Company name	Time Warner
Company logo
Company type	Public
Traded as
Foundation	Merger between Time Inc. and Warner Communications (1990)
Location	Time Warner CenterNew York City, U.S.
Key people	Jeffrey L. Bewkes
Area served	Worldwide
Industry	Media conglomerate
Subsid	Warner Bros.Time Inc.Home Box OfficeTurner Broadcasting System(for a complete list of assets, see List of assets owned by Time Warner).
Revenue	US$ 26.888 billion (2010)}}

|operating_income = US$ 5.427 billion (2010) |net_income = US$ 2.578 billion (2010) |assets = US$ 66.524 billion (2010) |equity = US$ 32.945 billion (2010) |num_employees = 32,000 (2011) |homepage = TimeWarner.com }}

Time Warner (formerly AOL Time Warner) is one of the world's largest media companies, headquartered in the Time Warner Center in New York City. Formerly two separate companies, Warner Communications, Inc. and Time Inc., (along with the assets of a third company, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.) form the current Time Warner, with major operations in film, television and publishing. Among its subsidiaries are New Line Cinema, Time Inc., HBO, Turner Broadcasting System, The CW Television Network, TheWB.com, Warner Bros., Kids' WB, Cartoon Network, Boomerang, Adult Swim, CNN, DC Comics, Hanna-Barbera, Cartoon Network Studios and Castle Rock Entertainment.

History

1976

In 1972, Kinney National Company spun off its non-entertainment assets due to a financial scandal over its parking operations and renamed itself Warner Communications Inc.

It was the parent company for Warner Bros. Pictures and Warner Music Group during the 1970s and 1980s. It also owned DC Comics and ''Mad'', as well as a majority stake in Garden State National Bank (an investment it was ultimately required to sell pursuant to requirements under the Bank Holding Company Act). Warner's initial divestiture efforts led by Garden State CEO Charles A. Agemian were blocked by Garden State board member William A. Conway in 1978; a revised transaction was later completed in 1980.

In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold his Atari company to Warner Communications for an estimated $2–12 million. Warner made considerable profits (and later losses) with Atari, which it owned from 1976 to 1984. While part of Warner, Atari achieved its greatest success, selling millions of Atari 2600s and computers. At its peak, Atari accounted for a third of Warner's annual income and was the fastest-growing company in the history of the United States at the time.

In 1975, Warner expanded under the guidance of CEO Steve Ross and formed a joint venture with American Express, named Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which held cable channels including MTV (launched 1981), Nickelodeon (launched 1979) and The Movie Channel. Warner bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks.

1985

In 1980, Warner purchased The Franklin Mint for about $225 million. The combination was short lived: Warner sold The Franklin Mint in 1985 to American Protection Industries Inc. (API) for $167.5 million. However, Warner retained Franklin Mint’s Eastern Mountain Sports as well as The Franklin Mint Center, which it leased back to API.

In February 1983, Warner expanded their interests to baseball. Under the direction of Caesar P. Kimmel, executive vice president, bought 48 percent of the Pittsburgh Pirates for $10 million. The company then put up its share for sale in November 1984 following losses of $6 million. The team's elderly majority owner, John W. Galbreath, soon followed suit after learning of Warner's actions.

In 1984, due to the video game crash of 1983, Warner sold the consumer division of Atari to Jack Tramiel. It kept the arcade division and renamed it Atari Games. They sold Atari Games to Namco in 1985, and repurchased it in 1994, renaming it Time-Warner Interactive, until it was sold to Midway Games in 1996. In a long-expected deal, Warner Communications announced on May 11, 1988 they were acquiring Lorimar-Telepictures; the acquisition was finalized on January 12, 1989.

The merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications was announced on March 4, 1989. During the summer of that same year, Paramount Communications (formerly Gulf+Western) launched a $12.2 billion hostile bid to acquire Time, Inc. in an attempt to end a stock-swap merger deal between Time and Warner Communications. This caused Time to raise its bid for Warner to $14.9 Billion in cash and stock. Paramount responded by filing a lawsuit in a Delaware court to block the Time/Warner merger. The court ruled twice in favor of Time, forcing Paramount to drop both the Time acquisition and the lawsuit, and allowing the formation of Time Warner which was completed on January 10, 1990.

For employees and shareholders of Warner Communications, particularly Warner CEO Steve Ross, the deal was lopsided in their favor as they were paid cash for their shares. However, many shareholders in Time, Inc. were said to be unhappy about the deal. Henry Luce III, the son of Time Inc.'s founder, remarked "Because of that son of a bitch at Paramount, we had to acquire Warner in cash. That made all of the Warner people rich and all the Time people resentful." Despite it being a bull market, it would take seven and a half years for Time Warner shares to climb to the equivalent of Paramount's $200-a-share offer. Despite all the expected synergies of the Time Warner deal, its stock had never managed to outperform the Standard & Poor's 500 Index.

1990

Time Warner subsequently acquired Ted Turner's Turner Broadcasting System in October 1996. Not only did this result in the company (in a way) re-entering the basic cable television industry (in regards to nationally available channels), but Warner Bros. also regained the rights to their pre-1950 film library, which by then had been owned by Turner (the films are still technically held by Turner, but WB is responsible for sales and distribution).

Time Warner had also been owner of the Six Flags Theme Parks chain during the 1990s after near bankruptcy. It sold all Six Flags parks and properties to Oklahoma based Premier Parks on April 1, 1998.

Dick Parsons, already a director on the board since 1991, was hired as Time Warner president in 1995, although the division operational heads continued to report directly to Chairman and CEO Gerald Levin.

