Tamra Keenan is a female artist and songwriter from Ireland. She has worked with dance music stars, and is the voice behind Kaskade's hit ‘Angel on my Shoulder,’ and David Morales' 2005 number one Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play track "Here I Am".

Biography

Keenan has written hits for Kaskade, David Morales, EDX, Paul Oakenfold, Starkillers, BT, Gabriel and Dresden, Beber and Tamra, and Future funk squad. Her tracks have topped the Dance Billboard Chart, the Beatport house chart, and have featured in box office hits and prime time US TV. Keenan has toured alongside Uncle, Fatboy slim, Hybrid, Trente Moller, Orbital, The Prodigy and Kaskade. She has played sell-out shows in Hong Kong, Brazil, Las Vegas, Chicago, Miami, NYC

History

Keenan first gained mainstream attention as part of break beats duo Beber & Tamra. The duo’s critically acclaimed first single ‘Travelling On’ was released on Mob records and quickly became Single of the Week on Radio 1 and the NME. The track was a huge success for the duo, reaching No. 1 in The Beats chart and remaining in the Top 10 for several months. More success followed followed with single ‘You Wonder’, with the track being crowned Single of the Week in Mixmag, DJ, M8 and Ministry. The duo’s debut album ‘Suite Beat Boy’ saw them grace the cover of DJ Mag with featured articles and album of the month in The Face, NME, Mixmag and M8. The duo also collaborated with the legendary dance producer and film composer BT a.k.a. Brian Transeau, on the track ‘Love in a time of Thieves’. BT has produced and written for the likes of N Sync, Britney Spears, Sting, Tori Amos and Tiesto. As a film composer he has worked on films such as ''The Fast and the Furious'' and ''Monster''.

Keenan went onto join electro band Future Funk Squad, writing Radio 1 featured singles ‘Demystified’ and ‘Kissing Air’ on their album ‘Audio Damage.’ During their time together, Keenan and the FFS played to crowds of up to 30,000 fans in London, Romania, Budapest, Berlin, Spain, and Shaghai!

Keenan crossing the pond to New York to work with Grammy-winning house music DJ and producer David Morales on his second artist album. ‘Two Worlds Collide’ was born and became the title track for Morales’ album. Keenan recorded the track ‘You Came’ with Morales , and the US hit ‘Here I Am,’ which reached No. 1 on the Dance Billboard Chart. After a remix by house DJ Kaskade it was featured in the 2006 movie ''The Devil Wears Prada'' and the 2009 CBS television series ''The Beautiful Life: TBL''.

Keenan then took a break to work on solo material, touring with her band and headlining the main stage of ‘The Beautiful Days’ festival in the UK alongside The Stranglers and Alabama 3. Tamra is one of the few artists who can boast of performing at Glastonbury five years in a row.

Keenan went onto team up with America’s No. 1 DJ Kaskade in San Francisco to work on his album ‘Strobelite Seduction’, writing Beatport’s No.1 house track ‘Angel on My Shoulder’ and ‘Your Love is Black’. ‘Angel On My shoulder’ was a massive hit in club land and mainstream radio. Tamra also spent some time in LA working with Nick Terranova AKA ‘Starkillers,’ writing and recording material for his debut solo album ‘What You Need,’ including tracks ‘Heartbleed’ and ‘Underground.’

Tamra has been touring America and South America, working with Bad Boy Bill, JJ flores, David Morales, and Cedric Gervias. She has new singles with EDX, Those Usual Suspects, Stephan Evans, young LA based fresher David Dann, and Steve Smooth. Tamra is also working on some 'heart and soul' material, and has written for Decca Record's UK new signing Kristyna Myles, penning three songs for her debut album. Tamra is also writing from 'one-to-watch' Bo Saris from The Netherlands.

