February 26 is the 57th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 308 days remaining until the end of the year (309 in leap years).

Events[link]

• 747 BCE – Epoch (origin) of Ptolemy's Nabonassar Era.
• 364 – Valentinian I is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
• 1266 – Battle of Benevento: An army led by Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily. Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.
• 1658 – Treaty of Roskilde: After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars (1655–1661), the King of Denmark-Norway is forced to give up nearly half his territory to Sweden to save the rest.
• 1794 – The first Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen burns down.
• 1815 – Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.
• 1876 – Japan and Korea sign a treaty granting Japanese citizens extraterritoriality rights, opening three ports to Japanese trade, and ending Korea's status as a tributary state of Qing Dynasty China.
• 1909 – Kinemacolor, the first successful color motion picture process, is first shown to the general public at the Palace Theatre in London.
• 1914 – HMHS Britannic, sister to the RMS Titanic, is launched at Harland & Wolff shipyard in Belfast.
• 1917 – The Original Dixieland Jass Band records the first jazz record, for the Victor Talking Machine Company in New York.
• 1919 – President Woodrow Wilson signs an act of the U.S. Congress establishing most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park (see Grand Canyon National Park).
• 1920 – The first German Expressionist film and early horror movie, Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, premièred in Berlin.
• 1929 – President Calvin Coolidge signs an Executive Order establishing the 96,000 acre Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming.
• 1935 – Adolf Hitler orders the Luftwaffe to be re-formed, violating the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.
• 1935 – Robert Watson-Watt carries out a demonstration near Daventry which leads directly to the development of RADAR in the United Kingdom.
• 1936 – In the February 26 Incident, young Japanese military officers attempt to stage a coup against the government.
• 1946 – Finnish observers report the first of many thousands of sightings of ghost rockets.
• 1952 – Vincent Massey is sworn in as the first Canadian-born Governor-General of Canada.
• 1960 – A New York bound Alitalia airliner crashed into a cemetery at Shannon, Ireland, shortly after takeoff, killing 34 of the 52 persons on board.
• 1961 – Hassan II becomes King of Morocco.
• 1966 – Apollo Program: Launch of AS-201, the first flight of the Saturn IB rocket
• 1966 – Vietnam War: The ROK Capital Division of the South Korean Army massacres 380 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam.
• 1971 – U.N. Secretary General U Thant signs United Nations proclamation of the vernal equinox as Earth Day.
• 1972 – The Buffalo Creek Flood caused by a burst dam kills 125 in West Virginia.
• 1980 – Egypt and Israel establish full diplomatic relations.
• 1987 – Iran-Contra affair: The Tower Commission rebukes President Ronald Reagan for not controlling his national security staff.
• 1991 – Gulf War: United States Army forces capture the town of Al Busayyah.
• 1992 – Nagorno-Karabakh War: Khojaly Massacre: Armenian armed forces open fire on Azeri civilians at a military post outside the town of Khojaly leaving hundreds dead.
• 1993 – World Trade Center bombing: In New York City, a truck bomb parked below the North Tower of the World Trade Center explodes, killing 6 and injuring over a thousand.
• 1995 – The United Kingdom's oldest investment banking institute, Barings Bank, collapses after a securities broker, Nick Leeson, loses $1.4 billion by speculating on the Singapore International Monetary Exchange using futures contracts.
• 2004 – Republic of Macedonia President Boris Trajkovski is killed in a plane crash near Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Births[link]

