Ash may refer to:

Look up ash in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Products of fire, incineration or combustion[link]

The solid remains of fires, such as:

• Ash (analytical chemistry), the compounds that remain after a scientific sample is burned; commonly reported as a percentage on pet food labels
• Bottom ash, products of coal combustion
• Cigar ash, the ash produced when a cigar is smoked
• Fly ash, product of coal combustion
• Incinerator bottom ash, a form of ash produced in incineration facilities
• Vibhuti, the ash of cow dung and several other substances, used in Hindu rituals
• Wood ash, products of wood combustion
• Ashes or remains, dried bone fragments left from cremation

Trees and shrubs[link]

• Ash (Fraxinus), genus of flowering plants in the olive and lilac family
• Australian Mountain Ash, common name for Eucalyptus regnans
• Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum), genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs in the citrus or rue family, Rutaceae
• Sorbus, genus of about 100–200 species of trees and shrubs in the subfamily Maloideae of the Rose family Rosaceae
• Sorbus aucuparia, also known as European mountain ash

Linguistics[link]

• Æ, a letter used in Old English texts
  • Near-open front unrounded vowel, the vowel sound represented by the æ symbol
• Asch or aesc, a letter in some runic scripts

Media and entertainment[link]

• Ash (artist), French graffiti artist
• Ash (ballet), by Peter Martins (1991)
• Ash (band), a rock band from Northern Ireland
• Ash (comics), Comic book about a superhero firefighter
• Ash, the professional name of independent filmmaker Ashley Baron Cohen (born 1967)
• Ash (novel), an LGBTQ young adult novel by Malinda Lo
• ASH: Archaic Sealed Heat, a video game
• Ash, the android antagonist in the film Alien (1979)
• Ash Crimson, a character in The King of Fighters series
• Ash Ketchum, the main protagonist from the Pokémon anime
• Ash Williams, the main protagonist from the Evil Dead series

Organizations and schools[link]

• Action on Smoking and Health, an anti-smoking charity
• American School of The Hague, a school in the Netherlands
• American Society of Hematology, an American professional organization
• A.s.h, abbreviation for Alt.suicide.holiday, a Usenet newsgroup

People[link]

• Ash (name)
• Asca, Ashe, Esche, Askir, Askr, Oesc, Aesc, the basis for a class of European names derived from the name of the ash tree used with a mystical or magical significance, as in Ascaric

Places[link]

United Kingdom[link]

• Ash, Derbyshire, England
• Ash, Devon, England
• Ash, Dover, Kent, England
• Ash (near Salway), Dorset, England
• Ash (near Stourpaine), Dorset, England
• Ash (near Taunton), Somerset, England
• Ash, Oxfordshire, England
• Ash, Sevenoaks, Kent, England
  • Parish Ash-cum-Ridley
• Ash, South Somerset, England
• Ash, Surrey, England

United States[link]

• Ash, California in Madera County, California
• Ash, Oregon in Douglas County, Oregon
• Ash, Brunswick County, North Carolina

Transport[link]

• ASH, National Rail code for Ash railway station, in Surrey, England
• ASH, station code for Ashburton railway station, Melbourne, Australia
• ASH, ICAO code for Mesa Airlines
• ASH, IATA code for Nashua Municipal Airport

Science and technology[link]

• Ash shell, a command-line interface for computers
• Plasma ashing, a process in semiconductor manufacturing
• Potash, a common name for potassium carbonate
• Soda ash, a common name for sodium carbonate
• Volcanic ash, material ejected from the top of a volcano

Other meanings[link]

• Ash (Persian food), similar to soup but thicker, which is usually served hot
• AA-5 Ash, NATO reporting name for the Bisnovat (later Molniya) R-4, an early Soviet long-range air-to-air missile
• Ash Wednesday, Christian religious holiday
• Ash Thursday, Icelandic volcanic events in 2010

See also[link]

• Ash Mountain (disambiguation), several mountains by this name in Canada and the USA
• Ashe (disambiguation)
• Ashes (disambiguation)
• Ashley (disambiguation)
• Cinereous (consisting of ashes, ash-coloured or ash-like)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Look up ari in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Ari may refer to:

People[link]

