Pharaoh ( or ) is a title used in many modern discussions of the ancient Egyptian rulers of all periods. The title originates in the term "pr-aa" which means "great house" and describes the royal palace. The title of Pharaoh started being used for the king during the New Kingdom, specifically during the middle of the eighteenth dynasty.

History of the Pharaoh title

Pharaoh, meaning "Great House", originally referred to the king's palace, but by the reign of Thutmose III (ca. 1479-1425 BC) in the New Kingdom, had become a form of address for the person of the king.

The term ''pharaoh'' ultimately was derived from a compound word represented as '''', written with the two biliteral hieroglyphs '''' "house" and '''' "column". It was used only in larger phrases such as ''smr pr-`3'' 'Courtier of the High House', with specific reference to the buildings of the court or palace itself. From the twelfth dynasty onward the word appears in a wish formula 'Great House, may it live, prosper, and be in health', but again only with reference to the royal palace and not the person.

The earliest instance where ''pr-`3'' is used specifically to address the ruler is in a letter to Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten), who reigned c. 1353 - 1336 BC, which is addressed to 'Pharaoh, ''all life, prosperity, and health!''. During the eighteenth dynasty (sixteenth to fourteenth centuries BC) the title pharaoh was employed as a reverential designation of the ruler. About the late twenty-first dynasty (tenth century BC), however, instead of being used alone as before, it began to be added to the other titles before the ruler's name, and from the twenty-fifth dynasty (eighth to seventh centuries BC) it was, at least in ordinary usage, the only epithet prefixed to the royal appellative.

From the nineteenth dynasty onward ''pr-`3'' on its own was used as regularly as ''hm.f'', 'His Majesty'. The term therefore evolved from a word specifically referring to a building to a respectful designation for the ruler, particularly by the twenty-second dynasty and twenty-third dynasty.

For instance, the first dated instance of the title pharaoh being attached to a ruler's name occurs in Year 17 of Siamun on a fragment from the Karnak Priestly Annals. Here, an induction of an individual to the Amun priesthood is dated specifically to the reign of Pharaoh Siamun. This new practice was continued under his successor Psusennes II and the twenty-first dynasty kings. Meanwhile the old custom of referring to the sovereign simply as ''pr-`3'' continued in traditional Egyptian narratives.

By this time, the Late Egyptian word is reconstructed to have been pronounced whence comes Ancient Greek '''' and then Late Latin ''''. From the latter, English obtained the word "Pharaoh". Over time, evolved into Sahidic Coptic ''prro'' and then ''rro'' (by mistaking ''p-'' as the definite article prefix "the" from Ancient Egyptian ''p3'').

Regalia

Scepters and Staves

Scepters and staves were a general sign of authority in Ancient Egypt. One of the earliest royal scepters was discovered in the tomb of Khasekhemwy in Abydos. Kings were also known to carry a staff, and Pharaoh Anedjib is shown on stone vessels carrying a so called ''mks''-staff. The staff with the longest history seems to be the ''heqa''-scepter, sometimes described as the shepherd’s crook. The earliest examples of this piece of regalia dates to pre-dynastic times. A scepter was found in a tomb at Abydos that dates to the late Naqada period.

Another scepter associated with the king is the ''was''-scepter. This is a long staff mounted by an animal head. The earliest known depictions of the ''was''-scepter date to the First dynasty of Egypt. The ''was''-scepter is shown in the hands of both kings and gods.

The Flail was later closely related to the ‘’heqa’’-scepter, but in early representations the king was also depicted solely with the flail, as shown in a late pre-dynastic knife handle which is now in the Metropolitan museum, and on the Narmer Macehead.

The Uraeus

The earliest evidence we have of the use of the Uraeus—a rearing cobra—is from the reign of Den from the First dynasty of Egypt. The cobra supposedly protected the pharaoh by spitting fire at its enemies.

Crowns and headdresses

+ Narmer Palette
Narmer wearing the white crown	Narmer wearing the red crown

The red crown of Lower Egypt – the Deshret crown – dates back to pre-dynastic times. A red crown has been found on a pottery shard from Naqada, and later king Narmer is shown wearing the red crown on both the Narmer macehead and the Narmer palette.