Discography

Traveling On, Beber and Tamra - 2001

Traveling on, Beber and Tamra (gabriel and Dresden mix) - 2001

Towards the sun, future funk squad - 2005

Kissing air, future funk squad - 2004

Demystified, future funk squad - 2004

Love in a time of thieves, BT, Beber & Tamra

Here I am, David Morales feat Tamra Keenan - 2005

You came, David Morales Feat Tamra Keenan - 2004

2 worlds collide, David Morales feat Tamra Keenan - 2004

Beber and Tamra album, suite beat boy - 2002

Angel on my shoulder, Kaskade feat Tamra keenan - 2008

Your love is black, Kaskade feat Tamra keenan - 2008

I Don't Belong Here, David Morales/Kaskade/feat Tamra keenan - 2010

Heartbleed, Nick terranova feat Tamra Keenan

Underground, nick terranova feat Tamra Keenan

Body and Soul, Nick terranova feat Tamra Keenan

Calling, Nick Terranova feat Tamra Keenan

Moments, Nick terranova feat Tamra Keenan

Why, Nick terranova feat Tamra Keenan

Days, Nick Terranova/Austi Leeds feat Tamra Keenan

Out of The Rain, EDX Feat Tamra Keenan - 2010

You Take Me Here, Steve Smooth Feat Tamra Keenan - 2011

Warrior Warrior EDX feat Tamra Keenan - 2011

Knowing You, Sergio Galoyan feat Tamra Keenan - 2011

See also

Tamra on MySpace

List of number-one dance hits (United States)

List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

Category:American house musicians Category:American female singers Category:Living people

:''For other uses, see Tamra (disambiguation)

Name	Tamra
Imgsize	300px
Hebname
Iso	Ṭámra, Támra
Arname	طمرة
Meaning	"Date Palm"
Type	city
Typefrom	1996
District	north
Population	27,300
Popyear	2007
Area dunam	29259
Mayor	}}

Tamra (, or ) is an Israeli Arab city in the North District of Israel located in the Lower Galilee north of the city of Shefa-'Amr and approximately east of Akko (Acre). The name Tamra means date palm in Arabic. It is a common city name throughout the Arab world.

History

Tamra was captured by Israeli forces from the Arab Liberation Army and the Syrian Army in 1948 Arab-Israeli War as a part of Operation Dekel. The city grew rapidly in the period of Israel's first years as a nation due to the influx of Palestinian refugees from destroyed nearby villages such as al-Birwa or al-Damun. Large percantages of the city's farming land was confiscated by Israeli authorities and allocated to farming cooperatives and nearby Jewish settlement towns such as Mitzpe Aviv. Tamra achieved local council status in 1956 and was declared a city in 1996.

Demographics

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), at the end of 2007 the city had a total population of 27,300. In 2001, the ethnic makeup of the city was almost entirely Arab (99.6% Muslim), with no significant Jewish population. See Population groups in Israel.

According to CBS, in 2001 there were 11,900 males and 11,400 females. The population of the city was spread out with 48.5% 19 years of age or younger, 18.0% between 20 and 29, 19.7% between 30 and 44, 9.0% from 45 to 59, 1.6% from 60 to 64, and 3.0% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 3.3% and 2005 had dropped to 2.5%.

Income

According to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 3,908 salaried workers and 375 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker in the city is ILS 2,887, a real change of -2.2% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 3,358 (no real change) versus ILS 1,977 for females (a real change of -7.6%). The mean income for the self-employed is 4,763. There are 445 people who receive unemployment benefits and 5,290 people who receive an income guarantee.

Education

According to CBS, there are 13 schools and 5,779 students in the city. They are spread out as 9 elementary schools and 4000 elementary school students, and 2 high schools and 2,324 high school students. 54.6% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.

Sports

The city's main football team, Hapoel Bnei Tamra currently play in Liga Artzit, the third tier of Israeli football, having been promoted from Liga Alef in 2006. Minor clubs Hapoel Tamra and Maccabi Tamra play in Liga Bet, the fifth tier.