2000

In 2000, a new company called AOL Time Warner was created when AOL purchased Time Warner for US$164 billion. The deal, announced on January 10, 2000 and officially filed on February 11, 2000, employed a merger structure in which each original company merged into a newly created entity. The Federal Trade Commission cleared the deal on December 14, 2000, and gave final approval on January 11, 2001; the company completed the merger later that day. The deal was approved on the same day by the Federal Communications Commission, and had already been cleared by the European Commission on October 11, 2000. Due to the larger market capitalization of AOL, they would own 55% of the new company while Time Warner shareholders owned only 45%, so in actual practice AOL had acquired Time Warner, even though AOL had far less assets and revenues.

AOL Time Warner, Inc., as the company was then called, was supposed to be a merger of equals with top executives from both sides. Gerald Levin, who had served as CEO of Time Warner, was CEO of the new company. Steve Case served as Executive Chairman of the board of directors, Robert W. Pittman (President and COO of AOL) and Dick Parsons (President of Time Warner) served as Co-Chief Operating Officers, and J. Michael Kelly (the CFO from AOL) became the Chief Financial Officer.

According to AOL President and COO Bob Pittman, the slow-moving Time Warner would now take off at Internet speed, accelerated by AOL: "All you need to do is put a catalyst to [Time Warner], and in a short period, you can alter the growth rate. The growth rate will be like an Internet company." When the AOL Time Warner deal was announced, the vision for its future seemed clear and straightforward; by tapping into AOL, Time Warner would reach deep into the homes of tens of millions of new customers. AOL would use Time Warner's high-speed cable lines to deliver to its subscribers Time Warner's branded magazines, books, music, and movies. This would have created 130 million subscription relationships.

Unfortunately, the growth and profitability of the AOL division stalled due to advertising and subscriber slowdowns in part caused by the burst of the dot-com bubble and the economic recession after September 2001. The value of the America Online division dropped significantly, not unlike the market valuation of similar independent internet companies that drastically fell, and forced a goodwill write-off, causing AOL Time Warner to report a loss of $99 billion in 2002 — at the time, the largest loss ever reported by a company. The total value of AOL stock subsequently went from $226 billion to about $20 billion.

An outburst by Vice Chairman Ted Turner at a board meeting prompted Steve Case to contact each of the directors and push for CEO Gerald Levin's ouster. Although Case's coup attempt was rebuffed by Parsons and several other directors, Levin became frustrated with being unable to "regain the rhythm" at the combined company and announce his resignation in the fall of 2001, effective in May 2002. Although Co-COO Bob Pittman was the strongest supporter of Levin and largely seen as the heir-apparent, Dick Parsons was instead chosen as CEO. Time Warner CFO Michael J. Kelly was demoted to COO of the AOL division, and replaced as CFO by Wayne Pace. AOL Chairman and CEO Barry Schuler was removed from his position and placed in charge of a new "content creation division", being replaced on an interim basis by Pittman, who was already serving as the sole COO after Parson's promotion.

Many expected synergies between AOL and the other Time Warner divisions never materialized, as most Time Warner divisions were considered independent fiefs that rarely cooperated prior to the merger. A new incentive program that granted options based on the performance of AOL Time Warner, replacing the cash bonuses for the results of their own division, caused resentment among Time Warner division heads who blamed the AOL division for failing to meet expectations and dragging down the combined company. AOL Time Warner COO Pittman, who expected to have the divisions working closely towards convergence instead found heavy resistance from many division executives, who also criticized Pittman for adhering to optimistic growth targets for AOL Time Warner that were never met. Some of the attacks on Pittman were reported to come from the print media in the Time, Inc. division under Don Logan. Furthermore, CEO Parson's democratic style prevented Pittman from exercising authority over the "old-guard" division heads who resisted Pittman's synergy initiatives.

Pittman announced his resignation as AOL Time Warner COO after July 4, 2002, being reportedly burned out by the AOL special assignment and almost hospitalized, unhappy about the criticism from Time Warner executives, and seeing nowhere to move up in firm as Parsons was firmly entrenched as CEO. Pittman's departure was seen as a great victory to Time Warner executives who wanted to undo the merger. In a sign of AOL's diminishing importance to the media conglomerate, Pittman's responsibilities were divided between two Time Warner veterans; Jeffrey Bewkes who was CEO of Home Box Office, and Don Logan who had been CEO of Time. Logan became chairman of the newly created media and communications group, overseeing America Online, Time, Time Warner Cable, the AOL Time Warner Book Group and the Interactive Video unit, relegating AOL to being just another division in the conglomerate. Bewkes became chairman of the entertainment and networks group, comprising of HBO, New Line Cinema, The WB, Turner Networks, Warner Bros. and Warner Music. Both Logan and Bewkes, who had initially opposed the merger, were chosen because they were considered the most successful operational executives in the conglomerate and they would report to AOL Time Warner CEO Richard Parsons. Logan, generally admired at Time Warner and reviled by AOL for being a corporate timeserver who stressed incremental steady growth and not much of a risk taker, moved to purge AOL of several "Pittman panzers".

AOL Time Warner Chairman Steve Case took on added prominence as the co-head of a new strategy committee of the board, making speeches to divisions on synergism and the promise of the Internet. However, under pressure from institutional investor vice president Gordon Crawford who lined up dissenters, Case announced in January 2003 that he would not stand for re-election as executive chairman in the upcoming annual meeting, making CEO Richard Parsons the chairman-elect. That year, the company dropped the "AOL" from its name, and spun off Time-Life's ownership under the legal name Direct Holdings Americas, Inc. Case resigned from the Time Warner board on October 31, 2005.

In 2005, Time Warner was among 53 entities that contributed the maximum of $250,000 to the second inauguration of President George W. Bush. On December 27, 2007 newly installed Time Warner CEO Jeffrey Bewkes discussed possible plans to spin-off Time Warner Cable and sell-off AOL and Time Inc. This would leave a smaller company made up of Turner Broadcasting, Warner Bros. and HBO. On February 28, 2008 co-chairmen and co-CEOs of New Line Cinema Bob Shaye and Michael Lynne announced their resignations from the 40-year-old movie studio in response to Jeffrey Bewkes's demand for cost-cutting measures at the studio, which he intended to dissolve into Warner Bros.