• 1361 – Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia (d. 1419)
• 1564 – Christopher Marlowe, English dramatist (d. 1593)
• 1584 – Albert VI of Bavaria (d. 1666)
• 1587 – Stefano Landi, Italian composer (d. 1639)
• 1671 – Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, English politician and philosopher (d. 1713)
• 1672 – Antoine Augustine Calmet, French theologian (d. 1757)
• 1677 – Nicola Fago, Italian Baroque composer and teacher (d. 1745)
• 1714 – James Hervey, English clergyman and writer (d. 1758)
• 1715 – Claude Adrien Helvétius, French philosopher (d. 1771)
• 1720 – Gian Francesco Albani, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1803)
• 1724 – Gottfried Heinrich Bach, German son of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1763)
• 1732 – Francis Marion, American Revolutionary War officer (d. 1795)
• 1740 – Giambattista Bodoni, Italian publisher and engraver (d. 1813)
• 1746 – Archduchess Marie Amalie of Austria, duchess of Piacenza (d. 1806)
• 1786 – François Jean Dominique Arago, French mathematician (d. 1853)
• 1799 – Émile Clapeyron, French engineer and physicist (d. 1864)
• 1802 – Victor Hugo, French writer (d. 1885)
• 1808 – Honoré Daumier, French painter, illustrator, and sculptor (d. 1879)
• 1808 – Nathan Kelley,American architect, active mainly in Ohio, (d. 1871)
• 1814 – Charles Joseph Sainte-Claire Deville, French geologist (d. 1876)
• 1829 – Levi Strauss, German-born clothing designer (d. 1902)
• 1846 – William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody, American frontiersman (d. 1917)
• 1852 – John Harvey Kellogg, American surgeon and advocate (d. 1943)
• 1857 – Émile Coué, French psychologist (d. 1926)
• 1858 – Vladimir Serbsky, Russian psychiatrist (d. 1917)
• 1861 – King Ferdinand of Bulgaria (d. 1948)
• 1861 – Nadezhda Krupskaya, Russian revolutionary, widow of Vladimir Lenin (d. 1939)
• 1866 – Herbert Henry Dow, American chemical industrialist (d. 1930)
• 1879 – Frank Bridge, English composer (d. 1941)
• 1882 – Husband E. Kimmel, American admiral (d. 1968)
• 1885 – Aleksandras Stulginskis, President of Lithuania (d. 1969)
• 1887 – Grover Cleveland Alexander, American baseball player (d. 1950)
• 1887 – William Frawley, American actor (d. 1966)
• 1887 – Stefan Grabinski, Polish writer (d. 1936)
• 1893 – I. A. Richards, English literary critic (d. 1979)
• 1896 – Andrei Alexandrovich Zhdanov, Soviet politician and ideologist (d. 1948)
• 1899 – Max Petitpierre, Swiss politician (d. 1994)
• 1900 – Fritz Wiessner, American mountaineer (d. 1988)
• 1901 – Dwight Wilson, Canadian Soldier (d. 2007)
• 1902 – Jean Bruller, French writer and illustrator (d. 1991)
• 1903 – Giulio Natta, Italian chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 1979)
• 1903 – Orde Charles Wingate, British Major-General, prominent Zionist, eccentric (d. 1944)
• 1906 – Madeleine Carroll, English actress (d. 1987)
• 1907 – Dub Taylor, American actor (d. 1994)
• 1908 – Tex Avery, American cartoonist (d. 1980)
• 1908 – Leela Majumdar, Bengali writer (d. 2007)
• 1908 – Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (d. 1949)
• 1909 – Fanny Cradock, English food writer and broadcaster (d. 1994)
• 1909 – King Talal of Jordan (d. 1972)
• 1911 – Tarō Okamoto, Japanese avant-garde artist (d. 1996)
• 1912 – Dane Clark, American actor (d. 1998)
• 1913 – George Barker, English poet (d. 1991)
• 1914 – Robert Alda, American actor (d. 1986)
• 1916 – Jackie Gleason, American actor, writer, composer and comedian (d. 1987)
• 1918 – Otis Ray Bowen, American physician & politician
• 1918 – Theodore Sturgeon, American writer (d. 1985)
• 1919 – Mason Adams, American actor (d. 2005)
• 1919 – Rie Mastenbroek, Dutch swimmer (d. 2003)
• 1920 – Danny Gardella, American baseball player (d. 2005)
• 1920 – Tony Randall, American actor (d. 2004)
• 1920 – Lucjan Wolanowski, Polish journalist, writer and traveller (d. 2006)
• 1921 – Betty Hutton, American actress and singer (d. 2007)
• 1922 – Margaret Leighton, British actress (d. 1976)
• 1922 – Karl Aage Præst, Danish football player (d. 2011)
• 1924 – Mark Bucci, American composer, lyricist, and dramatist (d. 2002)
• 1924 – Noboru Takeshita, Japanese politician (d. 2000)
• 1926 – Verne Gagne, American wrestler
• 1926 – Miroslava, Mexican actress (d. 1955)
• 1926 – Henry Gustav Molaison, American psychiatric patient (d. 2008)
• 1926 – Doris Belack, American actress (d. 2011)
• 1927 – Tom Kennedy, American game show host
• 1928 – Fats Domino, American musician
• 1928 – Anatoly Filipchenko, Soviet cosmonaut
• 1928 – Monique Leyrac, Canadian singer and actress
• 1928 – Ariel Sharon, 11th Prime Minister of Israel (2001–2006)
• 1930 – Lazar Berman, Russian pianist (d. 2005)
• 1931 – Ally MacLeod, Scottish footballer and manager (d. 2004)
• 1931 – Robert Novak, American political columnist (d. 2009)
• 1932 – Johnny Cash, American country singer (d. 2003)
• 1933 – James Goldsmith, Anglo-French businessman (d. 1997)
• 1936 – Adem Demaçi, Albanian politician
• 1937 – Hagood Hardy, Canadian musician and composer (d. 1997)
• 1937 – Paul Dickson, American football player and coach (d. 2011)
• 1938 – Evagoras Pallikarides, Cypriot guerilla (d. 1957)
• 1939 – Josephine Tewson, English actress
• 1941 – Tony Ray-Jones, British photographer (d. 1972)
• 1942 – Jozef Adamec, Slovak football player
• 1943 – Bill Duke, American actor and director
• 1943 – Dante Ferretti, Italian art director and costume designer
• 1943 – Bob Hite, American singer (Canned Heat) (d. 1981)
• 1944 – Ronald Lauder, American philanthropist and president of the World Jewish Congress
• 1945 – Peter Brock, Australian motorsports champion (d. 2006)
• 1945 – Giannis Ioannidis, Greek basketball coach and politician
• 1945 – Marta Kristen, Norwegian actress
• 1945 – Mitch Ryder, American musician (The Detroit Wheels)
• 1946 – Ahmed H. Zewail, Egyptian chemist, Nobel laureate
• 1947 – Sandie Shaw, English singer
• 1948 – Sharyn McCrumb, American writer
• 1949 – Elizabeth George, American novelist
• 1949 – Emma Kirkby, British singer
• 1950 – Jonathan Cain, American musician
• 1950 – Helen Clark, New Zealand politician, Prime Minister (1999–2008)
• 1953 – Michael Bolton, American singer
• 1954 – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkish politician, Prime Minister (2003–present)
• 1954 – Ernst August, Prince of Hanover
• 1955 – Andreas Maislinger, Austrian historian
• 1956 – Charlélie Couture, French singer and musician
• 1956 – Kevin Dunn, American actor
• 1956 – Michel Houellebecq, French writer
• 1956 – Keisuke Kuwata, Japanese singer (Southern All-Stars)
• 1957 – David Muldrow Beasley, American politician
• 1957 – Joe Mullen, American ice hockey player
• 1958 – Karen Berger, American comic book editor
• 1958 – Greg Germann, American actor
• 1958 – Susan J. Helms, American astronaut
• 1958 – Tim Kaine, American politician
• 1959 – Rolando Blackman, American basketball player
• 1960 – Jaz Coleman, British musician (Killing Joke)
• 1960 – Robert Jaspert, German football manager
• 1962 – Kelly Gruber, American baseball player
• 1963 – Chase Masterson, American actress and singer
• 1964 – Mark Dacascos, American actor and martial artist
• 1966 – Marc Fortier, Canadian ice hockey player
• 1966 – Najwa Karam, Lebanese singer
• 1966 – Garry Conille, Prime Minister of Haiti
• 1967 – James Allodi, Canadian actor, writer and director
• 1967 – Currie Graham, Canadian actor
• 1968 – Tim Commerford, American bassist (Rage Against the Machine and Audioslave)
• 1968 – Ed Quinn, American actor
• 1968 – J. T. Snow, American baseball player
• 1969 – Hitoshi Sakimoto, Japanese composer
• 1969 – Steve Agee, American actor and comedian
• 1971 – Erykah Badu, American singer (Soulquarians)
• 1971 – Max Martin, Swedish composer and producer
• 1971 – Hélène Ségara, French singer
• 1972 – Jonny Quinn, Northern Irish drummer (Snow Patrol)
• 1973 – Erinn Bartlett, American actress
• 1973 – Marshall Faulk, American football player
• 1973 – Ole Gunnar Solskjær, Norwegian footballer
• 1973 – Jenny Thompson, American swimmer
• 1974 – Sébastien Loeb, French rally driver
• 1976 – Nikolaos Siranidis, Greek diver
• 1976 – Chad Urmston, American musician
• 1977 – Marty Reasoner, American ice hockey player
• 1977 – Greg Rikaart, American actor
• 1977 – Tim Thomas, American basketball player
• 1977 – Josh Towers, American baseball player
• 1977 – Shane Williams, Welsh rugby player
• 1978 – Abdoulaye Diagne-Faye, Senegalese footballer
• 1978 – Marc Hynes, British racing driver
• 1979 – Corinne Bailey Rae, English singer
• 1979 – Mariano Bainotti, Argentine racing driver
• 1979 – Pedro Mendes, Portuguese footballer
• 1979 – Shalim Ortiz, Puerto Rican singer and actor
• 1980 – Steve Blake, American basketball player
• 1980 – Alex Fong, Hong Kong singer
• 1980 – Gary Majewski, American baseball player
• 1981 – Kertus Davis, American racing driver
• 1981 – Johnathan Wendel, American video gamer
• 1982 – Li Na, Chinese tennis player
• 1982 – Song Hye Kyo, South Korean model and actress
• 1983 – Jerome Harrison, American football player
• 1983 – Kara Monaco, American glamor model
• 1983 – Pepe, Brazilian-born Portuguese football player
• 1984 – Emmanuel Adebayor, Togolese footballer
• 1984 – Alex de Angelis, San Marino motorcycle racer
• 1984 – Natalia Lafourcade, Mexican singer
• 1984 – Beren Saat, Turkish actress
• 1985 – Gee Atherton, British cyclist
• 1985 – Miki Fujimoto, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
• 1985 – Alexandria Hilfiger, American actress
• 1985 – Fernando Llorente, Spanish footballer
• 1985 – Carolin Nytra, German athlete
• 1985 – Diego Ribas da Cunha, Brazilian footballer
• 1986 – Leandro dos Santos de Jesus, Brazilian footballer
• 1986 – Crystal Kay, Japanese singer
• 1986 – Hannah Kearney, American freestyle skier
• 1986 – Leila Lopes, Angolan beauty pageant titleholder (Miss Universe 2011)
• 1986 – Teresa Palmer, Australian model and actress
• 1986 – Juliet Simms, American musician and singer (Automatic Loveletter)
• 1988 – Matteo Ciofani, Italian footballer
• 1989 – Gabriel Obertan, French footballer
• 1990 – Kateřina Cachová, Czech heptathlete
• 1991 – CL, South Korean singer/rapper (2NE1)
• 1992 – Mikael Granlund, Finnish ice hockey player
• 1993 – Taylor Dooley, American actress