See also

List of Arab localities in Israel

References

Municipality of Tamra (Israel) Flags of the World

The Condition of the Palestinian Minority Exposed By New Book Reilly Vinall

External links

Susan Nathan: An Israeli Jew in a Muslim town

Welcome To Tamra

* Category:Cities in Israel Category:Arab localities in Israel

ar:طمرة cs:Tamra de:Tamra es:Tamra (Israel) it:Tamra he:טמרה ka:ტამრა nl:Tamra no:Tamra pl:Tamra pt:Tamra ru:Тамра sco:Tamra tl:Tamra yi:טמרה

name	David Morales
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth date	August 21, 1961
origin	Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States
genre	House
occupation	Producer, Disc Jockey
years active	1987–present
label	Mercury (1993) Manifesto (1998) Ultra (2004-present)
associated acts	The Bad Yard Club
website	http://www.djdavidmorales.com/
notable instruments	}}

David Morales (born 21 August 1961) is an internationally acclaimed Grammy-winning house music DJ and producer. In addition to his production and DJ work, Morales is one of the most prolific remixers of all time, transforming many pop music songs into club-friendly dance tracks. Born in New York City, he is of Puerto Rican ancestry.

Career

Record producer

Morales' work as a house music producer began in 1993, with a full 11-track album entitled ''The Program'', released under the Phonogram Records label. "Gimme Luv (Eenie Meenie Miny Mo)" was the most successful single to be lifted from the debut LP and was a major dance hit - spending two weeks on top of the Billboard dance chart in August 1993. After his debut release, Morales produced few original records, focusing instead on carving out his career as one of the first true "superstar" DJs and as a prolific remixer, working with some of the biggest names in music. In 1998, under the pseudonym ''David Morales presents The Face'' he released his biggest hit to date, "Needin' U". Featuring samples from The Chi-Lites' "My First Mistake" and Rare Pleasure's "Let Me Down Easy", the record became an overnight classic and introduced Morales into mainstream airplay.

Following up this success, in 2000 Morales offered up another overnight hit, "Higher", co-produced by Albert Cabrera, with vocals by Deanna Della Cioppa, and released under the pseuodonym ''David Morales & Albert Cabrera present Moca''. In November 2004, after an interval of 11 years, Morales released his second album, ''2 Worlds Collide'', a 10-track album released on Ministry of Sound's record label, Data Records. The album is reminiscent of earlier house music mixed with current and progressive sounds. The release contained another big hit for Morales titled "How Would U Feel" which features vocals from Lea-Lorien. In addition to his work as a record producer, Morales is also part of the Def Mix collective, alongside long term partners Frankie Knuckles and Satoshi Tomiie, who produce both original productions and remixes.

Remixer

Since 1986, Morales has also carved out a career as arguably one of the most in-demand remixers of the post-house era. He has worked with a large assortment of successful and famous artists, including Madonna, Kylie Minogue, Whitney Houston, Pet Shop Boys, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, U2, Luther Vandross, Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross, Jocelyn Brown, CeCe Rogers, the Spice Girls, and many others.

His first reworking of a Carey record was "Dreamlover" (1993) Morales worked with Carey at almost every stage of her career following "Dreamlover", re-working the songs "Fantasy" (1995), "Always Be My Baby" (1996), "Honey" (1997), "My All" (1998), "I Still Believe" (1999), "It's like That" (2005) and "Say Somethin'" (2006) into number-one hits on ''Billboard'''s Hot Dance Club Play chart in the U.S.

Morales was awarded the 1998 Grammy Award for Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical.

Superstar DJ

David Morales is considered by many to be one of the first so-called superstar DJs. Larry Levan was the first to recognise the potential for success in Morales, and he was soon a popular regular at The Loft, Paradise Garage and The Sound Factory - all highly influential New York City nightclubs in the late 1980s and early 1990s. His remix and production work helped him expand his DJ career, allowing him to perform at major clubs around the globe including the Ministry of Sound in London. He also became one of Ibiza's most renowned DJs, appearing at venues such as Pacha.