On May 28, 2009, Time Warner announced that it would spin off AOL as a separate independent company, with the change occurring on December 9, 2009.

On August 25, 2010, Time Warner's Latin American division bought Chilean nationwide terrestrial television station Chilevisión from Chile's current president Sebastián Piñera. Time Warner already operates in the country with CNN Chile.

Transactions made since the AOL-Time Warner merger

Since the merger, a number of transactions have taken place:

World Championship Wrestling was sold to WWF Entertainment on March 23, 2001 after Jamie Kellner of TBS decided that wrestling was not in the network's best interest.

After William Hanna's death in March 2001, Hanna-Barbera was absorbed to Warner Bros. Animation.

The Atlanta Hawks, Atlanta Thrashers, and operating rights to Philips Arena were sold in mid-2003.

The fifty percent share in the cable channel Comedy Central was sold to Viacom.

Warner Music Group was sold to a group of investors led by Edgar Bronfman Jr. in March 2004.

AOL/Netscape's longrunning litigation against Microsoft was settled out of court.

Time Warner announced that it was shutting down its CNNfn financial information channel and disposing of its share in Google (2004).

On March 31, 2006 Time Warner sold the Time Warner Book Group to French publisher Hachette Livre, of the Lagardere group.

On February 7, 2006, a group led by corporate raider Carl Icahn and Lazard Frères CEO Bruce Wasserstein unveiled a 343-page proposal calling for the breakup of Time Warner into four companies and stock buybacks totaling approximately $20 billion. On February 17, 2006, the Icahn-lead group agreed with Time Warner to not contest the re-election of TW's slate of board members at the 2006 shareholders meeting. In exchange for the Icahn group's cooperation, Time Warner will buy back up to $20 billion of stock, nominate more independent members to the board of directors, cut $1 billion of costs by 2007, and continue discussions with the Icahn group over their proposal, particularly on the future of Time Warner Cable.

On February 23, 2006, Turner South, a regional sports and entertainment network in the south, was sold to News Corp's Fox Cable Networks group. The network later became SportSouth.

On September 12, 2006, Time Inc. announced that Time4 Media, a group of men's interest magazines including ''Popular Science'' and ''Outdoor Life'' was to be put up for sale. The sale included 18 publications (including three parenting-related titles), with the eventual buyer being the Bonnier Magazine Group.

In the fall of 2006, the Atlanta Braves were sold to Liberty Media in a deal that returned vast amounts of Liberty-owned Time Warner stock back into the company's folds. This sale was made official on May 17, 2007.

In the summer of 2008, the Reader's Digest Association sold QSP to Time Warner subsidiary Time Inc. for $110 million. In March 2009, Time Warner Cable was divested from the company in a spin-out.

On August 26, 2010, in Chile, Time Warner Company took the full control of Chilevisión, a channel owned by Chile's President Sebastian Piñera.

The CW Television Network

On January 24, 2006, CBS Corporation and Time Warner announced that they were to create a new broadcast network, The CW Television Network. The network officially debuted on September 18, 2006. The network formally debuted on September 20 with the 2 hour premiere of ''America's Next Top Model''.

The network is the result of a merger of The WB Television Network (a Time Warner holding) and UPN (a CBS Corporation holding). CBS Corporation and Time Warner each own 50% of the network. Tribune Broadcasting (previously owned a 25% stake on The WB) and CBS Corporation contributed its stations as new network affiliates, although Time Warner's sole owned TV station (via Turner) Atlanta's WTBS (now WPCH) remains an independent station, competing against CBS-owned CW O&O; WUPA.

Time Inc.

The Time Inc. division publishes approximately 150 titles worldwide. It is the leading magazine publisher in the U.S. and UK, and is understood to be profitable at US$5 billion in annual revenues. As of January 2007, the unit is experiencing downsizing. In January 2007, the Bonnier Magazine Group agreed to acquire 18 magazines that Time Inc. was divesting. The magazines in the package employed 550 people and included ''Field & Stream'', ''Outdoor Life'', ''Ski'', ''Yachting'', and ''TransWorld Snowboarding'', as well as 11 other titles that were part of Time Inc.'s Time4Media Group. Also included were ''Parenting'', and ''Baby Talk'', which were part of the Parenting Group.

Financials

When the AOL-Time Warner merger was announced in January 2000, the combined market capitalization was $350 billion. . It has subsequently fallen dramatically. Even by the time the merger was approved by the FCC and FTC just one year later on February 11, 2001, the company's market capitalization had plunged to $208.6 billion. By 2009, the company's value had tumbled even further, to just $65.7 billion, or roughly one-sixth of its value at the height of the dot.com bubble era when the deal was announced.Time Warner 2009 Annual Report

For fiscal year 2002 the company reported a $99 billion loss on its income statement because of $100 billion in non-recurring charges, almost all from a writedown of the goodwill (intangible asset) from the merger in 2000. This loss is one of the largest in corporate history. The value of the AOL portion of the company had dropped sharply with the collapse of the Internet boom, in the early 21st century.

On February 4, 2009, Time Warner posted a $16.03 billion loss for the final quarter of 2008, compared with a $1.03 billion profit for the same three months of 2007.

Commercial properties

Time Warner Inc. owns several large properties in New York City; certain buildings in the Rockefeller Center complex and adjacent office towers house its main offices; one of which houses a CNN news studio. In late 2003, Time Warner finished construction of a new twin-tower complex, designed to serve as additional office space, facing Columbus Circle on the southwestern edge of Central Park. Originally called the AOL Time Warner Center, the , 55-floor mixed-use property was renamed Time Warner Center when the company itself was renamed.

