{{infobox television | show name

American Idol | image | caption ''American Idol'' title card (2011–present) | picture_format 480i (NTSC) (2002–2004),720p (HDTV) (2005–present) | format Interactive talent showReality show Game show | company FremantleMedia North America19 Entertainment | distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises | runtime Varies between hour and two hours | creator Simon Fuller | executive_producer Nigel Lythgoe (2002–2008, 2011–present)Ken WarwickCecile Frot-CoutazSimon Fuller | director John Pritchett (live shows, 2008)Bruce Gowers (live shows, 2002–2009)Nigel Lythgoe (audition shows, 2002–2008, 2011–present)Ken Warwick, Gregg Gelfland (audition shows) | presenter Ryan SeacrestBrian Dunkleman (2002) | judges Randy JacksonPaula Abdul (2002–2009)Simon Cowell (2002–2010)Kara DioGuardi (2009–2010)Ellen DeGeneres (2010)Jennifer Lopez (2011–present)Steven Tyler (2011–present) | theme_music_composer Julian Gingell Barry Stone Cathy Dennis | location Initial auditions: VariousHollywood auditions: Pasadena Civic Center HollywoodSemi-finals and finals: CBS Television CityFinale: Nokia Theatre | country United States | network Fox | first_aired | last_aired present | status Returning series | num_seasons 10 | num_episodes 398 | list_episodes List of American Idol episodes | website http://www.americanidol.com/ }}

''American Idol'' (also known as ''American Idol: The Search for a Superstar'') is a reality television singing competition created by Simon Fuller and produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment, which began airing on Fox on June 11, 2002. Part of the ''Idol'' franchise, it is a spin-off from the UK show ''Pop Idol''. The concept of the series is to find new solo recording artists, and has since become one of the most popular in the history of American television. As of June 2011, it is the most watched TV series in the Nielsen ratings and is the only program to have been number one for seven consecutive seasons, surpassing ''All in the Family'' and ''The Cosby Show'', which were both number one for five consecutive seasons.

The program aims to discover the best singer in the country where the winner is determined by the viewers. Through telephone, Internet, and SMS text voting, viewers have chosen as winners Kelly Clarkson, Ruben Studdard, Fantasia Barrino, Carrie Underwood, Taylor Hicks, Jordin Sparks, David Cook, Kris Allen, Lee DeWyze and Scotty McCreery.

The series employs a panel of judges who critique the contestants' performances. The original three judges were Grammy Award-winning record producer and music manager Randy Jackson, Grammy Award-winning pop singer and Emmy Award-winning choreographer Paula Abdul and award-winning music executive and music manager Simon Cowell. The judging panel currently consists of Jackson, award-winning singer/actress and record producer Jennifer Lopez and Aerosmith frontman and Grammy Award-winning singer-songwriter Steven Tyler. For all seasons the show has been hosted by radio disc jockey Ryan Seacrest.

The show was described by rival TV executives as "the most impactful show in the history of television." It has also become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. As ''Entertainment Weekly'' puts it, "It's given us Kelly, Carrie, Daughtry, and J. Hud. ''Idol'' rules the reality roost because the winners of Fox's ratings juggernaut actually do go on to greatness. And Taylor Hicks? He's the exception that proves the rule."

History

''American Idol'' was created based on the British show ''Pop Idol'', which was in turn inspired by ''Popstars'', a show TV producer Nigel Lythgoe saw in Australia and brought over to Britain. Using the idea from ''Popstars'' of employing a panel of judges to select singers in audition, then adding other elements such as telephone voting by the viewing public (which at the time was already in use in shows such as the ''Eurovision Song Contest'') and the drama of backstories and real-life soap opera unfolding in real time, Simon Fuller then created ''Pop Idol''. The show debuted in 2001 in Britain with Lythgoe as the producer and Simon Cowell as one of the judges, and was a big success with the viewing public.

Fuller and Cowell attempted to sell the ''Pop Idol'' format to the U.S. in 2001, but the idea was met with poor response from U.S. TV networks. However, Rupert Murdoch, head of Fox's parent company, was persuaded to buy the show by his daughter Elisabeth, who was a fan of the British show. The show was renamed ''American Idol: The Search for a Superstar'' and debuted in the summer of 2002, and became one of the summer hit shows that year. The show, with the personal engagement of the viewers with the contestants through voting, and the presence of the caustic-tongue judge Simon Cowell, grew into a phenomenon. By 2005 it had become the biggest show on U.S. TV, a position it then held on for seven straight years. The show is scheduled to remain on air until 2013.

Judges and presenters

The show had originally planned on having four judges following the ''Pop Idol'' format, however only three judges had been found by the time of the audition round in the first season, namely Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell. A fourth judge, radio DJ Stryker, was originally chosen but he dropped out citing "image concerns". In the second season, New York radio personality Angie Martinez had been hired as a fourth judge but withdrew only after a few days of auditions due to not being comfortable with giving out criticism. The show decided to continue with the three judges format until season 8. All three original judges stayed on the judging panel for eight seasons.

In season eight, Latin Grammy Award-nominated singer–songwriter and record producer Kara DioGuardi was added as a fourth judge, stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten. Paula Abdul left the show before season nine after failing to agree terms with the show producers. Emmy Award-winning talk show host Ellen DeGeneres replaced Paula Abdul for that season, but left after just one season. On January 11, 2010, Simon Cowell announced that he was leaving the show to pursue introducing his show ''The X Factor'' to the USA for 2011. On September 22, 2010, it was announced that Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler would join the judging panel.

Guest judges may occasionally be introduced. In season two, guest judges such as Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb were used, and in season three Donna Summer, Quentin Tarantino and some of the mentors also joined as judges to critique the performances in the final rounds. Guest judges were used in the audition rounds for seasons four, six and nine, such as Gene Simmons and LL Cool J in season four, Jewel and Olivia Newton-John in season six, Neil Patrick Harris and Shania Twain in season nine.

The first season was presented by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman quit after the first season, but would likely have been fired had he not left. Ryan Seacrest has presented the show alone since.

