Title	Amir of the Timurid Empire
Reign	1370-1405
Coronation	1370, Balkh
Predecessor	Amir Husayn
Successor	Khalil Sultan
Wife	Bibi Khanum
Royal house	Timurid
Father	Muhammad Taraghai
Mother	Tekina Mohbegim
Birth date	April 08, 1336
Birth place	Shahrisabz, Uzbekistan
Death date	February 18, 1405
Death place	Otrar, Syr Darya
Place of burial	Gur-e Amir, Samarkand
Religion	Islam }}

Timur (Turkish: '''' "iron", '''', Chagatai: '''' "iron"; 8 April 1336 – 18 February 1405), historically known as Tamerlane (from , , Aksak Timur "Timur the Lame" in Turkish), was a Turkic , Mongol conqueror of West, South and Central Asia, and the founder of the Timurid dynasty (1370–1405) in Central Asia, and great-great-grandfather of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Dynasty, which survived as the Mughal Empire in India until 1857. Timurlane was also the grandfather of the "Great Ruler" of Central Asia, Ulugh Beg, who was an astronomy and mathematics genius, responsible for building one of the greatest observatories in the Islamic world, as well as building the Ulugh Beg Madrasah in Samarkand and Bukhara, transforming the cities into a world cultural center of learning in Central Asia.

Timur was in his lifetime a controversial figure, and remains so today. He sought to restore the Mongol Empire, yet his heaviest blow was against the Islamized Tatar Golden Horde. He was more at home in an urban environment than on the steppe. He styled himself a ghazi while conducting wars that severely affected some Muslim states, in particular the Sultanate of Delhi. A great patron of the arts, his campaigns also caused vast destruction. His military campaign is believed to have caused the deaths of 17 million people. His greatest military achievement is having defeated some of most powerful empires on the continents around the world such as the Golden Horde, the Delhi Sultanate of South Asia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Tamerlane as a military conqueror is within the ranks with Genghis Khan and with Alexander the Great, making him one of the world’s greatest conquerors. His armies were ferocious, feared throughout Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Early history[link]

Timur was born in Transoxiana, in the City of Kesh (an area now better known as Shahrisabz, "the green city"), some 50 miles south of Samarkand in modern Uzbekistan, then part of the Chagatai Khanate. His father, Taraqai, was a small-scale landowner and belonged to the Barlas tribe. The Barlas was a Turko-Mongol tribe which was originally a Mongol tribe and was Turkified and/or became Turkic-speaking or intermingling with the Turkic peoples. According to Gérard Chaliand, Timur was a Muslim Turk but he saw himself as Genghis Khan's heir. Though not a Chinggisid, he clearly sought to evoke the legacy of Genghis Khan's conquests during his lifetime.

Timur was a Muslim, but while his chief official religious counsellor and advisor was the Hanafite scholar 'Abdu 'l-Jabbar Khwarazmi, his particular persuasion is not known. In Tirmidh, he had come under the influence of his spiritual mentor Sayyid Barakah, a Shiite leader from Balkh who is buried alongside Timur in Gur-e Amir. Despite his Hanafi background, Timur was known to hold Ali and the Shia Imams in high regard and has been noted by various scholars for his "pro-Alid" stance. Despite this, Timur was noted for attacking Shi’is on Sunni grounds and therefore his own religious inclinations remain unclear.

Military leader[link]

In about 1360 Timur gained prominence as a military leader whose troops were mostly Turkic tribesmen of the region. He took part in campaigns in Transoxiana with the Khan of Chagatai, a fellow descendant of Genghis Khan. His career for the next ten or eleven years may be thus briefly summarized from the ''Memoirs''. Allying himself both in cause and by family connection with Kurgan, the dethroner and destroyer of Volga Bulgaria, he was to invade Khorasan at the head of a thousand horsemen. This was the second military expedition which he led, and its success led to further operations, among them the subjugation of Khorezm and Urganj.

After the murder of Kurgan the disputes which arose among the many claimants to sovereign power were halted by the invasion of the energetic Jagataite Tughlugh Temur of Kashgar, another descendant of Genghis Khan. Timur was dispatched on a mission to the invader's camp, the result of which was his own appointment to the head of his own tribe, the Barlas, in place of its former leader, Hajji Beg.

The exigencies of Timur's quasi-sovereign position compelled him to have recourse to his formidable patron, whose reappearance on the banks of the Syr Darya created a consternation not easily allayed. The Barlas were taken from Timur and entrusted to a son of Tughluk, along with the rest of Mawarannahr (Transoxiana); but he was defeated in battle by the bold warrior he had replaced at the head of a numerically far inferior force.

Rise to power[link]

Tughlugh's death facilitated the work of reconquest, and a few years of perseverance and energy sufficed for its accomplishment, as well as for the addition of a vast extent of territory. It was in this period that Timur reduced the Chagatai khans to the position of figureheads, who were deferred to in theory but in reality ignored, while Timur ruled in their name. During this period Timur and his brother-in-law Husayn, at first fellow fugitives and wanderers in joint adventures full of interest and romance, became rivals and antagonists. At the close of 1369 Husayn was assassinated and Timur, having been formally proclaimed sovereign at Balkh, mounted the throne at Samarkand, the capital of his dominions. This event was recorded by Marlowe in his famous play ''Tamburlaine the Great'': A legendary account of Timur's rise to leadership, recorded among the Tatar descendants of the Qıpchaq Khanate in Tobol, goes as follows: One day Aksak Temür spoke thusly: It is notable that Timur never claimed for himself the title of khan, styling himself amir and acting in the name of the Chagatai ruler of Transoxania. Timur was a military genius, but was sometimes lacking in political sense. He tended not to leave a government apparatus behind in lands he conquered and was often faced with the need to reconquer such lands after inevitable rebellions had taken place.

Period of expansion[link]

Timur spent the next 35 years in various wars and expeditions. He not only consolidated his rule at home by the subjugation of his foes, but sought extension of territory by encroachments upon the lands of foreign potentates. His conquests to the west and northwest led him to the lands near the Caspian Sea and to the banks of the Ural and the Volga. Conquests in the south and south-West encompassed almost every province in Persia, including Baghdad, Karbala and Northern Iraq.

One of the most formidable of Timur's opponents was another Mongol ruler, a descendant of Genghis Khan named Tokhtamysh. After having been a refugee in Timur's court, Tokhtamysh became ruler both of the eastern Kipchak and the Golden Horde. After his accession, he then quarrelled with Timur over the possession of Khwarizm and Azerbaijan. However, Timur still supported him against the Russians and in 1382 Tokhtamysh invaded the Muscovite dominion and burned Moscow.

After the death of Abu Sa'id, ruler of the Ilkhanid Dynasty, in 1335, there was a power vacuum in Persia. In 1383 Timur started the military conquest of Persia. He captured Herat, Khorasan and all eastern Persia by 1385 and captured almost all of Persia by 1387. These conquests were characterised by exceptional brutality. For example, when Isfahan surrendered to Timur in 1387, he initially treated it with relative mercy as he commonly did with cities that surrendered without resistance. However, after the city revolted against Timur's punitive taxes by killing the tax collectors and some of Timur's soldiers, Timur ordered the complete massacre of the city, killing a reported 70,000 citizens. An eye-witness counted more than 28 towers, each constructed of about 1,500 heads.

In the meantime, Tokhtamysh, now khan of the Golden Horde, turned against his patron and invaded Azerbaijan in 1385. This action would cause a counter by Timur that would become the Tokhtamysh–Timur war. In the initial stage of the war, Timur won a victory at the Battle of the Kondurcha River, however Tokhtamysh and some of his army were allowed to escape. After Tokhtamysh's initial defeat, Timur then invaded Muscovy to the north of Tokhtamysh's holdings. Timur's army burned Raizan and advanced upon Moscow, only to be pulled away before reaching the Oka River by Tokhtamysh's renewed campaign in the south.