Deaths[link]

• 420 – Saint Porphyry, Palestine bishop
• 1154 – King Roger II of Sicily (b. 1093)
• 1200 – Symeon, former Serbian ruler and saint (b. 1109)
• 1266 – King Manfred of Sicily (b. 1232)
• 1360 – Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March, English military leader (b. 1328)
• 1552 – Heinrich Faber, German composer
• 1561 – Jorge de Montemayor, Spanish writer
• 1577 – King Eric XIV of Sweden (b. 1533)
• 1608 – John Still, English bishop
• 1611 – Antonio Possevino (b. 1533) Jesuit humanist, diplomat, bibliographer
• 1630 – William Brade, English composer (b. 1560)
• 1638 – Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician (b. 1681)
• 1723 – Thomas d'Urfey, English writer (b. 1653)
• 1726 – Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1662)
• 1770 – Giuseppe Tartini, Italian composer (b. 1692)
• 1790 – Sir Joshua Rowley, 1st Baronet, Royal Navy admiral (b. 1730)
• 1802 – Esek Hopkins, American Revolutionary War admiral (b. 1718)
• 1813 – Robert Livingston, American signer of the Declaration of Independence (b. 1746)
• 1815 – Prince Josias of Coburg, Austrian general (b. 1737)
• 1821 – Joseph de Maistre, Savoyard diplomat and writer (b. 1753)
• 1864 – Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine, Canadian politician (b. 1807)
• 1883 – Alexandros Koumoundouros, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1817)
• 1889 – Karl Davydov, Russian cellist (b. 1838)
• 1903 – Richard Jordan Gatling, American inventor (b. 1818)
• 1913 – Felix Draeseke, German composer (b. 1835)
• 1921 – Carl Menger, Austrian economist (b. 1840)
• 1930 – Mary Calkins, American philosopher and psychologist (b. 1863)
• 1931 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel laureate (b. 1847)
• 1933 – Princess Thyra, daughter of Christian IX of Denmark (b. 1853)
• 1943 – Theodor Eicke, Nazi official (b. 1892)
• 1947 – Heinrich Häberlin, Swiss politician, member of the Federal Council (b. 1868)
• 1950 – Sir Harry Lauder, Scottish entertainer (b. 1870)
• 1952 – Theodoros Pangalos, Greek interim leader (b. 1878)
• 1959 – Selig Suskin, Russian-born Israeli agronomist and early Zionist (b. 1873)
• 1961 – King Mohammed V of Morocco (b. 1909)
• 1966 – Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Indian freedom fighter and writer (b. 1883)
• 1969 – Levi Eshkol, Israeli politician, Prime Minister (1963-death) (b. 1895)
• 1969 – Karl Jaspers, German psychiatrist (b. 1883)
• 1971 – Fernandel, French actor (b. 1903)
• 1981 – Robert Aickman, English writer and conservationist (b. 1914)
• 1981 – Howard Hanson, American composer (b. 1896)
• 1985 – Tjalling Koopmans, Dutch economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1910)
• 1989 – Roy Eldridge, American musician (b. 1911)
• 1990 – Cornell Gunter, American singer (The Coasters) (b. 1938)
• 1993 – Constance Ford, American actress (b. 1923)
• 1994 – Bill Hicks, American comedian (b. 1961)
• 1995 – Jack Clayton, British film director (b. 1921)
• 1997 – David Doyle, American actor (b. 1929)
• 1998 – James Algar, American film director, screenwriter and producer (b. 1912)
• 1998 – Theodore Schultz, American economist, Nobel laureate (b. 1902)
• 1998 – Shirley Ardell Mason, American psychiatric patient (Sybil) (b. 1923)
• 2000 – George L. Street III American naval officer, Medal of Honor recipient (b. 1913)
• 2001 – Arturo Uslar Pietri, Venezuelan writer (b. 1906)
• 2002 – Lawrence Tierney, American actor (b. 1919)
• 2003 – Christian Goethals, Belgian racing driver (b. 1928)
• 2004 – Shankarrao Chavan, Indian politician (b. 1920)
• 2004 – Adolf Ehrnrooth, Finnish general (b. 1905)
• 2004 – Boris Trajkovski, President (1999-death) (b. 1956)
• 2005 – Jef Raskin, American computer scientist (b. 1943)
• 2008 – Dick Fletcher, American meteorologist (b. 1942)
• 2008 – Buddy Miles, American drummer (Band of Gypsies and Electric Flag) (b. 1947)
• 2008 – Glory Mukwati, Zimbabwean politician
• 2009 – Johnny Kerr, American basketball player and broadcaster (b. 1932)
• 2009 – Norm Van Lier, American basketball player and broadcaster (b. 1947)
• 2009 – Wendy Richard, English actress (b. 1943)
• 2010 – Nujabes, Japanese hip hop producer (b. 1974)
• 2011 – Arnošt Lustig, Czech writer (b. 1926)
• 2011 – James A. McClure, American politician (b. 1924)
• 2011 – Roch Thériault, Canadian leader of a religious group (b. 1947)
• 2012 – Trayvon Martin, American murder victim (b. 1995)

Holidays and observances[link]

• Christian Feast Day:
  • Alexander of Alexandria
  • Isabelle of France
  • Porphyry of Gaza
  • February 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
• Liberation Day (Kuwait)
• Savior's Day (Nation of Islam)
• The first day of Ayyám-i-Há (Bahá'í Faith)

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: February 26

• BBC: On This Day
• The New York Times: On This Day
• On This Day in Canada

Park Bom
2NE1 Park Bom performing live in concert in Hanoi, Vietnam. (2011)
Background information
Birth name	Park Bom
Also known as	Bom, Bommie, Bom Bom, Jenny Park, CornBom, Bomtaro
Born	(1984-03-24) March 24, 1984 (age 28) Seoul, South Korea
Genres	R&B, hip hop, electropop, dance, pop, rock, electronic dance
Occupations	singer, actress, college student,
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	2005–present
Labels	YG Entertainment
Associated acts	2NE1
Website	Park Bom's Twitter Park Bom's Me2day

Park Bom (Korean: 박봄, Japanese: パク・ボム) (born March 24, 1984), is a South Korean idol singer.^[1] Born in Seoul, South Korea, she eventually moved to the United States where she learned English. She is currently a member and main vocalist of girl-group 2NE1 which is signed to YG Entertainment.^[2]

Starting in 2006, Park recorded with labelmates Big Bang, Lexy, Masta Wu and starred with Lee Hyori in her CF, "Anystar" as a co-actress. Later in 2008, she starred as the lead actress in Kim Ji Eun's music video, "Tell Me Once More". In 2009, she debuted with 2NE1 as the main vocalist.