;Judges

Randy Jackson

Paula Abdul (2002–2009)

Simon Cowell (2002–2010)

Kara DioGuardi (2009–2010)

Ellen DeGeneres (2010)

Jennifer Lopez (2011–present)

Steven Tyler (2011–present)

;Presenters

Ryan Seacrest

Brian Dunkleman (2002)

Bold print indicates that the judge/presenter is currently judging/presenting this current season.

Selection process

In a series of steps, the show selects the eventual winner out of many tens of thousands of contestants.

Contestant eligibility

The eligible age-range for contestants is currently 15–28 years old. The initial age limit was 16–24 in the first three seasons, but the upper limit was raised to 28 in season 4, and the lower limit was reduced to 15 in season 10. The contestants must be legal U.S. residents, and must not hold any current recording or talent representation contract by the semifinal stage (in previous years by the audition stage).

Initial auditions

Contestants go through three rigorous sets of cuts. The first is a brief audition with three other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. The number of auditioners can exceed 10,000 people each city, but only about 100–200 contestants in each city may make it past this round of preliminary auditions. Successful auditioners are sent through to a second audition in front of producers where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is the only audition stage shown on the show. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10–60 people in each city may make it to Hollywood.

Hollywood week

Once in Hollywood, the contestants perform individually or in groups in a series of rounds. For most years there were eliminations in three rounds by the judges. In the first round the contestants emerged in groups but performed individually. For the next round, the contestants split themselves up into small groups and perform a song together. In the final round, the contestants perform solo with a song of their choice a cappella or accompanied by a band depending on the season. In season 2 and 3, contestants were also asked to write original lyrics or melody in an additional round after the first round. In season 7 the group round was eliminated and contestants may, after a first solo performance and on judges approval, skip a second solo round and move directly to the final Hollywood round. In Season 10 an additional round at Las Vegas and a further solo round were added. At the end of the Hollywood week, 24–36 contestants were selected to move on to the semifinal stage.

Audience voting

From the semifinal onwards, the fate of the contestants is decided by public vote. During the contestant's performance as well as the recap at the end, a toll-free telephone number for each contestant is displayed on the screen. For a two-hour period after the episode ends (up to four hours for the finale) in each US time zone, viewers may call or send a text message to their preferred contestant's telephone number, and each call or text message is registered as a vote for that contestant. Viewers are allowed to vote as many times as they can within the two-hour voting window, however, the show reserves the right to discard votes by power dialer. One or more of the least popular contestants may be eliminated in successive weeks until a winner emerges. Over 110 million votes were cast in the first season, and by season ten the seasonal total had increased to nearly 750 million. Voting via text messaging was made available in the second season when AT&T; Wireless joined as a sponsor of the show, and 7.5 million text messages were sent to American Idol that season. The number of text messages rapidly increased, reaching 178 million texts by season eight. Online voting was offered for the first time in Season 10. The votes are counted and verified by Telescope Inc.

Semifinals

In the first three seasons, as well as season eight and ten, the semifinalists were split into different groups to perform individually in their respective night. In season one, there were three groups of ten, with the top three contestants from each group making the finals. In seasons two and three, there were four groups of eight, and the top two of each selected. In season eight there were three groups of twelve, with three contestants moving forward – the highest male, the highest female, and the next highest-placed singer. In season ten, the girls and boys perform on separate nights and five of each were chosen. These five seasons also featured a wildcard round where contestants who failed to qualify were given another chance. In season one, only one wildcard contestant was chosen by the judges, giving a total of ten finalists. In seasons two and three, each of the three judges championed one contestant with the public advancing a fourth into the finals, making 12 finalists in all. In season eight, four were chosen by the judges to produce a final 13. In Season ten, three wild-cards were chosen, again making a total of 13.

From seasons four to seven, as well as season nine, the 24 semifinalists were divided by gender in order to ensure an equal gender division in the top 12. The men and women sang separately on consecutive nights, and the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top 12.

Finals

The finals are broadcast in prime time from CBS Television City in Los Angeles, in front of a live studio audience. The finals lasted eight weeks in season one, eleven weeks in subsequent seasons until season ten which lasted twelve weeks. Each finalist performs songs based on a weekly theme which may be a musical genre such as Motown, disco, or big band, songs by artists such as Michael Jackson, Elvis Presley or The Beatles, or more generic themes such ''Billboard'' No.1 hits or songs from the contestant's year of birth. Contestants usually work with a celebrity mentor related to the theme. In season ten, Jimmy Iovine was brought in as a mentor for the season. Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.

The most popular contestants are usually not revealed in the result show, instead typically the three contestants (two in later rounds) who received the lowest number of votes are called to the center of the stage. One of these three is sent to safety, the two remaining however need not both be ones with the fewest votes. The contestant with the fewest votes is then revealed and eliminated from the competition. A montage of the eliminated contestant is played and they give their final performance. However, starting in season eight, the judges may overturn viewers' decision with a "Judges' Save" – they can save a contestant on a unanimous decision, but two will be eliminated the following week. The save can only be used once, and only before top five.

In the finale, the two remaining contestants perform to determine the winner. For the first six seasons, apart from season two, the finale was broadcast from the Kodak Theatre, which has an audience capacity of approximately 3,400. The finale for season two took place at the Gibson Amphitheatre. From season seven onwards, the venue was changed to the Nokia Theatre, which holds an audience of over 7,000. A special two-hour result show the next night follows where the winner is announced at the end.

Rewards for winner and finalists

The winner receives a record deal with a major label, which may be for up to six albums, and secures a management contract with ''American Idol''-affiliated 19 Management (which has the first option to sign all contestants), as well as various lucrative contracts. All winners prior to Season 9 reportedly earned at least $1 million in their first year as winner. All the runners-up of the first ten seasons, as well as some of other finalists, have also received record deals with major labels. All top ten (eleven in season ten) finalists earn the privilege of going on a tour where the participants may each earn a six-figure sum.

