finn. In June 1993 both members were awarded the OBE for their contribution to music.

The brothers started off making music together from a very young age, and Neil joined his big brother Tim in Split Enz at the age of eighteen. Both brothers have been involved in complicated music careers after Split Enz was disbanded in 1984. Neil started his own band, Crowded House and subsequently recorded two solo albums after Crowded House split in 1996. He reformed Crowded House in 2007 with a subsequent album and tour. Tim started a solo-career in 1983 before Split Enz disbanded and temporarily joined Crowded House for the Woodface album in 1991.

History

''Woodface'' and ''Finn''

Tim and Neil intended to start the Finn brothers project after a three week song writing spree in 1990. However most of the songs written during this time were deemed suitable for inclusion on a Crowded House album and they appeared on Woodface which was released in 1991 and led to Tim joining Crowded House. Many of the original demo recordings from these sessions were eventually released as b-sides on Finn Brothers singles. Tim left Crowded House while they were touring Europe in support of the Woodface album.

Tim and Neil reconvened with the Finn brothers project in 1995, and a lo-fi album simply called Finn was released. In the UK the duo changed both their name and the album name to Finn Brothers to avoid confusion with a band going under the moniker Fin. This title was kept for all future ''brothers'' collaborations, however re-releases of the original album in Australia and New Zealand still go by the original title ''Finn''.

''Everyone is Here''

Their second album, ''Everyone Is Here'' was released in 2004. It was recorded twice, once in upstate New York with Bowie producer Tony Visconti, bassist Bones Hillman and Ross Burge on drums, then again six months later in Los Angeles with Crowded House producer Mitchell Froom and different session musicians. Some of the songs from the first recording session were kept as B sides and later appeared on a special edition of the album. The album featured the would be Split Enz song "Edible Flowers" for which a music video was filmed. The music video features two people in a donkey suit, however its wearers cannot be seen. In the 2005 tour, Neil and Tim Finn wore a donkey suit onto stage for many performances also.

Following the Boxing Day Tsunami, The Finn Brothers appeared at the Wave Aid fundraising concert in Sydney to help raise funds for aid organisations working in disaster affected areas. As well as their own material, they performed a cover of Hunters and Collectors' "Throw Your Arms Around Me."

Television

Their song, ''Anything Can Happen'' was used in the first episode of Scrubs' fifth season, ''My Intern's Eyes''. The song was used when we first meet Keith Dudemeister (albeit through his eyes) as he walks into his first day at Sacred Heart.

This song was also used on the final session of the last day of the 2005 England vs. Australia Ashes cricket series on Channel 4 Television, at the end of the last day of cricket being shown on British terrestrial television.

The song ''Anything Can Happen'' was also featured in the movie ''Aurora Borealis''

Their song "Luckiest Man Alive" was played during the closing credits of the television broadcast of the 2005 Indianapolis 500.

Discography

''This discography relates to releases by The Finn Brothers. See Neil Finn's discography, Tim Finn's discography, Crowded House discography and Split Enz discography for other works by the Finn Brothers.''

!Date of Release	!Title	!Label	!Charted	!Country	!Catalog Number
1995				UK
2004	''Everyone Is Here''			AUS UK
2005				–

Singles

!Year	!Single	!Album	!Charted	!Certification
				–
"Angels Heap"		–
	"Won't Give In"			–
"Nothing Wrong with You"		–
		–
"Part of Me, Part of You"		–

External links

Finn Brothers Official Home Page

Finn Brothers Official Fan Club Notice Board

Frenz Official Fan Forum

Enzology – Radio NZ's Split Enz documentary site

Seven Worlds Fanpage

Something So Finn

[ Allmusic Biography]

Finnatics – German language fan page

MySpace fan page

Category:New Zealand musical groups

nl:Finn Brothers pt:Finn Brothers

Name	Robert Sedraki Kocharyan
Office	2nd President of Armenia
Primeminister	Armen DarbinyanVazgen SargsyanAram SargsyanAndranik MargaryanSerzh Sargsyan
Term start	9 April 1998
Term end	9 April 2008Acting: 4 February 1998 - 9 April 1998
Predecessor	Levon Ter-Petrossian
Successor	Serzh Sargsyan
Order2	Prime Minister of Armenia
President2	Levon Ter-Petrossian
Term start2	20 March 1997
Term end2	10 April 1998
Predecessor2	Armen Sargsyan
Successor2	Armen Darbinyan
Order3	President of Nagorno-Karabakh
Primeminister3	Leonard Petrosyan
Term start3	29 December 1994
Term end3	20 March 1997
Predecessor3	Garen Baburyan (Acting)
Successor3	Leonard Petrosyan (Acting)
Order4	Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh
President4	Georgy Petrosyan (Acting)Garen Baburyan (Acting)
Term start4	August 1992
Term end4	29 December 1994
Predecessor4	Oleg Yessayan
Successor4	Leonard Petrosyan
Birth date
Birth place	Stepanakert, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union (Now Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh Republic)
Spouse	Bella Kocharyan
Religion	Armenian Apostolic }}

Robert Kocharyan (, ) (born August 31, 1954) was the second President of Armenia, serving from 1998 till 2008. He was previously President of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1994 to 1997 and Prime Minister of Armenia from 1997 to 1998.

Biography

Robert Kocharyan was born in Stepanakert, Nagorno-Karabakh. He received his secondary education there and from 1972 to 1974 served in the Soviet Army. He and his wife, Bella Kocharyan, have three children: Sedrak, Gayane, and Levon, all of whom were born in Stepanakert.