• Ari, electronic music composer
• Ari (name), a name in several languages
• Ari Behn (born 1972), Norwegian author and husband of Princess Märtha Louise of Norway
• Ari Emanuel (born 1961), American talent agent
• Ari Fleischer (born 1960), former White House Press Secretary for U.S. President George W. Bush
• Ari Folman (born 1962), Israeli film director, screenwriter and film score composer
• Ari Graynor (born 1983), American actress
• Ari Herstand, singer/songwriter
• Ari Hjelm (born 1962), Finnish football coach and former player
• Ari Jabotinsky (1910-1969), Revisionist Zionist activist, Israeli politician and academic
• Ari Koivunen (born 1984), Finnish heavy metal singer
• Ari Meyers (born 1969), American actress
• Aristotle Onassis (1906-1975), Greek shipping magnate and husband of Jacqueline Kennedy
• Ari Sulander (born 1969), Finnish ice hockey goaltender
• Ari Up (1962-2010), German-born singer
• Ari Vatanen (born 1952), Finnish politician and former rally driver
• Ari Þorgilsson (1067–1148), Iceland's most prominent medieval chronicler
• Ariclenes da Silva Ferreira (born 1985), Brazilian footballer
• Rabbi Isaac Luria (1534–1572), Jewish rabbinical scholar and mystic known also as Ari
• Ari, nickname for actress/singer Ariana Grande

Fictional characters[link]

• Ari Gold (Entourage), on the comedy-drama television series Entourage
• Ari, a clone in C. J. Cherryh's science fiction novels Cyteen and Regenesis
• Ari, protagonist of the role-playing computer game Okage: Shadow King
• Ari Batchelder, in the Maximum Ride novel series

Places[link]

• Ari, Abruzzo, a comune in Italy
• Ari, Indiana, an unincorporated town
• Ari (atoll), Maldives
• Ari Station, a skytrain station in Bangkok, Thailand

Languages[link]

• Ari language, a Papuan language of the Trans–New Guinea family
• IS) 639-3 code for the Arikara language, spoken by the Arikara people, mainly in North Dakota

Other uses[link]

• Aries (constellation) abbreviation, as standardized by the International Astronomical Union
• Ari-Motorfahrzeugbau GmbH, German automobile company, which in the 1920s manufactured the Arimofa and the two-stroke Ari (motorcycle)
• Ari (Արի) - a very old Armenian word meaning: Brave; Courageous ["Ariatsi" (arm.) – Aryan/Aryan-man (engl). "Ariakan" (arm.) – Aryan (engl.)]

See also[link]

• ARI (disambiguation)
• Ari Buddhism, the religious practice common in Burma prior to the eleventh century

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

The Ummah was a music production collective, composed of members Q-Tip and Ali Shaheed Muhammad of A Tribe Called Quest, and the late Jay Dee (now known as J Dilla) of the Detroit-based group Slum Village. Occasional members included Raphael Saadiq, and D'Angelo. In addition to producing nearly the entirety of A Tribe Called Quest's fourth and fifth album, the Ummah provided backing tracks for a notable array of hip hop and contemporary R&B artists, including Busta Rhymes, Whitney Houston, Keith Murray, the Brand New Heavies, Janet Jackson, and Jon B. The group was so named because two of its members (Tip and Ali) are devout Muslims. The word "ummah" is Arabic for "community", "nation", or "brotherhood".

Biography[link]

Background[link]

The collective took shape around 1995, when veteran keyboardist Amp Fiddler introduced Jay Dee (who at the time was shopping for a deal for his group) to Q-Tip. Tip was impressed enough by Jay Dee's soulful productions to invite him as an addition to Tribe's music-production team, which until then consisted of Tip and Ali Shaheed.

Production work[link]

Its first work, Beats, Rhymes and Life, was criticized for moving away from the group's earlier, denser, and bottom heavy sound exemplified by tracks such as "Scenario" and "Oh My God." The new sound, which now leaned towards a more laid-back and polished tone, would be embraced a little more with the release of Tribe's "Find A Way" from its fifth and final album, The Love Movement, although the album itself received a lukewarm reception, and no second proper single or video was released.

Following this and the split of A Tribe Called Quest, Q-Tip and Jay Dee continued to collaborate under the Ummah moniker, producing almost all of Tip's solo album Amplified, which included two tracks from DJ Scratch. For several reasons, including label complications, Tip's solo career became largely inactive while Jay Dee and D'Angelo went on to form the Soulquarians with other like-minded artists. Although A Tribe Called Quest since formed somewhat of a reunion, releasing "ICU (Doin' It)" in 2003, the possibility of the group once again using the Ummah name for future productions seems unlikely, especially since member Jay Dee's death on February 10, 2006, from complications of Lupus.