Up till now, Park has released two solo singles, namely "You and I" and "Don't Cry". "You and I" reached number one on the Gaon Chart, the national music chart of Korea. The song also won "Best Digital Single" the Mnet Asian Music Awards in 2010.

Life and career[link]

Early life[link]

Park Bom was born in Seoul, South Korea as a second daughter. In 6th grade, she left Korea by herself to study abroad in the United States. She graduated high school from Gould Academy in Bethel, ME and enrolled into Lesley University with a major in psychology.^[3] As a high school student, she fell in love with music through Mariah Carey. She would listen to Mariah Carey's songs during lunch and even forget to eat. She wanted to pursue it as a career but she did not obtain permission from her parents. However, with encouragement from her aunt, she secretly transferred to Berklee College of Music to pursue her music career.^[1]

2005–2008: Career beginnings[link]

Park Bom auditioned to become a singer at YG Entertainment, but was rejected multiple times. After three years, she was finally accepted and immediately became a trainee.^[1] She starred in two of Big Bang's three earliest singles in the songs "We Belong Together"^[4] and "Forever With You".^[5] Bom also collaborated with Lexy and Red Roc with "Baby Boy" and "Along My Way", respectively. She also starred in a Samsung Anycall Music Video Commercial alongside famous Korean pop singer Lee Hyori, recording her own version of the Anycall "Anystar" song featuring fellow label mates, G-Dragon and Gummy.^{[citation needed]} Later in 2008, she starred as the lead actress in Kim Ji Eun's music video, "Tell Me Once More".

2009–present: Debut with 2NE1[link]

YG Entertainment announced that the new group would consist of four members and debut sometime in May 2009.^[6] The company stated that the group had trained for four years, and that their debut album would contain songs produced by 1TYM's leader, Teddy Park and G-Dragon of Big Bang.^[6][7][8] The group's name was initially announced as "21"; however, due to the discovery of a singer with the same name, the group was renamed "2NE1", which "NE" is the abbreviation of "New Evolution". Bom was placed in 2NE1 as the main vocalist, alongside CL, Minzy and Sandara Park.^[9]

The group collaborated with label-mate senior Big Bang for the song "Lollipop". The song gained immediate success, but questions were still raised as to whether the group could survive on its own.

2NE1 debuted in SBS's The Music Trend on May 17, 2009 where they performed their digital single Fire produced by Teddy Park of 1TYM. With the release of their self-titled mini-album, the group started the promotions of their title track I Don’t Care. Their mini album hit the no. 3 spot at the Hanteo's "Best-selling Album of 2009" with over 100,000 copies sold.

After a short hiatus, the group released a surprise single "Follow Me" ^[10] that took number one for the week of February 13.^[11] The single was said to be a surprise for their Thai fans.

In October of the same year, 2NE1 returned with their first full-length studio album To Anyone.,^[12] which was released on September 9, 2010. Promotions started with the simultaneous showcase of the three title tracks of the album, "Clap Your Hands", "Go Away" and "Can't Nobody". Following those promotions, another song "It Hurts (Slow)" ^[13][14] was released on October 31 for Halloween. The album garnered huge success and 2NE1 won an overall 11 times on various music shows from their promotions.^[15] The album went on to sell over 150,000 copies.

Solo activities[link]

In August, after finishing "I Don't Care" promotions, 2NE1 took a temporary hiatus with each member releasing their own solo singles. Bom's single, entitled "You and I" was the best performing of the three and took the number one spot on the Gaon Chart for the month of November. The single eventually won the Best Digital Single at the 2010 Mnet Asian Music Awards.

In late 2010, Bom was featured on GD & TOP's single "Oh Yeah" for their first collaboration album. She was also featured in the Japanese version of the song, as well as the MV for the Japanese version. "Oh Yeah" peaked at number two on the Gaon Chart upon release.

In 2011, it was announced that Bom would have a new digital single released before 2NE1's promotions for their new mini-album. The song was titled "Don't Cry" and was released on April 21, 2011.^[16] "Don't Cry" managed to top many of South Korea's music content providers' digital charts, later becoming a perfect all-kill on the music charts of Korea.^[17]

For the Infinite Challenge Seohae Ahn Highway Song Festival 2011, G-Dragon of Big Bang collaborated with Park Myung Soo to create a duo called GG. Bom was featured in their song "Having an Affair". The song went on to become an "All Kill" on various Korean music charts.

Musical style and influences[link]

Park Bom is primarily a pop and R&B singer.^[18][19] She has named American singer Mariah Carey as one of her biggest influences who inspired her to get into music. In addition, Park names Beyoncé as one of her role models, because she wants "to have her strong vocals and [...] her strong performances". She lists hip hop and R&B as her favorite music genres.^[1] Donga.com mentioned that Bom's husky voice, steadiness at high pitch, and exotic style is easily distinguishable. For example, according to Izm's Seung Won-Ho, her voice stands out more than the catchy beats in the song "Don't Cry."

Discography[link]

Singles[link]

Featured[link]

Filmography[link]

Films[link]

• 2009: Girlfriends (Korean: 걸프렌즈) (cameo)

Television[link]

• 2009: 2NE1 TV (Mnet)
• 2009: Style (Korean: 스타일, SBS) (cameo)
• 2010: 2NE1 TV Season 2 (Mnet)
• 2011: 2NE1 TV Season 3 (Mnet)

Awards[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• 2NE1 official site
• Park Bom on Twitter

Tina Turner
Tina Turner performing in the GelreDome, 1985
Background information
Birth name	Anna Mae Bullock
Also known as	Tina Turner, Ann Bullock, Little Ann
Born	(1939-11-26) November 26, 1939 (age 72) Nutbush, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Origin	Brownsville, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Genres	Rock, soul, R&B, pop
Occupations	Singer, dancer, author, actress
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1958–present
Labels	EMI, United Artists, Capitol, Parlophone, Virgin
Associated acts	The Ike & Tina Turner Revue

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards.^[1][2] Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.^[3] Success followed with a string of hits including "River Deep, Mountain High" and the 1971 hit "Proud Mary". With the publication of her autobiography I, Tina (1986), Turner revealed severe instances of spousal abuse against her by Ike Turner prior to their 1976 split and subsequent 1978 divorce. After virtually disappearing from the music scene for several years following her divorce from Ike Turner, she rebuilt her career, launching a string of hits beginning in 1983 with the single "Let's Stay Together" and the 1984 release of her fifth solo album Private Dancer.

