Stalking is a term commonly used to refer to unwanted and obsessive attention by an individual or group to another person. Stalking behaviors are related to harassment and intimidation and may include following the victim in person and/or monitoring them. The word ''stalking'' is used, with some differing meanings, in psychology and psychiatry and also in some legal jurisdictions as a term for a criminal offense.

According to a 2002 report by the National Center for Victims of Crime, "Virtually any unwanted contact between two people that directly or indirectly communicates a threat or places the victim in fear can be considered stalking."

Definitions[link]

The difficulties associated with precisely defining this term (or defining it at all) are well documented.

Having been used since at least the 16th century to refer to a prowler or a poacher (''Oxford English Dictionary''), the term ''stalker'' started to be used by the media in the 20th century to describe people who pester and harass others, initially with specific reference to the harassment of celebrities by strangers who were described as being "obsessed". This use of the word appears to have been coined by the tabloid press in the United States.

Pathé and Mullen describe stalking as "a constellation of behaviours in which an individual inflicts upon another repeated unwanted intrusions and communications".

Stalking can be defined as the willful and repeated following, watching and/or harassing of another person. Unlike other crimes, which usually involve one act, stalking is a series of actions that occur over a period of time. Although stalking is illegal, some of the actions that can contribute to stalking are initially legal, such as gathering information, calling someone on the phone, sending gifts, emailing or instant messaging. They become illegal when they breach the legal definition of harassment e.g. an action such as sending a text is not usually illegal, but is illegal when frequently repeated to an unwilling recipient. In fact United Kingdom law states the incident only has to happen twice when the stalker should be aware their behavior is unacceptable e.g. two phone calls to a stranger, two gifts following the victim then phoning them etc. However, the victim may feel they have been the victim of a stalking after one incident e.g. being followed home.

Psychology and behaviors[link]

People characterized as stalkers may have a mistaken belief that another person loves them (erotomania), or that they need rescuing. Stalking can sometimes consist of an accumulation of a series of actions which in themselves can be legal, such as calling on the phone, sending gifts, or sending emails. In the United Kingdom, government research demonstrates that, despite media reports and research of vested interests, the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 "is rarely used for stalking as portrayed by the media since only a small minority of cases in the survey involved such behaviour".

Stalkers may use threats and violence to frighten their victims. They may also engage in vandalism and property damage or make physical attacks that are mostly meant to frighten. Less common are sexual assaults.

In the UK, for example, most stalkers are former partners and evidence indicates that the mentally ill stalking type of behaviour propagated in the media occurs in only a minority of cases of alleged stalking. A UK Home Office Research study on the use the 1997 Protection from Harassment Act quotes "The study found that the Protection from Harassment Act is being used to deal with a variety of behaviour such as domestic and inter-neighbour disputes. It is rarely used for stalking as portrayed by the media since only a small minority of cases in the survey involved such behaviour.

Psychological effects on victims[link]

Disruptions in daily life necessary to escape the stalker, including changes in employment, residence and phone numbers, may take a toll on the victim's well-being and lead to a sense of isolation.

According to Lamber Royakkers, "Stalking is a form of mental assault, in which the perpetrator repeatedly, unwantedly, and disruptively breaks into the life-world of the victim, with whom they have no relationship (or no longer have). Moreover, the separated acts that make up the intrusion cannot by themselves cause the mental abuse, but do taken together (cumulative effect)."

Gender studies of stalkers[link]

According to one study, women often target other women, whereas men generally stalk women only. However, a January 2009 report from the Department of Justice in the United States reports that "Males were as likely to report being stalked by a male as a female offender. 43% of male stalking victims stated that the offender was female, while 41% of male victims stated that the offender was another male. Female victims of stalking were significantly more likely to be stalked by a male (67%) rather than a female (24%) offender." This report provides considerable data by gender and race about both stalking and harassment. The data for this report were obtained via the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Department of Justice.

Types of stalkers[link]

Psychologists often group individuals who stalk into two categories: psychotic and nonpsychotic. Stalkers may have pre-existing psychotic disorders such as delusional disorder, schizoaffective disorder, or schizophrenia. Most stalkers are nonpsychotic and may exhibit disorders or neuroses such as major depression, adjustment disorder, or substance dependence, as well as a variety of Axis II personality disorders (such as antisocial, borderline, dependent, narcissistic, or paranoid). Some of the symptoms of "obsessing" over a person is part of obsessive compulsive personality disorder. The nonpsychotic stalkers' pursuit of victims can be influenced by various psychological factors, including anger, hostility, projection of blame, obsession, dependency, minimization, denial, and jealousy. Conversely, as is more commonly the case, the stalker has no antipathic feelings towards the victim, but simply a longing that cannot be fulfilled due to deficiencies either in their personality or their society's norms.

In "A Study of Stalkers" Mullen ''et al.''. (2000) identified five types of stalkers:

Rejected stalkers pursue their victims in order to reverse, correct, or avenge a rejection (e.g. divorce, separation, termination).

Resentful stalkers pursue a vendetta because of a sense of grievance against the victims – motivated mainly by the desire to frighten and distress the victim.

Intimacy seekers seek to establish an intimate, loving relationship with their victim. To many of them the victim is a long-sought-after soul mate, and they were 'meant' to be together.

Incompetent suitors, despite poor social or courting skills, have a fixation, or in some cases, a sense of entitlement to an intimate relationship with those who have attracted their amorous interest. Their victims are most often already in a dating relationship with someone else.

Predatory stalkers spy on the victim in order to prepare and plan an attack – often sexual – on the victim.

The 2002 National Victim Association Academy defines an additional form of stalking: The vengeance/terrorist stalker. Both the vengeance stalker and terrorist stalker (the latter sometimes called the political stalker) ''do not'', in contrast with some of the aforementioned types of stalkers, seek a personal relationship with their victims but rather force them to emit a certain response favourable to the stalker. While the vengeance stalker's motive is "to get even" with the other person whom he/she perceives has done some wrong to them (e.g., an employee who believes is fired without justification from their job by their superior), the political stalker intends to accomplish a political agenda, also using threats and intimidation to force his/her target to refrain and/or become involved in some particular activity, regardless of the victim’s consent.

Many stalkers fit categories with paranoia disorders. Intimacy-seeking stalkers often have delusional disorders involving erotomanic delusions. With rejected stalkers, the continual clinging to a relationship of an inadequate or dependent person couples with the entitlement of the narcissistic personality, and the persistent jealousy of the paranoid personality. In contrast, resentful stalkers demonstrate an almost “pure culture of persecution,” with delusional disorders of the paranoid type, paranoid personalities, and paranoid schizophrenia.