In addition to his nightclub sets, Morales also contributed to a large number of radio mix shows throughout the 1990s, the most important being Hot 97's popular segment All-Night House Party. He also produced various DJ mixes for radio stations around the world, including London's KISS 100. Morales also contributed his DJ skills to a variety of compilations including Ministry of Sound's ''Sessions Seven'', ''United DJs of America Volume 4'' (a joint project with Def Mix partner Frankie Knuckles) and most recently with the retrospective collection ''Mix The Vibe: Past-Present-Future''.

Besides his music career, Morales owned a nightclub called the Stereo nightclub located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Serving also as the club's resident DJ , he was well known for his sets including his 16-hour "La Vie en Stereo" sets, which occurred on the last Saturday of each month. Stereo nightclub closed in July 2008 after a fire but repopened with different owners in September 2009. David Morales returned to Stereo as a DJ in January 2011. In April 2006, he opened a short-lived nightclub called Sonic in Toronto, however due to unknown reasons, the club officially closed on March 10, 2007.

David Morales has also been involved in other projects unrelated to his music career. He is also credited for laying the groundwork and initial sketches that led to the design of Comic Sans. In addition to his music career, he has served as a model for Italian clothing design house Iceberg.

Discography

Albums

1993: ''The Program''

2004: ''2 Worlds Collide''

Mixed compilations

1994: ''United DJs of America, Vol. 4''

1997: ''Ministry of Sound: Sessions Seven''

2003: ''Mix The Vibe: Past-Present-Future''

Singles

David Morales

2001 "Winners", with Jocelyn Brown

2003 "Make It Hot", with DJ Pierre

2004 "How Would U Feel", with Lea-Lorién

2005 "Feels Good", with Angela Hunte

2005 "Here I Am", with Tamra Keenan

2006 "Better That U Leave", with Lea-Lorien

2006 "How Would U Feel '06", with Lea-Lorien

The Bad Yard Club

: ''all are collaborations with Sly Dunbar and Handel Tucker''

1993 "Gimme Luv (Eenie Meeny Miny Mo)", with Papa San

1993 "Sunshine", with Stanryck

1993 "The Program", with Papa San

1994 "In De Ghetto", with Delta Bennett

1996 "In De Ghetto '96", with Crystal Waters and Delta Bennett

Other aliases

1987 "Do It Properly" (as ''2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman and a Dominican'', with Ralphi Rosario and Clivilles & Cole)

1989 "Scandalous", (as ''2 Puerto Ricans, a Blackman and a Dominican'', with Ralphi Rosario and Clivilles & Cole)

1994 "Congo" (as ''The Boss'')

1995 "Philadelphia", (as ''Brooklyn Friends'')

1998 "Needin' U", (as ''David Morales presents The Face'')

2000 "Higher", (as ''Moca'', with Albert Cabrera and Deanna Della Cioppa'')

2001 "Needin' U II", (as ''David Morales presents The Face'', with Juliet Roberts)

2002 "Siren Of Love", (as ''928'')

2006 "Play", (as ''Brooklyn Friends'')

2006 "Keep It Coming", (as ''The Face'', with Nicki Richards)

Selected remixes

2 in a Room - "Wiggle It"

Alison Limerick - "Where Love Lives"

Ace of Base - "Living in Danger"

The Adventures of Stevie V - "Dirty Cash (Money Talks)"

Alexander O'Neal - "What Is This Thing Called Love?"

Annie Lennox - "Walking on Broken Glass"

Aretha Franklin - "A Deeper Love"

Basement Jaxx - "Bingo Bango"

Betty Boo - "Catch Me"

Björk - "Big Time Sensuality"

Black Sheep - "Strobelite Honey"

Brandon Flowers - "Crossfire"

Britney Spears - "Circus"

The Brand New Heavies - "Never Stop"

Burak Kut - "Derdim Var" (Translated: Deep Inside)

CeCe Peniston - "Finally"

CeCe Rogers - "All Join Hands"

Cerrone - "Love In C Minor"