Despite the well-known projects and collaborations the collective did, people would erroneously assume that The Ummah was another name, or perhaps even an alter-ego of Q-Tip. As a result, contributions by J Dilla would go overlooked and unnoticed. Looking back at the collective's formation and history, in an interview, Q-Tip stated:^[1]

That word "Ummah" means brotherhood. But the problem with The Ummah and even now with me with Tribe… With Ummah, just because I was the face, people would automatically assume sometimes, like with that “Sometimes” remix, that I produced it or that I did the beat when it was Dilla. So people would get confused sometimes over that and think that just because I’m the face of it, if it says "The Ummah" it means that I did it or credited it as such. And that wasn’t the case. So he Dilla wanted to make sure that he got known for what he did. So I can emphatize with where Dilla was at because I was at the same place you know?!? My whole idea I think it was a great idea to represent a unit. But from poor management to not really understanding the ramifications of it, it didn’t work to that great idea necessarily. Still in all I think we all were able to make some good music. I saw some people say that I didn’t do the "Get Down" remix, the Craig Mack shit. People were saying Dilla did that but I did that. Then people were saying that I did "Breathe & Stop" but Dilla did that. And they were saying Dilla did "Vivrant Thing" but I did that. You know it’s just all mixed up.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• A Tribe Called Quest - Beats, Rhymes and Life (1996, Jive, RIAA certification: Platinum)
• A Tribe Called Quest - The Love Movement (1998, Jive, RIAA certification: Gold)
• Q-Tip - Amplified (1999, Arista, RIAA certification: Gold)

Selected production[link]

1996[link]

• Da Bush Babees - "Gravity", "3 MCs"
  • Gravity
• Grant Green - "Down Here On The Ground"
  • Various artists - The New Groove: The Blue Note Remix Project Volume 1
• Keith Murray - "Dangerous Ground", "The Rhyme (Remix)"
  • Enigma
• Busta Rhymes - "Ill Vibe", "Still Shinin'", "Keep It Moving"
  • The Coming

1997[link]

• A Tribe Called Quest - "Same Ol' Thing"
  • Various artists - Men in Black: The Album
• Janet Jackson - "Got 'Til It's Gone (Ummah's Uptown Saturday Night Mix)", "Got 'Til It's Gone (Ummah Jay Dee's Revenge Mix)"
  • 12"/CD single
• Michael Jackson - "HIStory (The Ummah Radio Mix)", "HIStory (The Ummah Urban Mix)", "History (The Ummah DJ Mix)"
  • 12"/CD singles
• Mint Condition - "Let Me Be The One (Ummah Remix)"
  • 12"/CD single
• Busta Rhymes - "So Hardcore"
  • When Disaster Strikes
• Brand New Heavies - "Sometimes (The Ummah Remix)"
  • 12"/CD single
• Jon B. - "Cool Relax"
  • Cool Relax

1998[link]

• Jamiroquai - "Deeper Underground (The Ummah Mix)"
  • 12"/CD single
• Towa Tei - "Happy (Q-Tip Remix Dub)"
  • 12"/CD single
• Whitney Houston - "Fine"
  • Whitney: The Greatest Hits

References[link]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2011)

Hamza Yusuf
Hamza Yusuf at Doha Academy Education Conference in Qatar, 2010.
Born	Mark Hanson 1958 (age 53–54) Walla Walla, Washington, United States
Residence	Northern California, United States
Occupation	Islamic scholar
Religion	Sunni Islam[1][2]
Spouse	Liliana (Umm Yahya) Hanson
Website
Sandala.org

Hamza Yusuf Hanson is an American Islamic scholar^[3][4], and (with Zaid Shakir and Hatem Bazian) is co-founder of Zaytuna College in Berkeley, California, United States. He is a convert to Islam, and is one of the signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding. He has described the 9/11 attacks as "an act of 'mass murder, pure and simple'". Condemning the attacks, he has also stated "Islam was hijacked ... on that plane as an innocent victim".^[5] The Guardian newspaper in the United Kingdom reported that he "is arguably the west's most influential Islamic scholar" and added that "many Muslims find his views hard to stomach."^[6]

Biography[link]