One of the uncertainties in understanding the origins of stalking is that the concept is now widely understood in terms of specific behaviors which are found to be offensive and/or illegal. As discussed above, these specific (apparently stalking) behaviors may have multiple motivations.

In addition, the personality characteristics that are often discussed as antecedent to stalking may also produce behavior that is not stalking as conventionally defined. Some research suggests there is a spectrum of what might be called "obsessed following behavior." People who complain obsessively and for years, about a perceived wrong or wrong-doer, when no one else can perceive the injury—and people who cannot or will not "let go" of a person or a place or an idea—comprise a wider group of persons that may be problematic in ways that seem similar to stalking. Some of these people get extruded from their organizations—they may get hospitalized or fired or let go if their behavior is defined in terms of illegal stalking, but many others do good or even excellent work in their organizations and appear to have just one focus of tenacious obsession.

Cyberstalking [link]

Cyberstalking is the use of computers or other electronic technology to facilitate stalking. A booming “spy shop” industry has sprouted up to supply Hi-tech equipment such as computer hacking or monitoring software, hidden cameras, microphones, and GPS tracking units.

Stalking by groups [link]

According to a U.S. Department of Justice special report a significant number of people reporting stalking incidents claim that they had been stalked by more than one person, with 18.2% reporting that they were stalked by two people, 13.1% reporting that they had been stalked by three or more. The report did not break down these cases into numbers of victims who claimed to have been stalked by several people individually, and by people acting in concert. Official Department of Justice documents, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, reveal that, of the 13% of victim reports of 3 or more stalkers "acting in concert", 41% of subjects in these cases reported that they were the target of teams or groups of stalkers working together. The data for this report were obtained via the 2006 Supplemental Victimization Survey (SVS), conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for the U.S. Department of Justice.

According to a United Kingdom study by Sheridan and Boon, in 5% of the cases they studied there was more than one stalker, and 40% of the victims said that friends or family of their stalker had also been involved. In 15% of cases, the victim was unaware of any reason for the harassment.

Stalking by groups has been described as "gang stalking" by some commentators.

False claims of stalking and delusions of persecution[link]

In 1999, Pathe, Mullen and Purcell wrote that popular interest in stalking was promoting false claims. In 2004, Sheridan and Blaauw said that they estimated that 11.5% of claims in a sample of 357 reported claims of stalking were false.

According to Sheridan and Blaauw, 70% of false stalking reports were made by people suffering from delusions of persecution. Another study estimated the proportion of false reports that were due to delusions as 64%.

Multiple news reports have described how groups of Internet users have cooperated to exchange detailed conspiracy theories involving coordinated activities by large numbers of people and the use of "psychotronic weapons" and other alleged mind control techniques. These are generally reported by external observers as being examples of belief systems, as opposed to reports of objective phenomena.

Epidemiology and prevalence[link]

Australia[link]

According to a study conducted by Purcell, Pathé and Mullen (2002), 23% of the Australian population reported having been stalked.

Austria[link]

Stieger, Burger and Schild conducted a survey in Austria, revealing a lifetime prevalence of 11% (women: 17%, men: 3%). Further results include: 86% of stalking victims were female, 81% of the stalkers were male. Women were mainly stalked by men (88%) while men were almost equally stalked by men and women (60% male stalkers). 19% of the stalking victims reported that they were still being stalked at the time of study participation (point prevalence rate: 2%). To 70% of the victims, the stalker was known, being a prior intimate partner in 40%, a friend or acquaintance in 23% and a colleague at work in 13% of cases. As a consequence, 72% of the victims reported having changed their lifestyle. 52% of former and ongoing stalking victims reported suffering from a currently impaired (pathological) psychological well-being. There was no significant difference between the incidence of stalking in rural and urban areas.

England and Wales[link]

In 1998 Budd and Mattinson found a lifetime prevalence of 12% in England and Wales (16% female, 7% males). In 2010/11 43% of stalking victims were found to be male and 57% female.

According to a paper by staff from the Fixated Threat Assessment Centre, a unit established to deal with people with fixations on public figures, 86% of a sample group of 100 people assessed by them appeared to them to suffer from psychotic illness; 57% of the sample group were subsequently admitted to hospital, and 26% treated in the community.

A similar retrospective study published in 2009 in ''Psychological Medicine'' based on a sample of threats to the Royal Family kept by the Metropolitan Police Service over a period of 15 years, suggested that 83.6% of the writers of these letters suffered from serious mental illness.

Germany[link]

Dressing, Kuehner and Gass conducted a representative survey in Mannheim, a middle-sized German city, and reported a lifetime prevalence of having been stalked of almost 12%.

United States[link]

Tjaden and Thoennes reported a lifetime prevalence (being stalked) of 8% in women and 2% in males (depending on how strict the definition) in the National violence against women survey.

Laws on harassment and stalking[link]

Australia[link]

Every Australian state enacted laws prohibiting stalking during the 1990s, with Queensland being the first state to do so in 1994. The laws vary slightly from state to state, with Queensland's laws having the broadest scope, and South Australian laws the most restrictive. Punishments vary from a maximum of 10 years imprisonment in some states, to a fine for the lowest severity of stalking in others. Australian anti-stalking laws have some notable features. Unlike many US jurisdictions they do not require the victim to have felt fear or distress as a result of the behaviour, only that a reasonable person would have felt this way. In some states, the anti-stalking laws operate extra-territorially, meaning that an individual can be charged with stalking if either they or the victim are in the relevant state. Most Australian states provide the option of a restraining order in cases of stalking, breach of which is punishable as a criminal offence. There has been relatively little research into Australian court outcomes in stalking cases, although Freckelton (2001) found that in the state of Victoria, most stalkers received fines or community based dispositions.

Canada[link]

Section 264 of the Criminal Code of Canada, titled "''criminal harassment''" addresses acts which are termed "stalking" in many other jurisdictions. The provisions of the section came into force in August 1993 with the intent of further strengthening laws protecting women. It is a hybrid offence, which may be punishable upon summary conviction or as an indictable offence, the latter of which may carry a prison term of up to ten years. Section 264 has withstood Charter challenges.

The Chief, Policing Services Program, for Statistics Canada has stated:

''"... of the 10,756 incidents of criminal harassment reported to police in 2006, 1,429 of these involved more than one accused." ''

Japan[link]

In 2000, Japan enacted a national law to combat this behaviour, after the murder of Shiori Ino. Acts of stalking can be viewed as "interfering [with] the tranquility of others' lives" and are prohibited under petty offence laws.