In the first phase of the conflict with Tokhtamysh, Timur led an army of over 100,000 men north for more than 700 miles into the uninhabited steppe, then west about 1,000 miles, advancing in a front more than 10 miles wide. The Timurid army almost starved, and Timur organized a great hunt where the army encircled vast areas of steppe to get food. It was then that Tokhtamysh's army was boxed in against the east bank of the Volga River in the Orenburg region and destroyed at the previously mentioned Battle of the Kondurcha River. During this march, Timur's army got far enough north to be in a region of very long summer days, causing complaints by his Muslim soldiers about keeping a long schedule of prayers in such northern regions.

It was in the second phase of the conflict that Timur took an easier route against the enemy, invading the realm of Tokhtamysh via the Caucasus region. The year 1395, saw the Battle of the Terek River, when Tokhtamysh's power was finally broken, concluding the titanic struggle between the two monarchs.

Tokhtamysh was not able to restore his power or prestige. He was killed about a decade after the Terek River battle in the area of present day Tyumen, by agents of an emir named Edigu.

Timur during the course of his campaigns destroyed Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde, and Astrakhan, subsequently wrecking the Golden Horde's economy based on Silk Road trade. The Golden Horde saw political disintegration after such losses, with Mongol unity in the region shattered permanently.

In May 1393 Timur invaded the Anjudan, crippling the Ismaili village only one year after his assault on the Ismailis in Mazandaran. The village appears to have been prepared for attack, as it contained a fortress and an intricate system of underground tunnels. These devices were, however, unsuccessful in thwarting Timur’s soldiers, who flooded the tunnels by cutting into a channel overhead. Timur’s reasons for attacking this village are not yet well-understood, however it has been suggested that his religious persuasions and view of himself as an executor of divine will may have contributed to his motivations. The Persian historian Khwandamir explains that an Ismaili presence was growing more politically powerful in Persian Iraq. A group among the locals in this region was dissatisfied with this. Khwandamir writes that some of these locals assembled and brought up their complaint with Timur, possibly provoking his attack on the Ismailis there. The cambridge history says that he was opposed by Ahirs and Jats but Delhi Government did nothing to stop him. After crossing the Indus river on September 30, 1398, he sacked Tulamba and massacred its inhabitants. Then he advanced and captured Multan by October.

His campaign was officially justified by claims that the Muslim Delhi Sultanate was too tolerant toward its Hindu subjects, but was motivated greatly by the considerable wealth to be gained. By all accounts, Timur's campaigns in India were marked by systematic slaughter and other atrocities on a truly massive scale inflicted mainly on the subcontinent's Hindu population.

Timur crossed the Indus River at Attock (now Pakistan) on September 24, 1398, but Timur's invasion did not go unopposed and he did meet some resistance during his march to Delhi, by the Governor of Meerut. Timur was able to continue his relentless approach to Delhi, arriving in 1398 to combat the armies of Sultan Mehmud, already weakened by a succession struggle within the royal family.

The Sultan's army was easily defeated on December 17, 1398. On this day the army of Sultan Mahmud Khan had prepared 120 war elephants armored with chain mail. He had put poison on the tusks, which put fright into the Tatar lines. Timur took action and the Tatars dug out a trench in front of their positions. Timur then took his camels and placed all the wood and hay he could on their backs. When the war elephants charged he lit the camels on fire and then prodded them with iron sticks. They charged at the elephants howling in pain: Timur had understood that elephants were easily panicked. Faced with the strange spectacle of the burning camels flying straight at them with flames leaping from their backs, the elephants turned around and stampeded back toward their own lines. Timur entered Delhi and the city was sacked, destroyed, and left in ruins. Before the battle for Delhi, Timur executed 100,000 captives:

"At this Court Amír Jahán Sháh and Amír Sulaimán Sháh, and other amírs of experience, brought to my notice that, from the time of entering Hindustán up to the present time, we had taken more than 100,000 infidels and prisoners, and that they were all in my camp. On the previous day, when the enemy's forces made the attack upon us, the prisoners made signs of rejoicing, uttered imprecations against us, and were ready, as soon as they heard of the enemy's success, to form themselves into a body, break their bonds, plunder our tents, and then to go and join the enemy, and so increase his numbers and strength. I asked their advice about the prisoners, and they said that on the great day of battle these 100,000 prisoners could not be left with the baggage, and that it would be entirely opposed to the rules of war to set these idolaters and foes of Islám at liberty. In fact, no other course remained but that of making them all food for the sword. When I heard these words I found them in accordance with the rules of war, and I directly gave my command for the Tawáchís to proclaim throughout the camp that every man who had infidel prisoners was to put them to death, and whoever neglected to do so should himself be executed and his property given to the informer. When this order became known to the gházís of Islám, they drew their swords and put their prisoners to death. 100,000 infidels, impious idolaters, were on that day slain. Mauláná Násiru-d dín 'Umar, a counsellor and man of learning, who, in all his life, had never killed a sparrow, now, in execution of my order, slew with his sword fifteen idolatrous Hindus, who were his captives."

The alleged "Memoirs" of Timur, or Tuzk-e-Taimuri, relate the sack of Delhi:

"On the 16th of the month some incidents occurred which led to the sack of the city of Delhí, and to the slaughter of many of the infidel inhabitants. One was this. A party of fierce Turk soldiers had assembled at one of the gates of the city to look about them and enjoy themselves, and some of them laid violent hands upon the goods of the inhabitants. When I heard of this violence, I sent some amírs, who were present in the city, to restrain the Turks. A party of soldiers accompanied these amírs into the city. Another reason was that some of the ladies of my harem expressed a wish to go into the city and see the palace of Hazár-sutún (thousand columns) which Malik Jauná built in the fort called Jahán-panáh. I granted this request, and I sent a party of soldiers to escort the litters of the ladies. Another reason was that Jalál Islám and other díwáns had gone into the city with a party of soldiers to collect the contribution laid upon the city. Another reason was that some thousand troopers with orders for grain, oil, sugar, and flour, had gone into the city to collect these supplies. Another reason was that it had come to my knowledge that great numbers of gabrs, with their wives and children, and goods, and valuables, had come into the city from all the country round, and consequently I had sent some amírs with their regiments (kushún) into the city and directed them to pay no attention to the remonstrances of the inhabitants, but to seize and bring out these fugitives. For these several reasons a great number of fierce Turkí soldiers were in the city. When the soldiers proceeded to apprehend the Hindus and gabrs who had fled to the city, many of them drew their swords and offered resistance. The flames of strife were thus lighted and spread through the whole city from Jahán-panáh and Sírí to Old Dehlí, burning up all it reached. The savage Turks fell to killing and plundering. The amírs who were in charge of the gates prevented any more soldiers from going into the place, but the flames of war had risen too high for this precaution to be of any avail in extinguishing them. On that day, Thursday, and all the night of Friday, nearly 15,000 Turks were engaged in slaying, plundering, and destroying. When morning broke on the Friday, all my army, no longer under control, went off to the city and thought of nothing but killing, plundering, and making prisoners. All that day the sack was general. The following day, Saturday, the 17th, all passed in the same way, and the spoil was so great that each man secured from fifty to a hundred prisoners, men, women, and children. There was no man who took less than twenty. The other booty was immense in rubies, diamonds, garnets, pearls, and other gems; jewels of gold and silver; ashrafís, tankas of gold and silver of the celebrated 'Aláí coinage; vessels of gold and silver; and brocades and silks of great value. Gold and silver ornaments of the Hindu women were obtained in such quantities as to exceed all account. Excepting the quarter of the saiyids, the 'ulamá, and the other Musulmáns, the whole city was sacked. The pen of fate had written down this destiny for the people of this city. Although I was desirous of sparing them I could not succeed, for it was the will of Allah that this calamity should fall upon the city."

Timur left Delhi in December 1398 and marched on Meerut. Then he rode up to Haridwar and sacked the holy city on January 23, 1399. Before he crossed the Ganges, he faced stiff resistance from natives at Bhokarhedi. In April he had returned to his own capital beyond the Oxus (Amu Darya). Immense quantities of spoils and slaves were taken from India. According to Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo, 90 captured elephants were employed merely to carry precious stones looted from his conquest, so as to erect a mosque at Samarkandwhat historians today believe is the enormous Bibi-Khanym Mosque.

