Coordinates	58°00′″N56°19′″N
non-profit name	Sea Shepherd Conservation Society
non-profit logo	162pxLogo200pxFlag
non-profit type	501(c)(3)
founded date	1977
founder	Paul Watson
location	Friday Harbor, Washington, USA Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
area served	Global
focus	Marine conservation
method	Direct action
homepage	seashepherd.org
footnotes	}}

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS) is a non-profit, marine conservation organization based in Friday Harbor, Washington in the United States. The group uses direct action tactics to protect sealife. Sea Shepherd currently operates the vessels MY ''Steve Irwin'', the ''Bob Barker'', and the ''MV Brigitte Bardot'', and most of the group's recent activities take place in international waters. The group has a strong focus on public relations to spread their message via the media.

The organization was founded in 1977 under the name Earth Force Society by Paul Watson, an early member of Greenpeace, after a dispute with that organization over what Watson saw as its lack of more aggressive intervention. It has received support for its tactics against fishing, whaling, and seal hunting from quarters such as media personalities, while critics have called the direct action violent.

Operations have included scuttling and disabling whaling vessels at harbor, intervening in Canadian seal hunts, ramming other vessels, trying to temporarily blind or disorient whalers with a laser device, throwing bottles of foul-smelling butyric acid onto vessels at sea, boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. Sea Shepherd claims that their aggressive actions are necessary as the international community has shown itself unwilling or unable to stop species-endangering whaling and fishing practices. Some governments and organizations have referred to them as terrorists.

In 2008, Animal Planet began filming the weekly series ''Whale Wars'' based on the group's encounters with the Japanese whaling fleet in the Southern Ocean, a development which brought the group much publicity.

History

The predecessor organization of Sea Shepherd, the "Earth Force Society", was formed in 1977, after its founder, Paul Watson was ousted from the board of Greenpeace for disagreements over his direct action activism which clashed with their pacifist ethos. Watson soon left Greenpeace. Initially without funding and with only a small group of supporters, in 1978 Watson managed to convince Cleveland Amory, head of the British Fund for Animals to fund Watson's first vessel, the ''Sea Shepherd''.

The first direct action undertaken by Sea Shepherd was against Canadian seal hunting in the Gulf of St. Lawrence in March 1979. Also in 1979, the group made headlines when they rammed a whaling vessel for the first time. Such acts continued with Sea Shepherd claiming responsibility for damaging or sinking multiple whaling vessels through sabotage or ramming. The group has attempted to intervene against Russian, Spanish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Makah, Faroese, and Japanese whalers in multiple campaigns around the globe. Setting a pattern that the group would keep up in later years, the group managed to scuttle a Portuguese whaling vessel, though the first ''Sea Shepherd'' was impounded and lost. Watson says that he used the money gained from selling the story rights to fund his next vessel.

After having spent the 1980s undertaking a variety of controversial and dangerous operations in support of various marine conservation aims, in the 1990s the group has been described as having undertaken a shift in their public attitude. Having previously argued primarily from an ethical viewpoint, from the 1990s, Watson's group now also started ascribing themselves law enforcement powers, using its interpretation of maritime and conservation law, to describe themselves as an anti-poaching agency. In some cases in the 2000s, they cooperated with official government efforts against maritime poaching, such as in Costa Rican waters, though the agreements often did not last long before conflict ensued.

Starting in September 2010, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has positioned a crew in Taiji, Japan to monitor and report their annual dolphin slaughter.

Organization

Sea Shepherd is a non-government environmental organization and in the United States has a 501(c)(3) tax exempt status. About 85% of the organization's revenue is spent on its programs, while 15% of revenue is spent on administrative and fundraising costs. Sea Shepherd is supported by private and corporate donations, lectures by Paul Watson, Internet advertising, and grants. The group is operated by volunteers and a small paid staff. Watson says he is committed to keeping his organization small, and does not believe in spending money on fund-raising or recruitment..

Sea Shepherd is governed by a board of directors. Currently, there are seven directors, including Watson. The organization has several boards of advisers, each addressing a particular area of expertise. These are the Scientific, Technical, and Conservation Advisory Board, which has 13 members including Earth First! founder Dave Foreman and Horst Klienschmidt, a former (2006) Deputy Chair of the International Whaling Commission; the Financial and Management Advisory Board, with three members; the Legal and Law Enforcement Advisory Board, with four members including Ian Campbell, a former Australian Minister of the Environment and Heritage (2004–07) whom whaling groups had previously accused of having inappropriate and close ties with the organization; the Animal Welfare, Humane and Animal Rights Advisory Board, with seven members including animal rights philosopher Tom Regan; the Media and Arts Advisory Board, with 15 members including Sean Penn and Martin Sheen; and a Photography Advisory Board with two members.

Activism

Sea Shepherd engages in conventional protests and direct actions to protect marine wildlife. Sea Shepherd operations have included interdiction against commercial fishing, shark poaching and finning, seal hunting, and whaling. The group has been active in intervening against fishing and poaching in the South Pacific, the Mediterranean, and in waters around the Galapagos Islands.

According to its mission statement, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society "uses innovative direct-action tactics to investigate, document, and take action when necessary to expose and confront illegal activities on the high seas". Those actions have included scuttling and disabling commercial whaling vessels at harbor, ramming other vessels, throwing glass bottles of butyric acid on the decks of vessels at sea, boarding of whaling vessels while at sea, and seizure and destruction of drift nets at sea. As of 2009, Paul Watson has said that the organization has sunk ten whaling ships while also destroying millions of dollars worth of equipment. Their practice of attacking and sinking other ships has led to reports of injuries to other sailors as well as the Sea Shepherd crew, including concussions and complications from chemical attacks.

Watson considers the actions of Sea Shepherd to be against criminal operations and has called the group an anti-poaching organization. Critics claim that Sea Shepherd's actions constitute violations of international law, while Watson has stated that Sea Shepherd believes that their actions constitute an attempt to enforce international conservation laws and international maritime law under the World Charter for Nature adopted by the United Nations . Australia has declared Japan's hunt in the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary to be illegal, federal court judge Jim Allsop has stated "there is no practical mechanism by which orders of this court can be enforced." The lack of official enforcement mechanisms in that law prompted the Society to adopt, without official sanction, what it sees as a law enforcement mission. A 2008 academic paper by researchers at Monash University concluded that the group "may be best categorized as a vigilante group, because they say they are seeking to enforce a legal status quo because of states' and the international community's inabilities or unwillingness to do so."

Watson left Greenpeace in 1977 after being expelled from the board of directors due to his confrontational methods. Since then, Greenpeace has criticized Sea Shepherd for the group's tactics, particularly regarding its interaction with whaling ships while at sea. The rival environmental group maintains Sea Shepherd is a violent organization whose tactics may endanger the lives of fishermen and whalers. Greenpeace has called Watson a violent extremist and will no longer comment on his activities. Both groups protest the Japanese whale hunts in the Southern Ocean but Greenpeace has a policy to not assist Sea Shepherd in finding the whalers. In his 2009 book, ''Whaling in Japan'', Jun Morikawa states that Sea Shepherd's confrontational tactics have actually strengthened Japan's resolve to continue with its whaling program. According to Morikawa, Sea Shepherd's activities against Japan's whaling ships have allowed the Japanese government to rally domestic support for the program from Japanese who were otherwise ambivalent about the practice of hunting and eating whales.