Chaka Khan - "Life is a Dance"

The Chimes - "1-2-3"

Deborah Cox - "It Could've Been You"

Deborah Cox - "Who Do U Love"

De La Soul - "A Roller Skating Jam Named Saturdays"

Diana Ross - "Upside Down"

Doop - "Doop"

Electribe 101 - "You're Walking"

Enrique Iglesias - "Rhythm Divine"

Eve Gallagher - "Love Come Down"

Frankie Knuckles - "Rain Falls"

Gloria Estefan - "Turn The Beat Around"

Heavy D & The Boyz - "Now That We Found Love"

Incognito - "Always There"

India - "Right From The Start"

Inner City - "Watcha Gonna Do With My Lovin'"

Jamiroquai - "Cosmic Girl"

Jamiroquai - "Space Cowboy"

Janet Jackson - "Because of Love"

Janet Jackson - "When I Think of You" (1995 Remixes)

Jaydee - "Plastic Dreams" (1997 Remixes)

Jennifer Paige - "Crush"

Jody Watley - "I'm The One You Need"

Juliet Roberts - "Free Love"

Kelis - "Get Along With You"

Kym Mazelle - "Useless"

Lara Fabian - "I Will Love Again"

Lisa Stansfield - "What Did I Do To You?"

Lisa Fischer - "Save Me"

Loose Ends - "Love's Got Me"

Lucrezia - "Live To Tell"

Luther Vandross - "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now"

Luther Vandross & Janet Jackson - "The Best Things in Life Are Free"

M People - "One Night in Heaven"

Madonna - "Deeper and Deeper"

Madonna - "Human Nature"

Mariah Carey - "Always Be My Baby"

Mariah Carey - "Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)"

Mariah Carey - "Dreamlover"

Mariah Carey - "Fantasy"

Mariah Carey - "Fly Away (Butterfly Reprise)"

Mariah Carey - "Honey"

Mariah Carey - "I Still Believe"

Mariah Carey - "It's Like That"

Mariah Carey - "Joy To The World"

Mariah Carey - "Loverboy"

Mariah Carey - "My All"

Mariah Carey - "Say Somethin"

Mariah Carey - "The Roof (Back In Time)"

Mariah Carey - "Touch My Body"

Mariah Carey - "Oh Santa!"

Masters At Work - "I Can't Get No Sleep '95"

Michael Jackson featuring Janet Jackson - "Scream"

Michael Jackson - "This Time Around"

Michael Jackson - "Thriller"

Neneh Cherry - "Kisses on the Wind"

P. M. Dawn - "Gotta Be...Movin' On Up"

Pet Shop Boys - "How can you expect to be taken seriously?"

Pet Shop Boys - "I Don't Know What You Want But I Can't Give It Any More"

Pet Shop Boys - "New York City Boy"

Pet Shop Boys - "So Hard"

Pet Shop Boys - "Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)"

Reese - "You're Mine"

Robert Owens - "I'll Be Your Friend"

Robin S. - "I Wanna Thank Ya"

Sandy B. - "Feel Like Singin'"

Seal - "Newborn Friend"

Selena - "I'm Getting Used To You"

Sheena Easton - "101"

Soul Shaker featuring CeCe Peniston - Shame, Shame, Shame

Spice Girls - "Spice Up Your Life

Spice Girls - "Stop"

Spice Girls - "Who Do You Think You Are"

Suzanne Palmer - "Luv 2 Luv"

Technotronic - "Get Up!"