Last campaigns and death[link]

Before the end of 1399, Timur started a war with Bayezid I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, and the Mamluk sultan of Egypt ''Nasir-ad-Din Faraj''. Bayezid began annexing the territory of Turkmen and Muslim rulers in Anatolia. As Timur claimed sovereignty over the Turkmen rulers, they took refuge behind him. Timur invaded Syria, sacked Aleppo and captured Damascus after defeating the Mamluk army. The city's inhabitants were massacred, except for the artisans, who were deported to Samarkand. This led to Timur's being publicly declared an enemy of Islam, as he was no longer killing only non-Muslims. However, Ibn Khaldun praises Timur for having unified much of the Muslim world when other conquerors of the time could not.

In a form of rectification, in 1400 Timur invaded Christian Armenia and Georgia. Of the surviving population, more than 60,000 of the local people were captured as slaves, and many districts were depopulated.

He invaded Baghdad in June 1401. After the capture of the city, 20,000 of its citizens were massacred. Timur ordered that every soldier should return with at least two severed human heads to show him. (Many warriors were so scared they killed prisoners captured earlier in the campaign just to ensure they had heads to present to Timur.)

In the meantime, years of insulting letters had passed between Timur and Bayezid. Finally, Timur invaded Anatolia and defeated Bayezid in the Battle of Ankara on July 20, 1402. Bayezid was captured in battle and subsequently died in captivity, initiating the 12-year Ottoman Interregnum period. Timur's stated motivation for attacking Bayezid and the Ottoman Empire was the restoration of Seljuq authority. Timur saw the Seljuks as the rightful rulers of Anatolia as they had been granted rule by Mongol conquerors, illustrating again Timur's interest with Genghizid legitimacy.

After the Ankara victory, Timur's army ravaged Western Anatolia, with Muslim writers complaining that the Timurid army acted more like a horde of savages than that of a civilized conqueror. But Timur did take the city of Smyrna, a stronghold of the Christian Knights Hospitalers, thus he referred to himself as ''ghazi'' or "Warrior of Islam".

Timur was furious at the Genoese and Venetians whose ships ferried the Ottoman army to safety in Thrace. As Lord Kinross reported in ''The Ottoman Centuries'', the Italians preferred the enemy they could handle to the one they could not.

While Timur invaded Anatolia, Qara Yusuf assaulted Baghdad and captured it in 1402. Timur returned to Persia from Anatolia and sent his grandson Abu Bakr ibn Mirah Shah to reconquer Baghdad, which he proceeded to do. Timur then spent some time in Ardabil, where he gave Ali Safavi, leader of the Safaviyya, a number of captives. Subsequently, he marched to Khorasan and then to Samarkhand, where he spent nine months celebrating and preparing to invade Mongolia and China.

By 1368, the new Chinese Ming Dynasty had driven the Mongols out of China. The first Ming Emperor Hongwu, and his successor Yongle demanded, and received, homage from many Central Asian states as the political heirs to the former House of Kublai. The Ming emperor's attempts to treat Timur as a vassal did not go well: when in 1394 Hongwu's ambassadors presented Timur with a letter addressing him in this way, he had the ambassadors Fu An, Guo Ji, and Liu Wei detained, and their 1,500 guards executed. Neither Hongwu's next ambassador, Chen Dewen (1397) nor the delegation announcing the accession of the Yongle Emperor fared any better.

Timur eventually planned to conquer China. To this end, Timur made an alliance with the Mongols of the Northern Yuan Dynasty and prepared all the way to Bukhara. The Mongol leader Enkhe Khan sent his grandson Öljei Temür, also known as Buyanshir Khan. In December 1404, Timur started military campaigns against the Ming Dynasty and detained the Ming envoy, but he was attacked by fever and plague when encamped on the farther side of the Sihon (Syr-Daria) and died at Atrar (Otrar) on February 17, 1405, without ever reaching the Chinese border. Only after that were the Ming envoys released.

Timur's scouts explored Mongolia before his death, and the writing they carved on trees in Mongolia's mountains could still be seen even in the twentieth century.

Although he preferred to fight his battles in the spring, Timur died enroute during an uncharacteristic winter campaign against the ruling Chinese Ming Dynasty. It was one of the bitterest winters on record; his troops are recorded as having to dig through five feet of ice to reach drinking water. Records indicate though, that for part of his life at least, he was a surreptitious Ming vassal and that his son Shah Rukh visited China in 1420. He ruled over an empire that, in modern times, extends from southeastern Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran, through Central Asia encompassing part of Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, and even approaches Kashgar in China. The conquests of Timur are claimed to have caused the deaths of up to 17 million people; an assertion impossible to verify. Timur's campaigns sometimes caused large and permanent demographic changes, northern Iraq remained predominantly Assyrian Christian until attacked, looted, plundered and destroyed by Timur leaving its population decimated by systematic mass slaughter.

Of Timur's four sons, two (Jahangir and Umar Shaykh) predeceased him. His third son, Miran Shah, died soon after Timur, leaving the youngest son, Shah Rukh. Although his designated successor was his grandson Pir Muhammad b. Jahangir, Timur was ultimately succeeded in power by his son Shah Rukh. His most illustrious descendant Babur founded the Islamic Mughal Empire and ruled over most of Afghanistan and North India. Babur's descendants Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, expanded the Mughal Empire to most of the Indian subcontinent.

Markham, in his introduction to the narrative of Clavijo's embassy, states that his body "was embalmed with musk and rose water, wrapped in linen, laid in an ebony coffin and sent to Samarkand, where it was buried." His tomb, the Gur-e Amir, still stands in Samarkand, though it has been heavily restored in recent years.

Contributions to the arts[link]

Timur became widely known as a patron to the arts. Much of the architecture he commissioned still stands in Samarkand, now in present-day Uzbekistan. He was known to bring the most talented artisans from the lands he conquered back to Samarkand, and is credited with often giving them a wide latitude of artistic freedom to express themselves. He also constructed one of his finest buildings at the tomb of Ahmed Yesevi, an influential Turkic Sufi saint who spread Sufi Islam among the nomads.

According to legend, Omar Aqta, Timur's court calligrapher, transcribed the Qur'an using letters so small that the entire text of the book fit on a signet ring. Omar also is said to have created a Qur'an so large that a wheelbarrow was required to transport it. Folios of what is probably this larger Qur'an have been found, written in gold lettering on huge pages.

Timur was also said to have created Tamerlane Chess, a variant of shatranj (also known as medieval chess) played on a larger board with several additional pieces and an original method of pawn promotion. These pieces included the camel, siege-weapon, giraffe, and several others as well as boasting a complicated system involving the ability to exchange pawns for certain pieces should they reach the other side of the board.

Timur's mandating of Kurash wrestling for his soldiers ensured for it a lasting and legendary legacy. Kurash is now a popular international sport and part of the Asian Games.

Exchanges with Europe[link]

Timur had numerous epistolary and diplomatic exchanges with Western, especially Spanish and French, rulers. There was the possibility of an alliance between Timur and the European states, against the Ottoman Turks that were attacking Europe. Therefore, there was a clear motive for Timur, who wanted to surround his Ottoman and Mamluk enemies in this offensive alliance.

The relations between the courts of Henry III of Castile and that of Timur constituted the most important episode of the medieval Spanish Castilian diplomacy. In 1402, the time of the Battle of Ankara, two Spanish ambassadors were already with Timur: Pelayo de Sotomayor and Fernando de Palazuelos. Later, Timur sent to the court of Castile and León a Chagatay ambassador named Hajji Muhammad al-Qazi with letters and gifts.

In return, the King Henry III of Castile sent a famous embassy to Timur's court in Samarkand in 1403-06, led by Ruy Gonzales de Clavijo, with two other ambassadors, Alfonso Paez and Gomez de Salazar. On their return, Timur affirmed that he regarded the king of Castile "as his very own son".

According to Clavijo, Timur's good treatment of the Spanish delegation contrasted with the disdain shown by his host toward the envoys of the "lord of Cathay" (i.e., the Ming Dynasty Yongle Emperor), the Chinese ruler. Clavijo's visit to Samarkand allowed him to report to the European audience on the news from Cathay (China), which few Europeans had been able to visit directly in the century that had passed since the travels of Marco Polo.