Sea Shepherd has been criticized and sometimes physically attacked by people in several of the countries they protest against. In November 1988, Makah seized an inflatable boat belonging to the group and threw rocks at the Sea Shepherd's ''Sirenian'' in response to protests over their whale hunt. In March 1995, a mob of Canadian seal hunters stormed the hotel where members were staying. They fled while the mob ransacked their room. In 2005, Sea Shepherd crew were confronted by a threatening group of sealers while on the ice. In 2008, fishermen in the French islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon cut the mooring lines of the ''Farley Mowat'' after hearing Watson make disparaging comments about the deaths of four seal hunters. In February 2010, pro-whaling demonstrators gathered outside the Australian Embassy in Tokyo to protest the group. A political activist said that Sea Shepherd's actions were "absolutely racial discrimination against Japanese people." In response, Sea Shepherd stated that they also oppose whaling in the Faroe Islands, sealing in Canada, etc. In response to the events of the sinking of the ''Ady Gil'' in January 2010, Glenn Inwood, whose firm handles public relations on behalf of the Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research accused Sea Shepherd of being "hostile eco-terrorists".

Public relations

The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society has received attention from the press and been called "media savvy". The group has worked with journalists and has made statements through press releases to spread its message during various campaigns.

Watson's public relations savvy is shown in an episode of ''Whale Wars'' when he creates an international media "storm" after two crew members are detained on a Japanese whaling vessel after illegally boarding their ship. In his book, ''Earthforce!'', Watson advises readers to make up facts and figures when they need to, and to deliver them to reporters confidently. He also states that the "truth is irrelevant" due to the nature of mass media. In response to criticism that he manipulates the media, Watson has stated: "What we do is provide the media with the kind of stories they can't resist... and this is how we bring attention to what's happening to the whales, the seals, the sharks and the other marine conservation campaigns we're involved in."

Sea Shepherd has also used satellite uplinks, webcams, and internet blogging during its operations in the Southern Ocean, and has invited the media to ride along. In 2006, representatives from Seven network and ''National Geographic'' magazine, along with documentary filmmakers, accompanied the group. In a television series entitled ''Whale Wars'', Discovery Communications, Inc. documented Sea Shepherd's 2008-2009 Antarctic campaign against Japanese whalers, following events on the ''Steve Irwin''. In 2007, actor Heath Ledger conceived and directed a music video of the Modest Mouse song "King Rat", intended to raise awareness of the whale hunts taking place each year off the coast of his native Australia. Although Ledger died before the video could be completed, others finished it in his honor and debuted the video online in August 2009. Proceeds from iTunes sales of the video in its first month of release were donated to Sea Shepherd.

From the music industry, Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Leona Lewis, Rick Rubin, and the groups The Red Paintings and Gojira have financially supported Sea Shepherd.

The Lush cosmetics company joined with Sea Shepherd to raise awareness about the practice of shark finning in 2008. Lush produced 'Shark Fin Soap' (punning on 'shark fin soup'); all sale proceeds were directed to Sea Shepherd. To launch the soap and awareness campaign a performance artist suspended herself, using hooks in her flesh, in a Lush shopfront window in London.

Governmental response

In testimony on "The Threat of Eco-Terrorism" given to the a US congressional subcommittee in 2002, Sea Shepherd was the first group mentioned by an FBI official for having attacked commercial fishing operations by cutting drift nets. An earlier Canadian intelligence report on single issue terrorism" stated that "Watson and his supporters have been involved in a number of militant actions against whale hunting, driftnet fishing, seal hunting and other related issues" and mentions "activities against logging operations in Canada". The group has been accused of eco-terrorism by the Japanese government.

Sea Shepherd has based many of its operations out of Australia with foreign crew members being able to travel in and out of the country on tourist visas. Tasmanian Greens and the Greens Senator Bob Brown, have endorsed and supported the Society in various ways, including advocacy within the Australian government and public endorsement of the group. When the ''Steve Irwin'' returned to Hobart in February 2009, Australian Federal Police seized film footage and the ship's logs, reportedly prompted by complaints from Japan. Brown demanded that the Australian Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, order their immediate return, but a spokesman for the Home Affairs Minister said it was a federal police matter. In October 2009, The Australian Immigration Department ruled that Watson and his First Officer, Peter Hammarstedt, must satisfy new good-character requirements to obtain business visas, requiring them to provide police references from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway. Watson criticized what he considered a submission to Japanese pressure by the Rudd government. The Australian government responded by rejecting the idea that it was in some way delaying Watson, and on October 20, 2009 issued visas to Watson and Hammarstedt.

Paul Watson said to Discovery Channel the Dalai Lama sent a letter of support for Sea Shepherd's volunteers accompanied by a wrathful, scowling statue of the deity Hayagriva,

The ships of the fleet have flown the flags of different nations and the opinion of several governments that the vessels are engaged in inappropriate activities has several times led to registration issues for Sea Shepherd vessels. Canada, Belize, UK and Togo have revoked the registrations of various vessels. Both the ''Steve Irwin'' and ''Bob Barker'' ships now sail under Dutch flag leading to direct complaints by the Japanese government towards Dutch ambassadors. The Netherlands consequently considered revoking the registrations for both vessels but finally decided not to do so.

Officials in Japan have discussed revoking the group's tax exempt status with their counterparts in the United States.

Vessels

Sea Shepherd refer to the ships it has operated as Neptune's Navy . The society operates three ships, the ''Steve Irwin'', the ''Bob Barker'', and the ''Brigitte Bardot'', as well as smaller vessels such as RHIBs. The ''Steve Irwin'' was obtained in 2007 and originally called the ''Robert Hunter''. It was renamed in honor of ''The Crocodile Hunter'' star Steve Irwin. His widow, Terri, gave her support to Sea Shepherd, saying: "Whales have always been in Steve's heart and in 2006 he was investigating the possibility of joining the Sea Shepherd on part of its journey to defend these beautiful animals." The other ship, the 1200 ton ''Bob Barker'', was named after famous television game-show host and animal activist Bob Barker, who made the purchase in Ghana of the retired Norwegian whaling vessel possible with a donation of US$5 million. In February 2010, the ''Bob Barker'' collided with the Japanese whaling vessel ''Yushin Maru No. 3'', tearing a gash in the hull of the ''Bob Barker''.

The group also formerly operated the ''Farley Mowat'' (impounded by the Canadian government, with Sea Shepherd having stated that they have no intention of paying the legal fines and berthage fees to recover their now obsolete vessel) and the ''Ady Gil'', formerly known as the ''Earthrace'' (sunk after a collision with the ''Shōnan Maru 2'' whaling vessel in early 2010) as well as a number of earlier vessels.