Technotronic - "Pump Up The Jam"

U2 - "Discotheque"

U2 - "Lemon"

Ultra Naté - "New Kind of Medicine"

Whigfield - "Think Of You"

Whigfield - "Sexy Eyes"

Whitney Houston - "Love Will Save the Day" ''(remixed by David Morales & John "Jellybean" Benitez)

Whitney Houston - "So Emotional"

See also

List of Puerto Ricans

List of number-one dance hits (United States)

List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart

Notes

External links

Official Web site

Official 'Def Mix' Web site

David Morales on Facebook

David Morales on Twitter

David Morales on YouTube

David Morales on soundcloud.com

David Morales on MySpace

David Morales on iLike

David Morales on Last.fm

David Morales' on Discogs

David Morales on the Internet Movie Database

Spirit of House Interview with David Morales

Interview with ''DJ Times'', 2005

Category:1961 births Category:American dance musicians Category:American electronic musicians Category:American house musicians Category:American record producers Category:Club DJs Category:American DJs Category:Grammy Award winners Category:Hispanic and Latino American people Category:Living people Category:Musicians from New York City Category:New York City nightlife Category:American people of Puerto Rican descent Category:Remixers

bg:Дейвид Моралес de:David Morales fr:David Morales it:David Morales pt:David Morales ru:Моралес, Дэвид sl:David Morales th:เดวิด มอราเลส

name	The Edge
background	solo_singer
birth name	David Howell Evans
birth date	August 08, 1961
Birth place	Barking, Essex, England, United Kingdom
origin	County Dublin, Ireland
instrument	Guitar, vocals, keyboards, piano, bass guitar
genre	Rock, post-punk, alternative rock
occupation	Musician, songwriter, activist
years active	1976–present
label	Island, Mercury
associated acts	U2, Passengers
website
notable instruments	Gibson ExplorerFender StratocasterGibson Les PaulFender TelecasterGretsch Country GentlemanGretsch White FalconRickenbacker 330/12 }}

David Howell Evans (born 8 August 1961), more widely known by his stage name The Edge (or just Edge), is a musician best known as the guitarist, backing vocalist, and keyboardist of the Irish rock band U2. A member of the group since its inception, he has recorded 12 studio albums with the band and has released one solo record. As a guitarist, The Edge has crafted a minimalistic and textural style of playing. His use of a rhythmic delay effect yields a distinctive ambient, chiming sound that has become a signature of U2's music.

The Edge was born in England to a Welsh family, but was raised in Ireland after moving there as an infant. In 1976, at Mount Temple Comprehensive School, he formed U2 with his fellow students and his older brother Dik. Inspired by the ethos of punk rock and its basic arrangements, the group began to write its own material. They eventually became one of the most popular acts in popular music, with successful albums such as 1987's ''The Joshua Tree'' and 1991's ''Achtung Baby''. Over the years, The Edge has experimented with various guitar effects and introduced influences from several genres of music into his own style, including American roots music, industrial music, and alternative rock. With U2, The Edge has also played keyboards, co-produced their 1993 record ''Zooropa'', and occasionally contributed lyrics. The Edge met his second and current wife, Morleigh Steinberg, through her collaborations with the band.

As a member of U2 and as an individual, The Edge has campaigned for human rights and philanthropic causes. He co-founded Music Rising, a charity to support musicians affected by Hurricane Katrina. He has collaborated with U2 bandmate Bono on several projects, including songs for Roy Orbison and Tina Turner, and the soundtracks to the musical ''Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark'' and the Royal Shakespeare Company's London stage adaptation of ''A Clockwork Orange''. In 2011, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine placed him at number 38 on its list of "The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

Personal life

David Howell Evans was born at the Barking Maternity Hospital, Essex, England to Welsh parents Garvin and Gwenda Evans. When he was one, his family moved to County Dublin, Ireland where he attended St Andrew's National School. He received piano and guitar lessons and often performed with his brother Dik Evans before they both answered an advertisement posted by Larry Mullen, Jr. at their school, Mount Temple Comprehensive School, seeking musicians to form a band. The band accepted both of them. This band went through several incarnations before emerging as U2 in March 1978 (Dik Evans left the band just before the name change). U2 began performing in various venues in Ireland and eventually began developing a following. Their debut album, ''Boy'', was released in 1980.