Her musical career led to film roles, beginning with a prominent role as The Acid Queen in the 1975 film Tommy, and an appearance in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. She starred opposite Mel Gibson as Aunty Entity in Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome for which she received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture, and her version of the film's theme, "We Don't Need Another Hero", was a hit single. She appeared in the 1993 film Last Action Hero.

One of the world's most popular entertainers, Turner has been called the most successful female rock artist^[4] and was named "one of the greatest singers of all time" by Rolling Stone.^[5] Her combined album and single sales total approximately 180 million copies worldwide.^[6][7][8][9] She is known for her energetic stage presence,^[2] powerful vocals, career longevity,^[8] and widespread appeal.^[10] In 2008, Turner left semi-retirement to embark on her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour.^[11][12] Turner's tour became one of the highest selling ticketed shows of 2008–2009.^[7] Turner was raised a Baptist, but converted to Buddhism and credits the spiritual chants with giving her the strength that she needed to get through the rough times.^[13] Rolling Stone ranked her at 63 on their 100 greatest artists of all time and considers her the "Queen of Rock and Roll".^[14]

Early life[link]

Anna Mae Bullock was born in Nutbush, an unincorporated area in Haywood County, Tennessee, on November 26, 1939, the daughter of Zelma Bullock (née Currie), a factory worker, and Floyd Richard Bullock, a Baptist deacon, farm overseer, and factory worker.^[15][16] She long believed her mother had significant Native American ancestry,^[17] specifically Navajo and Cherokee; however, a DNA test showed her to be 66% African American, 33% European and 1% Native American.^{[18][19][20][21]} She attended Flag Grove School in Haywood County, Tennessee (the land for the school was sold below market value to the school trustees by her great great-uncle in 1889).^[21] Ann's older sister was named (Ruby) Aillene. For a time during World War II, their parents relocated to Knoxville, Tennessee to do factory work. By the time of their return to Nutbush, they separated and later divorced following an abusive marriage. Zelma Bullock later relocated to St. Louis, Missouri. Floyd Bullock moved to Detroit and later settled in California.

Ann and her sister relocated to Brownsville where they were raised by their grandmother. She recalled in her early years working with her parents at a farm as sharecroppers. She performed on several talent shows as a child and sang at her church choir. She was raised Baptist and lived most of her childhood as a tomboy participating in her high school's basketball team. When she was 14, she began work as a domestic for a family in Ripley. This continued until she was sixteen when her half-sister Evelyn was killed in a car crash followed by the death of her grandmother around the same time. After her mother returned from St. Louis to attend her funeral, she invited her daughter to move with her in St. Louis, where Anna and her sister reunited. In St. Louis, she attended Sumner High School.^[22] She eventually graduated from the school in 1958 and, following graduation, took work as a nurse aide at Barnes-Jewish Hospital.

Ike & Tina Turner[link]

Tina performing with Ike Turner in 1972.

Origins[link]

Ann became enthralled by St. Louis's thriving nightlife, and her sister often took her out to clubs, much to their mother's chagrin. Anna was introduced to Ike Turner and his Kings of Rhythm band at Club Manhattan in East St. Louis, where Aillene served as a barmaid and was then dating a Kings of Rhythm member. It was there that Ann also began dating one of the Kings of Rhythm band mates. Ann pursued Ike Turner for months asking him to let her sing with his band but Turner was reluctant to have her in his band. When she was seventeen, she sang during an intermission in the Kings of Rhythm show at Club Manhattan after she was giving a microphone by the band's drummer. Impressed by her vocals, Ike allowed her to join the band as an occasional lead and background vocalist.^[23] Ike gave Ann her first stage name, Little Ann, during this time and included her in his record, "Box Top", which was a local hit in St. Louis after its 1958 release on a St. Louis label titled Tune Town, Ann sung with a male vocalist named Carlson Oliver, that was a member of the Kings of Rhythm. In November 1959, when vocalist Art Lassiter failed to show up for a recording session for Ike's composition, "A Fool in Love", Anna was told to lay down a guide vocal. Ike intended to eventually have Lassiter record over Anna's take, for the final production.

Ike Turner met with Sue Records president Juggy Murray in New York, and played the demo for him. Upon hearing it, Murray insisted Turner keep Ann's vocals, and gave Ike a $25,000 advance, convinced the song would become a hit single.^[24] In response to this, Ike Turner decided to form a duo around him and Ann. In the process, he changed her name from Little Ann to Tina Turner, stating he got the name because he felt it "sounded good". Despite the early romanticized version of their story in the biopic, What's Love Got to Do with It, Ike Turner and Ann Bullock were not romantically involved until around the release of "A Fool in Love", which by then had been released under the billing Ike & Tina Turner,^[25] effectively starting the duo and launching Ann into show business. Ike Turner claimed later that he helped mold and shape Tina Turner's style and image.^[26]

Early success[link]

"A Fool in Love" was released in the spring of 1960 and by late summer the song had reached number two on the R&B chart and crossed over to number twenty-seven on the Billboard Hot 100 later going on to sell a million copies. After Ike and Tina Turner made their national television debut performing the song on American Bandstand in October 1960, she gave birth to Ike's child, Ronald Renelle. Ike and Tina's relationship started around 1959 shortly after Raymond Hill, a member of Ike's Kings of Rhythm, childhood friend of Ike's, and father of Tina's first-born son, left the band due to monetary complaints. Tina had moved into Ike's home after she had been kicked out of her mother's house following news of her pregnancy. The relationship started while Ike was still married to his wife, Lorraine, who was mother of two of his children. Both Ike and Tina felt strange about the relationship with Tina later saying she felt forced into a sexual relationship. Ike had felt the affair was incestuous, later telling an interviewer that "it felt like I was strewing (sic) my sister."^[27] Neither Ike nor Tina felt a strong attraction: Tina didn't think Ike was physically handsome while Ike felt Tina was "too skinny" to be his girlfriend since, according to Tina, he favored curvaceous women. Lorraine Taylor eventually left Ike with his children after a confrontation with Tina.

Sue Records followed the success of "A Fool in Love" with "I'm Jealous" but the record bombed. The couple quickly recovered with the release of the top 5 R&B single, "I Idolize You". Their second top 40 pop hit, "It's Gonna Work Out Fine", surpassed "A Fool in Love" on the pop charts reaching #14 and winning a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock & Roll Performance. In 1962, this was followed by "Tra La La" and "Poor Fool" while "You Shoulda Treated Me Right" had milder success. With the arrival of Tina Turner, Ike Turner changed his band's name from The Kings of Rhythm to the Ike & Tina Turner Revue and featured a backing girl group he named The Ikettes. A strenuous touring schedule built up the band's reputation as one of the hottest R&B acts in the chitlin' circuit. By 1963, Ike Turner had upgraded their shows to include raunchy choreography for Tina and the Ikettes, with their energized shows only matched by James Brown and The Famous Flames. Ike Turner himself hated to be in front of the spotlight and chose to perform with his back mainly turned to the crowd though he occasionally would come out in front during skits with Tina. The success of their revue led to numerous other revue-led package shows from crossover R&B labels such as Motown and Stax. At a time when racially mixed audiences were still a controversy, Ike and Tina Turner were one of the few acts to perform openly for mixed audiences due to the money that they could bring to its venues, especially in the American South.^[28]

In 1962, Ann Bullock married Turner in Tijuana, Mexico.^[29] Following this, she began raising Turner's previous sons, Ike Turner, Jr. and Michael, while her eldest son Craig Bullock (born from her earlier relationship with Raymond Hill, a saxophone player in Ike's band), adopted Turner's last name after Ike adopted him as his own. Tina raised them and her only child with Ike, Ronald.^[30] The Turners' relationship with Sue Records ended in 1964. Between that year and 1969, Ike and Tina Turner recorded for a various number of labels, in part due to Ike Turner's demands for money and lucrative deals. They recorded over a dozen albums including several live recordings during that period and kept themselves in the public eye during the mid-1960s by appearing on shows such as American Bandstand, Hollywood A Go-Go, Shindig!, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and The Andy Williams Show where their brand of entertainment was given both critical and artistic raves. Their performing success kept the Turners in the public eye while their records plummeted.