Italy[link]

Following a series of high-profile incidents that came to public attention in the past years, a law was proposed in June 2008, and became effective in February 2009, making a criminal offence, punishable with imprisonment ranging from six months up to four years, any ''"continuative harassing, threatening or persecuting behaviour which: (1) causes a state of anxiety and fear in the victim(s), or; (2) ingenerates within the victim(s) a motivated fear for his/her own safety or for the safety of relatives, , or others tied to the victim him/herself by an affective relationship, or; (3), forces the victim(s) to change his/her living habits"''. If the perpetrator of the offense is a subject tied to the victim by kinship or that is or has been in the past involved in a relationship with the victim (i.e. current or former/divorced/split husband/wife or fiancée), and/or if the victim is a pregnant woman or a minor, the sanction can be elevated up to six years of incarceration.

United Kingdom[link]

There is no offence which is described in law as "stalking". An attempt to create such an offence by the Stalking Bill 1996 failed. It was felt that the proposed offence failed to distinguish between reasonable and unreasonable conduct.

In England and Wales, "harassment" was criminalised by the enactment of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997, which came into force on June 16, 1997. It makes it a criminal offence, punishable by up to six months imprisonment, to pursue a course of conduct which amounts to harassment of another on two or more occasions. The court can also issue a restraining order, which carries a maximum punishment of five years imprisonment if breached. In England and Wales, liability may arise in the event that the victim suffers either mental or physical harm as a result of being harassed (or slang term stalked) (see ''R. v. Constanza'').

Already before the enactment of the Act, the Malicious Communications Act 1988 and the Telecommunications Act 1984 (now the Communications Act 2003) criminalised indecent, offensive or threatening phone calls and the sending of an indecent, offensive or threatening letter, electronic communication or other article to another person.

In 2012, the Prime Minister David Cameron stated that the government intended to make another attempt to create a law aimed specifically at stalking behavior.

In Scotland, provision is made under the Protection from Harassment Act against stalking. It is not a criminal offence, however, but falls under the law of delict. Victims of stalking may sue for interdict against an alleged stalker, or a non-harassment order, breach of which is an offence.

United States[link]

The first state to criminalize stalking in the United States was California in 1990 due to several high profile stalking cases in California, including the 1982 attempted murder of actress Theresa Saldana, the 1988 massacre by Richard Farley, the 1989 murder of actress Rebecca Schaeffer, and five Orange County stalking murders also in 1989. The first anti-stalking law in the United States, California Penal Code Section 646.9, was developed and proposed by Municipal Court Judge John Watson of Orange County. Watson with U.S. Congressman Ed Royce introduced the law in 1990. Also in 1990, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) began the United States' first Threat Management Unit, founded by LAPD Captain Robert Martin.

Within three years The DPPA prohibits states from disclosing a driver's personal information without consent by State Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). As of 2011, stalking is an offense under section 120a of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). The law took effect on 1 October 2007.

See also[link]

References[link]

Further reading[link]

''How To Stop A Stalker''. Proctor, Mike. Prometheus Books, 2000.

Minnesota Center Against Violence and Abuse Annotated Stalking Bibliography

''The Psychology of Stalking''. Meloy, J. Reid. Academic Press, 2000.

''Stalkers and Their Victims'', 2nd edition. Mullen, Paul E., Pathe, Michele, Purcell, Rosemary. Cambridge University Press, 2009.

''Surviving a Stalker: Everything You Need to Know to Keep Yourself Safe''. Gross, Linda. Marlowe & Company, 2000.

Lifetime prevalence and impact of stalking: Epidemiological data from Eastern Austria. Stefan Stieger; Christoph Burger; Anne Schild. ''European Journal of Psychiatry'' Vol. 22, N.° 4, (235-241), Zaragoza (ES) 2008, .

Is This Stalking? A Comparison Between Legal and Community Definitions of Stalking. Susan Dennison and Don Thomson, paper presented at the Stalking: Criminal Justice Responses Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology in Sydney, 7–8 December 2000

U.S. National Center for the Victims of Crime Annotated Stalking Bibliography

''Stalking Crimes and Victim Protection''. Davis, Joseph A. CRC Press, August, 2001.

External links[link]

Category:Abuse Category:Aggression Category:Crimes Category:Sex crimes Category:Inchoate offenses

ca:Assetjament físic cs:Stalking da:Stalking de:Stalking es:Acoso físico fr:Stalking ko:스토킹 it:Stalking he:הטרדה מאיימת nl:Stalking ja:ストーカー no:Stalking pl:Stalking pt:Stalking simple:Stalk sk:Stalking fi:Vaaniminen sv:Förföljelsesyndrom uk:Сталкінг

birth date	October 12, 1992
birth place	Union, Kentucky, U.S.
birthname	Joshua Ryan Hutcherson
occupation	Actor
yearsactive	2002–present
homepage	}}

Joshua Ryan "Josh" Hutcherson (born October 12, 1992) is an American film and television actor. He began working in the early 2000s, appearing in several minor film and television roles. He gained wider exposure with major roles in the 2005 films ''Little Manhattan'' and ''Zathura'', the 2006 comedy ''RV'', the 2007 family adventure film ''Firehouse Dog'', and the film adaptations of ''Bridge to Terabithia'', ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'' and ''Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant''. On March 30, 2008, Hutcherson won a Young Artist Award (for Leading Young Actor). Hutcherson was also featured on a Celebrity Teens edition of the hit show ''MTV Cribs'', and portrayed Peeta Mellark in the 2012 film ''The Hunger Games''. He will appear in the ''Red Dawn'' remake.

Early life[link]

Josh Hutcherson was born in Union, Kentucky. His mother, Michelle, is a former Delta Air Lines employee who now assists Josh, and his father, Chris Hutcherson, is an analyst for the EPA. He has a younger brother, Connor, as well as many pets, including two dogs, Diesel and Nixon (a boxer). He has wanted to be an actor since he was four years old, but had only begun auditioning for roles in 2002, at the age of 9. He moved from Union to California, due to limited acting opportunities.

Career[link]

Hutcherson's first role was in the 2002 pilot episode, ''House Blend''; in the same year, he appeared in an episode of ''ER''. In 2003, he played the lead role in the comedy ''Miracle Dogs'' (which was released on Animal Planet), starred opposite Peter Falk and Timothy Daly in the made-for-television film, ''Wilder Days'', and had a minor role in the well-reviewed independent film, ''American Splendor''. He performed for the motion-capture imagery in 2004's ''The Polar Express''.