Board of directors

As of June 24, 2010.

Jeffrey L. Bewkes - Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Time Warner Inc.

James Barksdale - Chairman and President, Barksdale Management Corporation

William P. Barr - Former Attorney General of the United States

Stephen F. Bollenbach - Former Co-Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Hilton Hotels Corporation

Frank J. Caufield - Co-Founder and Partner, Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers

Robert C. Clark - Distinguished Service Professor, Harvard University

Mathias Döpfner - Chairman, Chief Executive Officer, Axel Springer AG

Jessica P. Einhorn - Dean, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins University

Fred Hassan - Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Schering-Plough Corporation

Michael A. Miles - Special Limited Partner, Forstmann Little & Company

Ken Novack - Senior Counsel, Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, PC

Deborah Wright - Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Carver Bancorp, Inc.

Senior executives

Time Warner Inc.

Jeffrey L. Bewkes, Chairman and CEO

And six executive vice presidents, most with additional, functional titles:

Paul T. Cappuccio, General Counsel

Patricia Fili-Krushel, Administration

Gary L. Ginsberg, Corporate Marketing and Communications

John K. Martin, Chief Financial Officer

Carol A. Melton, Global Public Policy

Olaf Olafsson

Subsidiaries

Bill Nelson, Chairman and CEO of Home Box Office

Ann S. Moore, Chairman and CEO of Time Inc.

John Huey, Editor-In-Chief of Time Inc.

Philip I. Kent, Chairman and CEO of Turner Broadcasting System

Barry Meyer, Chairman and CEO of Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.

Alan F. Horn, President and Chief Operating Officer of Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc.

Competition

Time Warner faces industry competition from traditional media companies such as Vivendi, CBS Corporation, Sony, Viacom, The Walt Disney Company, NBC Universal, and News Corporation. Time Warner's business may be severely impacted by the increasing viewership of feature films, television programming and other content online with low ad-income, which decreases company revenues.

Box office receipts have been rising while the growth rate of DVD sales have recently been declining, which affects Warner Bros.' growth prospects and revenues.

Past names

Time Inc. (1922–1990)

Warner Bros. Pictures Inc. (1923–1967)

Seven Arts Productions Inc. (1957–1967)

Kinney National Company (1966–1971)

Warner Bros.-Seven Arts (1967–1971)

Warner Communications (1971–1990)

Time Warner (1990–2001, November 2002–present)

Time Warner Entertainment (1992–2001)

AOL Time Warner Inc. (2000–2003)

See also

Time-Life - former direct marketing (books, music, video) subsidiary;

Ted Turner

Steve Case

Reel Works Teen Filmmaking - a documentary youth program sponsored by Time Warner

List of conglomerates

List of United States companies

List of assets owned by Time Warner

Footnotes

External links

A complete list of Time Warner media facilities and a detailed report on their campaign contributions and lobbying from the Center for Public Integrity

Ketupa - Time Warner profile

Columbia Journal Review's Who Owns What for Time Warner

Early analysis of the Time Warner-AOL merger

Yahoo! - Time Warner Inc. Company Profile

Time Warner's most recent conference call transcripts

Category:Publishing companies established in 1990 Category:Entertainment companies of the United States Category:Telecommunications companies of the United States Category:Internet companies of the United States Category:Companies based in New York City Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange Time Warner, Inc. Category:Turner Broadcasting System Category:Atlanta Braves owners

ca:Time Warner da:Time Warner de:Time Warner es:Time Warner fr:Time Warner ko:타임 워너 id:Time Warner it:Time Warner he:טיים וורנר kk:Time Warner hu:Time Warner mt:Time Warner ms:Time Warner nl:Time Warner ja:タイム・ワーナー no:Time Warner pl:Time Warner pt:Time Warner ro:Time Warner ru:Time Warner sq:Time Warner sl:Time Warner fi:Time Warner sv:Time Warner tr:Time Warner uk:Time Warner vi:Time Warner zh:时代华纳

name	Roy Chapman Andrews
birth name	Roy Chapman Andrews
birth date	January 26, 1884
birth place	Beloit, Wisconsin
death date	March 11, 1960
death place	Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
resting place	Oakwood Cemetery, Beloit, Wisconsin
resting place coordinates
nationality	American
known for	Paleontological field work
employer	American Museum of Natural History
occupation	Explorer, adventurer, naturalist
years active	1909-1960
home town	Beloit, Wisconsin
spouse	Yvette Borup
awards	Cover of Time Magazine, 29 October 1923 }}

:''For the former professional American football coach see LeRoy Andrews'' Roy Chapman Andrews (January 26, 1884 – March 11, 1960) was an American explorer, adventurer and naturalist who became the director of the American Museum of Natural History. He is primarily known for leading a series of expeditions through the fragmented China of the early 20th century into the Gobi Desert and Mongolia. The expeditions made important discoveries and brought the first-known fossil dinosaur eggs to the museum.

Biography

Early life and education

Andrews was born on January 26, 1884, in Beloit, Wisconsin. As a child, he explored forests, fields, and waters nearby, developing marksmanship skills. He taught himself taxidermy and used funds from this hobby to pay tuition to Beloit College, where he was a member of Sigma Chi.

On March 31, 1905, during his junior year in College, Andrews was boating on the Rock River in bad conditions when his craft capsized; his friend, Monty White, died in the cold waters, but Andrews survived. After graduation the following year, Andrews used some of his money saved from taxidermy to travel to New York City to find a job at the American Museum of Natural History. Told that there were no openings, Andrews took a job as a janitor in the taxidermy department and began collecting specimens for the museum. During the next few years, he worked and studied simultaneously, earning a Master of Arts degree in mammalogy from Columbia University.