Mainstream success[link]

After several years touring the chitlin' circuit and other major rock and roll venues, Ike and Tina Turner began reaching the pinnacle of their success after the release of the pop-oriented ballad, "River Deep - Mountain High". While the song's initial release flopped at the time of its release in 1966, it led to modest international success in Europe. Upon hearing the track and another UK hit the group recorded, which was a cover of the Motown ballad, "A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday)"; Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones asked the couple to open for them on their 1966 UK tour, which they obliged. The single became a bigger success in the UK, reaching #3 there. After their successful opening spot on the Stones' tour, Ike Turner renegotiated contracts for Tina and The Ikettes and Ike & Tina on several successive labels. In 1968, Ike produced the number, "You Got What You Wanted (Now You Don't Want What You Got)" under the billing "Tina Turner with Ike Turner and the Kings of Rhythm", while recording the album, So Fine. That year, Ike and Tina signed with Blue Thumb where much of the musical focus was mainly on blues and blues rock material. The albums, Outta Season and The Hunter produced their best charted success in years with the releases of the songs, "I've Been Loving You Too Long", "The Hunter" and "Bold Soul Sister" respectively, with "Bold Soul Sister" later winning Tina Turner a solo Grammy nomination.

During performances of "I've Been Loving You Too Long", Ike choreographed Tina to perform suggestively to the microphone, a practice Tina later said she hated doing but did it because she felt she had no say in it as it was Ike Turner's band. Due to this success, the Turners were invited to perform in Las Vegas and their shows would be attended by the likes of David Bowie, Sly Stone, Janis Joplin, Cher, James Brown, Ray Charles, Elton John and Elvis Presley.^[31] This exposure also led to Tina Turner and Ike Turner being on the cover of the rock magazine, Rolling Stone three times between 1967 and 1971. In 1970, the group signed with Liberty Records and scored their first top 40 US hit in years with their cover of Sly & The Family Stone's "I Want to Take You Higher" and appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show, the Dick Cavett Show and the Mike Douglas Show. This success led to an extended run in Vegas and also more opportunities to perform for bigger venues though the couple still frequented predominantly black venues including The Apollo Theater. In 1971, they released the Workin' Together album, which led to their biggest successes with the former album producing a hit version of "I Want to Take You Higher" and the latter producing their biggest hit single, a frenzied cover of "Proud Mary", which peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 1971, two months after it was released.^[32] The song later won the duo a Grammy for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group.^[33]

By 1972, the group had even made headlines by performing at Carnegie Hall, which was documented for a double live album. That year, they switched to United Artists Records and released ten albums between 1971 and 1978 (two albums were released posthumously following the duo's infamous 1976 split). In 1973, the group released their final hit with "Nutbush City Limits", culminating in the duo's full embrace of funk rock rhythms. Though the song was musically composed by Ike, Tina was solely credited to the song as its lyricist. The song peaked at number twenty-two on the Hot 100 and number four in the UK.^[34] In 1974, the Turners released several albums including The Gospel According to Ike & Tina, which later won the duo another Grammy Award nomination for Best Soul Gospel Performance, and Tina's first solo album, Tina Turns the Country On, which won Tina Turner another Grammy nod for Best R&B Female Vocal Performance.

Decline in popularity[link]

By the mid-1970s, Tina's personal life and marriage had fallen apart. Ike's growing cocaine use led to increasingly erratic and physically abusive behavior. Ike Turner also played a hand in their professional career hitting the doldrums for refusing to accept any outside management and using all the money he earned to maintain his cocaine habit. This led to low ticket sales and lower record sales. By 1975, Ike Turner was so addicted to cocaine that he couldn't make it to rehearsals for scheduled TV appearances leading Tina Turner to be onstage without her partner. That year, Tina accepted an offer to appear in The Who's rock opera, Tommy. Tina's role in the film as the Acid Queen proved to be successful as critics raved of her appearance on the film.

Ike Turner responded by releasing Tina's second solo album, Acid Queen, which in turn became the last Ike & Tina associated album to be released and featured the duo's last charted single, "Baby Get It On". A non-album single, "Delilah's Power", was also released during the same time. Tina's increasing independence led to increasing fights between the couple. In July 1976, Tina and Ike had a violent fight before an appearance at the Dallas Statler Hilton, where Tina alleged that this is when she hit Ike back "for the first time". After arriving at the hotel, Tina left Ike, fleeing with nothing more than thirty-six cents and a Mobil gas station credit card in her possession. She spent the next few months hiding from Ike while staying with various friends.^[35][36] Following this, Tina filed for divorce on July 27 after fourteen years of marriage, ending the Ike & Tina Turner Revue for good.

Tina would later credit her new-found Nichiren Buddhist^[37] faith with giving her the courage to strike out on her own. By walking out on Ike in the middle of a tour, she learned she was legally responsible to tour promoters for the canceled tour. Needing to earn a living, she became a solo performer, supplementing her income with TV appearances on shows such as The Hollywood Squares, Donny and Marie, The Sonny & Cher Show and The Brady Bunch Hour.^[38] After a year in court, their divorce was made final on March 29, 1978. In the divorce, she completely parted ways with him retaining only her stage name and assuming responsibility for the debts incurred by the canceled tour as well as a significant IRS lien.^[39]

Life after the Revue[link]

After lying low for a year following her separation from Ike Turner, Tina Turner went back on the road in 1977 supporting herself with a cabaret act in Las Vegas. In 1978, Tina released her third solo album (and her first album since her separation from Ike) entitled Rough on EMI Records. The album was considered a departure from the blues rock sound of Ike & Tina. Choosing to focus on "happier music" and strong readings of hard rock songs, the album would yield four singles, none of which charted. In 1979, Turner released the disco-infused Love Explosion album, but it also failed to chart.^[40]

Due to the albums' performances, United Artists and EMI Records dropped Turner from her contract after her obligations ended with the companies. Turner supported herself by touring constantly, starting her first solo tour with The Wild Lady of Rock 'n' Roll in 1978. Following the end of the tour in 1979, she was invited to perform on Olivia Newton-John's musical variety show in Australia, where she met Newton-John's manager Roger Davies and pursued him to manage her career. Davies accepted Turner's offer after seeing her perform in San Francisco in 1980 and advised Turner to revamp her stage act. Despite her career downturn, Turner remained popular as a stage performer.^[41]