Hamza Yusuf was born to two academics^[7] in Washington State and raised in Northern California. In 1977, he became Muslim and subsequently traveled to the Muslim world and studied for ten years in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, as well as North and West Africa.^[8] Hamza Yusuf spent four years studying in the United Arab Emirates and elsewhere in the Middle East. Later he traveled to West Africa and studied in Mauritania, Medina, Algeria, and Morocco under such scholars as Murabit al Haaj; Baya bin Salik, head of the Islamic court in Al-'Ain, United Arab Emirates; Muhammad Shaybani, Mufti of Abu Dhabi; Hamad al-Wali; and Muhammad al-Fatrati of Al Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt.^{[citation needed]} After more than a decade abroad, he returned to the United States and earned degrees in nursing from Imperial Valley College and religious studies at San José State University.^{[citation needed]}

Hamza Yusuf is a co-founder of Zaytuna College, located in Berkeley, California. He is an advisor to Stanford University's Program in Islamic Studies and the Center for Islamic Studies at Berkeley's Graduate Theological Union.^{[citation needed]} He also serves as a member of the board of advisors of George Russell's One Nation, a national philanthropic initiative that promotes pluralism and inclusion in America. In addition, he serves as vice-president for the Global Center for Guidance and Renewal, which was founded and is currently presided over by Abdallah Bin Bayyah, one of the top jurists and masters of Islamic sciences in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Hamza Yusuf has promoted Islamic sciences and classical teaching methodologies throughout the world. He has also been an advocate for social justice, peace, and conviviality among peoples and places. For several years, he has argued that the "them versus us" problem is fundamentally flawed, and, in R. D. Laing’s term, a “knot” that will destroy people if they do not extricate themselves from it.^{[citation needed]}

Hamza Yusuf has served as an advisor to many organizations, leaders, and heads of state.^{[citation needed]} He has been an innovator in modern Islamic education^{[citation needed]}, founding the highly imitated Deen Intensives, and with Ibrahim Osi-Efa, he started the first Rihla program in England, which has been running for over fifteen years. Dozens of young Muslims who were influenced by his call to reviving traditional Islamic studies in the West went to the Muslim lands in the nineties and early part of the current decade to study, many of who are now teachers in their own right.^{[citation needed]}

With Eissa Bougari, Hamza Yusuf initiated a media challenge to the Arab world that resulted in a highly successful cultural religious program that he hosted for three years and was one of the most watched programs in the Arab world during Ramadan.^{[citation needed]} Cambridge Media Studies stated that this program had a profound influence on subsequent religious programming in the Arab world. He has also been interviewed on BBC several times and was the subject of a BBC documentary segment The Faces of Islam, ushering in the new millennium, as it aired at 11:30 pm on December 31, 1999. Hamza Yusuf has been an outspoken critic of American foreign policy as well as Islamic extremist responses to those policies.^{[citation needed]}

He has drawn criticism from both the extreme right in the West and Muslim extremists in the East.^[9] He told The Guardian: "Many people in the west do not realise how oppressive some Muslim states are – both for men and for women. This is a cultural issue, not an Islamic one. I would rather live as a Muslim in the west than in most of the Muslim countries, because I think the way Muslims are allowed to live in the west is closer to the Muslim way. A lot of Muslim immigrants feel the same way, which is why they are here."^[10]

He and colleagues founded the Zaytuna Institute in 1996, which has established an international reputation^{[citation needed]} for presenting a classical picture of Islam in the West and which is dedicated to the revival of traditional study methods and the sciences of Islam. Hamza Yusuf currently resides in Northern California with his wife and five children.^{[citation needed]}

Hamza Yusuf has also authored several encyclopedia articles and research papers. His published books include The Burda (2003), Purification of the Heart (2004), The Content of Character (2004), The Creed of Imam al-Tahawi (2007), Agenda to Change our Condition (2007), and Walking on Water (2010). Forthcoming are The Prayer of the Oppressed, and The Helpful Guide.^{[citation needed]}

Hamza Yusuf is the first American lecturer to teach in Morocco's prestigious and oldest university, the University of Al-Karaouine in Fes.^[11] He is married and has five children, all boys.