The French archives preserve: A July 30, 1402, letter from Timur to Charles VI, king of France, suggesting that he send traders to the Orient. It was written in Persian. A May 1403 letter. This is a Latin transcription of a letter from Timur to Charles VI, and another from Amiza Miranchah, his son, to the Christian princes, announcing their victory over Bayezid, in Smyrna. A copy has been kept of the answer of Charles VI to Timur, dated June 15, 1403.

Legacy[link]

Timur's legacy is a mixed one. While Central Asia blossomed under his reign, other places such as Baghdad, Damascus, Delhi and other Arab, Georgian, Persian and Indian cities were sacked and destroyed and their populations massacred. He was responsible for the effective destruction of the Christian Church in much of Asia. Thus, while Timur still retains a positive image in Muslim Central Asia, Persia, and Arab countries, he is vilified by many in India, where some of his greatest atrocities were carried out. In the Islamic world at the time, he was variously considered both as a ghazi (or "Warrior for Islam") by some, and as an enemy of Islam by others.

Timur's military talents were unique. He planned all his campaigns years in advance, even planting barley for horse feed two-years ahead of his campaigns. He used propaganda, in what is now called information warfare, as part of his tactics. His campaigns were preceded by the deployment of spies whose tasks included collecting information and spreading horrifying reports about the cruelty, size, and might of Timur’s armies. Such psychological warfare eventually weakened the morale of threatened populations and caused panic in the regions that he intended to invade.

Although Timur's uncharacteristic (for the time) concern for his troops inspired fierce loyalty, he did not pay them. Their only incentives were from looting captured territory — a bounty that included horses, women, precious metals and stones; in other words whatever they, or their newly captured slaves, could carry away from the conquered lands.

Timur's short-lived empire also melded the Turko-Persian tradition in Transoxiania, and in most of the territories which he incorporated into his fiefdom, Persian became the primary language of administration and literary culture (''diwan''), regardless of ethnicity. In addition, during his reign, some contributions to Turkic literature were penned, with Turkic cultural influence expanding and flourishing as a result. A literary form of Chagatai Turkic came into use alongside Persian as both a cultural and an official language.

Timur became a relatively popular figure in Europe for centuries after his death, mainly because of his victory over the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid. The Ottoman armies were at the time invading Eastern Europe and Timur was ironically seen as a sort of ally.

Timur has now been officially recognized as a national hero of newly independent Uzbekistan. His monument in Tashkent now occupies the place where Marx's statue once stood.

Biographies[link]

Timur's generally recognized biographers are Ali Yazdi, commonly called Sharaf ud-Din, author of the ''Zafarnāmeh'' (), translated by Petis de la Croix in 1722, and from French into English by J. Darby in the following year; and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Abdallah, al-Dimashiqi, al-Ajami (commonly called Ahmad Ibn Arabshah) translated by the Dutch Orientalist Colitis in 1636. In the work of the former, as Sir William Jones remarks, "the Tatarian conqueror is represented as a liberal, benevolent and illustrious prince", in that of the latter he is "deformed and impious, of a low birth and detestable principles." But the favourable account was written under the personal supervision of Timur's grandson, Ibrahim, while the other was the production of his direst enemy.

Among less reputed biographies or materials for biography may be mentioned a second ''Zafarnāmeh'', by Nizam al-Din Shami, stated to be the earliest known history of Timur, and the only one written in his lifetime. Timur's purported autobiography, the ''Tuzk-e-Taimuri'' ("Memoirs of Temur") is a later fabrication, although most of the historical facts are accurate.

More recent biographies include Justin Marozzi's ''Tamerlane: Sword of Islam, Conqueror of the World'' (2006) and Roy Stier's ''Tamerlane: The Ultimate Warrior'' (1998).

Exhumation[link]

Timurlane's body was exhumed from his tomb in 1941 by the Soviet anthropologist Mikhail M. Gerasimov. From his bones it was clear that Timur was a tall and broad chested man with strong cheek bones. Gerasimov reconstructed the likeness of Timur from his skull. His height was 5 feet 8 inches (1.73 meters), very tall for his era. He also confirmed Timur's lameness due to a hip injury. Gerasimov also found that Timur's facial characteristics conformed to general Mongoloid features. In the study of "Anthropological composition of the population of Central Asia" shows the cranium of Timur predominate the characters of the South Siberian Mongoloid type. Timurlane is classified as being closer to the Mongoloid race with some admixture.

It is alleged that Timur's tomb was inscribed with the words, "When I rise from the dead, the world shall tremble." It is also said that when Gerasimov exhumed the body, an additional inscription inside the casket was found reading, "Who ever opens my tomb, shall unleash an invader more terrible than I." In any case, two days after Gerasimov had begun the exhumation, Nazi Germany launched Operation Barbarossa, its invasion of the U.S.S.R. Timur was re-buried with full Islamic ritual in November 1942 just before the Soviet victory at the Battle of Stalingrad (ref Marozzi 2004).

In the arts[link]

''Tamburlaine the Great, Parts I and II'' (English, 1563–1594) - play by Christopher Marlowe

''Tamerlano'' (1724) - opera by George Frideric Handel, in Italian, based on the 1675 play ''Tamerlan ou la mort de Bajazet'' by Jacques Pradon.

''Bajazet'' (1735) - opera by Antonio Vivaldi, portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur

''Il gran Tamerlano'' (1772) - opera by Josef Mysliveček that also portrays the capture of Bayezid I by Timur

''Tamerlane'' - first published poem of Edgar Allan Poe (American, 1809–1849).

Timur is the deposed, blind former King of Tartary and father of the protagonist Calaf in the opera ''Turandot'' (1924) by Giacomo Puccini, libretto by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni.

Timour appears in the story ''Lord of Samarkand'' by Robert E. Howard.

''Tamerlan'' - novel by Colombian writer Enrique Serrano (ISBN 978-958-42-0540-7) in Spanish

Timur Lang is also the name of the warlord that shall be defeated in the game ''Might and Magic IX'', a sort of joke using the names of Timur Leng and this game's designer's one, Timothy Lang.

Tamerlan appears in the Russian movie ''Dnevnoy Dozor'' (''Day Watch''), in which he steals the chalk of fate.

Tamerlane is the name of the corporation which is taking over Central Asia in the 2008 satire ''War, Inc.''.

Tamburlaine: Shadow of God by John Fletcher, BBC Radio 3 play broadcast 2008, a fictitious account of an encounter between Tamburlaine, Ibn Khaldun and Hafez.

Family of Timur[link]

Sons of Timur[link]

Jahangir Mirza ibn Timur

Umar Shaikh Mirza ibn Timur

Miran Shah ibn Timur

Shahrukh Mirza ibn Timur

Shahrukh Boyy ibn Timur

Sons of Jahangir[link]

Pir Muhammad ibn Jahangir

Sons of Umar Shaikh Mirza I[link]

Pir Muhammad ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza I

Iskandar ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza I

Rustam ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza I

Bayqarah ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza I

*Mansur ibn Bayqarah

**Husayn ibn Mansur bin Bayqarah

Sons of Miran Shah[link]

Khalil Sultan ibn Miran Shah

Abu Bakr ibn Miran Shah

Muhammad ibn Miran Shah

*Abu Sa'id Mirza

**Umar Shaikh Mirza II

***Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur

***Jahangir Mirza II ibn Umar Shaikh Mirza II

Sons of Shahrukh Mirza[link]

Mirza Muhammad Taraghay - better known as ''Ulugh Beg''

*Abdul-Latif

Ghiyath-al-Din Baysonqor

*Ala-ud-Daulah Mirza ibn Baysonqor

**Ibrahim Mirza

*Sultan Muhammad ibn Baysonqor

**Yadigar Muhammad

*Mirza Abul-Qasim Babur ibn Baysonqor

Sultan Ibrahim Mirza

*Abdullah Mirza

|}

See also[link]

Tokhtamysh-Timur war

List of wars and disasters by death toll

List of the Muslim Empires

Nomadic people

Global Empire

Genghis Khan

Ahmad (Jalayirids)

Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Timur's Life

(Timur's) Towers of Terror - CASE STUDY OF CIVILIAN TARGETING IN WARTIME (the html version of this file: ), The Department of Political Science at Duke University

The Battle of Ankara

The rise of Timur-i-Leng

The Timurid Dynasty

The Names and Titles used by Timur

Memoir of the Emperor Timur (Malfuzat-i Timuri) Timur'. Compiled in the book: "The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period", by Sir H. M. Elliot, Edited by John Dowson; London, Trubner Company; 1867–1877

Tamburlaine the Great Part One

''Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez De Clavijo to the Court of Timour, at Samarcand, A.D.1403-6'' - .