Season synopsis

Show overview

Each season premiers with the audition rounds in different cities where a few hundreds out of many thousands of contestants may be selected by the judges. The audition episodes typically feature a mix of potential finalists, interesting characters and woefully inadequate contestants. Each successful contestant receives a golden ticket to proceed on to the next round in Hollywood. Based on their performances during the Hollywood round, 24 to 36 contestants are selected by the judges to participate in the semifinals. From the semifinal onwards the contestants perform their songs live, with the judges making their critiques after each performance. The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the result show typically on the following night. The result shows feature group performances by the contestants as well as guest performers. The top 3 result show also features the homecoming events for the Top 3 finalists. The season reaches its climax in a 2-hour result finale show where the winner of the season is revealed.

With the exception of seasons one and two, the contestants in the semifinals onwards performed in front of a studio audience. They performed with a full band in the finals. From season four to season nine, the ''American Idol'' band was led by Rickey Minor, from season ten onwards Ray Chew. Assistance may also be given by vocal coaches and song arrangers, such as Michael Orland and Debra Byrd to contestants behind the scene. Contestants may perform with a musical instrument starting season seven from the Hollywood rounds onwards. The performance was usually aired live on Tuesday night and the result show on Wednesday in the United States and Canada in the first nine seasons, but moved to Wednesday and Thursday in season ten.

Season 1

The first season of ''American Idol'' debuted as a summer replacement show in June 2002 on the Fox network. It was co-hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman.

In the audition rounds, 121 contestants were selected from around 10,000 who auditioned. These were cut to 30 for the semifinal, with ten going on to the finals. One of the early favorites to win the show, Tamyra Gray, was eliminated at the top four, the first of several such shock eliminations that were to be repeated in later seasons. Another surprise elimination was Christina Christian, who was hospitalized before the top six result show due to chest pains and palpitations, and she was eliminated while she was in the hospital. Jim Verraros was the first openly gay contestant on the show. His sexual orientation was revealed in his online journal, however it was removed during the competition after a request from the show producers over concerns that it might be unfairly influencing votes.

The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman", and Betty Hutton's "Stuff Like That There", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002.

In what was to become a tradition, Clarkson performed the coronation song during the finale, and released the song immediately after the season ended. The single, "A Moment Like This", went on to break a 38-year-old record held by The Beatles for the biggest leap to number one on the Billboard Hot 100. Justin Guarini did not release any song immediately after the show and remains the only runner-up not to do so. Kelly Clarkson has since become a major international recording artist with worldwide album sales of more than 23 million. Clarkson and Guarini made a musical film, ''From Justin to Kelly'', which was released in 2003 but was widely panned.

Starting September 30, 2006, the first season of ''American Idol'' was repackaged as "''American Idol Rewind''" and syndicated directly to stations in the US.

Season 2

Following the success of season one, the second season was moved up to air in January 2003. The number of episodes increased, as did the show's budget and the charge for commercial spots. Dunkleman left the show, leaving Seacrest as the lone host. Kristin Adams was originally announced as a co-host, but her role was reduced to special correspondent upon airing.

Corey Clark was disqualified during the finals for having an undisclosed police record, however, he later alleged that he and Paula Abdul had an affair while on the show and that this contributed to his expulsion. Clark also claimed that Abdul gave him preferential treatment on the show due to their affair. The allegations were dismissed by Fox after an independent investigation. Two other contestants, both semi-finalists, were also disqualified that year – Jaered Andrews for an arrest on an assault charge, and Frenchie Davis for having previously modelled for an adult website.

Ruben Studdard emerged as the winner, beating Clay Aiken by a small margin. Out of a total of 24 million votes, Studdard finished just 134,000 votes ahead of Clay Aiken. The slim margin of victory was controversial due to the large number of calls that failed to get through. In an interview prior to season five, executive producer Nigel Lythgoe indicated that Aiken had led the fan voting from the wildcard week onward until the finale.

Both finalists were successful after the show, but Clay Aiken out-performed Ruben's coronation song "Flying Without Wings" with his single release from the show "This Is the Night", as well as in their subsequent album releases. The fourth-place finisher Josh Gracin also enjoyed some success as a country singer.

Season 3

The third season premiered on January 19, 2004. One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's "She Bangs" received widespread attention. His exposure on ''Idol'' landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season.

Much media attention on the season had been focused on the three African American singers, Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson, dubbed the Three Divas. All three unexpectedly landed on the bottom three on the top seven result show, with Jennifer Hudson controversially eliminated. Elton John, who was one of the mentors that season, called the results of the votes "incredibly racist". The prolonged stay of John Stevens and Jasmine Trias in the finals, despite negative comments from the judges, had aroused resentment, so much so that John Stevens reportedly received a death threat, which he dismissed as a joke 'blown out of proportion'.

The performance of "Summertime" by Fantasia Barrino, later known simply as "Fantasia", at Top 8 was widely praised, and Simon Cowell considered it as his favorite ''Idol'' moment in the nine seasons he was on the show. Fantasia and Diana DeGarmo were the last two finalists remaining at the finale. Over 65 million votes were cast on the night, more than the first two seasons combined, and Fantasia was crowned as the winner. Fantasia released as her coronation single "I Believe", a song co-written by season one finalist Tamyra Gray, and Diana DeGarmo released "Dreams". Fantasia emerged from the show as a successful recording artist, Jennifer Hudson who was eliminated early also enjoyed considerable success post-''Idol'' as an Oscar-winning actress.

Season 4

The fourth season premiered on January 18, 2005; this was the first season of the series to be aired in high definition, although the finale of season 3 was also aired in high definition. The number of auditioners by now had increased to over 100,000 from the 10,000 of the first season. The age limit was raised to 28 in this season, among those who benefited from this new rule were Constantine Maroulis and Bo Bice, "the two rockers" of the show. The presence of more rock-oriented contestants inspired more rock musicians to audition in later seasons, such as Chris Daughtry in season five.