The white crown of Upper Egypt – the Hedjet crown – is shown on the Qustul incense burner which dates to the pre-dynastic period. Later, King Scorpion was depicted wearing the white crown, as was Narmer.

The combination of red and white crown into the double crown – or Pschent crown – is first documented in the middle of the First dynasty of Egypt. The earliest depiction may date to the reign of Djet, and is otherwise surely attested during the reign of Den.

Khat and nemes headdresses

The ''khat'' headdress consists of a kind of “kerchief” whose end is tied almost like a ponytail. The earliest depictions of the ''khat'' headdress comes from the reign of Den, but is not found again until the reign of Djoser.

The Nemes headdress dates from the time of Djoser. The statue from his Serdab in Saqqara shows the king wearing the ''nemes'' headdress.

Physical evidence

Egyptologist Bob Brier has noted that despite its widespread depiction in royal portraits, no ancient Egyptian crown ever has been discovered. Tutankhamun's tomb, discovered largely intact, did contain such regalia as his crook and flail. No crown was found however among the funerary equipment.

It is presumed that crowns would have been believed to have magical properties. Brier's speculation is that crowns were religious or state items; a dead pharaoh could not retain a crown as a personal possession. The crowns may have had to be passed along to a successor.

Titles

During the early dynastic period kings had up to three titles. The Horus name is the oldest and dates to the late pre-dynastic period. The ''Nesw Bity'' name was added during the middle of the 1st dynasty. The ''Nebty'' name was first introduced towards the end of the 1st dynasty. The Golden falcon (''bik-nbw'') name is not well understood. The prenomen and nomen were introduced later and are traditionally enclosed in a cartouche. By the Middle Kingdom, the official titulary of the ruler consisted of five names; Horus, nebty, golden Horus, nomen, and prenomen for some rulers, only one or two of them may be known.

''Nesw Bity'' name

The ''Nesw Bity'' name was one of the new developments from the reign of Den. The name would follow the glyphs for the “Sedge and the Bee”. The title is usually translated as king of Upper and Lower Egypt. The ''nsw bity'' name may have been the birth name of the king. It was often the name by which kings were recorded in the later annals and king lists.

Horus name

The Horus name was adopted by the king, when he took the throne. The name was written within a square frame representing the palace, named a serekh. The earliest known example of a serekh dates to the reign of king Ka, before the first dynasty . The Horus name of several early kings expresses a relationship with Horus. Aha refers to “Horus the fighter”, Djer refers to “Horus the strong”, etc. Later kings express ideals of kingship in their Horus names. Khasekhemwy refers to “Horus: the two powers are at peace”, while Nebra refers to “Horus, Lord of the Sun”.

''Nebty'' name

The earliest example of a ''nebty'' name comes from the reign of king Aha from the 1st dynasty. The title links the king with the goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt Nekhbet and Wadjet. The title is preceded by the vulture (Nekhbet) and the cobra (Wadjet) standing on a basket (the neb sign).

Golden Horus name

The Golden Horus or Golden Falcon name was preceded by a falcon on a gold or ''nbw'' sign. The title may have represented the kings divine status. The Horus associated with gold may be referring to the idea that the god’s bodies were made of gold. The gold sign may also be a reference to Nubt, the city of Set. This would suggest that the iconography represents Horus conquering Set.

Nomen and Prenomen

The prenomen and nomen were contained in a cartouche. The prenomen often followed the King of Upper and Lower Egypt (''nsw bity'') or Lord of the Two Lands (''nebtawy'') title. The prenomen often incorporated the name of Re. The nomen often followed the title Son of Re (''sa-ra'') or the title Lord of Appearances (''neb-kha''’).

See also

Ancient Egyptian royal titulary

Egyptian chronology - Conventional Egyptian chronology

History of Egypt

List of Pharaohs

Monarch

Pharaoh of the Exodus

Great Royal Wife, the chief wife of a Pharaoh

Islamic view of the Pharaoh of the Exodus

References

Bibliography

Sir Alan Gardiner ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'', Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71–76.

Jan Assmann, "Der Mythos des Gottkönigs im Alten Ägypten," in Christine Schmitz und Anja Bettenworth (hg.), ''Menschen - Heros - Gott: Weltentwürfe und Lebensmodelle im Mythos der Vormoderne'' (Stuttgart, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2009), 11-26.