In 2005, Hutcherson appeared in several Hollywood films: he had a minor role in the Will Ferrell comedy ''Kicking & Screaming'', voiced Markl in the animated film ''Howl's Moving Castle'' (June), and played the lead roles in ''Little Manhattan'' (September) and ''Zathura'', which was released in November to positive reviews. The following year, Hutcherson appeared in the comedy ''RV'', playing the son of Robin Williams's character, and subsequently played Jesse Aarons in the drama ''Bridge to Terabithia'', which was filmed in New Zealand and released on February 16, 2007, performing well critically and commercially. He had not read the novel that the film is based on before being cast in the role.

Hutcherson's next role was in ''Firehouse Dog'' (released on April 4, 2007), in which he played Shane Fahey, a firefighter's son who befriends a dog. Hutcherson filmed ''Firehouse Dog'' before ''Bridge to Terabithia'', though the latter film was released first. His next roles were in the "very dark" independent film drama ''Winged Creatures'', and playing the nephew of Brendan Fraser's character in ''Journey to the Center of the Earth'', a new 3-D film version of the novel of the same name; filming on ''Journey'', which was released on July 11, 2008, began in Montreal in June 2006 and ended in October of that year. Hutcherson also appeared in a film adaptation of the book ''Cirque Du Freak''.

In 2010, he had a supporting role in the critically acclaimed movie ''The Kids Are All Right'', playing Laser. Hutcherson has said that he would like to appear in every type of film genre. On April 4, 2011, Lionsgate announced that Hutcherson had been cast as Peeta Mellark in the 2012 film, ''The Hunger Games''.

Personal life[link]

Hutcherson briefly dated his ''Journey 2'' co-star Vanessa Hudgens but the two are now "good friends".

Hutcherson has cited actor Jake Gyllenhaal as an inspiration. On August 11, 2007, Hutcherson served as the Grand Marshal at the Indy Racing League IndyCar Series Meijer Indy 300 at Kentucky Speedway. In September 2008, he went to Italy for the first time. He visited Rome and Milan, and participated in a local event about kids and cinema. Hutcherson recorded a video for the "Straight but not narrow" campaign, designed to encourage young, straight men to come out in support of their gay peers. On Saturday, April 21, 2012, Josh received the Vanguard Award from GLAAD. The Vanguard Award is awarded to one who incases the visibilty and understanding of LGBT folks.

Growing up near Cincinnati, Ohio, Hutcherson is a lifelong fan of the city's Major League Baseball team, the Reds; and got to throw the first pitch before their April 7, 2012 game against the Miami Marlins at Great American Ball Park.

In April 2012, Josh adopted a pit bull named Driver from the Hands, Paws, & Hearts rescue organization in Lancaster, CA.

Being from Kentucky, Hutcherson has been a lifelong Kentucky Wildcats fan. While he was on Conan he admitted to painting his face at a Kentucky Wildcats Basketball game and being a lifelong season ticket holder.

Filmography[link]

Film[link]

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
2003		Robin
	''Motocross Kids''	TJ
	Markl	Voice role: English version
''''	Hero Boy
2005	''One Last Ride''	Joey
		Bucky Weston
''Little Manhattan''	Gabe
''Zathura: A Space Adventure''	Walter
2006		Carl Munro
		Jesse Aarons
''Firehouse Dog''	Shane Fahey
		Jimmy Jaspersen
	Sean Anderson
2009	''Cirque du Freak: The Vampire's Assistant''	Steve
2010	''''	Laser
2011		Clapton Davis
	''Journey 2: The Mysterious Island''	Sean Anderson
''''	Peeta Mellark
	Joshua	''Completed''
	Robert	''Completed''
	Teddy Atkins	''Post-Production''
	''The Hunger Games: Catching Fire''	Peeta Mellark	''Pre-Production''
''Epic''	Nod	''In-development''
''Aaron & Sarah''	Aaron	''In-development''
	''Journey 3''	Sean Anderson	''In-development''

Television[link]

! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
	''Becoming Glen''	Young Glen	TV Movie
''House Blend''	Nicky Harper	TV Movie
	Matt	Episode: "First Snowfall"
	''''	Matthew Inwood	Episode: "Till Death Do Us Part"
''Miracle Dogs''	Charlie Logan	TV Movie
''Wilder Days''	Chris Morse	TV Movie
	Donny Rawlings	Episode: "Take the Money and Run"
	''Eddie's Father''	Eddie Corbett	TV Movie
''Party Wagon''	Toad E. Bartley	Voice role; TV Movie
''Justice League''	Van-El / Young Bruce Wayne	Voice role; Episode: "For the Man Who Has Everything"
2010	''''	Chuck	Short film
2012	''Punk'd''	Himself	Reality Show; Episode: "Lucy Hale"

Producer[link]

! Year	! Title	! Role
2011	''Detention''	Claptain Davis

Awards and nominations[link]

Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special - Leading Young Actor align="center" rowspan="3" Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor align="center" align="center" rowspan="9" align="center" Best Cast

Year !! Award !! Category !! Nominated Work !! Result
2003	Young Artist Awards	|	''Wilder Days''	rowspan="2"
rowspan="2"		2004	Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast
Outstanding Young Ensemble in a New Medium		The Polar Express (film)>The Polar Express''
rowspan="2"		2005
align="center"	Saturn Awards	Saturn Award for Best Performance by a Younger Actor>Best Performance by a Younger Actor
2006	Young Artist Awards ||	Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor	RV (film)>RV''
rowspan="3"	2007		Bridge to Terabithia'' |>rowspan="2"
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast
	Best Performance by a Younger Actor
2008	Young Artist Awards ||	Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actor	Journey to the Center of the Earth (2008 film)>Journey to the Center of the Earth''
rowspan="5"	2010	Breakthrough of the Year Awards ||	Breakthrough Actor in Film	''The Kids Are All Right'' ||
align="center"	Gotham Awards	Best Cast Ensemble
align="center"	Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association	Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Ensemble>Best Ensemble
align="center"	Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards	Youth in Film
align="center"	Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards	Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast>Best Cast
rowspan="4"	2011	Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards
align="center"	Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards	Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast>Best Cast
align="center"	Screen Actors Guild Awards	Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture>Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
align="center"	Chlotrudis Awards	Chlotrudis Award for Best Cast>Best Cast
rowspan="8"	2012	NewNowNext Awards ||	Next Mega Star	rowspan="2"
align="center"	CinemaCon Award	Breakthrough Performer of the Year Award
align="center"	GLAAD Vanguard Award
align="center" rowspan="4"	MTV Movie Awards		The Hunger Games'' |>rowspan="5"
Best Fight
Best Kiss
Best Male Performance

References[link]

External links[link]