''Nationality or Religion: Views of Central Asian Islam''

Category:1336 births Category:1405 deaths Category:14th-century monarchs in Asia Category:City founders Category:Muslim generals Category:People from Qashqadaryo Province Category:Timurid monarchs Category:Barlas Category:Asian Muslims

ar:تيمورلنك an:Tamerlán ast:Tamerlán az:Əmir Teymur bn:তৈমুর লং be:Тамерлан be-x-old:Тымур bg:Тимур bs:Timur Lenk br:Timur ca:Tamerlà cv:Тамерлан cs:Tamerlán cy:Timur da:Timur Lenk de:Tamerlan et:Timur el:Ταμερλάνος es:Tamerlán eo:Timur eu:Tamerlan fa:تیمور hif:Timur fr:Tamerlan fy:Timoer Lenk ga:Timur Bacach gl:Tamerlán ko:티무르 hy:Լենկթեմուր hi:तैमूरलंग hr:Timur id:Tamerlane os:Тамерлан is:Tímúr it:Tamerlano he:טימור לנג ka:თემურლენგი kk:Әмір Темір sw:Timur ku:Tîmûrleng la:Tamerlanes lv:Tamerlans lt:Timūras hu:Timur Lenk ml:തിമൂര്‍ mr:तैमूरलंग arz:تيمورلنك ms:Tamerlane mn:Доголон Төмөр nl:Timoer Lenk ja:ティムール no:Timur Lenk nn:Timur Lenk oc:Timur uz:Amir Temur pnb:تیمور nds:Tamerlan pl:Timur Chromy pt:Tamerlão ro:Timur Lenk rue:Тімур ru:Тамерлан sa:तैमुरलंग sco:Timur scn:Tamerlanu simple:Tamerlane sk:Tímúr sl:Timur Lenk ckb:تەیمووری لەنگ sr:Тамерлан sh:Timur fi:Timur Lenk sv:Timur Lenk tl:Timur ta:தைமூர் te:తైమూర్ లంగ్ th:ตีมูร์ tg:Темури Ланг tr:Timur uk:Тимур ur:امیر تیمور vi:Timur Lenk fiu-vro:Timur war:Timur bat-smg:Timūrs zh:帖木尔

Name	Timur Mutsurayev
Background	solo_singer
Birth name	Timur Mutsurayev
Birth date	July 25, 1976
Origin	Grozny, Chechen-Ingush ASSR, Soviet Union
Instrument	Voice, Guitar
Genre	Music of Chechnya, Bard (Soviet Union), Nasheed
Occupation	Singer
Website	}}

Timur Mutsurayev (; born July 25, 1976 in Grozny, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union), or Mucuraev, is a popular Chechen singer and bard.

Biography[link]

Timur was born in Grozny, although his ancestors hailed from the village of Novye Atagi. He studied at Grozny's School No. 30, and would eventually graduate from the same secondary school.

As a youth Timur excelled in karate, winning the championship title of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR at the age of fifteen in 1991, and after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, capturing the championship title for the Chechen Republic in 1993 and qualifying for the Russian national team.

His martial arts career abruptly ended in December 1994, when Russian forces entered Chechnya and effectively started the First Chechen War. Timur then enlisted in the units of the Central Front division in the Chechen resistance, and was seriously wounded in the village of Serzhen-Yurt. During this war Timur would compose and sing songs as a personal hobby.

Timur's first recorded song, ''Jerusalem'', became a hit on the Caucasian television channels, gaining extensive airplay and becoming an anthem for many Chechen fighters during the 1999-2000 Battle of Grozny. It was reported during the war that Russian paratroopers mocked the song with cries of, "Guitars won't take Jerusalem!" The song also gained a degree of controversy from some Chechens who felt that it was politically inappropriate to sing about Jerusalem during a war inside Chechnya, but in response Timur indicated he was an Islamist who identified with the worldwide Jihad movement, and was not solely a Chechen nationalist. Despite his patriotic and religious worldview, he sings in Russian language.

Many of Timur's songs are stridently supportive of Chechen independence, and he personally believes that peace negotiations would eventually end the Second Chechen War. Distribution of his songs are currently banned by the government in Chechnya, but widely distributed openly.

In June 2008 Mutsuraev returned to Chechnya with approval of Ramzan Kadyrov to "contribute to reconciliation of the Chechen people"

External links[link]

mediafire Digitized with audiocassettes albums in mp3 192 (full discography)

Timur-mucuraev.com Biographical Data, Song Lyrics

Narod.ru Biographical Data

Timur Mucuraev MySpace

The first review by Andriy Manchuk

References[link]

Category:1976 births Category:Living people Category:Chechen singers Category:Chechen martial artists Category:People of the Chechen wars Category:People from Grozny Category:Russian karateka Category:Russian martial artists Category:Russian singers

be:Цімур Муцураеў bg:Тимур Муцураев de:Timur Chamsatowitsch Muzurajew eo:Timur Mucurajev os:Муцураев, Тимур lv:Timurs Mucurajevs pl:Timur Mucurajew ru:Муцураев, Тимур Хамзатович tt:Тимур Муцураев uk:Тимур Муцураєв

{{infobox boxer|name	Seth Mitchell
Realname	Seth Mitchell
Nickname	Mayhem
Weight	Heavyweight
Height	6 ft 2 in (188 cm)
Reach	75 in (191 cm)
Nationality	American
Birth date	May 29, 1982
Birth place	Brandywine, Maryland
Home town	Brandywine, Maryland
Style	Orthodox
Total	26
Wins	25
Ko	19
Losses	0
Draws	1
No contests	0 }}

Seth Mitchell (born May 29, 1982 in Brandywine, Maryland) is an undefeated professional boxer in the heavyweight division. Mitchell is signed to Oscar de la Hoya's Golden Boy Promotions. His boxing nickname is "Mayhem."

Early life[link]

Growing up in Virginia Beach, Virginia, Seth Mitchell earned the nickname, “Little Superstar,” by dominating older athletes in neighborhood pick-up basketball and football games. Despite being the youngest player on the court or field, he was often the first one picked to play. At the age of 12, Mitchell’s mother, Jeanette, moved him and his siblings to Brandywine, Maryland. It was in Maryland that he first began to participate in organized sports.

High school[link]

Mitchell attended Gwynn Park High School, located in Brandywine, Maryland, where he played both football and basketball. In ninth grade, he stood six feet tall, weighed 200 pounds, and wore a size 16 shoe. In tenth grade, his weight increased to 220 pounds, but he grew less than an inch taller. Mitchell realized his lack of height could negatively affect his ability to compete in college basketball, but would not hamper his ability to succeed on the college gridiron.

Mitchell started as a freshman on the football varsity team and regularly impressed college scouts with his talent. During his junior and senior football seasons, he led his team in defensive statistics, totaling over 200 tackles, six interceptions, and 24 sacks.

Mitchell’s superb play on the field brought him recognition and many high school football awards, including his selection as one of the top 20 linebackers in the nation, being named the Maryland Defensive Player of the Year, Washington Post All-Metro Defensive Player of the Year, USA Today Maryland State Player of the Year, in addition to earning PrepStar and SuperPrep All-American honors. While all of the high school accolades were meaningful, the most significant honor was being the first football player in Gwynn Park High School history to have his jersey number retired (No. 48).