Sea Shepherd acquired the ''Ocean 7 Adventurer'' for its 2010-11 campaign against Japanese whaling in the Antarctic. In November 2010, mayor Brad Pettitt of Fremantle, Western Australia, christened the vessel ''Gojira'' with Fremantle as its home town, making this the first Sea Shepherd ship registered in Australia, with an Australian crew.

Books written by members

David B. Morris, ''Earth Warrior: Overboard with Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society'' (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1995). ISBN 1-55591-203-6

Rik Scarce, ''Eco-Warriors: Understanding the Radical Environmental Movement,'' second revised ed. (1990; Left Coast Press, 2005), Ch. 6. ISBN 978-1598740288

Paul Watson, ''Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy'' (Los Angeles: Chaco Press, 1993). ISBN 0-9616019-5-7

Paul Watson, ''Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas'' (1994; Key Porter Books, 1996). ISBN 978-1550135992

Paul Watson, ''Seal Wars: Twenty-five Years in the Front Lines with the Harp Seals'' (2002; Firefly Books, 2003). ISBN 978-1552977514

See also

Rod Coronado, animal rights activist who has been involved in direct actions with the group

Alex Pacheco, member of the advisory board who served on the ''Sea Shepherd''

Peter James Bethune, skipper of the ''Ady Gil''

References

External links

Official website

Sea Shepherd Video HQ

Category:Animal rights movement Category:Environmental organizations Category:International environmental organizations Category:Conservation organisations Category:Fisheries organizations Category:Eco-terrorism Category:Whaling Category:Non-profit organizations based in Washington (state) Category:Organizations established in 1977 Category:1977 establishments in the United States

ca:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society de:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society es:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society eo:Sea Shepherd fr:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society is:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society it:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society nl:Sea Shepherd ja:シーシェパード no:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society pl:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society pt:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society ru:Общество охраны морской фауны sv:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society tr:Sea Shepherd zh:海洋守护者协会

Coordinates	58°00′″N56°19′″N
Name	Paul Watson
Birth date
Birth place	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Nationality	Canadian
Occupation	Activist
Spouse	Starlet LumLisa RobertsAllison Lance
Website	SeaShepherd.org
Footnotes	}}

Paul Watson (born December 2, 1950) is a Canadian animal rights and environmental activist, who founded and is president of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, a direct action group devoted to marine conservation.

The Toronto native joined a Sierra Club protest against nuclear testing in 1969. He was an early and influential member of Greenpeace, crewed and skippered for it, and later was a board member. Watson argued for a strategy of direct action that conflicted with the Greenpeace interpretation of nonviolence, was ousted from the board in 1977, and subsequently left the organization. That same year, he formed Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. The group is the subject of a reality show, ''Whale Wars''.

He also promotes veganism, voluntary human population control, and a biocentric, rather than anthropocentric, worldview.

Early and personal life

Paul Watson was born in Toronto to Anthony Joseph Watson and Annamarie Larsen, and grew up in St. Andrews, New Brunswick. After working as a tour guide at Expo 67, the World's Fair that took place in Montreal in 1967, Watson "rode the rails" in boxcars west to Vancouver.

In 1968 and the early 1970s, he joined the Canadian Coast Guard, where he served aboard weatherships, search and rescue hovercraft, and buoy tenders. He signed up as a merchant seaman in 1969 with the Norwegian Consulate in Vancouver and shipped out on the 35,000 ton bulk carrier ''Bris'' as a deck hand. The ''Bris'' was registered in Oslo, Norway and manifested for the Indian Ocean and Pacific trade.

Watson has one child, Lilliolani (“Lani”) Paula Lum Watson (born 1980) with his first wife, Starlet Lum, who was a founding director of Greenpeace Quebec, Earthforce!, Project Wolf, and Sea Shepherd. His second wife, Lisa Roberts, a former model, was Sea Shepherd's Director of Operations during the Makah anti-whaling campaigns in Friday Harbor. His third wife, Allison Lance, is an animal rights activist and a volunteer crew member of Sea Shepherd.

Activism

Early years

In October 1969, Watson joined a Sierra Club protest against nuclear testing at Amchitka Island. The group which formed as a result of that protest was the Don't Make a Wave Committee, which evolved into the group known today as Greenpeace. Watson sailed as a crewmember aboard the ''Greenpeace Too!'' ship in 1971 and skippered the Greenpeace boat ''Astral'' in 1972. Paul Watson continued as a crew member, skipper, and officer aboard several Greenpeace voyages throughout the mid-1970s. According to Watson, in June 1975 during a Greenpeace campaign to confront Soviet whaling, an incident occurred which changed his life.

Greenpeace states that Watson "...was an influential early member but not, as he sometimes claims, a founder." Paul Watson maintains he was indeed a founding member.

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

The first Sea Shepherd vessel, the ''Sea Shepherd'', was purchased in December 1978 with assistance from Fund for Animals. Sea Shepherd soon established itself as one of the more controversial environmental groups, known for provocative direct action tactics. These tactics have included throwing objects onto the decks of whaling ships, the use of "prop foulers" in an attempt to sabotage the ships, boarding whaling vessels, and the scuttling of two ships in an Icelandic harbor. Watson remains the leader of Sea Shepherd today and uses the title "Admiral" in reference to his role in the organization, although he has never been licensed as a ship's captain. The organization and its activities to halt whaling are the focus of a reality TV series, ''Whale Wars'', airing on Animal Planet.

Other environmental activities

Watson was a field correspondent for Defenders of Wildlife from 1976 to 1980 and a field representative for the Fund for Animals from 1978 to 1981. Watson also was a co-founder of Friends of the Wolf and Earthforce Environmental Society.

During the 1980s, Watson declared his support for Earth First! and cultivated friendships with David Foreman and Edward Abbey. He proclaimed Sea Shepherd to be the "navy" of Earth First! Watson has claimed to have invented the tactic of tree spiking.

Although currently unaffiliated with it, Watson did work with the Green Party of British Columbia in Vancouver in the 1980s and 90s. He ran for mayor in 1996, placing fourth.

In April 2003, Watson was elected to the board of directors of the Sierra Club for a three-year term. In 2006, he did not seek re-election. He resigned from the board a month before his term ended, in protest against the organization's sponsorship of a "Why I Hunt" essay contest.

Watson feels that "no human community should be larger than 20,000 people," human populations need to be reduced radically to "fewer than one billion," and only those who are "completely dedicated to the responsibility" of caring for the biosphere should have children, which is a "very small percentage of humans." He likens humankind to a virus, the biosphere needs to get cured from with a "radical and invasive approach," as from cancer.

In January 2008 Paul Watson was named by ''The Guardian'' as one of its "50 people who could save the planet" for the work of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

Writings on activism

Watson published ''Earthforce!'', a guide to strategy for environmental activists in 1993. In it, he specifically endorsed the tactics of "monkeywrenching" previously described by Dave Foreman and Edward Abbey. According to Foreman in ''Eco-Defense—The Field Guide to Monkey-Wrenching'', these are tactics of sabotage, covert activity, and direct action. Watson says he incorporated his own personal experience in writing the book.