People in Film: Josh Hutcherson - Focus Features

Category:1992 births Category:Actors from Kentucky Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Living people Category:People from Boone County, Kentucky Category:Young Artist Award winners

af:Josh Hutcherson ar:جوش هوتشرسن ca:Josh Hutcherson cs:Josh Hutcherson da:Josh Hutcherson de:Josh Hutcherson es:Josh Hutcherson fa:جاش هاچرسون fr:Josh Hutcherson ko:조쉬 허처슨 id:Josh Hutcherson is:Josh Hutcherson it:Josh Hutcherson he:ג'וש האצ'רסון jv:Josh Hutcherson la:Josh Hutcherson hu:Josh Hutcherson nl:Josh Hutcherson ja:ジョシュ・ハッチャーソン no:Josh Hutcherson pl:Josh Hutcherson pt:Josh Hutcherson ru:Хатчерсон, Джош simple:Josh Hutcherson fi:Josh Hutcherson sv:Josh Hutcherson th:จอช ฮัทเชอร์สัน tr:Josh Hutcherson uk:Джошуа Гатчерсон zh:喬許·哈卻森

Birth name	Dennis Avner
Birth date	August 27, 1958
Birth place	Flint, Michigan
Nationality	American
Known for	extensive body modifications to look like a tiger
Home town	Tonopah, Nevada
Footnotes	}}

Dennis Avner (born in Flint, Michigan August 27, 1958) of Tonopah, Nevada, United States, is widely known as "Cat Man", though he prefers his Native American name, Stalking Cat. Avner has spent considerable resources to surgically modify his body to resemble that of a tiger. He holds the world record for the most body modifications.

Description of modifications[link]

extensive tattooing, including facial tattooing

hairline modification

saline breast implants

piercing of his upper lip and transdermal implants on his forehead to facilitate the wearing of whiskers

facial subdermal implants to change the shape of the brow, forehead and the bridge of the nose (a planned future implant on the top of his head for mounting tiger-like ears)

flattening of his nose via septum relocation

filing and capping of his teeth to have a more feline appearance

wearing green contact lenses with slit irides

having his ears pointed and the earlobes elongated

silicone injection in his lips, cheeks, chin and other parts of his face

bifurcated upper lip

Avner himself claims not to keep track of the money he has spent on body modification, although some sources do state a total. Avner, whose parents were of Huron and Lakota heritage, states that altering oneself to resemble one's own totem is an ancient Huron tradition. The former Navy sonar technician who currently works as a computer programmer took on the name Stalking Cat and began his modifications after a discussion with a Native chief who reportedly inspired him to 'follow the ways of the tiger'.

As a result of his unusual appearance, Stalking Cat has attained local celebrity status and frequently travels to attend interviews and photo sessions. He has appeared and been interviewed on such television and radio shows as ''Ripley's Believe It or Not!'', ''Larry King Live'', VH1's ''Totally Obsessed'', Kerrang! Radio's ''The Night Before'', BBC Choice's ''Anna in Wonderland'' (Episode 6), and Animal Planet's ''Weird, True & Freaky'' (2008 episode "Humanimals").

Many of Stalking Cat's body modifications were performed by Arizona based artist Steve Haworth. The first artist to begin the extensive tattoo work on Dennis's face was Larry Hanks of San Diego in 1985. He also tattooed scales on him and at this time Stalking Cat was referred to as "Cat Fish" although not by choice.

Medical ethics concerns[link]

Glenn McGee, director of the Center for Bioethics at Albany Medical College in New York, says of Avner, "Cosmetic surgery is a practice based on informed consent that needs to balance the risks with the benefits. It is possible to have a coherent view that is nonetheless detrimental to one's well-being. This is a patient who's being harmed by medicine in the interest of his tradition."

See also[link]

The Lizardman

Katzen

The Enigma

Lucky Diamond Rich

Body modification

References[link]

External links[link]

Dennis Avner's LiveJournal

Cat Man – the human 'tiger' who enjoys climbing trees and eats raw meat every day – an article dated 2008-09-06 from The Daily Mail, which features a photograph of Stalking Cat

Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Body modification Category:Lakota people Category:Wyandot people

de:Stalking Cat es:Stalking Cat ja:ストーキング・キャット pt:Stalking Cat sv:Stalking Cat

birth name	Milena Markovna Kunis/Milena Markivna Kunis
birth date	August 14, 1983
birth place	Chernivtsi, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
home town	Los Angeles, California
occupation	Actress, voice artist
years active	1994–present
alma mater	Loyola Marymount University
partner	Macaulay Culkin (2002–2010) }}

Milena "Mila" Kunis (; ; born August 14, 1983; ) is an American actress. At the age of seven, she moved from Ukraine to Los Angeles, California with her family. After being enrolled in acting classes to help learn English, she was soon discovered by an agent. She appeared in TV shows and commercials, before her first significant role, playing Jackie Burkhart on the TV series ''That '70s Show''. A year later, she was cast as the voice of Meg Griffin on the animated series ''Family Guy''.

Her breakout film role came in 2008, playing Rachel Jansen in ''Forgetting Sarah Marshall''. Subsequent film roles included Mona Sax in ''Max Payne'', Solara in ''The Book of Eli'', and Jamie in ''Friends with Benefits''. Her performance as Lily in ''Black Swan'' gained her worldwide accolades, including receiving the Premio Marcello Mastroianni for Best Young Actor or Actress at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, and nominations for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role.

She has received substantial media attention for her beauty, including often landing on the "Hot 100" lists for publications such as ''Maxim'' or ''FHM'' and routinely appearing on the cover of national magazines such as ''Cosmopolitan'', ''Harper's Bazaar'' and ''GQ magazine''. Her star status was further enhanced when she signed on to be the face of the Christian Dior Spring fashion campaign. At the age of 18, she began a relationship with actor Macaulay Culkin that lasted eight years. She is the daughter of Elvira, a physics teacher and drug store manager, and Mark, a mechanical engineer and cab company executive. Kunis has an older brother, Michael. She has stated that her parents "raised [her] Jewish as much as they could", though religion was suppressed in the Soviet Union.

On her second day in Los Angeles, Kunis was enrolled at Rosewood Elementary School not knowing a word of English. "I blocked out second grade completely. I have no recollection of it. I always talk to my mom and my grandma about it. It was because I cried every day. I didn't understand the culture. I didn't understand the people. I didn't understand the language. My first sentence of my essay to get into college was like, 'Imagine being blind and deaf at age seven.' And that's kind of what it felt like moving to the States."

Education[link]

In Los Angeles, she attended Hubert Howe Bancroft Middle School. She was mostly taught by an on-set tutor for her high school years while filming ''That '70s Show''. When not on the set, she attended Fairfax High School, where she graduated in 2001. She briefly attended UCLA and Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles.