External links

Digital Egypt for Universities

Mummies of the Pharaohs at James M. Deem's ''Mummy Tombs'' site.

Category:Ancient Egyptian titles Category:Heads of state Category:Royal titles Category:Noble titles * Category:Positions of authority Category:Torah monarchs Category:Torah people Category:Titles of national or ethnic leadership Category:Deified people Category:Egyptian royal titles

af:Farao als:Pharao ar:فرعون (لقب) az:Firon bn:ফারাও ba:Фирғәүен be:Фараон be-x-old:Фараон bs:Faraon br:Faraon bg:Фараон ca:Faraó cs:Faraon cy:Pharo da:Farao de:Pharao et:Vaarao el:Φαραώ es:Faraón eo:Faraono eu:Faraoi fa:فرعون fr:Pharaon gv:Reeaghyn Eajiptagh gl:Faraón ko:파라오 hy:Փարավոն hi:फैरो hr:Faraon io:Faraono di Egiptia id:Firaun is:Faraó it:Faraone he:פרעה jv:Pirangon ka:ფარაონი kk:Перғауын sw:Farao ku:Fîrewn la:Pharao lv:Faraons lt:Faraonas ln:Faraon hu:Fáraó ml:ഫറവോ mr:फॅरो arz:فرعون ms:Firaun mn:Фараон nl:Farao nds-nl:Farao ja:ファラオ no:Farao nn:Farao oc:Faraon uz:Firʼavn pl:Faraon pt:Faraó ro:Faraon ru:Фараон scn:Farauni simple:Pharaoh sk:Faraón sl:Faraon sr:Фараон sh:Faraon fi:Faarao sv:Farao tl:Paraon ta:பாரோ te:ఫరో th:ฟาโรห์ tr:Firavun uk:Фараон ur:فرعون vi:Pharaon yi:פרעה yo:Fáráò zh:法老

name	Ill Bill
background	solo_singer
birth name	William Braunstein
born	July 14, 1972
origin	Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
genre	Hip hop
occupation	Rapper Producer Label CEO
instruments	Vocals
years active	1991–present
label	Uncle Howie Psycho+Logical
associated acts	Non Phixion La Coka Nostra Circle of Tyrants Secret Society Injustice Necro DJ Muggs Jedi Mind Tricks
website	www.illbill.comwww.unclehowie.com }}

William Braunstein, better known as Ill Bill, is a Jewish American Rapper and record producer from Brooklyn, New York. Having gained notoriety in the underground hip hop group Non Phixion, Ill Bill is known for his hardcore lyrics and as the producer, founder and CEO of Uncle Howie Records. His brother Ron is also a rapper and producer, known as Necro.

Biography

Ill Bill was the main voice behind the now disbanded Non Phixion, and is currently involved with La Coka Nostra, along with Everlast, Slaine, Danny Boy and DJ Lethal of House of Pain & Limp Bizkit fame. In 2004 he released his debut solo album ''What's Wrong with Bill?'' and has since released various solo mixtapes and collaborations in anticipation for his second solo record and the upcoming La Coka Nostra album.

On September 16, 2008, he released his second album on Uncle Howie Records, entitled ''The Hour of Reprisal''. The album includes appearances from Necro, Tech N9ne, B-Real of Cypress Hill, Everlast, Bad Brains, Max Cavalera of Soulfly, Vinnie Paz of Jedi Mind Tricks, Howard Jones of Killswitch Engage, Immortal Technique and Raekwon of Wu-Tang Clan. It also features production by DJ Muggs, T-Ray, DJ Lethal, Necro, DJ Premier and Ill Bill himself.

He released an album with Vinnie Paz as the Heavy Metal Kings. Ill Bill was supposed to release a collaboration album with rapper Crooked I and production team Blue Sky Black Death, but the project was cancelled.

During Spring 2008, Ill Bill joined Tech N9ne and Paul Wall on a nationwide tour. "The Hour of Reprisal" was released on September 16, 2008 by Uncle Howie Records and Fat Beats.

In an October 31, 2010 interview on Conspiracy Worldwide Radio, Ill Bill discussed his relationship with his brother Necro and his range of albums expected in 2011 including La Coka Nostra, The Pill album with Sean Price and his Heavy Metal Kings album with Vinnie Paz set to release April 5, 2011.