The top 12 finalists originally included Mario Vazquez, but he dropped out citing 'personal reasons' and was replaced by Nikko Smith. Later, an employee of Freemantle Media which produces the show sued the company for wrongful termination, claiming that he was dismissed after complaining about lewd behavior by Mario Vazquez toward him during the show.

At top 11, due to a mix-up with the contestants' telephone number, the voting was repeated on what was normally the result night, with the result reveal postponed until the following night.

In May 2005, Telescope announced that the fourth season had a total of approximately 500 million votes. The winner was Carrie Underwood, with Bo Bice the runner-up. Both Carrie Underwood and Bo Bice released the coronation song "Inside Your Heaven". Carrie Underwood has since become the most successful ''Idol'' contestant in the U.S. in terms of album sales, selling over 12 million units.

Season 5

The fifth season of ''American Idol'' began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft.

Chris Daughtry's performance of Fuel's "Hemorrhage (In My Hands)" on the show was widely praised and led to an invitation to join the band as Fuel's new lead singer, an invitation he declined. His performance of Live's version of "I Walk the Line" was well-received by the judges but later criticized in some quarters for not crediting the arrangement to Live. He was eliminated at the top four in a shock result.

On May 30, 2006, Telescope announced that a total of 63.5 million votes were cast in the finale round, and a total of 580 million votes were cast in the entire season. Taylor Hicks was named ''American Idol'', with Katharine McPhee the runner-up. "Do I Make You Proud" was released as Taylor Hicks' first single and "My Destiny" Katharine McPhee's.

Despite being eliminated earlier than expected, Daughtry became the biggest star to emerge from this season. Many other contestants from this season, such as Kellie Pickler, Elliott Yamin, Bucky Covington, Mandisa, the winner Taylor Hicks and runner-up Katharine McPhee, also enjoyed varying level of success, and this season remains the most productive in the number of successful recording artists it generated.

Season 6

The sixth season began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere episode of the season drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers.

Teenager Sanjaya Malakar was the season's most talked-about ''American Idol'' contestant as a weak singer who managed to survive elimination for many weeks, as well as for his widely commented-on hairdo. The weblog Vote for the Worst and satellite radio personality Howard Stern both encouraged fans to vote for Sanjaya. However, on April 18, after over 38 million votes, Sanjaya was voted off. Semi-finalist Antonella Barba also drew some attention due to racy photographs of her which emerged during the show.

This year saw the first ever ''Idol Gives Back'' telethon-inspired event, which raised more than $76 million in corporate and viewer donations. No contestant was eliminated that week, but two, Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson, were eliminated the next. Melinda Doolittle, an early favorite, was eliminated on top three.

Jordin Sparks was declared the winner on May 23, 2007, with a new record of 74 million votes in the finale against runner-up Blake Lewis. Sparks has enjoyed some success as a recording artist post-''Idol''.

This year saw the launch of the ''American Idol'' Songwriter contest which allowed fans to vote for the "coronation song". Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote. The winning song, "This Is My Now", was performed by both finalists during the finale and released by the winner Jordin Sparks on May 24, 2007.

Season 7

''American Idol'' returned for its seventh season on January 15, 2008 for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers', many of whom had prior records deals, such as Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson. Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past working as a stripper.

For the finals, ''American Idol'' debuted a new state-of-the-art set and stage on March 11, 2008, along with a new on-air look. David Cook's performance of "Billie Jean" on top ten night was lauded by the judges, but provoked controversy when they apparently mistook the Chris Cornell arrangement to be David Cook's own even though the performance was introduced as Cornell's version. Chris Cornell himself said he was 'flattered' and praised David Cook's performance. David Cook was taken to the hospital after top nine performance due to heart palpitations and high blood pressure.

David Archuleta's semi-final performance of John Lennon's "Imagine" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, cited it as a beautiful-song moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of "Hallelujah" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart. This is the first season whereby contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information were not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales chart.

''Idol Gives Back'' returned on April 9, 2008 and raised $64 million for charity. The finalists were David Cook and David Archuleta, the first time in the show's history where neither of the top two were ever in the bottom three. David Cook was announced the winner of ''American Idol'' season seven on May 21, 2008, the first 'rocker' to win the show.

The ''American Idol'' Songwriter contest was also held this season. From ten of the most popular submissions, each of the final two contestants chose a song to perform, although neither of their selections was used as the "coronation song". The winning song, "The Time of My Life", was recorded by David Cook and released on May 22, 2008 and is the best-selling of all coronation songs to date. Both David Cook and David Archuleta are successful as recording artists.

Season 8

The eighth season of ''American Idol'' began on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' reality and emotional state, much early attention on the show was therefore focused on the widowerhood of Danny Gokey as well as characters like Tatiana Del Toro and Nick Mitchell.

In the first major change to the judging panel, a fourth judge, Kara DioGuardi, was introduced; Paula Abdul, however, left the show after the season ended. This was also the first season without executive producer Nigel Lythgoe who left to focus on the international versions of his show ''So You Think You Can Dance''. The Hollywood round was moved to the Kodak Theatre for 2009 and was also extended to two weeks. ''Idol Gives Back'' was cancelled for this season due to the global recession at the time.

There were 13 finalists this season, but two were eliminated in its first result show of the finals. A new feature introduced was the "Judges' Save", and Matt Giraud was saved from elimination at the top seven by the judges when he received the fewest votes. The next week, Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai were eliminated.

The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Kris Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two. It was claimed, later retracted, that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Kris Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T; employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas.

Both Kris Allen and Adam Lambert released the coronation song, "No Boundaries" which was co-written by DioGuardi.

Both Adam Lambert and Kris Allen have enjoyed some success as recording artists, although this is the first season in which the winner has failed to achieve gold album status, and none from that season achieved platinum album status in the US.

Season 9

The ninth season of ''American Idol'' premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week, however, she left after the season finished, as did Simon Cowell who left to launch the US version of ''The X Factor''. Kara DioGuardi's contract was not renewed for the next season.

One of the most prominent auditioners that season was General Larry Platt whose performance of "Pants on the Ground" became a viral hit song.

Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead. Later she revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.

Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first ''Idol'' alum to do so. ''Idol Gives Back'' returned this season on April 21, 2010 and raised 45 million.

A special tribute to Simon Cowell was presented in the finale for his final season with the show. Many figures from the show's past, including Paula Abdul, made an appearance.

This was the second season where neither of the final two contestants, Lee DeWyze and Crystal Bowersox, had been in the bottom two or three. Lee DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song – Lee DeWyze chose U2's "Beautiful Day", and Crystal Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's "Up to the Mountain". This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales.

Season 10

The tenth season of the series premiered on January 19, 2011 on Fox. Many changes were introduced this season, from the format to the personnel of the show. Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined Randy Jackson as judges, while Nigel Lythgoe returned as executive producer. Jimmy Iovine, chairman of the Interscope Geffen A&M; Records group, the new partner of ''American Idol'', acted as the in-house mentor in place of weekly guest mentors, although in later episode special guest mentors such as will.i.am and Lady Gaga were brought in.

Season 10 is the first to include online auditions where contestants could submit a 40 second video audition via Myspace. Karen Rodriguez was one such auditioner and reached the final rounds.

One of the more prominent contestants this year was Chris Medina, whose story of caring for his brain-damaged fiancée received widespread coverage.

Casey Abrams, who suffers from ulcerative colitis, was hospitalized twice and missed the Top 13 result show. He was the lowest vote-getter at Top 11 but was saved by the judges, and as a result, the tenth season will be the first season to have eleven finalists go on tour instead of ten.

Pia Toscano, one of the presumed favorites to advance far in the season, was unexpectedly eliminated on April 7, 2011, finishing in 9th place. Her elimination drew criticism from some former ''Idol'' contestants, as well as actor Tom Hanks.

The two finalists this year were Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery, both teenage country singers. Scotty McCreery won the competition on May 25, 2011, being the youngest male winner and the fourth male in a row to win ''American Idol''. McCreery released his first single, "I Love You This Big", as his coronation song, and Alaina released "Like My Mother Does".

Geographical bias

Since the show's inception in 2002, seven of the ten ''Idol'' winners, including its first five, have come from the Southern United States. The three exceptions are Jordin Sparks who came from Arizona, David Cook from Missouri (which is considered part of the "Upland South", and Cook was born in Houston and was living in Tulsa at the time of his audition), and Lee DeWyze from Illinois. A large number of other notable finalists during the series' run have also hailed from the American South, including Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, Chris Daughtry, and Scotty McCreery who are all from North Carolina. At the time of the 2004 finals, which pitted North Carolina's Fantasia Barrino against Georgia's Diana DeGarmo, their Southern character, or character appealing to the South, was cited as reason for their success. Data from Nielsen SoundScan, a music-sales tracking service, showed that of the 47 million CDs sold by ''Idol'' contestants through January 2010, 85 percent were by contestants with ties to the American South.

The show itself is particularly popular in the Southern United States, with households in the Southeastern United States 10% more likely to watch ''American Idol'' during the eighth season in 2009, and those in the East Central region, such as Kentucky, were 16 percent more likely to tune into the series. When asked about the appeal of Southern contestants, season five winner Taylor Hicks, from the state of Alabama said, "People in the South have a lot of pride ... So, they're adamant about supporting the contestants who do well from their state or region."

Controversy

The show had been criticized in earlier seasons over the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings to the management.

Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being 'ringers' planted by the producers. A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons. For example, Joanna Pacitti in season eight allegedly had connections to executives at 19 Entertainment, and Chris Golightly of season nine had an existing contract in violation of the rules, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not the others.

Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy, for example when Jennifer Hudson was eliminated in season three. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, Since the 2004 season, the vote also have been affected to a limited degree by online community services such as DialIdol.com and VotefortheWorst.com.

''Idol Gives Back''

''Idol Gives Back'' is a special charity event started in season six featuring performances by celebrities and various fund-raising initiatives. This event was also held in seasons seven and nine and has raised nearly $185 million in total.

Television ratings

Seasonal rankings (based on average total viewers per episode) of ''American Idol'' on Fox. It is one of the highest-rated TV shows in the history of television. :''Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May, which coincides with the completion of May sweeps.''

Season	Premiered		Ended		TV Season	Timeslot	SeasonRanking
	Date	Viewers(in millions)	Date	Viewers(in millions)
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		9.85	Final Performances: September 3, 2002	! 18.69			#30
Season Finale: September 4, 2002	! 23.02			#25
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		26.50	Final Performances: May 20, 2003	! 25.67			#5
Season Finale: May 21, 2003	! 38.06			#3
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		28.96	Final Performances: May 25, 2004	! 25.13			#1
Season Finale: May 26, 2004	! 28.84			#3
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		33.58	Final Performances: May 24, 2005	! 28.05			#1
Season Finale: May 25, 2005	! 30.27			#3
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		35.53	Final Performances: May 23, 2006	! 31.78			#1
Season Finale: May 24, 2006	! 36.38			#2
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		37.44	Final Performances: May 22, 2007	! 25.33			#2
Season Finale: May 23, 2007	! 30.76			#1
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		33.48	Final Performances: May 20, 2008	! 27.06			#1
Season Finale: May 21, 2008	! 31.66			#2
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		30.45	Final Performances: May 19, 2009	! 23.82			#2
Season Finale: May 20, 2009	! 28.84			#1
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		29.95	Final Performances: May 25, 2010	! 20.07			#1
Season Finale: May 26, 2010	! 24.22			#2
rowspan=2 style="text-align:center"		26.23	Final Performances: May 24, 2011	! 20.57			#1
Season Finale: May 25, 2011	! 29.29			#2

''American Idol'' premiered in June 2002 and became the surprise summer hit show of 2002. The first show drew 9.9 million viewers, giving Fox the best viewing figure for the 8.30 pm spot in over a year. The audience steadily grew, and by finale night, the audience had averaged 23 million, with more than 40 million watching some part of that show. That episode was placed third amongst all age group, but more importantly it led in the 18–49 demographic, the age group most valued by advertisers. The finale night when Ruben Studdard won over Clay Aiken was also the highest-rated ever ''American Idol'' episode at 38.1 million for the final hour. a position it has held for all subsequent years up to and including season ten. By season four, ''American Idol'' had become the most watched series amongst all viewers on American TV, with an average viewership of 26.8 million. The show reached its peak in season five with numbers averaging 30.6 million. However, the ratings rebounded for the season seven finale with the excitement over the battle of the Davids, and improved over season six as the third most watched finale. The strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most popular TV network for the first time since its inception. Overall ratings for the season were down 10% from season six, General attrition of television audiences may be a reason for this ratings decline, which is in line with the fall in viewership across all networks due in part to the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike.