Career[link]

Television[link]

At age nine, Kunis' father enrolled her in acting classes after school at the Beverly Hills Studios, where she met Susan Curtis, who would become her manager. Her first TV role was in 1994 as the young Hope Williams on an episode of the popular soap opera ''Days of our Lives''. She had a minor role on ''7th Heaven''

In 1999, Kunis replaced Lacey Chabert in the role of Meg Griffin on the animated sitcom ''Family Guy'', created by Seth MacFarlane for Fox. Kunis won the role after auditions and a slight rewrite of the character, in part due to her performance on ''That '70s Show''. MacFarlane called Kunis back after her first audition, instructing her to speak slower, and then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her. MacFarlane added: "What Mila Kunis brought to it was in a lot of ways, I thought, almost more right for the character. I say that Lacey did a phenomenal job, but there was something about Mila – something very natural about Mila. She was 15 when she started, so you were listening to a 15-year-old. Which oftentimes with animation they'll have adult actors doing the voices of teenagers and they always sound like Saturday morning voices. They sound, oftentimes, very forced. She had a very natural quality to Meg that really made what we did with that character kind of really work." Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award in the category of Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production in 2007. She also voiced Meg in the ''Family Guy Video Game!''. Kunis described her character as "the scapegoat."

Film work, 2001–2008[link]

In 2001, she appeared in ''Get Over It'' opposite Kirsten Dunst. She followed that up in 2002, by starring in the straight-to-DVD horror film ''American Psycho 2'' alongside William Shatner, a sequel to the 2000 film ''American Psycho''. ''American Psycho 2'' was panned by critics, and later, Kunis herself expressed embarrassment over the film. In 2004, Kunis starred in the film adaptation ''Tony n' Tina's Wedding''. Although the film was shot in 2004, it did not have a theatrical release until 2007. Most critics did not like the film, which mustered a 25% approval from Rotten Tomatoes. ''DVD talk'' concluded that "fans would be much better off pretending the movie never happened in the first place".

In 2005, Kunis co-starred with Jon Heder in ''Moving McAllister'', which was not released theatrically until 2007. The film received generally poor reviews and had a limited two week run in theaters. She followed up with ''After Sex'' starring alongside Zoe Saldana, who had also appeared in ''Get Over It''. In October 2006, she began filming ''Boot Camp'' (originally titled ''Straight Edge''). Although the film did not have a theatrical release in the United States, it was released on DVD on August 25, 2009.

Kunis starred as Rachel Jansen in the 2008 comedy, ''Forgetting Sarah Marshall'', co-produced by Judd Apatow. The role, which she got after unsuccessfully auditioning for ''Knocked Up'', entailed improvisation on her part. The film garnered positive reviews, and was a commercial success, grossing $105 million worldwide. Kunis' performance was well-received; Joe Morgenstern of ''The Wall Street Journal'' praised her "fresh beauty and focused energy", while James Berardinelli wrote that she is "adept with her performance and understands the concept of comic timing". She was nominated for a Teen Choice Award. In an interview, Kunis credited Apatow with helping her to expand her career from ''That '70s Show''.

Also in 2008, she portrayed Mona Sax, an assassin, alongside Mark Wahlberg in the action movie ''Max Payne'', based on the video game of the same name. Kunis underwent training in guns, boxing, and martial arts for her role. ''Max Payne'' was relatively successful at the box office, grossing $85 million worldwide but was panned by critics, with several reviewers calling Kunis miscast. Travis Estvold of ''Boise Weekly'' wrote that she's "horribly miscast as some sort of undersized, warble-voiced crime boss". Director John Moore defended his choice of Kunis saying, "Mila just bowled us over...She wasn't an obvious choice, but she just wears Mona so well. We needed someone who would not be just a fop or foil to Max; we needed somebody who had to be that character and convey her own agenda. I think Mila just knocked it out of the park.". She was nominated for another Teen Choice Award for her role in the film.

2009–present[link]

In 2009, she appeared in the comedy ''Extract'' with Ben Affleck and Jason Bateman. The film received mostly positive reviews, and grossed $10.8 million at the box office. Roger Ebert, while critical of the film itself, wrote that Kunis "brings her role to within shouting distance of credibility." Director Mike Judge commented that part of what was surprising to learn about Kunis was her ability to make references to the cult animation film ''Rejected''. Judge said: "As beautiful as Mila is, you could believe that maybe she would cross paths with you in the real world." After seeing Kunis perform in ''Forgetting Sarah Marshall'', Judge wanted to cast her in the role of Cindy in ''Extract'': "I just thought, 'Wow, this girl's perfect.' And she really wanted to do it, which was fantastic." Said Kunis, "I'm a huge fan of Mike Judge's from ''Office Space'', so I was, like, 'Okay, this is a very easy decision.' I told them I would do anything needed to be in this production – like craft service, or, say, acting."

In 2010, she starred alongside Denzel Washington in the action film ''The Book of Eli''. Although the film received mixed reviews, it performed well at the box office, grossing over $157 million worldwide. Film critic Richard Roeper praised Kunis' performance, calling it a "particularly strong piece of work". Several other reviews were equally positive of her performance, including Pete Hammond of ''Boxoffice'' magazine, who wrote that she is "ideally cast in the key female role" Even reviewers who did not necessarily like the film complimented her performance, such as James Berardinelli, who stated that "the demands of the role prove to be within her range, which is perhaps surprising considering she has been thus far pigeonholed into more lightweight parts", and Colin Covert of the ''Star Tribune'', who wrote that she "generated a spark and brought a degree of determination to her character, developing an independent female character who's not always in need of rescuing." Other critics, such as Claudia Puig of ''USA Today'' felt she was miscast, stating "she looked as if she dropped in from a Ray-Ban commercial". Kunis received another Teen Choice Award nomination for her performance. Kunis was also cast in a minor role in the 2010 comedy ''Date Night'', starring Tina Fey and Steve Carell. She garnered several positive reviews for her performance. Michael Phillips of the ''Chicago Tribune'' concluded her performance with James Franco helped save the film and gave it "a shot in the arm".