In 1981, leading up to the October tour, Evans came very close to leaving U2 for religious reasons, but he decided to stay. During this period, he became involved with a group called Shalom Tigers, in which bandmates Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. were also involved. Shortly after deciding to remain with the band, he wrote a piece of music that later became "Sunday Bloody Sunday". The Edge married his high school girlfriend Aislinn O'Sullivan on 12 July 1983. The couple had three daughters together: Hollie in 1984, Arran in 1985 and Blue Angel in 1989. The couple separated in 1990, but were unable to get officially divorced because of Irish laws regarding marriage annulment; divorce was legalised in 1995 and the couple were legally divorced in 1996.

In 1993, The Edge began dating Morleigh Steinberg, a professional dancer and choreographer employed by the band as a belly dancer during the Zoo TV Tour. They had a daughter, Sian (born 1997), and a son, Levi (born 25 October 1999), before marrying on 22 June 2002. He appeared in the 2009 music documentary film ''It Might Get Loud''. The Edge has been criticized for his efforts to build five luxury mansions on a 156 acre plot of land in Malibu, California. The California Coastal Commission voted 8-4 against the plans, with the project described by the commission's executive director, Peter Douglas, as "In 38 years...one of the three worst projects that I've seen in terms of environmental devastation...It's a contradiction in terms – you can't be serious about being an environmentalist and pick this location." The Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy agreed to remain neutral on the issue following a $1 million donation from The Edge and a commitment from The Edge to designate 100 acres of the land as open space for public footpaths.

Music style

Guitar playing

As a guitar player, The Edge has a sound typified by a low-key playing style, a chiming, shimmering sound (thanks in part to the sound of VOX AC-30s) that he achieves with extensive use of delay effects and reverb. The feedback delay is often set to a dotted eighth note (3/16 of a measure), and the feedback gain is adjusted until a note played repeats two or three times.

On 1987's ''The Joshua Tree'', The Edge often contributes just a few simple lead lines given depth and richness by an ever-present delay. For example, the introduction to "Where the Streets Have No Name" is simply a repeated six-note arpeggio, broadened by a modulated delay effect. The Edge has said that he views musical notes as "expensive", in that he prefers to play as few notes as possible. He said in 1982 of his style,

"I like a nice ringing sound on guitar, and most of my chords I find two strings and make them ring the same note, so it's almost like a 12-string sound. So for E I might play a B, E, E and B and make it ring. It works very well with the Gibson Explorer. It's funny because the bass end of the Explorer was so awful that I used to stay away from the low strings, and a lot of the chords I played were very trebly, on the first four, or even three strings. I discovered that through using this one area of the fretboard I was developing a very stylized way of doing something that someone else would play in a normal way."

Many different influences have shaped The Edge's guitar technique. His first guitar was an old acoustic guitar that his mother bought him at a local flea market for only a few pounds; he was nine at the time. He and his brother Dik Evans both experimented with this instrument. He said in 1982 of this early experimentation, "I suppose the first link in the chain was a visit to the local jumble sale where I purchased a guitar for a pound. That was my first instrument. It was an acoustic guitar and me and my elder brother Dik both played it, plonking away, all very rudimentary stuff, open chords and all that." The Edge has stated that many of his guitar parts are based around guitar effects. This is especially true from the ''Achtung Baby'' era onwards, although much of the band's 1980s material made heavy use of echos.

Vocals

The Edge also supplies the backing vocals for U2. U2's 1983 live album and video release, ''Under a Blood Red Sky'' and ''Live at Red Rocks: Under a Blood Red Sky'' are good reference points for his singing (as are the live DVDs from the Elevation Tour, ''U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle'' and ''Elevation 2001: Live from Boston''). For example, he sings the chorus to "Sunday Bloody Sunday" (Bono harmonizes on the final 'Sunday'). U2 used this tradeoff technique later in "Bullet the Blue Sky" as well. His backing vocals are sometimes in the form of a repeated cry; examples of songs that use this approach include "Beautiful Day", "New Year's Day" and "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)". Another technique he uses in his backing vocals is the falsetto, in songs such as "Stuck in a Moment You Can't Get Out Of", "Sometimes You Can't Make It on Your Own", "A Man and a Woman", "The Wanderer", live versions of "The Fly", and "Window in the Skies".