The declining trend however continued into season eight, as total viewers numbers fell by 5–10% for early episodes compared to season seven, and by 9% for the finale. Later in that same season, ''Dancing with the Stars'' on ABC drew more viewers than ''Idol'' on some episodes. Nevertheless, ''American Idol'' finished its ninth season as the most watched TV series for the sixth year running, breaking the previous record of five consecutive seasons achieved by CBS' ''All in the Family'' and NBC's ''The Cosby Show''.

In season ten, the total viewer numbers for the first week of shows fell 12–13%, and by up to 23% in the 18–49 demo compared to season nine. Later episodes, however, retained viewers better, and by Top 8, the season-to-date total viewership was up from Season 9. The season ended on a high with a significant increase in viewership for the finale — up 12% for the adults 18–49 demo and a 21% increase in total viewers from the season nine finale. While the overall viewer number has increased this season, its viewer demographics have continued to age year on year — the median age this season was 47.2 compared to a median age of 32.1 in its first season.

Impact

The enormous success of the show and the revenue it generated was transformative for Fox Broadcasting Company. The show pushed Fox to become the number one TV network amongst adult 18–49, the key demographic coveted by advertisers, for an unprecedented seven consecutive years by 2011. Its success also helped lift the ratings of other shows that were scheduled around it such as ''House'' and ''Bones''. The show, its creator Simon Fuller claimed, "saved Fox".

It spawned a number of similar singing competition shows, such as ''Rock Star'', ''Nashville Star'', a relaunched ''Star Search'', and ''The Voice'', although none has yet match its success. Its format also served as blueprint for a generation of TV shows.

As one of the most successful shows on U.S. television history, ''American Idol'' has a strong impact not just on television, but also in the wider world of entertainment. It helped create a number of highly successful recording artists, such as Kelly Clarkson and Carrie Underwood, as well as others of varying notability. According to Fred Bronson, author of books on the Billboard charts, no other entity has ever created as many hit-making artists and best-selling albums and singles. Towards the end of 2009, ''American Idol'' alumni had sold a total of over 46 million albums and 56 million download tracks in the U.S., and 66 million albums worldwide. In 2007, they accounted for 2.1% of all music sales. Its alumni have a massive impact on radio; in 2007, ''American Idol'' had become "a dominant force in radio" according to the president of the research company Mediabase which monitors radio stations Rich Meyer. By 2010, four winners each had more than a million radio spins, with Kelly Clarkson leading the field with over four million spins.

Top-selling American Idol alumni

As of 2011 ''American Idol'' alumni in their post-Idol career have amassed a total sales of over 50 million albums and 80 million singles and digital track downloads in the U.S.

Idol alumni in film, television and theater

The impact of ''American Idol'' is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of ''Idol'' alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former ''American Idol'' contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular ''Idol'' contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the ''Idol'' vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in ''Dreamgirls'' and subsequently received a Academy Award for her performance.

Major award–winning ''American Idol'' alumni

! Idol Contestant & Season	! American Music Awards	! Billboard Music Awards	! Grammy Awards	! Academy Awards
Kelly Clarkson(Season 1, Winner)
Clay Aiken(Season 2, Runner-Up)
Fantasia Barrino(Season 3, Winner)
Jennifer Hudson(Season 3, 7th Place)
Carrie Underwood(Season 4, Winner)
Chris Daughtry(Season 5, 4th Place)
Jordin Sparks(Season 6, Winner)

Critical reception

Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of ''Entertainment Weekly'' considered that "As TV, ''American Idol'' is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential". Others, however, thought that "the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed". and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – Karla Peterson of ''The San Diego Union-Tribune'' charged that ''American Idol'' is "a conniving multimedia monster" that has "absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil." The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of ''The Washington Post'' noted with satirical flair that "The terrorists have won" and, with a sideswipe at the show's commercialism and voting process, that the decision as to who "gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the "Great ''American Idol'' Marketing Mandala" is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made ''American Idol'' a hit. Them and a handful of phone-redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice (but who, according to Fox, are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome).

Some of the later writers about the show were more positive, Michael Slezak, again of ''Entertainment Weekly'', thought that "for all its bloated, synthetic, product-shilling, money-making trappings, ''Idol'' provides a once-a-year chance for the average American to combat the evils of today's music business." Singer Sheryl Crow, who was later to act as a mentor on the show, however took the view that the show "undermines art in every way and promotes commercialism." Others focused on the personalities in the show; Ramin Setoodeh of ''Newsweek'' accused judge Simon Cowell's cruel critiques in the show of helping to establish in the wider world a culture of meanness, that "Simon Cowell has dragged the rest of us in the mud with him." Some such as singer John Mayer disparaged the contestants, suggesting that those who appeared on ''Idol'' are not real artists with self-respect,

Some in the entertainment industry were critical of the star-making aspect of the show. Usher, a mentor on the show, bemoaning the loss of the "true art form of music", thought that shows like ''American Idol'' made it seem "so easy that everyone can do it, and that it can happen overnight", and that "television is a lie". That ''American Idol'' is seen to be a fast track to success for its contestants has been a cause of resentment for some in the industry. LeAnn Rimes, commenting on Carrie Underwood winning Best Female Artist in Country Music Awards over Faith Hill in 2006, said that "Carrie has not paid her dues long enough to fully deserve that award". It is a common theme that has been echoed by many others. Elton John, who had appeared as a mentor in the show but turned down an offer to be a judge on ''American Idol'', commenting on talent shows in general said that "there have been some good acts but the only way to sustain a career is to pay your dues in small clubs", and Steven Tyler, appearing on ''Late Show with David Letterman'' on January 17, 2011 in a publicity drive as a judge for ''American Idol'', said that "I've always thought that to be an American Idol or any kind of idol, you have to pay your dues, but today it's a different world." The success of its alumni nevertheless led to more positive assessment of the show.