Return to prominence[link]

In 1981, Turner made headlines when she performed at the Ritz Theater in New York, leading to Turner performing with Rod Stewart, first on Saturday Night Live and then on his televised Los Angeles concert tour. That same year, Turner appeared onstage with her old 1960s acquaintances The Rolling Stones. In 1982, Turner teamed up with B.E.F. for a remake of the Temptations' "Ball of Confusion".^[42] The song became a hit in European dance clubs. Following this success, the producers asked her to incorporate a cover of Al Green's classic, "Let's Stay Together". Released in November 1983, just days before Turner's 44th birthday, the song became a hit single in the UK reaching number six on their charts and also became a hit in several other European countries.^[43][44] The success of "Let's Stay Together" in Europe convinced Turner's new company Capitol Records to release the song in the US in early 1984, with the song reaching number twenty six on the Billboard Hot 100^[45] while also peaking at the top five of the R&B and dance charts.^[46][47]

Following its success, Capitol quickly gave Turner a new three-album contract and had them do an album, with Turner later staging what Ebony magazine called an "amazing comeback".^[48] Done in two months, the album Private Dancer, was released in June 1984. That same month, Turner issued the album's second single, "What's Love Got to Do with It". It quickly reached the top ten within a month and in September had reached number one on the Hot 100 in the US, making it the first time in Turner's career that she had reached that position. Private Dancer peaked at the top five of the Billboard album charts later selling five million copies in the US and a total of eleven million copies worldwide,^[49][50][51] though some sources stated the album has sold over twenty million^[4] making it her most successful album. Private Dancer also featured two more top ten singles, the rock-oriented "Better Be Good to Me" and the seductive title track while another US single, "Show Some Respect", became a modest top forty hit. Turner's comeback was culminated in early 1985 when she won four Grammy Awards including Record of the Year for "What's Love Got to Do with It". In February of that year, she embarked on her second world tour supporting the Private Dancer album, where she toured to huge crowds. One show, filmed at Birmingham, England's NEC Arena, was later released on home video. During this time she also contributed on vocals to the USA for Africa benefit song, "We Are the World".

Turner's success continued in 1985 when she appeared in her first acting role in ten years in the film, Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome, playing Aunty Entity, the ruler of Bartertown.^[52] Upon its release, the film grossed $36 million.^[53] Turner later received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress for her role in the film and also contributed songs to the film's soundtrack, two of which, "We Don't Need Another Hero" and "One of the Living", became hits, with "One of the Living" later winning Turner a Grammy for Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. In July, Turner performed at Live Aid alongside Mick Jagger.^[54] Encouraged by a performance together during Tina's filmed solo concert in England, singer Bryan Adams released their duet single together, "It's Only Love", later resulting in a Grammy nod for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.

Subsequent releases[link]

Turner on tour with special guest Eric Clapton, June 17, 1987 in Wembley Arena, England

Turner returned with her next solo album, Break Every Rule, in 1986. The album quickly became platinum launching several hit singles including "Typical Male", "Two People" and "What You Get Is What You See" going on to sell two million copies in the United States and four million together worldwide. That same year, Turner published her autobiography, I, Tina, which she talked about her early life and volatile marriage to Ike Turner. She later received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame that summer. Turner's European Break Every Rule Tour, which culminated in March 1987 in Munich, contributed to record breaking sales and concert attendances. In January 1988, Turner made history alongside Paul McCartney when she performed in front of the largest paying audience (approximately 184,000) to see a solo performer in Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil earning her a Guinness World Record.^[55] The success of Turner's two live tours led to the recording of Tina Live in Europe, which was released that April. Turner lay low following the end of her Break Every Rule Tour emerging once again with Foreign Affair, which included one of Turner's signature singles, "The Best". She later embarked on an European-only tour to promote the album. While Foreign Affair would go gold in the United States, with its singles "The Best" and "Steamy Windows" becoming top forty hits there, it wasn't as successful as Turner's previous offerings, though it was hugely successful in Europe, where Turner had personally relocated.

In 1991, Ike and Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Phil Spector later accepted on their behalf. That same year, the ex-couple signed away their rights to have their lives dramatized in the semi-autobiographical film, What's Love Got to Do with It, later released in 1993 and starring Angela Bassett as Tina and Laurence Fishburne as Ike, with the actors later winning Best Actress and Best Actor Academy Award nominations for their portrayals of the former husband-and-wife team. Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It, re-recording songs from her Ike and Tina days and recording several newer songs including what turned out to be her last top ten US hit, "I Don't Wanna Fight". Other than helping Bassett with her wardrobe and teaching her dance steps as well as providing songs for the soundtrack, she refused to be involved fully in the film, telling an interviewer "Why would I want to see Ike Turner beat me up again? I haven't dwelled on it; it's all in the past where it belongs." Following the film's and soundtrack's release, Turner embarked on her first US tour in seven years. Following the tour's end, Turner moved to Switzerland and took a year off from the road at the end of the tour.

Turner returned in 1995 with the U2 composition, "GoldenEye" for the James Bond film of the same name. Its huge success in Europe and modest success in her formerly native United States led Turner to record a new album, releasing the Wildest Dreams album in 1996. Though the album itself was not as hugely successful in the United States, thanks to a world tour and a much played Hanes hosiery commercial, the album went gold in the United States. The album reached platinum success in Europe where Turner had hits with "Whatever You Want", "Missing You", which briefly charted in the US, "Something Beautiful Remains", and the sensual Barry White duet "In Your Wildest Dreams". Following the tour's end in 1997, Turner took another break before re-emerging again in 1999 appearing on the VH-1 special Divas Live '99. In 1998 the duet with Italian superstar Eros Ramazzotti in "Cose della Vita" that became a European hit. Before celebrating her 60th birthday, Turner released the dance-infused song, "When the Heartache Is Over" and its parent album, Twenty Four Seven the following month in Europe, releasing both the song and the album in North America in early 2000. The success of "When the Heartache is Over" and Turner's tour supporting the album once again helped in the album going gold in the U.S. The Twenty Four Seven Tour became her most successful concert tour to date and became the highest-grossing tour of 2000 according to Pollstar grossing over $100 million. Later, Guinness World Records announced that Turner had sold more concert tickets than any other solo concert performer in music history.^[8][56] Afterwards Turner announced a semi-retirement.

Recent years[link]

In 2002, Tennessee State Route 19 between Brownsville and Nutbush was named "Tina Turner Highway".^[57][58][59] In 2003, she teamed up with Phil Collins to record the song "Great Spirits" for the Disney film Brother Bear.

In 2004, Turner released a new compilation, All the Best, and released the single "Open Arms". The song became a modestly successful European hit and a modest R&B hit in America. In 2005, Turner briefly performed on shows such as The Oprah Winfrey Show and The View. All the Best became Turner's first album to go platinum in the U.S. in over eleven years.

U.S. President George W. Bush congratulates Turner during a reception for the Kennedy Center Honors in the East Room of the White House on December 4, 2005. From left, the honorees are singer Tony Bennett, dancer Suzanne Farrell, actress Julie Harris, and actor Robert Redford.