Career

thumb|left|Roy Chapman Andrews, 1913 From 1909 to 1910, Andrews sailed on the ''USS Albatross'' to the East Indies, collecting snakes and lizards and observing marine mammals. In 1913, he sailed aboard the schooner Adventuress with owner John Borden to the Arctic. They were hoping to obtain a bowhead whale specimen for the American Museum of Natural History. On this expedition, he filmed some of the best footage of seals ever seen, though did not succeed in acquiring a whale specimen.

He married Yvette Borup in 1914. From 1916 to 1917, Andrews and his wife led the Asiatic Zoological Expedition of the museum through much of western and southern Yunnan, as well as other provinces of China. The book ''Camps and Trails in China'' records their experiences.

In 1920, Andrews began planning for expeditions to Mongolia and drove a fleet of Dodge cars westward from Peking. In 1922, the party discovered a fossil of ''Indricotherium'' (then named "''Baluchitherium''"), a gigantic hornless rhinoceros, which was sent back to the museum, arriving on December 19. In the 1920s, he went to Mongolia, hoping to find out something about the origin of man. He didn't find out anything about man, but he discovered a treasure trove of dinosaur bones. During four expeditions in the Gobi Desert between 1922 and 1925, he discovered ''Protoceratops'', a nest of ''Protoceratops'' eggs (later studies revealed them to be ''Oviraptor'' eggs), ''Pinacosaurus'', ''Saurornithoides'', ''Oviraptor'' and ''Velociraptor'', none of which were known before.

On July 13, 1923, the party was the first in the world to discover dinosaur eggs. Initially thought to belong to the ceratopsian ''Protoceratops'', they were determined in 1995 actually to belong to the theropod ''Oviraptor'' . Walter W. Granger discovered a skull from the Cretaceous period. In 1925, the museum sent a letter back informing the party that the skull was that of a mammal, and therefore rare and valuable; more were uncovered. Expeditions in the area stopped during 1926 and 1927. In 1928, the expedition's finds were seized by Chinese authorities but were eventually returned. The 1929 expedition was cancelled. In 1930, he made one final trip and discovered some mastodon fossils. A cinematographer, James B. Shackelford, made filmed records of many of Andrews' expeditions. (Sixty years after Andrews' initial expedition, the American Museum of Natural History returned to Mongolia on the invitation of its government to continue exploration.) Later that year, Andrews returned to the United States and divorced his wife, with whom he had two sons.

In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Andrews an ''Honorary Scout'', a new category of Scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys...".

Andrews joined the Explorers Club in New York in 1908, four years after its founding. He later served as its President from 1931 to 1934. In 1934, Andrews became the director of the museum. In his 1935 book ''The Business of Exploring'', he wrote "I was born to be an explorer...There was never any decision to make. I couldn't do anything else and be happy." In 1942, Andrews retired to Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, where he wrote about his life and died in 1960. He is buried in Oakwood Cemetery in his hometown of Beloit.

"Indiana Jones" connection

Douglas Preston of the American Museum of Natural History wrote: :Andrews is allegedly the real person that the movie character of Indiana Jones was patterned after. Andrews was an accomplished stage master. He created an image and lived it out impeccably—there was no chink in his armor. Roy Chapman Andrews: famous explorer, dinosaur hunter, exemplar of Anglo-Saxon virtues, crack shot, fighter of Mongolian brigands, the man who created the metaphor of 'Outer Mongolia' as denoting any exceedingly remote place.

Although some sources speculate that Andrews was the inspiration for Indiana Jones, neither George Lucas nor the other creators of the films have ever confirmed this. Other candidates have been suggested, including Colonel Percy Fawcett. The 120-page transcript of the story conferences for the movie does not mention Andrews. An analysis by the Smithsonian Channel concludes that the linkage was indirect, with Andrews (and other explorers) serving as the model for heroes in adventure films of the 1940s and 1950s, who in turn inspired Lucas and his fellow writers.

Bibliography

Books listed on Worldcat

''Monographs of the Pacific Cetacea'' (1914–16)

''Whale Hunting With Gun and Camera'' (1916)

''Camps and Trails in China'' (1918)

''Across Mongolian Plains'' (1921)

''On The Trail of Ancient Man'' (1926)

''Ends of the Earth'' (1929)

''The New Conquest of Central Asia'' (1932)

''This Business of Exploring'' (1935)

''Exploring with Andrews'' (1938)

''This Amazing Planet'' (1939)

''Under a Lucky Star (1943)

''Meet your Ancestors, A Biography of Primitive Man'' (1945)

''An Explorer Comes Home'' (1947)

''My Favorite Stories of the Great Outdoors'' Editor (1950)

''Quest in the Desert'' (1950)

''Heart of Asia: True Tales of the Far East'' (1951)

''Nature's Way: How Nature Takes Care of Her Own'' (1951)

''All About Dinosaurs'' (1953)

''All About Whales'' (1954)

''Beyond Adventure: The Lives of Three Explorers'' (1954)

''Quest of the Snow Leopard'' (1955)

''All About Strange Beasts of the Past'' (1956)

''In the Days of the Dinosaurs'' (1959)

Notes

References

Roy Chapman Andrews Society official website

''Dragon Hunter''; biography by Charles Gallenkamp (2001)