Career timeline and events during his presidency

1972-1974 – served in the Soviet Army

1975-1976 – labor activities in different enterprises in Stepanakert and Moscow

1977-1982 – electrical engineering faculty of Yerevan State Polytechnic Institute. Diploma with excellence.

1980-1981 – worked as a mechanical engineer at the electrical engineering plant in Stepanakert

1981-1985 – worked at different positions at Municipal committee in Stepanakert town committee of the Komsomol Union, including the post of assistant secretary

1986 – instructor of town committee of Stepanakert Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

1987-1989 – head of Karabakh Soviet party organization of the silk factory

19 February 1988 – leader of the Artsakh movement, which fought for secession from the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic and for later union with Armenia; member of group ''Krunk''; led the ''Miatsum'' organization

1989-1995 – twice elected as a deputy of Supreme Council of Republic of Armenia, and member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet

1991-1992 deputy of the Supreme Union of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic in its first convocation

*

Presidency

After the resignation of his predecessor Levon Ter-Petrossian, Kocharyan was elected Armenia's second President on March 30, 1998, defeating his main rival, Karen Demirchyan, in an early presidential election marred by irregularities and violations by both sides as reported by international electoral observers. Complaints included that Kocharyan had not been an Armenian citizen for ten years as required by the constitution., even though it would have been impossible for him to be a 10 year citizen of a republic that was less than 7 years old; however, the Armenian constitution recognized the Armenian SSR as it predecessor state.

During his presidency, several opposition leaders in the Armenian Parliament and the Prime Minister of Armenia were killed by gunmen in an episode known as the 1999 Armenian parliament shooting. And Kocharyan himself negotiated with the terrorists to release the MP hostages.

2003 election

The 2003 Armenian Presidential election on 19 February and 5 March 2003. No candidate received a majority in the first round of the election with the incumbent President Kocharyan winning slightly under 50% of the vote. Therefore a second round was held and Kocharyan defeated Stepan Demirchyan with official results showed him winning just over 67% of the vote.

In both rounds, electoral observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe reported significant amounts of electoral fraud by Demirchyan's supporters and numerous supporters of Demirchyan were arrested before the second round took place. Demirchyan described the election as having being rigged and called on his supporters to rally against the results. Tens of thousands of Armenians protested in the days after the election against the results and called on President Kocharyan to step down. However Kocharyn was sworn in for a second term in early April and the constitutional court upheld the election, while recommending that a referendum be held within a year to confirm the election result.

2008 election

A presidential election was held in Armenia on 19 February 2008. The incumbent President Kocharyan, who was ineligible for a third consecutive term, backed the candidacy of Prime Minister of Armenia Serzh Sargsyan.

Following the election result, protests organized by supporters of unsuccessful candidate Levon Ter-Petrossian began in Yerevan's Freedom Square and accompanied by mass disorders. On March 1, the demonstrators were lawfully dispersed by police and military forces. 10 people was killed during skirmishes between police and aggressive crowd, and President Kocharyan declared a 20-day state of emergency. This was followed by mass arrests and purges of prominent members of the opposition who made disorders and damaged life and property of citizens, as well as a de facto ban on any further anti-government protests. Kocharyan was recognized as successful president

Foreign policy

As President, Kocharyan continued to negotiate a peaceful resolution with Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh. Talks between Aliyev and Kocharyan were held in September 2004 in Astana, Kazakhstan, on the sidelines of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) summit. Reportedly, one of the suggestions put forward was the withdrawal of Armenian forces from the Azeri territories adjacent to Nagorno-Karabakh, and holding referendums (plebiscites) in Nagorno-Karabakh and Azerbaijan proper regarding the future status of the region. On February 10–11, 2006, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in Rambouillet, France to discuss the fundamental principles of a settlement to the conflict, including the withdrawal of troops, formation of international peace keeping troops, and the status of Nagorno-Karabakh.

During the weeks and days before the talks in France, OSCE Minsk Group co-chairmen expressed cautious optimism that some form of an agreement was possible. French President Jacques Chirac met with both leaders separately and expressed hope that the talks would be fruitful. Contrary to the initial optimism, the Rambouillet talks did not produce any agreement, with key issues such as the status of Nagorno-Karabakh and whether Armenian troops would withdraw from Kalbajar still being contentious. The next session of the talks was held in March 2006 in Washington, D.C. Russian President, Vladimir Putin applied pressure to both parties to settle the disputes. Later in 2006 there was a meeting of the Armenian and Azerbaijani Presidents in Minsk on 28 November and ministerial meetings were held in Moscow. "These talks did not initiate any progress, but I hope that the time for a solution will come" said Peter Semneby, EU envoy for the South Caucasus.

In September 2006, in his congratulatory message on the occasion of 15th anniversary of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, Kocharyan said "The Karabakhi people made their historic choice, defended their national interests in the war that was forced upon them. Today, they are building a free and independent state." The accompanying message said that the duty of the Republic of Armenia and all Armenians is to contribute to the strengthening and development of Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as to the international recognition of the republic's independence.

References

External links

Official Presidential Site of Armenia

Article at armeniapedia.org

Robert Kocharyan

|- |- |-

Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Armenian Apostolic Christians Category:Presidents of Armenia Category:Prime Ministers of Armenia Category:Presidents of Nagorno-Karabakh Category:People from Stepanakert Category:Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland) Category:Politicians from Nagorno-Karabakh

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