College football at Michigan State University[link]

After receiving over a dozen NCAA Division I football scholarship offers, Seth Mitchell decided to attend Michigan State University. As a redshirt sophomore, Mitchell played middle linebacker and was second on his team in tackles with 103. The same year, he led the Spartans in conference play with 10.6 tackles a game. He recorded his career-high 17 tackles while playing against Ohio State. Mitchell was forced to hang up his cleats for good in 2005, due to injury. He continued his education, and graduated from Michigan State with a Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Justice and Security Management. His nickname, "Mayhem," was given to him by his football teammate at Michigan State, Jason Teague.

Mitchell discovers boxing[link]

Following Mitchell’s college graduation, he circulated resumes in search of a job that would allow him to utilize his degree. One evening, he watched a former Notre Dame football opponent, Tom Zbikowski, win his professional boxing debut at Madison Square Garden. His competitive juices began to flow again and he decided to put his career in criminal justice on hold. Seeing a former football opponent have success in the ring, Mitchell was intrigued to inquire more about the “sweet science.”

Amateur boxing career[link]

Prior to 2006, Mitchell had never stepped into a boxing ring. An athletic background, strong work ethic and a focused demeanor helped prepare him to enter the sport of boxing. He had a brief, but impressive amateur career, with a record of 9-1, with nine knockouts.

Professional boxing career[link]

In 2008, Mitchell began his professional boxing career. After only his second professional fight, he signed with Golden Boy Promotions.

On December 11, 2010, he fought Taurus Sykes on the undercard of Amir Khan vs. Marcos Maidana, winning the fight by knock out in the fifth round.

On March 5, 2011, Mitchell fought Charles Davis, at Honda Center, Anaheim, California, on the undercard of the Saul Alvarez vs. Matthew Hatton for the WBC light middleweight title. Mitchell won his 21st professional fight with a second round TKO over Davis. The fight also gave Mitchell the fifteenth knock out of his career.

On May 13, 2011, Mitchell fought Nicaraguan boxer Evans Quinn and won the fight by knockout in round one. The fight was televised on Showtime. Mitchell was then originally scheduled to fight on the undercard of Marcos Maidana vs. Robert Guerrero on August 27, 2011. The venue was set to be HP Pavilion, San Jose, California. He was set to open the HBO-televised show. His opponent for the fight was to be the American journeyman Mike Mollo. However the whole card got cancelled on August 18, due to an injury to Rober Guerrero. After that he got a quick fight on September 16, in Texas Station Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada. The opponent for the fight was Hector Ferreyro. The fight was aired on TeleFutura and Fox in the United States. Mitchell won the fight by third round TKO. This marked Mitchell's eight consecutive stoppage He then fought on the Amir Khan vs. Lamont Peterson undercard on December 10, 2011, against Uzbek Timur Ibragimov. He opened the televised card on HBO by winning the fight on a second round TKO.

His next fight was boxed on April 28, as a part of the Bernard Hopkins vs. Chad Dawson undercard at Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey. The opponent was former top contender Chazz Witherspoon. The fight was a co-main event and televised on HBO. Mitchell won the fight by third round TKO. Marking him going 25-0-1 and his straight 10th KO victory. Witherspoon was dropped once in round three, before reciveing a standing 8-count and the referee stopping the fight. With the win Mitchell also won the vacant NABO Heavyweight Title.

There are already rumors suggesting that Mitchell's next fight will be on June 30, 2012. It is planned that the fight will be a part of a Showtime Triple-Header, including Gary Russell Jr. & Anthony Peterson at the Verizon Center in Washington DC.

Professional boxing record[link]

| style="text-align:center;" colspan="8"|25 Wins (19 knockouts, 6 decisions), 0 Losses, 1 Draws |- |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Res. |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponnent |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Rd., Time |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location |align=center style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |- align=center | | | | | | |align=left| Verizon Center, Washington D.C, District of Columbia}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |align=center|25–0–1||align=left| Chazz Witherspoon | | | |align=left| Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, New Jersey}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |align=center|24–0–1||align=left| Timur Ibragimov | | | |align=left| Convention Center, Washington D.C, District of Columbia}} |align=left| |- align=center |Win |align=center|23–0–1||align=left| Hector Ferreyro | | | |align=left| Texas Station Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|22–0–1||align=left| Evans Quinn | | | |align=left| Buffalo Bill's Star Arena, Primm, Nevada}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|21–0–1||align=left| Charles Davis | | | |align=left| Honda Center, Anaheim, California}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|20–0–1||align=left| Taurus Sykes | | | |align=left| Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|19–0–1||align=left| Derrick Brown | | | |align=left| Fantasy Springs Resort Casino, Indio, California}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|18–0–1||align=left| Derek Bryant | | | |align=left| Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|17–0–1||align=left| Johnnie White | | | |align=left| Isleta Casino & Resort, Albuquerque, New Mexico}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|16–0–1||align=left| Ryan Thompson | | | |align=left| Convention Center, Washington D.C, District of Columbia}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|15–0–1||align=left| Zack Page | | | |align=left| Rosecroft Raceway, Fort Washington, Maryland}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|14–0–1||align=left| Jermell Barnes | | | |align=left| Convention Center, Washington D.C, District of Columbia}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|13–0–1||align=left| Andrae Carthron | | | |align=left| Desert Diamond Casino, Tucson, Arizona}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|12–0–1||align=left| Alvaro Morales | | | |align=left| Desert Diamond Casino, Tucson, Arizona}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|11–0–1||align=left| Andrew Greeley | | | |align=left| Du Burns Arena, Baltimore, Maryland}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|10–0–1||align=left| Joseph Rabotte | | | |align=left| HP Pavilion, San Jose, California}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|9–0–1||align=left| Jason Bergman | | | |align=left| Martin's West, Woodlawn, Maryland}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|8–0–1||align=left| Dan Whetzel | | | |align=left| Show Place Arena, Upper Marlboro, Maryland}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|7–0–1||align=left| Shidevin Brown | | | |align=left| Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa, Cabazon, California}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|6–0–1||align=left| Mike Miller | | | |align=left| Michael's Eighth Avenue, Glen Burnie, Maryland}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|5–0–1||align=left| Ryan St Germain | | | |align=left| Ibiza Nightclub, Washington D.C, District of Columbia}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|4–0–1||align=left| Henry Namauu | | | |align=left| Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa, Cabazon, California}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|3–0–1||align=left| Alexis Cruz Medina | | | |align=left| Michael's Eighth Avenue, Glen Burnie, Maryland}} |align=left| |-align=center |style="background:#abcdef;"|Draw||2–0–1||align=left| Alvaro Morales | | | |align=left| Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa, Cabazon, California}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|2–0||align=left| Maurice Winslow | | | |align=left| National Guard Armory, Pikesville, Maryland}} |align=left| |-align=center |Win |align=center|1–0|| align=left| Mike Miller | | | |align=left| National Guard Armory, Pikesville, Maryland}} |align=left|

References[link]

External links[link]

Category:Heavyweight boxers Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Boxers from Maryland

Name	Timur Ibragimov
Realname	Timur Ibragimov
Weight	Heavyweight
Nationality	Uzbekistan
Birth date	January 15, 1975
Birth place	Tashkent, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR
Home	Hallandale, Florida, United States
Style	Orthodox
Total	35
Wins	30
Ko	16
Losses	4
Draws	1
No contests	0

Timur Ibragimov (Тимур Ибрагимов; born January 15, 1975 in Tashkent, Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR) is a heavyweight professional boxer.

Personal[link]

Ibragimov is from Uzbekistan. He is the cousin of former WBO Heavyweight Champion Sultan Ibragimov, although Sultan is a native of Dagestan. Both of Ibragimov's parents are of Turkic origin, and his father is from the Khorezm region. Ibragimov himself is an Uzbek Turk and a Muslim.

Amateur career [link]

Ibragimov had over 200 amateur fights, and during the 1990s, he was one of the world's leading amateur boxers in the light heavyweight division. In 1991, Ibragimov won the Soviet Union Junior National Championships for his age category (16 to 18 years old). After the break-up of the USSR, Ibragimov won the Uzbekistani National Championships five times. Ibragimov participated several times in the Asian Amateur Boxing Championships and the Asian Games, and in 1995 he was a quarter finalist at the World Amateur Boxing Championships in Berlin. Ibragimov won the Gold Medal at the Central Asian Games in 1997.