''American Idol'' was nominated for Emmy's Outstanding Reality Competition Program for eight years but never won. Director Bruce Gower won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 2009, and the show won two Creative Arts Emmys in 2007 and one in 2008. It won the People's Choice Award, which honors the popular culture of the previous year as voted by the public, for favorite competition/reality show in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2011. It won the first Critics' Choice Television Award in 2011 for Best Reality Competition.

Revenue and commercial ventures

The dominance of ''American Idol'' in the ratings has made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature "Idol" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. ''American Idol'' also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience.

Advertising revenue

''American Idol'' became the most expensive series on broadcast networks for advertisers starting season four, and by the next season, it had broken the record in advertising rate for a regularly scheduled prime-time network series, selling over $700,000 for a 30-seconds slot, and reaching up to $1.3 million for the finale. Its ad prices reached a peak in season seven at $737,000. Estimated revenue more than doubled from $404 million in season three to $870 million in season six. While that declined from season eight onwards, it still earned significantly more than its nearest competitor, with advertising revenue topping $800 million annually.

Media sponsorship

Ford Motor Company and Coca-Cola were two of the first sponsors of ''American Idol'' in its first season. The sponsorship deal cost around $10 million in season one, rising to $35 million by season 7, and between $50 to $60 million in season 10. The third major sponsor AT&T; Wireless joined in the second season. iTunes joined in season seven.

''American Idol'' prominent display of its sponsors' logo and products had been noted since the early seasons. The branded entertainment integration had proved beneficial to its advertisers – promotion of AT&T; text-messaging as a means to vote successfully introduced the technology into the wider culture, and Coca-Cola has seen its equity increased during the show.

Coca-Cola – Cups bearing logo of Coca-Cola, and occasionally its subsidiary Vitaminwater, are featured prominently on the judges table. Contestants are shown between songs held in the "Coca-Cola Red Room," the show's equivalent of the green room. (The Coca-Cola logo however is obscured during rebroadcast in the UK which until 2011 banned product placement.) Ford – Contestants appear in the special Ford videos on the results shows, and winners Kelly Clarkson, Taylor Hicks, and Kris Allen have also appeared in commercials for Ford. and contestants received Clairol-guided hair makeovers. In the season seven finale, both David Cook and David Archuleta appeared in "Risky Business"-inspired commercials for Guitar Hero, a sponsor of the tour that year.

Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor ''American Idol'' at the show's start. "[M]issing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo will sponsor the American version of Cowell's ''The X Factor'' in hopes of not repeating its ''Idol'' mistake.

Music releases

''American Idol'' has traditionally released studio recordings of contestants' performances as well as the winner's coronation single for sale. For the first five seasons, the recordings were released as a compilation album at the end of the season. All five of these albums reached the top ten in Billboard 200 which made then ''American Idol'' the most successful soundtrack franchise of any motion picture or television program. Starting late in season five, individual performances were released during the season as digital downloads, initially from the ''American Idol'' official website only. In season seven the live performances and studio recordings were made available during the season from iTunes when it joined as a sponsor. In Season ten the weekly studio recordings were also released as compilation digital album straight after performance night.

For the first nine seasons, Sony Music was partnered with ''American Idol'' to promote and distribute its music, and had the right of first refusal to sign contestants for three months after the season's finale. In 2010, Sony was replaced by as the music label for ''American Idol'' by UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M; Records.

American Idol tour

The top ten toured at the end of every season. Kellogg's Pop-Tarts was the sponsor for the first seven seasons, and Guitar Hero was added for the season seven tour. M&M;'s Pretzel Chocolate Candies was a sponsor of the season nine tour. The season five tour was the most successful tour with gross of over $35 million.

Tie-ins

''American Idol'' video games

''American Idol'' – PlayStation 2, PC, Game Boy Advance, mobile phone

''Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol'' – PlayStation 2, Xbox 360

''Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore'' – PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360

''Karaoke Revolution Presents American Idol Encore 2'' – PlayStation 3, Wii, Xbox 360

''Idol 011'' – Wii, Xbox 360

Theme park attraction

On February 14, 2009, The Walt Disney Company debuted "The American Idol Experience" at its Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. In this live production, co-produced by 19 Entertainment, park guests choose from a list of songs and audition privately for Disney cast members. Those selected then perform on a stage in a 1000-seat theater replicating the ''Idol'' set. Three judges, whose mannerisms and style mimic those of the real ''Idol'' judges, critique the performances. Audience members then vote for their favorite. There are several preliminary-round shows during the day that culminate in a "finals" show in the evening where one of the winners of previous rounds that day is selected as the overall winner. The winner of the finals show receives a "Dream Ticket" that grants them front-of-the-line privileges at any ''American Idol'' audition.

International broadcast

''American Idol'' is broadcast to over 100 nations outside of the United States. In most nations these are not live broadcasts and may be tape delayed by several days or weeks. Episodes are aired live in Canada, but it may be simsubbed with CTV by the BDUs depending on provider and region for those in Canada. It is also aired live in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico by XHRIO in English because that market has a Fox affiliate that serve a US market; in the rest of the country, as of the rest of Latin America, the show is broadcast and subtitled by Sony Entertainment Television.