In ''Earthforce! An Earth Warrior’s Guide to Strategy'', Watson also expresses disdain for truthfulness in the pursuit of environmental protection goals:

The nature of the mass media today is such that the truth is irrelevant. What is true and what is right to the general public is what is defined as true and right by the mass media. Ronald Reagan understood that the facts are not relevant. The media reported what he said as fact. Follow-up investigation was “old news.” A headline comment on Monday’s newspaper far outweighs the revelation of inaccuracy revealed in a small box inside the paper on Tuesday or Wednesday.

Watson was explicit on this score: “If you do not know an answer, a fact, or a statistic, then simply follow the example of an American President and do as Ronald Reagan did—make it up on the spot and deliver the information confidently and without hesitation.” In a subsequent book, ''Ocean Warrior'', Watson reiterated this view, saying: “Survival in a media culture meant developing the skills to understand and manipulate media to achieve strategic objectives.”

Controversy

Removal from Greenpeace Board

Paul Watson continued as a crewmember, officer, and skipper (in 1972) aboard several Greenpeace voyages throughout the mid-1970s. He considers himself a founding member of Greenpeace and Greenpeace International, a claim Greenpeace disputes. Friends noted that his personality, his liking to "push himself front and centre", was to blame in addition to his espousing direct actions that Greenpeace did not agree with.

In 1977, Watson was expelled from the Greenpeace's board of directors by a vote of 11 to 1 (Watson himself cast the single vote against it). The group felt his strong, "front and center" personality and frequently voiced opposition to Greenpeace's interpretation of "nonviolence" were too divisive. Watson subsequently left the group. The group has since labeled his actions at the time as those of a "mutineer" within their ranks. That same year, he founded his own group, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society.

During an interview in 1978 with CBC Radio, Watson spoke out against Greenpeace (as well as other organizations) and their role and motives for the anti-sealing campaigns. Watson accused these organizations of campaigning against the Canadian seal hunt because it is an easy way to raise money and it is a profit maker for the organizations.

Greenpeace has called Watson a violent extremist and will no longer comment on his activities. Watson was arrested in 1993 in Canada on charges stemming from actions against Cuban and Spanish fishing boats off the coast of Newfoundland. In 1997, Watson was convicted ''in absentia'' and sentenced to serve 120 days in jail by a court in Lofoten, Norway on charges of attempting to sink the small scale Norwegian fishing and whaling vessel ''Nybrænna'' on 26 December 1992. Dutch authorities refused to hand him over to Norwegian authorities although he did spend 80 days in detention in the Netherlands pending a ruling on extradition before being released.

There have not been any successful attempts at prosecuting Watson for his activities with Sea Shepherd since the trial in Newfoundland. Watson himself defends his actions as falling within international law, in particular Sea Shepherd's right to enforce maritime regulations against illegal whalers and sealers. Watson caught a Costa Rican fishing boat poaching in Guatemalan waters while he was on a journey to Costa Rica, having been invited by its president to help in the fight against shark poaching there. The authorities in Costa Rica later filed a charge of attempted murder against Watson and a colleague, Rob Stewart, in what Watson and Stewart have described as an effort to cover up mafia-funded illegal shark finning operations. They eventually fled to international waters to escape arrest by Costa Rican coast guards after they had filmed what they attest was mafia-funded shark-finning in private docks. These events are featured in ''Sharkwater'', a documentary about sharks and activism.

Watson was also told to leave Iceland after disabling two ships in harbor and turning himself in to the Icelandic police . Kristjan Loftsson of Iceland's largest whaling company told ''The New Yorker'' that Watson is ''persona non grata'' in that country.

In April 2010, the Japanese Coast Guard obtained an arrest warrant for Watson "...on suspicion of ordering sabotage activities against Japan's whaling fleet", and Interpol has listed him as wanted at the request of Japan. The blue notice asks national police forces to provide information on Watson's whereabouts and activities, but does not seek an arrest.

Sierra Club immigration stance

After his election to the national Sierra Club Board of Directors in 2003, Watson supported an unsuccessful slate of candidates supporting strict immigration controls as an element of a population stabilization policy. This effort was denounced by another candidate in the election, Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center, as a "hostile takeover" attempt by "radical anti-immigrant activists." Watson responded by saying that the only change he was seeking in the organization's immigration stance was to restore the position it had held before its 1996 "neutrality policy." Watson left the Sierra Club board in 2006.

Anti-sealing activities

In April 2008, Watson stated that, while the deaths of three Canadian seal hunters (a fourth one is still missing) in a marine accident involving a Canadian Coast Guard vessel and a fishing boat during the 2008 Canadian Commercial Seal Hunt were a tragedy, he felt that the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of seals is an even greater tragedy. Canadian Federal Fisheries Minister Loyola Hearn accused Watson of trivializing the memory of the lost sealers. Watson replied that Mr. Hearn was trying to distract attention from his government's incompetence as the boat the men were on capsized while under tow by a Canadian Coast Guard vessel, while his political ambitions continued to support and subsidize an industry that had no place in the 21st Century. Newfoundland and Labrador Premier Danny Williams was quoted as saying, "I think what a lot of people don't realize is that this man is a terrorist." Due to the operations against Canadian seal hunters, Danny Williams called Watson a terrorist and said that the Sea Shepherds were not welcome in the province.

Australian visa issues

In October 2009 Watson, who carries a US passport, complained to media outlets about having his request for an Australian visa denied. He states that the Australian government was attempting to sabotage the upcoming 2010 Sea Shepherd campaign by denying him entry into the country. Watson and several other shipmates were also unable to join the MV Steve Irwin on its promotional tour of Australia until they were able to provide documentation from the governments of the United States, Canada and Norway, exonerating them from previously claimed acts of violence, specifically claims by Sea Shepherd of intentionally sinking a ship in Norway.

Anti-whaling activities and alleged shooting

On March 17, 2008 Paul Watson said that he was shot by the Japanese crew or coast guard personnel during the Operation Migaloo anti-whaling campaign in the Southern Ocean. The incident is documented during the season finale of season 1 of the ''Whale Wars'' TV reality show, and the first six episodes are covered as a buildup to what is portrayed as the major incident during the campaign. The footage in ''Whale Wars'' shows Watson standing on the deck of the ''Steve Irwin'' while Sea Shepherd crew throws glass bottles filled with butyric acid at the ''Nisshin Maru'' whaling vessel. Butyric acid was used for its foul odor and sticky properties. The Japanese respond by throwing flashbang devices. Watson is then shown reaching inside his jacket and body armour and remarking "I've been hit." Back inside the bridge of the Steve Irwin, a metal fragment is found inside the vest.

The Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research has dismissed Sea Shepherd's statements as lies. The Institute and Coast Guard said that they used seven flashbang devices designed to flash and make noise in the air without causing harm. Neither of the two conflicting accounts have been independently verified. The Australian Foreign Affairs Department had condemned "actions by crew members of any vessel that cause injury". Two media releases were made on the same day from the office. One said that the Australian Embassy in Tokyo had been informed by the Japanese that the whalers had "fired warning shots" while the updated version used the phrase "'warning balls' – also known as 'flashbangs' – had been fired".

Watson has been called an eco terrorist by the Japanese government for his direct action tactics against whalers, and have repeated their position after conflicts during the 2009-10 whaling season.

Leadership style

His leadership style has variously been called arrogant, as well as pushing himself too much "front and center"," which was cited as being one of the reasons he and Greenpeace parted ways. The atmosphere aboard his vessels has been compared to an "anarchy run by God" ,on the other hand, most crew members state he has "exceptional leading capabilities" and is a "a man fit to be in command".

Attitudes about his activism

At a animal rights convention in 2002, Paul Watson was also quoted as saying, "There's nothing wrong with being a terrorist, as long as you win. Then you write the history." Recently, Fox News commentator Glenn Beck also discussed the comment, criticizing Watson's views. Watson responded to Beck's comments on the official Sea Shepherd website by stating that he had said that but that it was taken out of context, quoting Gerald Seymour's "One man’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter.”

Watson has stated that he does not consider himself a 'protester', but an 'interventionist', as he considers protesting as too submissive. He often takes the attitude that he represents (or stands in for) law enforcement which is either unwilling or unable to enforce existing laws.

In popular culture

A biographical documentary on Paul Watson's early life and background entitled ''Pirate for the Sea'' was produced by Ron Colby in 2008. The 2009 documentary ''At the Edge of the World'' chronicled the efforts of Watson and 45 volunteers to hinder the Japanese whaling fleet in the waters around Antarctica.

Watson, ''Whale Wars'', and the Japanese whaling industry were satirized in the ''South Park'' episode "Whale Whores". Watson himself was called "An unorganized incompetent media whore who thought lying to everyone was OK as long as it served his cause" and "A smug, narcoleptic liar with no credibility". Watson responded to the ''South Park'' episode by stating; "My understanding is that the Japanese prime minister was not amused, and the whalers and dolphin killers are enraged at the way they were portrayed," Watson said. "That’s music to my ears. If the humorless whale killers and the bank-rollers of the dolphin killers did not like the show, then that’s all I need to applaud it."

Works

''Sea Shepherd: My Fight for Whales and Seals'' (1981) (ISBN 0-393-01499-1)

''Earthforce! An Earth Warrior's Guide to Strategy'' (1993) (ISBN 0-9616019-5-7)

''Ocean Warrior: My Battle to End the Illegal Slaughter on the High Seas'' (1994) (ISBN 1-55013-599-6)

''Seal Wars: Twenty-Five Years on the Front Lines With the Harp Seals'' (2002) (ISBN 1-55297-751-X)

Contributor to ''Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?: Reflections on the Liberations of Animals'' (2004) (ISBN 1-59056-054-X)

References

Further reading

''Earth Warrior: Overboard With Paul Watson and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society'', by David B. Morris (1995) (ISBN 1-55591-203-6)

''Eco-Warriors'', by Rik Scarce (2006) (ISBN 1-59874-028-8)

External links

Sea Shepherd Conservation Society official website

Category:1950 births Category:Canadian environmentalists Category:Canadian vegans Category:Green Party of British Columbia politicians Category:Greenpeace Category:Sierra Club Category:Living people Category:Green thinkers Category:Sea Shepherd Conservation Society Category:Sustainability advocates Category:People from Charlotte County, New Brunswick Category:People from Toronto Category:Animal rights advocates

de:Paul Watson es:Paul Watson fr:Paul Watson is:Paul Watson it:Paul Watson nl:Paul Watson ja:ポール・ワトソン no:Paul Watson pl:Paul Watson pt:Paul Watson ru:Уотсон, Пол fi:Paul Watson sv:Paul Watson tr:Paul Watson

Coordinates	58°00′″N56°19′″N
name	Brigitte Bardot
birth name	Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot
birth date	September 28, 1934
birth place	Paris, France
other names	BB
occupation	Actress, model, singer, animal rights activist
years active	1952–73
spouse	(divorced) (divorced) (divorced)
children	1 son
awards	David di Donatello Award Legion of Honor (refused) }}

Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot (; ; born 1934) is a French former fashion model, actress and singer, and animal rights activist. She was one of the best-known sex-symbols of the 1960s.

In her early life, Bardot was an aspiring ballet dancer. She started her acting career in 1952 and, after appearing in 16 films, became world-famous due to her role in her then-husband Roger Vadim's controversial film ''And God Created Woman''. She starred in Jean-Luc Godard's 1963 cult film, ''Contempt''. She was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress for her role in Louis Malle's 1965 film, ''Viva Maria!''.

Bardot caught the attention of French intellectuals. She was the subject of Simone de Beauvoir's 1959 essay, ''The Lolita Syndrome'', which described Bardot as a "locomotive of women's history" and built upon existentialist themes to declare her the first and most liberated woman of post-war France.

Bardot retired from the entertainment industry in 1973. During her career in show business Bardot starred in 47 films, performed in numerous musical shows, and recorded 80 songs. She was awarded the Légion d'honneur in 1985 but refused to receive it.

After her retirement, Bardot established herself as an animal rights activist. During the 1990s she became controversial by criticising immigration, Islamization and Islam in France, and has been fined five times for "inciting racial hatred".

Early life

Brigitte Bardot was born in Paris to Anne-Marie 'Toty' Mucel (1912–1978) and Louis 'Pilou' Bardot (1896–1975). Her father had an engineering degree and worked with his own father (Charles Bardot) in the family business. Toty was sixteen years younger and they married in 1933. She grew up in a middle-class observant Roman Catholic family. Brigitte's mother enrolled Brigitte and her sister Marie-Jean (born 5 May 1938) in dance. Marie-Jean eventually gave up dancing lessons to complete her education, whereas Brigitte decided to concentrate on a ballet career.

In 1947 Bardot was accepted to the Conservatoire de Paris, and for three years she attended the ballet classes of Russian choreographer Boris Knyazev. (One of her classmates was Leslie Caron; fellow ballerinas nicknamed Bardot: Bichette [Little Doe]).

At the invitation of an acquaintance of her mother, she modeled in a fashion show in 1949. In the same year, she modeled for a fashion magazine "''Jardin des Modes''" managed by journalist Hélène Lazareff. Aged 15, she appeared on an 8 March 1950 cover of ELLE and was noticed by a young film director, Roger Vadim, while babysitting. He showed an issue of the magazine to director and screenwriter Marc Allégret who offered Bardot the opportunity to audition for "''Les lauriers sont coupés''" thereafter. Although Bardot got the role, the film was cancelled but it made her consider becoming an actress. Moreover, her acquaintance with Vadim, who attended the audition, influenced her further life and career.