Ibragimov participated in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta as a member of the 1996 Uzbek Olympic team. In this tournament, Ibragimov lost a highly controversial decision to Croatia's Stipe Drews.

Professional career [link]

Ibragimov turned professional in 2000, fighting alongside his cousin Sultan in a stable managed by Boris Grinsberg. Now based in the United States, Ibragimov ran up a record of 21-0-1 by 2006. His lone draw was against Kevin Johnson.

In 2006 Ibragimov was outpointed by then-undefeated Calvin Brock in a high profile fight televised by HBO. Although he rocked Brock early with a solid right cross, Ibragimov fought defensively for most of the bout against his more experienced opponent. The scores were 119-109, 117-111, and 115-113. On February 16, 2007 Ibragimov lost a unanimous decision to top contender Tony Thompson. Ibragimov rallied in the last two rounds, but was not able to overcome the points advantage accumulated by Thompson earlier in the bout. The scores were 99-91, 97-93, and 97-93.

Later in 2007, Ibragimov won a unanimous decision over former European champion Timo Hoffmann in Germany. Ibragimov dominated the bout with shifty boxing tactics and hurtful counter rights to the head. The scores were 99-94, 98-92, and 97-93. The victory was regarded as an upset, and it positioned Ibragimov on the edge of the world ratings.

Due to promotional and managerial problems, Ibragimov was inactive after beating Hoffman. In 2008, Ibragimov fought only twice, winning decisions each time. He won two fights in 2009 as well.

Ibragimov had an important year in 2010, winning four fights and obtaining high worldwide rating by the World Boxing Association. In February, he took the International Boxing Association Intercontinental heavyweight title by knocking out Awadh Tamim in three rounds. In June, Ibragimov scored his most important career victory by outpointing former world heavyweight champion Oliver McCall over twelve rounds. The scores were 119-109, 117-111, and 117-111. The McCall victory earned Ibragimov the North American Boxing Association heavyweight title. Ibragimov next defeated Gurcharan Singh and Luis Pineda.

In December 2010, Ibragimov lost a 12 round split decision to former cruiserweight champion Jean-Marc Mormeck. The bout, held in Paris for the vacant WBA International heavyweight title, was closely contested. Many reporters actually scored the fight in favor of Ibragimov. One judge favored Ibragimov 115-113, but was overruled by two judges who chose Mormeck by margins of 116-111 and 116-112. At the time of this match, Ibragimov was ranked seventh worldwide by the World Boxing Association.

After the Mormeck fight, Ibragimov remained inactive for an entire year. When he finally fought again, in December, 2011, he was surprisingly stopped in two rounds by the undefeated, power-punching contender Seth Mitchell. The defeat, which took place in Washington, D.C., marked the first time that Ibragimov had lost by knockout or technical knockout as an amateur or professional.

Professional boxing record[link]

|- |align="center" colspan=8|30 Wins (16 knockouts, 14 decisions), 4 Losses (1 knockout, 3 decisions), 1 Draw |- | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Result | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Record | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Opponent | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Type | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Round | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Date | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Location | align="center" style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|Notes |-align=center |Loss | |align=left| Seth "Mayhem" Mitchell |TKO |2 |10/12/2011 |align=left| Washington, District of Columbia, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Jean-Marc "The Marksman" Mormeck |SD |12 |02/12/2010 |align=left| Paris, France |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Luis Andres Pineda |UD |10 |02/10/2010 |align=left| Panama City, Panama |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Gurcharan "Guru" Singh |TKO |10 |24/08/2010 |align=left| Hollywood, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Oliver "Atomic Bull" McCall |UD |12 |15/06/2010 |align=left| Hollywood, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Awadh "Big Brother" Tamim |TKO |3 |06/02/2010 |align=left| Myakinino, Russia |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Alfred "Ice" Cole |UD |6 |04/09/2009 |align=left| Karlstad, Sweden |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Willie "Mr. P" Palms |TKO |5 |31/07/2009 |align=left| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Kevin "Big Dog" Montiy |UD |8 |06/09/2008 |align=left| Moscow, Russia |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Andrew Greeley |UD |6 |26/07/2008 |align=left| Charlotte, North Carolina, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Timo Hoffmann |UD |10 |23/06/2007 |align=left| Zwickau, Sachsen, Germany |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Tony "The Tiger" Thompson |UD |10 |16/02/2007 |align=left| Beverly Hills, California, United States |align=left| |- |Loss | |align=left| Calvin "Boxing Banker" Brock |UD |12 |24/06/2006 |align=left| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Kenny "The Raven" Craven |RTD |2 |24/03/2006 |align=left| Hollywood, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Paul "Italian Hitman" Marinaccio |TKO |7 |11/11/2005 |align=left| Kissimmee, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Rogerio Lobo |KO |4 |24/06/2005 |align=left| Las Vegas, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| David Polk |UD |10 |22/04/2005 |align=left| Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Ronald "The Prophet" Bellamy |KO |3 |03/03/2005 |align=left| New York City, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Billy "Little Buster" Douglas |UD |12 |11/12/2004 |align=left| Brighton Beach, New York, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Shawn "Rockin" Robinson |TKO |1 |16/10/2004 |align=left| Boynton Beach, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Earl "Chocolate Drop" Ladson |KO |2 |30/07/2004 |align=left| Louisville, Kentucky, United States |align=left| |- |Draw | |align=left| Kevin "Kingpin" Johnson |PTS |4 |17/06/2004 |align=left| Laughlin, Nevada, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Terry McGroom |UD |8 |22/04/2004 |align=left| Moscow, Russia |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Dmitry Gerasimov |KO |1 |06/04/2004 |align=left| Moscow, Russia |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Joseph Kenneth Reyes |TKO |4 |06/02/2004 |align=left| Miami, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Juan Carlos Viloria |TKO |2 |10/01/2004 |align=left| Boynton Beach, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Vitaliy Hryhoriyev |RTD |3 |12/09/2003 |align=left| Donetsk, Ukraine |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Jerry Cruz |TKO |1 |01/08/2003 |align=left| Tampa, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Gilberto Melo |TKO |3 |06/06/2003 |align=left| Rostov-na-Donu, Russia |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Kostyantyn Pryziuk |UD |6 |22/04/2003 |align=left| Moscow, Russia |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Sam "Slam Bam" Tillman |UD |6 |26/03/2003 |align=left| Coconut Grove, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Onebo Maxime |UD |4 |20/12/2002 |align=left| Miami, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| John "Panther" James |TKO |1 |06/12/2002 |align=left| Davie, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Lee Howard |UD |4 |27/09/2002 |align=left| West Palm Beach, Florida, United States |align=left| |- |Win | |align=left| Dmitry Naumov |UD |6 |29/03/2000 |align=left| Ekaterinburg, Russia |align=left| |}

Record[link]

As of March 2012, Ibragimov's professional record is 30-4-1 with 16 knockouts. He is still active and is preparing to resume his career this year.

References[link]

External links[link]

http://www.boxnews.com.ua/news.php?id=2691&lng;=en

http://www.hbo.com/boxing/fighters/ibragimov_timur/bio.html

http://www.eastsideboxing.com/news.php?p=19837&more;=1

Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:People from Tashkent Category:Ethnic Uzbek people Category:Uzbekistani boxers Category:Boxers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic boxers of Uzbekistan

fi:Temur Ibragimov

name	David Luiz
fullname	David Luiz Moreira Marinho
birth date	April 22, 1987
birth place	Diadema, Brazil
height
position	Defender
currentclub	Chelsea
clubnumber	4
youthyears1	1999–2001 | youthclubs1 São Paulo
youthyears2	2001–2005 | youthclubs2 Vitória
years1	2006–2007 | clubs1 Vitória | caps1 26 | goals1 1
years2	2007 | clubs2 → Benfica (loan) | caps2 10 | goals2 0
years3	2007–2011 | clubs3 Benfica | caps3 82 | goals3 4
years4	2011– | clubs4 Chelsea | caps4 32 | goals4 4
nationalyears1	2007 | nationalteam1 Brazil U20 | nationalcaps1 2 | nationalgoals1 0
nationalyears2	2010– | nationalteam2 Brazil | nationalcaps2 11 | nationalgoals2 0
pcupdate	23:00, 20 April 2012 (UTC)
ntupdate	22:00, 19 April 2012 (UTC) }}

David Luiz Moreira Marinho (born 22 April 1987), known as David Luiz, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a defender for Chelsea in the Premier League. Primarily a central defender, he can also be deployed as a left back.