Critical reception[link]

Jordan's Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre placed him on its list of the top 50 most influential Muslims in the world.^{[citation needed]} The magazine Egypt Today described him as a kind of theological rock star, "the Elvis Presley of western Muslims."^[12] Recently, Hamza Yusuf was ranked as "the Western world's most influential Islamic scholar" by The 500 Most Influential Muslims, edited by John Esposito and Ibrahim Kalin, (2009).^[13]

Publications[link]

Books Authored[link]

• The Burda The Burda (2003)
• Purification of the Heart: Signs, Symptoms and Cures of the Spiritual Diseases of the Heart (2004)
• The Content of Character (2004)
• The State We Are In: Identity, Terror, and the Law of Jihad (contributing Author) (2006)
• The Creed of Imam al-Tahawi The Creed of Imam Al-Tahawi (2007)
• Agenda to Change our Condition co-authored with Zaid Shakir (2007)
• Walk on Water: The wisdom of Jesus Walk on Water: The wisdom of Jesus (2010)
• Educating your Child in Modern Times

Books with Foreword or note[link]

• Instruction of the Student: The Method of Learning
• The Prophetic Invocations By Mostafa Al-Badawi

Book Edited with Zaid Shakir[link]

• Submission Faith and Beauty Submission Faith and Beauty, The Religion of Islam by Joseph Lumbard (2009)

Papers[link]

• Caesarean Moon Births Part 1
• Caesarean Moon Births Part 2
• Climbing Mount Purgatorio
• Religion, Violence, and the Modern World
• Generous Tolerance in Islam and its Effects on the Life of a Muslim
• Chess in the Light of the Jurist
• Who are the Disbelievers?

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hamza Yusuf

Websites[link]

• Sandala.org – Official website of Hamza Yusuf
• Zaytuna.org – Zaytuna College
• Sheikhhamza.com – Contains list of books recommended by Hamza Yusuf and a biography

See also[link]

• Zaytuna College
• Zaid Shakir

Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (1626–1699), more commonly known as Sheikh Yusuf, was an Indonesian muslim of noble descent. In 1693 he was exiled to the Cape of Good Hope which resulted in his establishing Islam in the Cape.^[1]

Early and middle life (Indonesia)[link]

Yusuf was born in Makassar, Indonesia, the nephew of King Biset of Gowa.^[2] In 1644 he embarked on the Hajj to Mecca and spent several years in Arabia learning under various pious scholars. During this period the Dutch and British East India Companies were fighting for control of the region due to its lucrative trade in spices and gold. When Yusuf left Arabia in 1664, Makassar had been captured by the Dutch, and he was unable to return home.^[3] Instead, he headed for Bantam on the island of Java, where he was welcomed by Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. Ageng gave Yusuf the hand of one of his daughters in marriage, and made him his chief religious judge and personal advisor. Yusuf stayed in Bantam for 16 years until 1680, when Ageng's son, Pangeran Hajji, rose against his father, possibly at the urgings of the Dutch East India Company. Ageng rallied his forces, including Yusuf, and in 1683 besieged Hajji in his fortress at Soerdesoeang. Ageng was defeated but managed to escape capture, along with an entourage of about 5,000, among them the 57-year-old Yusuf. Ageng was captured later that year but Yusuf managed to escape a second time and continued the resistance.^[2][3]

Exile to the Cape and establishment of Islam[link]

In 1684 Yusuf was persuaded to surrender on the promise of a pardon, but the Dutch reneged on their promise and instead imprisoned him at the castle of Batavia. Suspecting that he would attempt escape, the Dutch transferred him to Ceylon in September that year, before exiling him to the Cape on 27 June 1693 on the ship Voetboeg. Yusuf, along with 49 followers including two wives and twelve children, were received in the Cape on 2 April 1694 by governor Simon van der Stel. They were housed on the farm Zandvliet, far outside of Cape Town, in an attempt to minimise his influence on the DEIC's slaves.^[1] The plan failed however; Yusuf's settlement soon became a sanctuary for slaves and it was here that the first cohesive Islamic community in South Africa was established. From here the message of Islam was disseminated to the slave community of Cape Town.^[2]

Sheikh Yusuf died at Zandvliet on 23 May 1699.

Legacy and honours[link]

The area surrounding Zandvliet farm was renamed Macassar in honour of Yusuf's place of birth.^[3] Yusuf was buried on the hills of Faure, overlooking Macassar. A shrine was erected over his grave and to this day Muslims in the area visit it to pay their respects.

On 27 September 2005 Sheikh Yusuf was posthumously awarded the The Order of the Companions of OR Tambo in Gold for his contribution to the struggle against colonialism.^[3]

References[link]