She and Natalie Portman played rival ballet dancers in Darren Aronofsky's ''Black Swan''. Kunis, who was cast in the film based on her performance in ''Forgetting Sarah Marshall'', and on the recommendation of costar Natalie Portman, underwent a training regimen that included cardiovascular exercise, a 1,200-calorie a day diet (she lost 20 pounds that she regained after filming ended), and ballet classes for four hours a day, seven days a week. During the demanding production, she suffered injuries including a torn ligament and a dislocated shoulder. ''Black Swan'' has received widespread acclaim from critics and was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture. The film grossed over $100 million (106.9 million) in the US and Canada while grossing over $329 million worldwide. Reviews of Kunis' performance have been positive, with Kirk Honeycutt of ''The Hollywood Reporter'' stating, "Kunis makes a perfect alternate to Portman, equally as lithe and dark but a smirk of self-assurance in place of Portman's wide-eyed fearfulness." Guy Lodge of In Contention also praised Kunis, saying, "it's the cool, throaty-voiced Kunis who is the surprise package here, intelligently watching and reflecting her co-star in such a manner that we're as uncertain as Nina of her ingenuousness." Kunis' performance won her the Marcello Mastroianni Award for Best Young Actor or Actress at the 67th Venice International Film Festival, and earned her Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress. At the 37th annual Saturn Awards she was also honored with the Best Supporting Actress award for her performance.

Kunis was cast alongside Justin Timberlake in the romantic comedy ''Friends with Benefits''. Director Will Gluck stated that he wrote the story with Kunis and Timberlake in mind. ''Friends with Benefits'' achieved success at the box office, grossing over $149 million worldwide, and received mostly positive reviews with critics praising the chemistry between Kunis and Timberlake. Manohla Dargis of ''The New York Times'' wrote that "Ms. Kunis is fast proving that she's a gift that keeps giving to mainstream romantic comedy" and "her energy is so invigorating and expansive and her presence so vibrant that she fills the screen".

In July, 2012 will be the release of her next film ''Ted'', co-starring Mark Wahlberg, and directed and co-written by ''Family Guy'' creator Seth MacFarlane. ''Ted'' will be followed in March, 2013 by the upcoming Walt Disney Pictures' prequel, ''Oz: The Great and Powerful'', where she will play Theodora, the youngest of three witches, opposite James Franco. Also set for a 2013 release will be ''Blood Ties'' with Kunis co-starring with Clive Owen, Billy Crudup, and Marion Cotillard.

Media publicity [link]

Kunis has attracted notable media attention for her physical appearance by various media outlets. Praise has ranged from ''GQ'' magazine naming her the Knockout of the Year for 2011 to ''Men's Health'' naming her one of the "100 Hottest Women of All-Time". The Spike Guys' Choice Awards have honored her twice, naming her the "Hottest Mila" at the 2009 awards ceremony and in 2011 presenting her with the ''Holy Grail of Hot'' award. ''AskMen.com'' has also lauded Kunis ranking her the second most desirable woman in 2011 and following that up with a number thirteen ranking in 2012. FHM magazine ranked her number 9 on their 2012 Hot 100 list but Kunis has kept this type of media attention in perspective, saying, “You’ve got to base your career on something other than being FHM’s top 100 number one girl. Your looks are going to die out, and then what’s going to be left?”and number 3 in 2012.

In 2007, Kunis participated in a video for the website ''Funny or Die'' appearing alongside James Franco. The video was a parody of the MTV show ''The Hills'' and was a huge success for the website, with well over one million views. Shawn Levy, director of ''Date Night'', stated that part of what made him decide to cast Kunis with James Franco in the film was the chemistry he felt they had in the ''Funny or Die'' video. In December 2008, Kunis was featured in Gap's "Shine Your Own Star" Christmas campaign. Kunis was described as one of the "most attractive geeks" by Wired.com in 2008, due to her much-publicized affinity for ''World of Warcraft''. That same year, she was featured and on the cover of the October issue of ''Complex Magazine''.

In 2010, she was featured in the "Women We Love" segment in ''Esquire'' with an accompanied video. For the October 2010 ''Elle'' magazine 25th anniversary special edition, Kunis was one of the women chosen to be featured for their success at a young age. The honor included a photo and video presentation on the magazine's website. Kunis was among several female stars photographed by Canadian singer/songwriter Bryan Adams in conjunction with the ''Calvin Klein Collections'' for a feature titled ''American Women 2010'', with the proceeds from the photographs donated to the NYC AIDS foundation. Also in 2010, Kunis was featured and on the cover of the December issue of Nylon. During the summer of 2010 Kunis served with Randy Jackson as the Master of Ceremonies for the 9th Annual ''Chrysalis Foundation Benefit''. The Chrysalis Foundation is a Los Angeles-based non-profit organization formed to help economically disadvantaged and homeless individuals to become self-sufficient through employment opportunities.

In 2011, Kunis graced the cover of the February issue of ''Cosmopolitan'' and the March issue of W magazine. In support of her film ''Friends with Benefits'' she landed on the cover of ''Elle magazine'' and ''GQ magazine''.

Christian Dior signed Kunis in 2012 to be the face of its Spring fashion campaign and she made the cover of the April issue of ''Harper's Bazaar''.

Personal life [link]

Kunis began dating actor Macaulay Culkin in 2002. At one time there were rumors of the couple getting married, but Kunis denied them, saying: }}

In an interview with ''BlackBook Magazine'' Kunis stated that marriage is "not something that's important to me". Kunis said she tried her best to protect her and Culkin's privacy, noting that "We don't talk about it to the press. It's already more high profile than I want it to be." When questioned if it was difficult to stay out of the tabloids and press, Kunis responded: "I keep my personal life as personal as I physically, mentally, possibly can." Asked if that is difficult she said, "I don't care. I will go to my grave trying. It is hard, but I'll end up going to a bar that's a hole in the wall. I won't go to the "it's-happening" place." On January 3, 2011, Kunis' publicist confirmed reports that Kunis and Culkin had ended their relationship, saying "The split was amicable, and they remain close friends".

She has identified herself in interviews as a fan of the online computer game ''World of Warcraft'' and has received a certain amount of attention from the game's fan community as a result. She has not released what server she is in but says she is with her close friends in the Alliance. In a 2008 interview with Jimmy Kimmel, she stated she had not used voice chat in the game since another player recognized her voice. Although Kunis has described herself as a "computer nerd", she does not have a Myspace, Facebook or Twitter account. Kunis discussed her desire for privacy: "Why would I want to share my life with the world when it's being shared already, without my consent? The only problem with not having an account is that there are fake accounts, pretending to quote me. But what am I going to tweet about?"

Kunis enjoys traveling, and often goes on trips with her older brother, Michael. She and Michael have explored countries such as Fiji and Korea. "I like the way he travels," she explains. "He grabs a map, says, 'Let's walk,' and makes you explore."

In January 2011, she revealed her struggle with an eye condition called chronic iritis that had caused blindness in one eye. However, a couple of months earlier she had surgery that corrected the problem. Kunis also has the condition heterochromia iridum, where the irises have different colors. One eye is brown, and the other is green.