The Edge sings the lead vocal on "Van Diemen's Land" and "Numb", the first half of the song "Seconds", dual vocals with Bono in "Discotheque", and the bridge in the song "Miracle Drug". He also sings the occasional lead vocal in live renditions of other songs (such as "Sunday Bloody Sunday" during the PopMart Tour and "Party Girl" during the Rotterdam Zoo TV show when it was Bono's birthday). He also plays a solo acoustic version of the song "Love is Blindness" that is featured in the documentary film ''From the Sky Down''.

Other instruments

He has played piano and keyboards on many of the band's songs, including "I Fall Down", "October", "So Cruel", "New Year's Day", "Running to Stand Still", "Miss Sarajevo", "The Hands that Built America", and "Original of the Species" and others. He plays the organ on "Please". In live versions of "New Year's Day", "The Unforgettable Fire", "Your Blue Room", and "Moment of Surrender", he plays both the piano and guitar parts alternately. In most live versions of "Original of the Species," piano is the only instrument played during the song. Although The Edge is the band's lead guitarist, he occasionally plays bass guitar, including the live performances of the song "40" where The Edge and bassist Adam Clayton switch instruments.

Solo recordings

In addition to his regular role within U2, The Edge has also recorded with such artists as Johnny Cash, B. B. King, Tina Turner, Ronnie Wood, Jay-Z, and Rihanna. The Edge connected with Brian Eno and Lanois collaborator Michael Brook (the creator of the infinite guitar, which he regularly uses), working with him on the score to the film ''Captive'' (1986). From this soundtrack the song "Heroine", the vocal of which was sung by a young Sinéad O'Connor was released as a single.

He also created the theme song for season one and two of ''The Batman''. He and fellow U2 member, Bono, wrote the lyrics to the theme of the 1995 James Bond film ''GoldenEye''. The Edge, along with fellow bandmate Bono, recently composed a musical adaptation of Spider-Man. On May 25, 2011, a single titled ''Rise Above 1: Reeve Carney Featuring Bono and The Edge'' was released digitally. The music video was released on July 28, 2011.

Musical equipment

The Edge plays electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, piano, bass guitar (on "40" and "Race Against Time") and lap steel guitar. Compared to many lead guitarists, The Edge is known for using many more guitars during a show. According to his guitar tech Dallas Schoo, a typical lead guitarist uses four or five different guitars in one night, whereas The Edge takes 45 on the road, and uses 17 to 19 in one 2.5-hour concert. He is estimated to have more than 200 guitars in the studio.

Philanthropy

In 2005, The Edge along with Bob Ezrin and Henry Juszkiewicz co-founded Music Rising, a charity that helped provide replacement instruments for those that were lost in Hurricane Katrina. The instruments were originally only replaced for professional musicians but they soon realized the community churches and schools needed instruments as well. The charity's slogan is "Rebuilding the Gulf Region note by note" and has so far helped over a hundred musicians who were affected by Hurricane Katrina. The Edge also serves on the board of the Angiogenesis Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to improving global health by advancing angiogenesis-based medicine, diets, and lifestyle.

See also

List of people on stamps of Ireland

Timeline of U2

References

;Footnotes

;Bibliography

External links

U2.com, official U2 site

Music Rising

The Edge – Album Credits

A Study of The Edge's Guitar Delay

The Edge: 'It's all about the vision'

Food Bank For New York City public service announcement

Comment on the mathematical analysis of The Edge's guitar sound

Category:Irish male singers Category:Irish rock guitarists Category:Irish people of Welsh descent Category:People from County Dublin Category:People from Dalkey Category:Lead guitarists Category:Slide guitarists Category:Ivor Novello Award winners Category:Golden Globe Award winning musicians Category:Backing vocalists Category:U2 members Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Pseudonymous musicians Category:Rock songwriters

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