External links

1929 ''Popular Mechanics'' article about Andrews expedition to Mongolia

{{s-ttl|title=Cover of Time Magazine |years=29 October 1923}}

Category:1884 births Category:1960 deaths Category:American paleontologists Category:American explorers Category:Beloit College alumni Category:People from Beloit, Wisconsin Category:People associated with the American Museum of Natural History

de:Roy Chapman Andrews es:Roy Chapman Andrews fr:Roy Chapman Andrews gl:Roy Chapman Andrews ko:로이 앤드류스 it:Roy Chapman Andrews hu:Roy Chapman Andrews ja:ロイ・チャップマン・アンドリュース no:Roy Chapman Andrews pl:Roy Chapman Andrews pt:Roy Chapman Andrews ru:Эндрюс, Рой Чепмен fi:Roy Chapman Andrews sv:Roy Chapman Andrews tr:Roy Chapman Andrews zh:安得思

name	Gregory David Roberts
birth name	Gregory John Peter Smith
birth date	June 1952
birth place	Melbourne, Australia
occupation	Novelist, bank robber, charity organiser and screenplay writer
nationality	Australian
period	2003 – present
penalty	230 years imprisonment
website	http://www.shantaram.com/ }}

Gregory David Roberts (born June 1952) in Melbourne, Australia) (born Gregory John Peter Smith) is an Australian author best known for his novel ''Shantaram''. He is a former heroin addict and convicted bank robber who escaped from Pentridge Prison in 1980, and fled to India where he lived for ten years.

Life

Roberts had become addicted to heroin after his marriage ended, and he lost custody of his young daughter. In his efforts to finance his drug habit, Roberts became known as the "Building Society Bandit" and the "Gentleman Bandit", because he had chosen to rob only institutions with adequate insurance, he would wear a three-piece suit, and he always said "please" and "thank you" to the people he robbed. Roberts believed at the time that in this way he was lessening the brutality of his acts, but later in his life he admitted that people only gave him money because he had made them afraid. He escaped from Pentridge Prison in 1980.

In 1990, Roberts was captured in Frankfurt after being caught smuggling heroin into the country. He was extradited to Australia and served a further six years in prison, two of which were spent in solitary confinement. According to Roberts, he escaped prison again during that time, but then he relented and smuggled himself back into jail. His intention was to serve the rest of his sentence to give himself the chance to be reunited with his family. During his second stay in Australian prison, Roberts began writing the novel Shantaram. The manuscript was destroyed by prison wardens, twice, while Roberts was writing it.

Writing career

After leaving prison, Roberts was able to finally finish and publish his novel, Shantaram. The book's name comes from the name his best friend's mother gave him, which means "Man of Peace," or "Man of God's Peace." Shantaram was mistakenly believed by some to be based on real events (or roman à clef). Roberts changed the names of the characters in his novel but claims the experiences were non fiction.

Roberts lived in Melbourne, Germany, and France and finally returned to Mumbai, where he set up charitable foundations to assist the city's poor with health care coverage. He was finally reunited with his daughter. He got engaged to Francoise Sturdza, who is the president of the Hope for India Foundation. Roberts also wrote the original screenplay for the movie adaptation of ''Shantaram''.

In 2009, Roberts was named an Zeitz Foundation Ambassador for Community. Ambassadors help raise awareness and shape activities in their respective dimension.

Notes

References

Roberts, Gregory David, (2003) ''Shantaram'' Carlton North, Vic. Scribe Publications ISBN 1920769005.

Rule, Andrew & Silvester, John, ''Underbelly 5''.

External links

Shantaram Website including notes on the book as well as information on the author and his philosophy

Category:Living people Category:Australian memoirists Category:Australian bank robbers Category:Australian escapees Category:Australian crime writers Category:1952 births Category:Australian novelists Category:Escapees from Victoria (Australia) detention Category:Criminals from Melbourne

de:Gregory Roberts (Autor) fr:Gregory David Roberts hi:ग्रेगोरी डेविड रॉबर्टस it:Gregory David Roberts no:Gregory David Roberts ru:Робертс, Грегори Дэвид zh:格里高利·大卫·罗伯兹

Name	Gail Kim
Names	Gail KimLa Felina
Alt	An Asian female with dark hair wearing a dark blue top posing for a picture.
Height
Weight
Birth date	February 20, 1977
Birth place	Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Resides	Tampa, Florida
Billed	Tampa, FloridaToronto, Ontario, CanadaKorea
Trainer	Ron HutchinsonRob EtcheverriaFit Finlay
Debut	December 2000
Website	http://www.thegailkim.com/ }}

Gail Kim (born February 20, 1977) is a Canadian professional wrestler of Korean descent. She is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

She began her career wrestling as La Felina on the Canadian independent circuit, before joining WWE in 2002 as Gail Kim. In her WWE debut match, she won the WWE Women's Championship. After being released by WWE in 2004, Kim joined TNA in September 2005. There, she joined the tag team America's Most Wanted as their valet. After the dissolution of the group, Kim performed as a singles wrestler, eventually going on to become the inaugural TNA Women's Knockout Champion in October 2007. She later left TNA in August 2008, to return to WWE in March 2009. She announced on August 5, 2011 that she had quit WWE via her Twitter account.

Personal life

Gail Kim was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on February 20, 1977. Kim majored in kinesiology at the University of Toronto before transferring to Ryerson University and changing her major to nutrition. Prior to signing with WWE, Kim undertook breast augmentation surgery. After signing, she had her implants enlarged. While performing for WWE, one of her implants ruptured, which resulted in her being sidelined for two weeks. Kim posed topless for a cell phone ad campaign in South Korea. In 2007, Kim was listed on ''Forbes''' top 40 list of "America's Most Eligible Bachelorettes". In 2009, Kim was a part of the cast of the independent psychological thriller entitled ''Royal Kill''.

Professional wrestling career

Early career and training

After obtaining her degree from Ryerson University, Kim decided to become a professional wrestler and joined Ron Hutchinson's "School of Pro Wrestling" in Toronto. She received supplementary training from Rob Etchevarria at the "Squared Circle Pro Wrestling Gym". She debuted in December 2000, wearing a mask and wrestling as "The Queen of the Cats" La Felina in the Southern Ontario-based Apocalypse Wrestling Federation. She, however, was eventually unmasked by Tracy Brooks in a "Mask versus Hair" match. Kim worked on the Canadian independent circuit for two years, wrestling for promotions such as Border City Wrestling.