In November 2011, Kunis was escorted by Sgt. Scott Moore to a United States Marine Corps Ball in Greenville, North Carolina. Kunis had accepted Moore's invitation in July after he posted it as a YouTube video while serving with the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment, in Afghanistan's Helmand province. The event celebrated the Marine Corps' 236th anniversary.

Filmography [link]

+ Film
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1995	''Make a Wish, Molly''	Melinda
1995		Susie Grogan	Television movie
1996	''Santa with Muscles''	Sarah
1997	''Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves''	Jill, Party Guest	Direct-to-video
1998	''Gia''	Gia at Age 11	Television movie
1998	''Krippendorf's Tribe''	Abbey Tournquist
1998	''Milo''	Martice	Uncredited
2001		Basin
2002	''American Psycho 2''	Rachael	Direct-to-DVD
2004	''Tony n' Tina's Wedding''	Tina
2005	''Tom 51''	Little Boy Matson	Also known as ''Tom Cool''
2005	''Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story''	Meg Griffin (Voice)	Direct-to-DVD
2007		Nikki
2007	''Moving McAllister''	Michelle
2007		Sophie
2008	''Forgetting Sarah Marshall''	Rachel Jansen
2008		Mona Sax
2009		Cindy
2010	''''	Solara
2010	''Date Night''	Whippit
2010		Lily
2011		Jamie
2012		Lori	post-production
2013	''Oz: The Great and Powerful''	Theodora	post-production
2013			filming

+ Television
! Year	! Title	! Role	Notes
1994–1995	''Baywatch''	AnneBonnie	Episodes: "List of Baywatch episodes#Season 5 (1994-1995)
1995	''''	Lucy	1 episode
1995		Devon	1 episode
1996	''[[Unhappily Ever After''	Chloe	1 episode
1996–1997	''Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher''	Anna-Maria Del Bono	5 episodes
1996–1997	''7th Heaven''	Ashley	4 episodes
1997	''Walker, Texas Ranger''	Pepper
1998	''Pensacola: Wings of Gold''	Jessie Kerwood	1 episode
1998–2006	''That '70s Show''	Jackie Burkhart	200 episodes
2002		Taylor Vaughn	2 episodes
2002	''MADtv''	Daisy	1 episode
2004	''Grounded for Life''	Lana	Episodes: "List of Grounded for Life episodes#Season 4: 2003-2004
2000–present	''[[Family Guy''	Meg Griffin (Voice)	155 episodes
2005–present	''Robot Chicken''	Various (Voice)	13 episodes
2009	''''	Meg Griffin (Voice)
2011	''Sesame Street''	Herself	Episode: "The Good Bird's Club"
2011		Herself (Voice)	Episode: "Red Tuxedo"

+ Music videos
! Year	! Title	! Artist
1999	''In The Street''	Cheap Trick
2000	''''
2001	''Rock and Roll All Nite''
2001		Aerosmith
2003	''''	The Strokes
2008	LA Girls	Mams Taylor feat. Joel Madden

+ Video games
! Year	! Title	! Role
2006		Tanya Winters (Voice)
2006	''Family Guy Video Game!''	Meg Griffin (Voice)

Awards and nominations [link]

! Year	! Award	! Category	! Title of work	! Result
1999	Young Artist Award	Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble	''That '70s Show''
1999	YoungStar Award	Best Performance by a Young Actress in a Comedy TV Series	''That '70s Show''
2000		TV – Choice Actress	''That '70s Show''
2000	Young Artist Award	Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble	''That '70s Show''
2000	YoungStar Award	Best Young Actress/Performance in a Comedy TV Series	''That '70s Show''
2001	Teen Choice Award	TV – Choice Actress	''That '70s Show''
2001	Young Artist Award	Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series – Leading Young Actress	''That '70s Show''
2002	Teen Choice Award	TV – Choice Actress	''That '70s Show''
2002	Young Hollywood Award	One to Watch – Female	''That '70s Show''
2003	Teen Choice Award	Choice TV Actress – Comedy	''That '70s Show''
2004	Teen Choice Award	Choice TV Actress – Comedy	''That '70s Show''
2005	Teen Choice Award	Choice – TV Actress: Comedy	''That '70s Show''
2006	Teen Choice Award	TV – Choice Actress: Comedy	''That '70s Show''
2007	Annie Award	Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production	''Family Guy''
2008	Teen Choice Award	Choice Movie Breakout Female	''Forgetting Sarah Marshall''
2009	Guys Choice Awards	Hottest Mila	N/A
2009	Teen Choice Award	Choice Movie Actress: Action Adventure
2010	Teen Choice Award	Choice Movie Actress: Action Adventure	''The Book of Eli''
2010	Scream Awards	Best Science Fiction Actress	''The Book of Eli''
2010		Marcello Mastroianni Award for Best Young Actress
2010	68th Golden Globe Awards		''Black Swan''
2010	Screen Actors Guild Awards		''Black Swan''
2010	Screen Actors Guild Awards		''Black Swan''
2010	Broadcast Film Critics Association		''Black Swan''
2010	Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association		''Black Swan''
2010	Oklahoma Film Critics Circle		''Black Swan''
2010	Las Vegas Film Critics Society		''Black Swan''
2010	Utah Film Critics Association		''Black Swan''
2010	Online Film Critics Society		''Black Swan''
2011	Saturn Awards		''Black Swan''
2011	MTV Movie Awards		''Black Swan''
2011	Guys Choice Awards	Holy Grail of Hot	N/A
2011	Guys Choice Awards	Best Girl On Girl Scene (with Natalie Portman)	''Black Swan''
2011	Teen Choice Award	Choice Movie: Liplock (with Natalie Portman)	''Black Swan''
2011	Teen Choice Award	Choice Movie: Female Scene Stealer	''Black Swan''
2011	Teen Choice Award	Choice Female Hottie	N/A
2011	Teen Choice Award	Choice Summer Movie Star: Female
2011	Scream Awards	Best Supporting Actress	''Black Swan''
2012	People's Choice Awards	Favorite Comedic Movie Actress	''Friends with Benefits''

References [link]

External links [link]

Category:1983 births Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American child actors Category:American film actors Category:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent Category:American television actors Category:American voice actors Category:Bukovina Jews Category:Jewish actors Category:Living people Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States Category:People from Chernivtsi Category:Saturn Award winners Category:Soviet emigrants to the United States Category:Ukrainian emigrants to the United States Category:Ukrainian film actors Category:Ukrainian television actors Category:Ukrainian voice actors

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