Career

Although the European film industry was then in its ascendancy, Bardot was one of the few European actresses to have the mass media's attention in the United States, an interest which she did not reciprocate, rarely if ever going to Hollywood. She debuted in a 1952 comedy film ''Le Trou Normand'' (English title: ''Crazy for Love''). From 1952-56 she appeared in seventeen films; in 1953 she played a role in Jean Anouilh's stageplay ''L'Invitation au château'' (''Invitation to the Castle''). She received media attention when she attended the Cannes Film Festival in April 1953.

Her films of the early and mid 1950s were generally lightweight romantic dramas, some historical, in which she was cast as ingénue or siren, often in varying states of undress. She played bit parts in three English-language films, the British comedy ''Doctor at Sea'' (1955) with Dirk Bogarde, ''Helen of Troy'' (1954), in which she was understudy for the title role but only appears as Helen's handmaid, and ''Act of Love'' (1954) with Kirk Douglas. Her French-language films were dubbed for international release.

Roger Vadim was not content with this light fare. The New Wave of French and Italian art directors and their stars were riding high internationally, and he felt Bardot was being undersold. Looking for something more like an art film to push her as a serious actress, he showcased her in ''And God Created Woman'' (1956) with Jean-Louis Trintignant. The film, about an immoral teenager in a respectable small-town setting, was an international success.

In Bardot's early career, professional photographer Sam Levin's photos contributed to her image of sensuality. Onephoto shows Brigitte from behind, dressed in a white corset. British photographer Cornel Lucas made iconic images of Bardot in the 1950s and 1960s that have become representative of her public persona. She divorced Vadim in 1957 and in 1959 married actor Jacques Charrier, with whom she starred in ''Babette Goes to War''. The paparazzi preyed upon her marriage, while she and her husband clashed over the direction of her career.

''Vie privée'' (1960), directed by Louis Malle has more than an element of her life story in it. The scene in which, returning to her apartment, Bardot's character is harangued in the elevator by a middle-aged cleaning lady calling her offensive names, was based on an actual incident, and is a resonant image of celebrity in the mid-20th century. Bardot was awarded a David di Donatello Award for Best Foreign actress for the role.

Bardot withdrew to the seclusion of Southern France where she had bought the house ''La Madrague'' in Saint-Tropez in May 1958. In 1963 she starred in Jean-Luc Godard's critically acclaimed film ''Contempt''. Bardot was featured in many other films along with notable actors such as Alain Delon (''Famous Love Affairs'', ''Spirits of the Dead''), Jean Gabin (''In Case of Adversity''), Sean Connery (''Shalako''), Jean Marais (''Royal Affairs in Versailles'', ''School for Love''), Lino Ventura (''Rum Runners''), Annie Girardot (''The Novices''), Claudia Cardinale (''The Legend of Frenchie King''), Jeanne Moreau (''Viva Maria!''), Jane Birkin (''Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman'').

In 1973 Bardot announced that she was retiring from acting as "a way to get out elegantly".

She participated in various musical shows and recorded many popular songs in the 1960s and 1970s, mostly in collaboration with Serge Gainsbourg, Bob Zagury and Sacha Distel, including "Harley Davidson", "Je Me Donne A Qui Me Plait", "Bubble gum", "Contact", "Je Reviendrais Toujours Vers Toi", "L'Appareil A Sous", "La Madrague", "On Demenage", "Sidonie", "Tu Veux, Ou Tu Veux Pas?", "Le Soleil De Ma Vie" (the cover of Stevie Wonder's "You Are the Sunshine of My Life") and the notorious "Je t'aime... moi non plus".

Bardot pleaded with Gainsbourg not to release this duet and he complied with her wishes; the following year he re-recorded a version with British-born model and actress Jane Birkin, which became a massive hit all over Europe. The version with Bardot was issued in 1986 and became a popular download hit in 2006 when Universal Records made their back catalogue available to purchase online, with this version of the song ranking as the third most popular download.

Personal life

On 21 December 1952, aged 18, Bardot was married to director Roger Vadim. In order to receive permission from Bardot's parents to marry her, Vadim, originally a Russian Orthodox Christian, was urged to convert to Catholicism, although it is not clear if he ever did so. They divorced five years later, but remained friends and collaborated in later work. Bardot had an affair with her ''And God Created Woman'' co-star Jean-Louis Trintignant (married at the time to actress Stephane Audran) before her divorce from Vadim. The two lived together for about two years. Their relationship was complicated by Trintignant's frequent absence due to military service and Bardot's affair with musician Gilbert Bécaud, and they eventually separated.

The 9 February 1958 edition of the ''Los Angeles Times'' reported on the front page that Bardot was recovering in Italy from a reported nervous breakdown. A suicide attempt with sleeping pills two days earlier was denied by her public relations manager.

Family

On 18 June 1959 she married actor Jacques Charrier, by whom she had her only child, a son, Nicolas-Jacques Charrier (born 11 January 1960). After she and Charrier divorced in 1962, Nicolas was raised in the Charrier family and did not maintain close contact with Bardot until his adulthood.

Bardot's other husbands were German millionaire playboy Gunter Sachs (14 July 1966  – 1 October 1969) and Bernard d'Ormale (16 August 1992 – present). In the late 1950s she shared an exchange which called "la croisée de deux sillages" ("the crossing of two wakes") with actor and true-crime author John Gilmore, then an actor in France who was working on a New Wave film with Jean Seberg. Gilmore told ''Paris Match'': ''"I felt a beautiful warmth with Bardot but found it difficult to discuss things in any depth whatsoever."''

In the 1970s Bardot she lived with sculptor Miroslav Brozek and posed for some of his sculptures. In 1974 she Bardot appeared in a nude photo shoot in Playboy magazine, which celebrated her 40th birthday.

Animal welfare activism

In 1973, before her 39th birthday, Bardot announced her retirement. After appearing in more than forty motion pictures and recording several music albums, most notably with Serge Gainsbourg, she chose to use her fame to promote animal rights.

In 1986 she established the Brigitte Bardot Foundation for the Welfare and Protection of Animals. She became a vegetarian and raised three million francs to fund the foundation by auctioning off jewelry and many personal belongings. Today she is a strong animal rights activist and a major opponent of the consumption of horse meat. In support of animal protection, she condemned seal hunting in Canada during a visit to that country with Paul Watson of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. She sought to discuss the issue with Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada, but her request for a meeting was reportedly denied. On 25 May 2011 the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society renamed its fast interceptor vessel, formerly known as MV Gojira, as ''MV Brigitte Bardot'' in appreciation of her support.

She once had a neighbor's donkey castrated while looking after it, on the grounds of its "sexual harassment" of her own donkey and mare, for which she was taken to court by the donkey's owner in 1989. Bardot wrote a 1999 letter to Chinese President Jiang Zemin, published in French magazine VSD, in which she accused the Chinese of "torturing bears and killing the world's last tigers and rhinos to make aphrodisiacs".