''What's Wrong with Bill?''

''What's Wrong with Bill?'' is Ill Bill's debut studio album, released on March 2, 2004 by Psycho+Logical-Records. The album spawned one single, "The Anatomy of a School Shooting", and a music video for "Chasing the Dragon". This album never charted.

Discography

2001: ''The Early Years: Rare Demos '91-'94''

2002: ''The Future Is Now'' (with Non Phixion)

2003: ''ILL BILL Is The Future''

2003: ''Street Villains'' (with Necro)

2003: ''Howie Made Me Do It''

2004: ''The Green CD/DVD'' (with Non Phixion)

2004: ''What's Wrong with Bill?''

2005: ''Street Villains 2'' (with Necro)

2005: ''Circle Of Tyrants'' (with Necro, Goretex & Mr. Hyde)

2006: ''ILL BILL Is The Future Vol. 2''

2007: ''Black Metal''

2008: ''The Hour of Reprisal''

2009: ''A Brand You Can Trust'' (with La Coka Nostra)

2010: ''Kill Devil Hills'' (with DJ Muggs)

2011: ''Heavy Metal Kings'' (with Vinnie Paz)

2011: ''Howie Made Me Do It 2''

2012: ''Masters Of The Dark Arts'' (with La Coka Nostra)

2012: ''The Grimy Awards'' 2012: ''Heavy Metal Kings vs. DJ Muggs'' TBA: ''The Pill'' (with Sean Price)

TBA: ''Heavy Metal Kings 2''

Collaborations

Sha-key feat. Ill Bill "Doompasaga"(produced by Ill Bill) off the LP "A Head Nadda's Journey To Adidi Skizm" (1994 Imago Recording Company)

Necro feat. Ill Bill & Goretex "I Need Drugs" LP (2001 Psycho+Logical)

O.D. feat. Ill Bill & Goretex of Non Phixion "2004" 12" (1999 Audio Research)

Company Flow feat. Ill Bill of Non Phixion "Simian Drugs" 12" (2000 Def Jux)

Necro feat. Ill Bill "The Most Sadistic" 12" (2000 Psycho+Logical)

Necro feat. Ill Bill & Goretex "Gory Days" LP (2001 Psycho+Logical)

Troy Dunnit feat. Ill Bill "Let's Go" 12" (2001 Audio Research)

Non Phixion (Ill Bill, Goretex, Sabac Red & DJ Eclipse) "The Future Is Now" LP (2002 Uncle Howie)

El-P feat. Ill Bill "Fantastic Damage" LP (2002 Def Jux)

The Beatnuts feat. Ill Bill, Problemz - "Yae Yo" 12" (2002 Landspeed)

Jedi Mind Tricks feat. Ill Bill, Sabac Red - "The Wolf" 12" (2003 Babygrande)

Dj JS-1 feat. Ill Bill, Licence to ill- "Ground Original" LP (2003 Yosumi / M3)

Non Phixion (Ill Bill, Goretex, Sabac Red & DJ Eclipse) "The Green CD/DVD" (2004 Uncle Howie)

Circle Of Tyrants (Necro, Ill Bill, Goretex & Mr. Hyde) "The Circle Of Tyrants" LP (2005 Psycho+Logical)

Necro and Ill Bill "Street Villains Vol. 2" (2005 Psycho+Logical)

Ill Bill feat. Raekwon - "Enemy" (2006) (White Label)

Ill Bill feat. Raekwon - "Thousands To M's" (2006) (White Label)

MC Lars feat. Ill Bill - "The Dialogue" (extraído del álbum de MC Lars "The Graduate" 2006)

Jedi Mind Tricks feat. Ill Bill - "Heavy Metal Kings" (2006 Babygrande Records)

La Coka Nostra (Danny Boy, Ill Bill, Everlast, Slaine, Big Left, Kaves & DJ Lethal) LP (Próximamente)

Ill Bill Feat Slaine & Reef The Lost Cause "Bangmatic Remix" (Mass Movementz The Album, 2009)

Clementino feat. Ill Bill - "Hannibal rapper" (2011 Relief Records)