At the end of the year, Turner was recognized by the Kennedy Center Honors at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. and was elected to join an elite group of entertainers.^[60] President Bush commented on Turner's "natural skill, the energy and sensuality",^[61] and referred to her legs as "the most famous in show business".^[62] Several artists paid tribute to her that night including Oprah Winfrey, Melissa Etheridge (who performed "River Deep - Mountain High", Queen Latifah (who performed "What's Love Got to Do with It"), Beyoncé (who performed "Proud Mary"), and the Reverend Al Green (who performed "Let's Stay Together"). Winfrey stated, "We don't need another hero. We need more heroines like you, Tina. You make me proud to spell my name w-o-m-a-n,"^[63] and "Tina Turner didn't just survive, she triumphed." In November, Turner released All the Best - Live Collection and it was certified platinum by the RIAA.

In early 2006, the All the Invisible Children soundtrack was released. Turner sang "Teach Me Again" from the All the Invisible Children soundtrack with Elisa charted at No. 1 in Italy. In May 2007, Turner returned to the stage to headline a benefit concert for the Cauldwell Children's Charity at London's Natural History Museum. This was her first full show in seven years. Jazz pianist Herbie Hancock released an album paying tribute to singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, entitled River: The Joni Letters on September 25, 2007, on which Turner contributed her vocals to a version of "Edith and The Kingpin". On October 16, 2007, Carlos Santana released an album entitled Ultimate Santana which featured Turner singing "The Game of Love", a song originally intended for her to sing, but which was instead released by Santana with Michelle Branch due to demands from the recording label.

On December 12, 2007, Turner issued a brief statement through a spokesperson regarding the death of her former husband Ike Turner:^[64] "Tina hasn't had any contact with Ike in more than 30 years. No further comment will be made."^[65]

Turner performed with Beyoncé at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in February 2008. It was Turner's first major public performance since her record-breaking Twenty-Four Seven Tour.^[66][67] In addition, she picked up a Grammy as a featured artist on River: The Joni Letters. On May 5, 2008, she performed in a televised concert and interview for the Oprah show at Caesar's Place in Las Vegas with long time friend Cher.

Turner embarked on her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour on October 1, 2008,^[68] which began on in Kansas City, Missouri at the Sprint Center. The album, Tina!: Her Greatest Hits, was released in support of the tour.

In 2009, Turner participated in the Beyond singing project with fellow musicians Regula Curti, Seda Bagcan and Dechen Shak Dagsay. This CD combined Buddhist chants and Christian choral music along with a spiritual message read by Turner.^[69] The album was released only in Germany and a handful of other countries. It peaked at No. 7 in Switzerland. In 2011, Children Beyond followed and charted again in Switzerland.

A new live album was released by Parlophone in September 2009 entitled Tina Live. The double disc set included the full concert recorded in the Netherlands as part of her 50th Anniversary Tour on DVD and selected tracks on CD. It is only Turner's second live album with the first, Tina Live in Europe, being released twenty years previously in 1988.

In April 2010, Turner once again had a hit with her 1989 single The Best. It peaked at No.9 in the UK Singles Chart after an internet campaign by supporters of Glasgow Rangers Football Club.^[70]

Personal life[link]

Born in a farm in Nutbush, a town in Haywood County, Tennessee, Tina's parents subsequently abandoned her at a young age before reaching her teen years. She moved to Brownsville to stay with her close grandmother. After her grandmother died when she was sixteen, her mother moved her to St. Louis. Tina Turner had two sisters, Alline Selico and Evelyn Currie, both of whom are deceased. She was close to both sisters growing up and later credited Alline with introducing her to Ike Turner after taking her to Club Manhattan which Turner frequented. After Tina graduated from St. Louis' Sumner High School at 18, she became pregnant with musician Raymond Hill's child. Hill was a childhood friend of Ike Turner's and an original member of Ike's Kings of Rhythm band. After her mother kicked her out of her house after finding out about the pregnancy, Tina moved in Ike Turner's home in East St. Louis, where she remained until she and Ike relocated to Los Angeles in 1964.

Tina's accounts of her life with Ike Turner differ from his accounts: whereas Turner alleged in her memoirs, I, Tina that Ike Turner was verbally, emotionally and physically abusive towards her, Ike Turner alleged that he never beat her but did admit to "slapping her a few times" and "punching her to the ground without thinking" in his own memoirs, Taking Back My Name. In 1976, after years of alleged abuse, Tina left him after suffering a beating by Ike's hands while in Dallas.^[26] Ike Turner pursued her for half a year stopping his pursuits in 1977. Tina filed for divorce and left most of the monetary assets in Ike Turner's care while retaining the use of her stage name as a means to perform.^[39] Ike Turner later alleged that their marriage was illegal,^[26] and that Tina took his last name to discourage a former lover's attempt to reconcile with her, resulting in her full stage name of Tina Turner.^[71]

Turner was introduced to Buddhism by a friend of hers and Ike's in 1972. Turner wrote in her autobiography that she first used Buddhist chants (mainly nam myoho renge kyo) before performing at a recording session at Ike's Bolic Sounds studio and it resulted in Ike sending her money to go shopping, showing Buddhism as both a source of strength and a means of getting what she wanted. Two years later, she converted to Nichiren Buddhism and later credited the religion for getting her through the rough times especially during her post-Ike/Revue life and career.^[72] In 1985, she met her current companion, German-based music executive Erwin Bach, while at a record label party in London. They began dating a year later and have remained together since. Turner has been living in a lakehouse called Chateau Algonquin in Zurich^[73] since moving there in 1994.^[74][75] She also has had residences in London, Cologne and on the French Riviera.^[76]

Tina is a mother to four sons. His first son, Raymond Craig, was from her brief affair with Kings of Rhythm band mate Raymond Hill, born weeks before Tina's 19th birthday, in 1958. She had one more biological child, Ronald Renelle, with Ike Turner, born in October 1960. Following Tina's subsequent marriage to Ike, she raised two of Ike's eldest sons, Ike Turner, Jr. and Michael, from Ike Turner's marriage to Lorraine Taylor.

Awards and accolades[link]

Turner was listed on Rolling Stone's list "The Immortals — The Greatest Artists of All Time".^[5] Turner is a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee,^[77] and three of her recordings, "River Deep - Mountain High" (1999), "Proud Mary" (2003) and "What's Love Got To Do With It" (2012) are in the Grammy Hall of Fame.^[78] Turner has won 8 Grammy Awards.^[8]

Bryan Adams, who toured with her on the Private Dancer Tour, praised Turner's live performances, saying, "I never saw Tina walk through a performance, she always put on a great show, and was gracious and grateful to her audience."

Her legs were noted specifically as she was honored by President George W. Bush.^[79]

Discography[link]

Tours[link]

	Book: Tina Turner
Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

• 1978–1979: Wild Lady of Rock Tour
• 1982–1984: Nice 'n' Rough Tour
• 1985: Private Dancer Tour
• 1987–1988: Break Every Rule Tour
• 1990: Foreign Affair Tour
• 1993: What's Love? Tour
• 1996–1997: Wildest Dreams Tour
• 2000: Twenty Four Seven Tour
• 2008–2009: Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour

Filmography[link]

References[link]