World Wrestling Entertainment (2002–2004)

Kim was introduced to World Wrestling Federation (WWF) employee Nora Greenwald (known on-screen as Molly Holly) by Jason Sensation in 2001; Greenwald encouraged Kim to send her videos and tapes to WWF officials, which eventually led to her contract. In October 2002, she was hired by the WWF, now renamed World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). She spent eight months training in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) and appearing in house shows and dark matches before being called up to the main roster. After several weeks of vignettes showcasing ''Matrix''-like effects aired on ''Raw'', Kim debuted on June 30 as a fan favorite, with a ''Matrix''-inspired outfit.

Her first televised WWE match was a seven-woman battle royal in Buffalo, New York on the June 30, 2003 episode of ''Raw'' with the WWE Women's Championship, then held by an injured Jazz, on the line. Kim won the match by lastly eliminating Victoria. Kim held the title for four weeks, before losing it to Molly Holly on the July 28, 2003 episode of ''Raw''. Subsequently, Kim formed an alliance with Holly to take on Trish Stratus, who was later assisted by Lita. At WWE's Unforgiven PPV event on September 21, 2003, Stratus and Lita defeated Kim and Holly in a tag match. The four women continued to feud until November, when Kim was sidelined with a broken right collarbone. Kim returned to ''Raw'' in April 2004 and immediately reforged her alliance with Holly. At WWE's Bad Blood PPV event on June 13, 2004, she faced Lita, Stratus, and Victoria in a Fatal Four-Way for the WWE Women's Championship, which was won by Stratus.

Kim participated in a battle royal on October 19, 2004 at WWE's Taboo Tuesday PPV event, which was won by Stratus. She, however, was released by WWE on November 3, 2004 as a result of cost cutting. Kim was caught off guard by her release and was told that management wanted to take the women's division in a new direction.

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2005–2008)

America's Most Wanted (2005–2007)

Following her release and the expiration of her 90-day no-compete clause, Kim made sporadic appearances on the independent circuit, including at Michigan's All World Wrestling League and in Japan. She also competed in Korea and Mexico before being signed by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) promotion on September 6, 2005. She made her TNA debut on the October 8, 2005 episode of TNA's television program ''TNA Impact!'', aligning herself with Jeff Jarrett and America's Most Wanted (AMW) (Chris Harris and James Storm) and taking on the role of AMW's and Jarrett's manager. Kim made her in-ring debut on July 16, 2006 at TNA's Victory Road PPV event in a Six Man Mixed Tag Team match with AMW against A.J. Styles, Christopher Daniels, and Sirelda. However, her team ended up on the losing end of the contest. At TNA's Hard Justice PPV event on August 13, 2006, Kim defeated Sirelda in a standard wrestling match.

In early 2007 after the dissolution of AMW, Kim began a more active role as an in-ring competitor in TNA. This began with an on-screen feud with her former alliance, Storm, and his new manager Jacqueline. The first encounter between the group was on February 11, 2007 at TNA's Against All Odds PPV event in a Mixed Tag Team match, which Kim and her partner, Petey Williams, lost. On March 11, 2007 at TNA's Destination X PPV event, Storm and Jacqueline won a rematch against Williams and Kim in a Double Bullrope match. Kim went on to defeat Jacqueline in a Six Sides of Steel cage match on April 15, 2007 at TNA's Lockdown PPV event. Their feud came to an end on the May 3, 2007 episode of ''TNA Impact!'', when Kim defeated Moore under street fight rules.

Singles competition (2007–2008)

After the conclusion to her feud with Moore, Kim made two minor TNA PPV appearances before outlasting nine other competitors in a ten-woman gauntlet match to crown the first TNA Women's World Champion on October 14, 2007 at TNA's Bound for Glory PPV event. She made her first title defense on November 11, 2007 at TNA's Genesis PPV event; there she successfully retained the now renamed TNA Women's Knockout Championship by defeating Roxxi Laveaux, ODB, and Angel Williams. Kim then began a feud with Awesome Kong over the championship. Their first encounter occurred on December 2, 2007 at TNA's Turning Point PPV event, which resulted in Kim retaining due to a disqualification by Kong. On January 6, 2008 at TNA's Final Resolution PPV event, Kim defeated Kong in their second encounter to retain the championship under no disqualification rules. In their third and final encounter on the January 10, 2008 episode of ''TNA Impact!'', Kong defeated Kim to win the TNA Women's Knockout Championship.

During the January 24, 2008 episode of ''TNA Impact!'', Kim was awarded the 2007 TNA Knockout of the Year award. Kim competed in a three way match on March 9, 2008 at TNA's Destination X PPV event against Kong and ODB, which Kong won. On April 13, 2008 at TNA's Lockdown PPV event, she teamed with ODB to defeat the team of Raisha Saeed and Kong in a tag team match. On May 11, 2008 at TNA's Sacrifice PPV event, Kim won a TNA Knockouts Makeover Battle Royal, which involved a battle royal and then a ladder match, to become new one contender TNA Women's Knockout Championship. Kim competed for the championship on the May 15, 2008 episode of ''TNA Impact!'', however failed to win the title.

At TNA's Slammiversary PPV event on June 8, 2008, Kim teamed with ODB and Roxxi to defeat The Beautiful People (Angelina Love and Velvet Sky) and Moose in a Six Woman Tag Team match. Kim defeated Love on July 13, 2008 at TNA's Victory Road PPV event. Kim then teamed with ODB and Taylor Wilde to defeat the team of Kong and The Beautiful People on August 10, 2008 at TNA's Hard Justice PPV event in her last TNA PPV match. Kim's final TNA match aired on the August 21, 2008 episode of ''TNA Impact!'' in a losing effort to Kong under street fight rules. Kim left TNA in mid-August 2008 after the terms of her contract expired.