References

External links

www.illbill.com

Category:American rappers Category:Living people Category:People from Brooklyn Category:Rappers from New York City Category:Underground rappers Category:Horrorcore artists Category:1972 births Category:Jewish rappers

de:Ill Bill el:Ill Bill es:Ill Bill fr:Ill Bill it:Ill Bill he:איל ביל mk:Ил Бил pl:Ill Bill pt:Ill Bill ru:Илл Билл fi:Ill Bill sv:Ill Bill tr:Ill Bill

Name	Tapio Wilska
Background	solo_singer
Birth date	September 19, 1969
Alias	Wilska
Origin	Finland
Instrument	Vocals, bass, guitar, keyboards
Genre	Folk metal, death metal, heavy metal, black metal, doom metal, gothic metal, symphonic metal, power metal, folk, progressive metal, thrash metal }}

Tapio Wilska (born 19 September 1969 in Savonlinna, Finland) is the main vocalist of the heavy metal band Sethian. He is also the ex-lead vocalist for the band Finntroll. He gets his inspiration from bands like Black Sabbath, Motörhead, Dead Kennedys, Venom, Thin Lizzy and The Pixies.

Biography

His musical career started when he was in bands like ''Lyijykomppania'', ''Stray Toasters'' and ''Nattvindens Gråt'' with Sami Vänskä and Tuomas Holopainen (both from the then yet to be founded Nightwish) in the middle of the '90s. He even helped Nightwish to get a record deal with Spinefarm. When Nightwish became an established name, Wilska moved on to ''stage technical'' work during their tours. His job included working on microphones, the bass and drums, and some security.

When Nightwish released their 1998 album ''Oceanborn'', Wilska was asked to do the male vocals on the tracks Devil and the Deep Dark Ocean and The Pharaoh Sails to Orion. Wilska's low and dark voice gave the songs a sinister character, and many metal fans from all over the world loved it. After his successful appearance on ''Oceanborn'', Wilska also performed in the song Tenth Man Down on Over the Hills and Far Away in 2001 and once again with ''The Pharaoh Sails to Orion'' on Nightwish's DVD From Wishes to Eternity.

After this success, Wilska quit working as a roadie and started working on his own project, entitled Sethian. Once again, he got a lot of help from Nightwish, mainly Tuomas and Jukka, the latter of whom had even decided to play drums for the band. In 2003 the album ''Into The Silence'' was released.

During May 2002 Tapio was featured on the album track 'Farewell' by Finnish based doom metal band 'Rapture' reciting lyrics for the song.

In late 2002, however, vocalist Jan 'Katla' Jämsen left the band Finntroll because of a viral-based growth on his vocal cords. Wilska was asked to be the new singer, and he accepted. In 2004, he released his first full album with Finntroll called Nattfödd.

In early 2006 Wilska was fired from Finntroll due to personal differences. Very soon afterwards he joined Finnish pagan metal band Soulgrind as a bassist, and also started a new metal band Blood Royal. He has been also bassist for Survivors Zero, a Finnish death metal band since 2007.

Discography

All of the albums Wilska appears on:

Lyijykomppania - Uimakoulu (1993)

Nattvindens Gråt - A Bard's Tale (1994)

Nattvindens Gråt - Chaos Without Theory (1997)

Wizzard - Devilmusick (1999)

Wizzard - Songs Of Sin And Damnation (2000)

Nightwish - Oceanborn (1998)

Nightwish - From Wishes to Eternity (2001)

Nightwish - Over The Hills And Far Away (2001)

Sethian - Into The Silence (2003)

Finntroll - Visor Om Slutet (2003)

Finntroll - Nattfödd (2004)

Kylähullut - Lisää Persettä Rättipäille (2007)

Soulgrind - Pakana (2007)

Survivors Zero - CMXCIX (2007)

External links

Nightwish Official Website

Finntroll Official Website

Sethian Official Website

Survivors Zero Official Website

Category:1969 births Category:Living people Category:Finnish heavy metal singers Category:Finnish male singers Category:People from Savonlinna Category:Swedish-speaking Finns

es:Tapio Wilska fr:Tapio Wilska it:Tapio Wilska pl:Tapio Wilska pt:Tapio Wilska ro:Tapio Wilska ru:Вильска, Тапио fi:Tapio Wilska sv:Tapio Wilska