She has donated more than $140,000 over two years for a mass sterilization and adoption program for Bucharest's stray dogs, estimated to number 300,000. She is planning to house many of these stray animals in a new animal rescue facility that she is having built on her property.

In August 2010 Bardot addressed a letter to the Danish Queen, Margrethe II of Denmark appealing for the sovereign to halt the killing of dolphins in the Faroe Islands. In the letter, Bardot describes the activity as a "macabre spectacle" that "is a shame for Denmark and the Faroe Islands . . . This is not a hunt but a mass slaughter . . . . an outmoded tradition that has no acceptable justification in today's world".

On 22 April 2011 French culture minister Frédéric Mitterrand officially inscribed bullfighting on a list enumerating the country's cultural heritage, a decision which Bardot is currently publicly contesting. "French culture is a culture of enlightenment and has nothing to do with bloody things like bullfighting," she wrote.

Politics and legal issues

Bardot expressed support for President Charles de Gaulle in the 1960s. Her husband Bernard d'Ormale is a former adviser of the Front National, the main nationalist party in France. Bardot never joined the party and is not a known sympathiser.

In her 1999 book "Le Carré de Pluton" (Pluto's Square), Bardot criticizes the procedure used in the ritual slaughter of sheep during the Muslim festival of Eid al-Adha. Additionally, in a section in the book entitled, ''Open Letter to My Lost France'', Bardot writes: "...my country, France, my homeland, my land is again invaded by an overpopulation of foreigners, especially Muslims.". For this comment, a French court fined her 30,000 francs in June 2000. She had been fined in 1997 for the original publication of this open letter in Le Figaro and again 1998 for making similar remarks.

In her 2003 book, ''Un cri dans le silence'' ("''A Scream in the Silence''"), she warned of an “Islamicization of France”, and said of Muslim immigration:}} In May 2003 the Movement Against Racism and for Friendship between Peoples (MRAP) announced they would sue Bardot for the comments. The "Ligue des droits de l'homme" (Human Rights League) announced they were considering similar legal proceedings.

In the book, she also made comparisons of her close gay friends to today's homosexuals who, "jiggle their bottoms, put their little fingers in the air and with their little castrato voices moan about what those ghastly heteros put them through" and that some contemporary homosexuals behave like "fairground freaks". In her own defence, Bardot wrote in a letter to a French gay magazine, saying, "Apart from my husband—who maybe will cross over one day as well—I am entirely surrounded by homos. For years, they have been my support, my friends, my adopted children, my confidants." Bardot's book was also against "the mixing of genes"; made attacks on modern art, which Bardot equated with "shit"; drew similarities between French politicians and weather vanes; and compared her own beliefs with previous generations who had "given their lives to push out invaders".

On 10 June 2004 Bardot was again convicted by a French court for "inciting racial hatred" and fined €5,000, the fourth such conviction/fine from a French court. Bardot denied the racial hatred charge and apologized in court, saying: "I never knowingly wanted to hurt anybody. It is not in my character."

In 2008 Bardot was convicted of inciting racial/religious hatred in relation to a letter she wrote, a copy of which she sent to Nicolas Sarkozy when he was Interior Minister of France. The letter stated her objections to Muslims in France ritually slaughtering sheep by slitting their throats without anesthetizing them first but also expressed that she was "fed up with being under the thumb of this population which is destroying us, destroying our country and imposing its habits" in reference to Muslims. The trial concluded on 3 June 2008, with a conviction and fine of 15,000 euros, the largest of her fines to date. The prosecutor stated that she was tired of charging Bardot with offences related to racial hatred.

During the 2008 United States presidential election she branded the Republican Party vice-presidential candidate, Sarah Palin as "stupid" and a "disgrace to women". She criticized the former governor of Alaska for her stance on global warming and gun control. She was also offended by Palin's support for Arctic oil exploration and for her lack of consideration in protecting polar bears.

On 13 August 2010 Bardot lashed out at director Kyle Newman regarding his plans to make a biographical film on her life. Her response was, "Wait until I'm dead before you make a movie about my life!". Bardot warned Newman that if the project progresses "sparks will fly".

Influence

In fashion the Bardot neckline (a wide open neck that exposes both shoulders) is named after her. Bardot popularized this style which is especially used for knitted sweaters or jumpers although it is also used for other tops and dresses.

Bardot is recognized for popularizing bikini swimwear in early films such as ''Manina'' (''Woman without a Veil'', 1952), in her appearances at Cannes and in many photo shoots.

Bardot also brought into fashion the ''choucroute'' ("Sauerkraut") hairstyle (a sort of beehive hair style) and gingham clothes after wearing a checkered pink dress, designed by Jacques Esterel, at her wedding to Charrier. She was the subject for an Andy Warhol painting.

In addition to popularizing the bikini swimming suit, Bardot has also been credited with popularizing the city of St. Tropez and the town of Armação dos Búzios in Brazil, which she visited in 1964 with her boyfriend at the time, Brazilian musician Bob Zagury. A statue by Christina Motta honours Brigitte Bardot in Armação dos Búzios.

Bardot was idolized by young John Lennon and Paul McCartney. They made plans to shoot a film featuring The Beatles and Bardot, similar to ''A Hard Day's Night'', but the plans were never fulfilled. Lennon's first wife Cynthia Powell lightened her hair color to more closely resemble Bardot, while George Harrison made comparisons between Bardot and his first wife Pattie Boyd, as Cynthia wrote later in ''A Twist of Lennon''. Lennon and Bardot met in person once, in 1968 at the Mayfair Hotel, introduced by Beatles press agent Derek Taylor; a nervous Lennon took LSD before arriving, and neither star impressed the other. (Lennon recalled in a memoir, "I was on acid, and she was on her way out.") According to the liner notes of his first (self-titled) album, musician Bob Dylan dedicated the first song he ever wrote to Bardot. He also mentioned her by name in "I Shall Be Free", which appeared on his second album, ''The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan''.

She dabbled in pop music and played the role of a glamour model. In 1965, she appeared as herself in the Hollywood production ''Dear Brigitte'' (1965) starring James Stewart, one of the few American films in which she appeared. She refused to travel to Hollywood to film her scene, requiring the needed cast and crew members to travel to film in Paris.

In 1970 sculptor Alain Gourdon used Bardot as the model for a bust of Marianne, the French national emblem.

In 2007 she was named among ''Empire'' magazine's 100 Sexiest Film Stars.

The first-ever official exhibition looking at Bardot's influence and legacy opened in Paris on 29 September 2009 – a day after her 75th birthday.

In May 2011, the MV Gojira of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society was renamed to the MV Brigitte Bardot.