Return to World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE (2009–2011)

After her contract expired with TNA, Kim re-signed with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) promotion in late-2008. She made her return on the March 27th edition of ''SmackDown'', when she interrupted a WWE Divas Championship match between Michelle McCool and Maryse by attacking both competitors. Kim made her in-ring return on the March 30 edition of ''Raw'' on the winning team of an 18-Diva tag team match. Kim participated in a 25-Diva Miss WrestleMania battle royal on April 5, 2009 at WWE's WrestleMania XXV PPV event. On the April 17 edition of ''SmackDown'', Kim defeated then-Divas Champion Maryse. This earned her a championship match the following week, which she failed to win.

On the June 29 edition of ''Raw'', Kim was traded to the Raw brand as part of a 15 wrestler tri-brand trade between Raw, SmackDown, and ECW. A few weeks later on the August 10 edition of ''Raw'', she gained another title shot by winning a Fatal 4-Way match, that also involved Beth Phoenix, Kelly Kelly, and Alicia Fox, to become number one contender. She was unsuccessful in winning the championship on the August 17 edition of ''Raw'', when she faced then-champion Mickie James. At the Bragging Rights pay per-view on October 25, Kim, with Melina and Kelly Kelly, represented Raw in a losing effort to McCool, Phoenix, and Natalya, representing SmackDown. Kim was on the winning side of a five-on-five Survivor Series Elimination match on November 22 at the Survivor Series pay per-view.

In early 2010, a tournament was held for the newly vacated Divas Championship. Kim defeated Jillian Hall and Fox to make it to the finals, where she faced Maryse for the vacant title. The finals were held on the February 22 edition of ''Raw'', which Maryse won to become the new champion. The finals were originally to be held on February 21 at the Elimination Chamber pay per-view, but the match was changed to the team of Maryse and Kim versus Team Lay-Cool (McCool and Layla), which was won by the latter. Kim was apart of the losing side of a 10-Diva tag team match at WWE's WrestleMania XXVI PPV event on March 28. At the Fatal 4-Way pay per-view on June 20 Kim challenged for the Divas Championship in a Fatal 4-Way match that also involved then-champion Eve, Maryse, and Fox; however, Fox won the contest.

In early 2011, Gail Kim became the on-screen girlfriend of Daniel Bryan and began accompanying him to the ring. At that time Bryan was menaged by The Bella Twins and after they discovered Daniel Bryan kissing his new girlfriend, Gail Kim backstage, they assaulted Gail Kim. On January 30 at the Royal Rumble, the Bella Twins once again assaulted Kim. On the following night on ''Raw'', Gail was at ring side during Daniel Bryan's match against Tyson Kidd. After the match, the Bellas entered the ring, Nikki slaped Bryan and Gail attacked her.

On the August 1 edition of Raw, Gail Kim participated in a Battle Royal to determine the number one contender for the Divas Championship, however, shortly after the match began, she eliminated herself. She later explained that WWE had instructed her to get herself eliminated from the match within the first minute, so she decided to take the easy way out and just eliminate herself. On August 5, Gail Kim announced on her Twitter page that she had quit the WWE following the incident. Kim later indicated that WWE did not grant her release, but will instead force her to stay with the promotion for the remainder of her contract.

In wrestling

Finishing moves

''Christo'' / ''Flying Dragon'' (Tilt-a-whirl headscissors armbar)

''Eat Defeat'' (Inverted stomp facebreaker) – WWE; 2009–2011

''Happy Ending'' (Straight jacket neckbreaker slam) – TNA; used as a regular move in WWE

Hurricanrana pin – WWE; 2002–2004

Over the shoulder back to belly piledriver – TNA

Signature moves

Corner crossbody

Diving leg drop

Diving hurricanrana

Diving senton splash

Diving somersault neckbreaker

Diving Tornado DDT

Dragon sleeper

Flying forearm smash

Front dropkick, sometimes from the top rope

Hurricanrana

Jumping butt drop to an opponent leaning through the ring ropes

Over the shoulder single leg boston crab

Springboard arm drag

Springboard or diving crossbody

Swinging neckbreaker

''Toronto Slam'' (Double leg slam)

Wrestlers managed

America's Most Wanted (Chris Harris and James Storm)

*Molly Holly

Jeff Jarrett

Eve Torres

*Daniel Bryan

Entrance themes

"International Woman" by Dara Shindler (WWE; 2002–2004)

"Unstoppable" by Dale Oliver (TNA; 2005–2008)

"Strong and Sexy" by Jim Johnston (WWE; 2009–2011)

Championships and accomplishments

Apocalypse Wrestling Federation

Diva of the Year (2001)

Funking Conservatory

FC Women's Championship (1 time)

Pro Wrestling Illustrated

PWI ranked her #3 of the best 50 female singles wrestlers in the PWI Female 50 in 2008

Total Nonstop Action Wrestling

TNA Women's Knockout Championship (1 time)

Knockout of the Year (2007)

World Wrestling Entertainment

WWE Women's Championship (1 time)

Lucha de Apuesta record

{|class="wikitable sortable" width=100% |- !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=5%|Wager !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Winner !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Loser !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Location !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=15%|Date !style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=20%|Notes |----- align="center" |Hair || Gail Kim || Roxxi Laveaux || Orlando, Florida, United States || ||Hair vs. Hair ladder match, held at TNA Sacrifice |}

References

External links

Online World of Wrestling profile

WWE profile

Twitter page

Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:Canadian expatriates in the United States Category:Canadian film actors Category:Canadian female professional wrestlers Category:Canadian people of Korean descent Category:Sportspeople from Ontario Category:People from Tampa, Florida Category:People from Toronto Category:Professional wrestling managers and valets Category:Ryerson University alumni Category:University of Toronto alumni

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