Club career[link]

Vitória[link]

Born in Diadema, São Paulo, David Luiz arrived in Esporte Clube Vitória at the age of 14 after being released by São Paulo FC, and started playing as a defensive midfielder, almost leaving the club for his poor performances in that position. However, he was soon moved to central defender and adapted well.

Luiz made his official debut for Vitória in 2006, and excelled against Santa Cruz Futebol Clube for that season's Brazilian Cup, in a 2–2 draw. At the worst situation of its history, in the third division, Vitória promoted to the second division at the end of the season with Luiz's help, after finishing in second position, with the central appearing in eight of the club's last decisive nine games, scoring his only Série C goal on 3 September 2006, in a 2–0 home win against Clube Atlético do Porto.

Benfica[link]

On 30 January 2007, Luiz joined Sport Lisboa e Benfica as a replacement for Tottenham Hotspur-bound Ricardo Rocha, on loan. He made a somewhat tumultuous debut for the club in a UEFA Cup match against Paris Saint-Germain at the Parc des Princes, partnering compatriot Anderson in the center of the defense, replacing the injured Luisão. Benfica lost the match 2–1, but managed to go through to the next round after winning 4–3 on aggregate.

On 12 March 2007, he played his first league match for Benfica, against União de Leiria. At the end of the season, Luiz signed a five-year deal with the club and, on 5 August, scored his first goal for the club in the ''Torneio do Guadiana'' friendly tournament, against Sporting Clube de Portugal. He only managed eight appearances in the league due to injury, however, as Benfica finished fourth.

On 11 January 2009, David Luiz netted his first official goal for Benfica, the game's only in a home success against Sporting de Braga. He played most of the campaign as a left back, at the expense of Portuguese international Jorge Ribeiro.

In the 2009–10 season, Luiz was everpresent, appearing in 49 official matches (three goals, 4,206 minutes), as Benfica won the league after a five-year wait. In the season's League Cup, in a 4–1 away win against Sporting, he opened the score in the eighth minute, with Benfica also eventually winning the competition.

On 30 September 2009, Benfica sold 25% of Luiz's economic rights on any future transfer to a third party owner, Benfica Stars Fund, along with other teammates. He was tagged at €18 million, with the fund paying €4.5 million; his contract was also renewed in October, with a release clause of €50 million.

Chelsea[link]

On 31 January 2011, Luiz completed a move to Chelsea for an undisclosed fee, which Benfica confimed to be €25 million, on a five-and-a-half-year contact, with Nemanja Matić joining Benfica at the end of the season after his transfer spell away at Vitesse in the Netherlands. He made his official Premier League debut on 6 February, replacing José Bosingwa in a 1–0 home loss against Liverpool. Eight days later, he made his first start for Chelsea, in a 0–0 draw against Fulham at Craven Cottage. Instantly becoming a cult hero amongst the Chelsea fans, David Luiz was awarded the ''Barclays Man of the Match'' award for his performance, despite giving away a penalty in the 93rd minute of the game, which was saved by Petr Čech.

On 1 March, David Luiz scored his first goal for Chelsea, firing in a half volley to help the Blues come from behind to win 2–1 against Manchester United, at Stamford Bridge, with Frank Lampard scoring a late penalty winner. On 20 March, he scored his second goal for the Blues, heading in from a free kick against Manchester City (2–0 home win), and again receiving the Man of the match award, as well as the Player of the Month for March.

Luiz missed the first three games of 2011–12 season due to a knee injury. He made his return to the first team on 13 September in the UEFA Champions League group stage match against Bayer 04 Leverkusen, and he scored from 15 yards to break the deadlock in an eventual 2–0 home win. On his second match, a League Cup third round tie against Fulham, he netted his penalty shoot-out attempt in a 4–3 win (0–0 after 120 minutes).

On 5 February 2012, in a league home fixture against Manchester United at Stamford Bridge, Luiz put Chelsea ahead 3–0 in the 50th minute after his header was deflected by Rio Ferdinand, following a Juan Mata free kick. The game ended with a 3–3 draw. On the 25th, through a curled shot, he opened the score against Bolton Wanderers (3–0, home).

On 14 March, Chelsea faced S.S.C. Napoli in the Champions League's round-of-16, following a 1–3 loss at the Stadio San Paolo: Luiz made a stunning performance to help his team win the tie with a 4–1 extra time win, being subsequently chosen by UEFA as the "Man of the match", title he also got in the first match against Benfica for the quarter-finals of the European competition. However, after leaving in the FA Cup semifinals from a muscular injury, it was announced that Luiz would miss the UCL semifinals encounters against spanish side and title holders Barcelona.

International career[link]

David Luiz played with Brazil's under-20 at the 2007 FIFA World Cup, with the team being ousted in the round of 16.

Courtesy of his solid season at Benfica, he was first picked for the full side for a friendly against the United States on 10 August 2010, after the national team's coaching change, with Mano Menezes replacing Dunga, playing in the 2–0 away win. He was in every list of new manager Mano Menezes and was called up for the 2011 Copa América, but did not make a single appearance at the tournament due to injury.

In a friendly with Mexico in October 2011, Luiz scored an own goal, but the ''Seleção'' eventually won it 2–1.

Statistics[link]

Club[link]

Team

Season

League

Cup

League Cup

Continental1

OtherTournaments2

Total

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

Apps

Goals

rowspan="4" align=center

align=center

align=center

Total !! 26 !! 1 !! 2 !! 0 !!colspan="2"

–

–!! 27 !! 1 !! 55 !! 2

rowspan="6" align=center

align=center

align=center

align=center

align=center

align=center

! Total !! 82 !! 4 !! 8 !! 0 !! 11 !! 1 !! 29 !! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 130 !! 6

rowspan="3" align=center

align=center

align=center

! Total !! 32 !! 4 !! 6 !! 0 !! 3 !! 0 !! 10 !! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 51 !! 5

Career Total

140

9

16

0

14

1

39

2

27

1

236

13

¹Continental competitions include the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup. ²Other tournaments include the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and Campeonato Baiano.

International[link]

National team !! Club !! Season !! Apps !! Goals
rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:center;"	Brazil	rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:center;"	2010	4	0
rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;"	Chelsea	2011	6
2012	1
Total !! 11 !! 0

Honours[link]

Team[link]

Vitória:

*Bahia State Championship: 2005

Benfica:

*Portuguese League: 2009–10

*Portuguese League Cup: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11

Individual[link]

Portuguese League: Footballer of the Year 2010

Benfica Awards: Breakthrough Player of the Year 2007

Premier League: Player of the Month March 2011

PFA Fans: Player of the Month March 2011

References[link]

External links[link]

Chelsea official profile

Stats and profile at Zerozero

Stats at ForaDeJogo

PortuGOAL profile

Premier League profile

Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:People from São Paulo (state) Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Esporte Clube Vitória players Category:Primeira Liga players Category:S.L. Benfica footballers Category:Premier League players Category:Chelsea F.C. players Category:Brazil international footballers Category:2011 Copa América players Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Portugal Category:Expatriate footballers in England

ar:دافيد لويز bg:Давид Луис ca:David Luiz Moreira Marinho cs:David Luiz da:David Luiz de:David Luiz et:David Luiz es:David Luiz fa:دیوید لوییز fr:David Luiz ko:다비드 루이스 hy:Դավիդ Լուիզ id:David Luiz it:David Luiz he:דוד לואיז jv:David Luiz sw:David Luiz hu:David Luiz nl:David Luiz ja:ダヴィド・ルイス・モレイラ・マリーニョ no:David Luiz pl:David Luiz pt:David Luiz ro:David Luiz ru:Давид Луис sk:David Luiz sr:Давид Луиз fi:David Luiz sv:David Luiz th:ดาวิด ลูอีซ tr:David Luiz uk:Давід Луїз vi:David Luiz zh:大衛·雷斯