Filmography

''Le portrait de son père'' ''Royal Affairs in Versailles ''Le fils de Caroline chérie'' ''Helen of Troy (film) ''Une Parisienne'' ''The Night Heaven Fell ''La femme et le pantin'' ''L'affaire d'une nuit'' ''Please, Not Now! ''A Very Private Affair ''Contempt (film) ''Une ravissante idiote'' ''Dear Brigitte'' ''Masculin, féminin'' ''À coeur joie'' ''Histoires extraordinaires'' ''Les Femmes'' ''L'ours et la poupée'' ''Boulevard du Rhum'' ''Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman

style="background:#B0C4DE;"	Year	Film	Role	Notes
rowspan="3"	1952	''Les dents longues''	Bridesmaid
''Le trou normand''	Javotte Lemoine
''Manina, the Girl in the Bikini	Manina, la fille sans voile''	Manina
rowspan="2"	1953	|	Domino	(''His Father's Portrait'' )
''Act of Love (1953 film)	Un acte d'amour''	Mimi
rowspan="2"	1954	Si Versailles m'était conté''||	Mademoiselle de Rozille	(''Rotal Affairs in Versailles)''
''Tradita''	Anna
rowspan="5"	1955	|	Pilar d'Aranda	(''Caroline and the Rebels'')
''Futures Vedettes''	Sophie
''Doctor at Sea (film)	Doctor at Sea ''	Hélène Colbert
''The Grand Maneuver	Les grandes manoeuvres''	Lucie
''La lumière d'en face''	Olivia Marceau
rowspan="6"	1956	Helen of Troy'' ||	Andraste
''Cette sacrée gamine''	Brigitte Latour
''Nero's Weekend	Mio figlio Nerone''	Poppea
''Mademoiselle Striptease''	Agnès Dumont
''La Mariée est trop belle''	Chouchou
''And God Created Woman (1956 film)	''Et Dieu créa la femme''	Juliette Hardy
1957	|	Brigitte Laurier
rowspan="2"	1958	Les bijoutiers du clair de lune'' ||	Ursula	(''The Night Heaven Fell'')
''En cas de malheur''	Séverine Serizy
rowspan="3"	1959	|	Eva Marchand	(''A Woman Like Satan'')
''Babette s'en va-t-en guerre''	Babette
''Come Dance with Me	(film)	''Voulez-vous danser avec moi?''	Virginie Dandieu	(''Come Dance with Me!'')
rowspan="2"	1960	|	Woman in restaurant	''(It Happened at Night'') Cameo
''La Vérité (film)	La Vérité ''
rowspan="2"	1961	La Bride sur le cou'' ||	Sophie	(''Please!, Not Now!'')
''Amours célèbres''	Agnès Bernauer
rowspan="2"	1962	Vie privée'' ||	Jill	(''A Very Private Affair'')
''Le repos du guerrier''	Geneviève Le Theil
1963	Contempt '' ||	Camille Javal	(''Le Mépris'')
1964	|	Penelope Lightfeather	''(The Ravishing Idiot)'
rowspan="2"	1965	|	Herself	Cameo
''Viva Maria!''
1966	|	Actress in bistro	Cameo
1966	|	Cecile	(''Two Weeks in September '')
rowspan="2"	1968	|	Giuseppina	(''Spirits of the Dead'')
''Shalako (film)	Shalako''	Countess Irina Lazaar
1969	|	Clara	(''The Vixen'')
rowspan="2"	1970	|	Felicia	(''The Bear and the Doll'')
''Les Novices''	Agnès
rowspan="2"	1971	|	Linda Larue	''(Rum Runners)''
''The Legend of Frenchie King	Les Pétroleuses''	Louise
rowspan="2"	1973	Don Juan ou Si Don Juan était une femme'' ||	Jeanne	(''Don Juan, or If Don Juan Were a Woman'')
''The Edifying and Joyous Story of Colinot	L'histoire très bonne et très joyeuse de Colinot Trousse-Chemise''	Arabelle

Discography

Bardot released several albums during the 1950s and 1960s

"Sidonie" (1961, Barclay), lyrics by Charles Cros, music by Jean-Max Rivière and Yanis Spanos, guitar by Brigitte - first song, from the film ''Vie privée''

''Brigitte Bardot Sings'' (1963, Philips) - collaborations by Serge Gainsbourg ("L'Appareil à sous", "Je me donne à qui me plaît"), Jean-Max Rivière as writer ("La Madrague") and singer ("Tiens ! C'est toi !"), Claude Bolling, Gérard Bourgeois

''B.B.'' (1964, Philips) with Claude Bolling, Alain Goraguer, Gérard Bourgeois

"Ah ! Les p'tites femmes de Paris", duet with Jeanne Moreau in ''Viva Maria'' (1965, Philips) directed by Georges Delerue

''Brigitte Bardot Show 67'' (1967, Mercury) with Serge Gainsbourg (writes "Harley Davidson", "Comic Strip", "Contact" and "Bonnie and Clyde"), Sacha Distel, Manitas de Plata, Claude Brasseur, David Bailey

"Je t'aime moi non plus", duet with Serge Gainsbourg (1967, published by Philips in 1986)

''Brigitte Bardot Show'' (1968, Mercury), themes by Francis Lai

''[Burlington Cameo Brings You] Special Bardot'' (1968. RCA) with "The Good Life" by Sacha Distel and "Comic Strip (with Gainsbourg) in english

''Single Duet with Serge Gainsbourg "Bonnie and Clyde"''

"La Fille de paille"/"Je voudrais perdre la mémoire" (1969, Philips), collaboration with Gérard Lenorman

''Tu veux ou tu veux pas'' (1970, Barclay) with the hit "Tu veux ou tu veux pas", french version of the brasilian "Nem Vem Que Nas Tem" directed by François Bernheim, "John and Michael", hymn to the collective love, "Mon léopard et moi", collaboration with Darry Cowl, and "Depuis que tu m'as quitté"

"Nue au soleil"/"C'est une bossa nova" (1970, Barclay)

"Chacun son homme", duet with Annie Girardot in ''Les Novices'' (1970, Barclay)

"Boulevard du rhum" and "Plaisir d'amour", duet with Guy Marchand, in ''Boulevard du rhum'' (1971, Barclay)

"Vous ma lady", duet with Laurent Vergez, and "Tu es venu mon amour" (1973, Barclay)

"Le Soleil de ma vie", duet with Sacha Distel

"Toutes les bêtes sont à aimer" (1982, Polydor)

References

Literature

Brigitte Tast, Hans-Jürgen Tast (Hrsg.) ''Brigitte Bardot. Filme 1953–1961. Anfänge des Mythos B.B.'' (Hildesheim 1982) ISBN 3-88842-109-8.

Singer, Barnett ''Brigitte Bardot: A Biography'' (McFarland & Company, 2006) ISBN 0-7864-2515-6, ISBN 978-0-7864-2515-0

External links

Brigitte Bardot Foundation for the welfare and protection of animals

Category:1934 births Category:Animal rights advocates Category:Breast cancer survivors Category:French activists Category:French female models Category:French female singers Category:French film actors Category:French Roman Catholics Category:French-language singers Category:French vegetarians Category:Légion d'honneur refusals Category:Living people Category:MGM Records artists Category:Actors from Paris Category:Individuals associated with animal welfare

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