In southeast Asia, this show is brought to the audiences via satellite by STAR TV World every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after. Philippines airs episodes every Thursday and Friday nine or ten hours after its US telecast on GMA News TV. Australia airs episodes a few hours after their US showing. The UK airs episodes one day after their US showing on digital channel ITV2. It is also aired in Ireland on TV3 Ireland two days after the showing. In Brazil and Israel, the show airs two days after the showing in the United States. In the instances where the airing is delayed, the shows may sometimes be combined into one episode to summarize the results.

! Country / Region	! Channel
United States (origin)
Armenia	Shant TV
Australia
Asia Pacific/Southeast Asia, Hong Kong and Macau
Brazil	Sony Entertainment Television
Canada	CTV Television Network
China	STAR TV World
Chile	[[Sony Entertainment Television
Croatia	RTL Televizija
Denmark	TV3 Viasat
Estonia
Fiji	Sony Entertainment Television
Finland
France	M6 (TV channel)
Germany	[[RTL Television
Greece	Alpha
Hong Kong, Macau, Guangdong
Hungary
Iceland	Stöð 2
India	Mera Zee TV, STAR World India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland	TV3 Ireland,3e
Israel	HOT family / yes stars Real
Italy	Sky Uno
Japan	FOXlife, FOX HD, BS11
Latin America
Malaysia
Middle East	STAR TV World, MBC4 (Season 9), OSN (Season 10)
New Zealand
Norway	TV2 Zebra
Philippines	Associated Broadcasting Company
Poland
Portugal	[[FOXlife
Puerto Rico	Fox Latin America
Romania	AXN
Russia	MTV Russia (Season 8-9)
Singapore	MediaCorp TV Channel 5, STAR TV World
South Africa	M-Net Series (Season 1–8) M-Net (Season 9)
Sweden
Taiwan	STAR TV World
United Kingdom	ITV2
Vietnam
Venezuela	Sony Entertainment Television

Spin-offs

''American Juniors''

''American Idol Rewind''

''American Idol Extra''

''The Next Great American Band''

''From Justin to Kelly''

''An American Idol Christmas''

Idol Camp

Idol Wrap

See also

List of American Idol finalists

References

External links

''American Idol'' Official web site (owned by Fox Interactive Media)

''American Idol'' Official Music web site

''American Idol'' Episodes on Fox TV Guide

Category:2000s American television series Category:2002 American television series debuts Category:2010s American television series Category:American music television series Category:CTV Television Network shows Category:American television series based on British television series Category:English-language television series Category:Fox network shows Category:Music competitions Category:Nielsen Ratings winners Category:Singing competitions Category:Talent shows

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:''This article is about the American archaeologist; for others with the same name, see Philip Phillips (disambiguation).''

Philip Phillips (11 August, 1900 – 11 December, 1994) was an influential archaeologist in the United States during the 20th century. Although his first graduate work was in architecture, he later received a doctorate from Harvard University under advisor Alfred Marston Tozzer. His first archaeological experiences were on Iroquois sites, but he specialized in the Mississippian culture, especially its Lower Mississippi Valley incarnation.

In 1937, he was appointed assistant curator of Southeastern Archaeology at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard. In 1949, he became its curator; and remained an honorary curator from his 1967 retirement until his death.

His professional collaborations with James A. Ford, James Bennett Griffin, and Gordon Willey have become some of the standard works of American archaeology.

His professional obituary, including a summary of his life's accomplishments, was written by his life-long colleague and collaborator Gordon R. Willey. It was published in 1996 by the Society for American Archaeology.

Published works

Phillips' published works include:

Brain, Jeffrey P. and Philip Phillips. 1996. Shell Gorgets: Styles of the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Southeast. Peabody Museum Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Phillips, Philip. 1970. Archaeological Survey in the Lower Yazoo Basin, Mississippi, 1949-1955. Peabody Museum Papers, vol. 60. Harvard University, Cambridge.

Phillips, Philip and J. A. Brown. 1975-83. Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma. (6 volumes) Cambridge, Peabody Museum Press.

Phillips, Philip and J. A. Brown. 1984. Pre-Columbian Shell Engravings from the Craig Mound at Spiro, Oklahoma. (2-volume softbound edition) Cambridge, Peabody Museum Press.

Phillips, Philip, James A. Ford, and James B. Griffin. 1951. Archaeological Survey in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 1940-1947. Peabody Museum Papers, vol. 25. Harvard University, Cambridge.

Willey, Gordon R. and Philip Phillips. 1958. Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

References

Willey, Gordon R. Obituary: Philip Phillips 1900-1994. American Antiquity, Vol. 61, No. 1. (Jan., 1996), pp. 39-43.

Category:American archaeologists Category:Pre-Columbian scholars Category:Harvard University alumni Category:American Mesoamericanists Category:Mesoamerican archaeologists Category:20th-century Mesoamericanists Category:1900 births Category:1994 deaths

name	In the Street
type	Studio album
artist	Village People
cover	inthestreet1983.jpg
released	1983
recorded	Media Sound,New York, 1982
genre	Disco, Funk, Old school hip hop
length	37:13
label	Casablanca Records
producer	Jacques Morali, Henri Belolo
reviews	* Allmusic [ link]
last album	''Fox on the Box''(1982)
this album	''In the Street''(1983)
next album	''Sex Over the Phone''(1985) }}

''In the Street'' is an album by the Village People. It features both original cop Victor Willis and the cop currently in the group Ray Simpson as lead singers. The G.I. Alex Briley also sings the lead for one song, and the re-release in 1999 featured the bonus track America with Miles J. Davis singing the lead vocals. ''Fox on the Box ''and ''In the Street'' contain the same songs, but ''Fox on the Box'' was released by RCA Records in 1982 and ''In the Street'' by Casablanca Records a year later.

Track listing

#"Fox on the Box" — 3:43 #"In the Street" — 4:47 #"Lonely Lady" — 3:54 #"Everybody Loves the Funk" — 4:28 #"Success" — 5:58 #"Spaced Out" — 5:32 #"Play Bach" — 4:37 #"Radio Freak" — 3:09 #"America" — 3:43 (Bonus track on 1999 CD release)

Category:1983 albums Category:Village People albums

es:In the Street