Coordinates

12°58′0″N77°34′0″N

{{infobox writer | name

Nikos Kazantzakis | image Kazantzakis black and white.jpg | imagesize 200px | caption | pseudonym | birth_date February 18, 1883 | birth_place Heraklion, Crete, Ottoman Empire (now Greece) | death_date October 26, 1957 | death_place Freiburg, Germany | occupation Poet, novelist, essayist, philosopher, playwright, travel writer | nationality Greek | period | genre | subject | movement | influences | influenced | signature | website }}

Nikos Kazantzakis () (February 18, 1883 October 26, 1957) was considered the most important Greek writer and philosopher of the 20th century, celebrated for his novel Zorba the Greek, considered his magnum opus. He became very well-known globally after the 1964 release of the Michael Cacoyannis film ''Zorba the Greek'', based on the novel of the same title.

Biography

When Kazantzakis was born in 1883 in Heraklion, Crete had not yet joined the modern Greek state, (which had been established in 1830) and was still under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. His surname, Kazantzakis, derives from a Turkish word Kazancı as in ''Kazantzidis''. ''Kazan'' means a cauldron in Turkish and ''-cı'' is an agent suffix similar to "-er" in English. Thus, ''Kazancı'' means someone who produces, repairs, and/or sells cauldrons. The last part of Kazantzakis' name i.e. "-akis" is specific to Crete and is the Cretan equivalent to the '-son' surname suffix means the "son of" similar to a name ending in "-son" in English e.g. Johnson. Thus "kazantzakis" literally means the son of someone who produces, repairs, and/or sells cauldrons.

From 1902 Kazantzakis studied law at the University of Athens, then went to Paris in 1907 to study philosophy. Here he fell under the influence of Henri Bergson. Upon his return to Greece, he began translating works of philosophy. In 1914 he met Angelos Sikelianos. Together they travelled for two years in places where Greek Orthodox Christian culture flourished, largely influenced by the enthusiastic nationalism of Sikelianos.

Kazantzakis married Galatea Alexiou in 1911; they divorced in 1926. He married Eleni Samiou in 1945. Between 1922 and his death in 1957, he sojourned in Paris and Berlin (from 1922 to 1924), Italy, Russia (in 1925), Spain (in 1932), and then later in Cyprus, Aegina, Egypt, Mount Sinai, Czechoslovakia, Nice (he later bought a villa in nearby Antibes, in the Old Town section near the famed seawall), China, and Japan. While in Berlin, where the political situation was explosive, Kazantzakis discovered communism and became an admirer of Lenin. He never became a consistent communist, but visited the Soviet Union and stayed with the Left Opposition politician and writer Victor Serge. He witnessed the rise of Joseph Stalin, and became disillusioned with Soviet-style communism. Around this time, his earlier nationalist beliefs were gradually replaced by a more universal ideology.

In 1945, he became the leader of a small party on the non-communist left, and entered the Greek government as Minister without Portfolio. He resigned this post the following year. In 1946, The Society of Greek Writers recommended that Kazantzakis and Angelos Sikelianos be awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 1957, he lost the Prize to Albert Camus by one vote. Camus later said that Kazantzakis deserved the honour "a hundred times more" than himself. Late in 1957, even though suffering from leukemia, he set out on one last trip to China and Japan. Falling ill on his return flight, he was transferred to Freiburg, Germany, where he died. He is buried on the wall surrounding the city of Heraklion near the Chania Gate, because the Orthodox Church ruled out his being buried in a cemetery. His epitaph reads "I hope for nothing. I fear nothing. I am free." (Δεν ελπίζω τίποτε. Δεν φοβούμαι τίποτε. Είμαι λεύτερος.)

The 50th anniversary of the death of Nikos Kazantzakis was selected as main motif for a high value euro collectors' coins; the €10 Greek Nikos Kazantzakis commemorative coin, minted in 2007. His image is shown in the obverse of the coin, while on the reverse the National Emblem of Greece with his signature is depicted.

Literary work

His first work was the 1906 narrative ''Serpent and Lily'' (Όφις και Κρίνο), which he signed with the pen name Karma Nirvami. In 1909, Kazantzakis wrote a one-act play titled ''Comedy'', which remarkably resonates existential themes that become prevalent much later in Post-World War II Europe by writers like Sartre and Camus. In 1910, after his studies in Paris, he wrote a tragedy "The Master Builder" (Ο Πρωτομάστορας), based on a popular Greek folkloric myth. Kazantzakis considered his huge epic poem (33,333 verses long) ''The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel'' to be his most important work. Begun in 1924, he rewrote it seven times before publishing it in 1938. According to another Greek author, Pantelis Prevelakis, "it has been a superhuman effort to record his immense spiritual experience." Following the structure of Homer's Odyssey, it is divided into 24 rhapsodies.

His most famous novels include ''Zorba the Greek'' (1946, in Greek Βίος και Πολιτεία του Αλέξη Ζορμπά); ''The Greek Passion'' (1948, UK title ''Christ Recrucified'', in Greek Ο Χριστός Ξανασταυρώνεται); ''Captain Michalis'' (1950, UK title ''Freedom and Death'', in Greek Καπετάν Μιχάλης); ''The Last Temptation of Christ'' (1951, Ο Τελευταίος Πειρασμός); and ''Saint Francis'' (1956, UK title ''God's Pauper: St. Francis of Assisi'', in Greek Ο Φτωχούλης του Θεού). ''Report to Greco'' (1961, Αναφορά στον Γκρέκο), containing both autobiographical and fictional elements, summed up his philosophy as the "Cretan Glance."

Starting in his youth, Kazantzakis was spiritually restless. Tortured by metaphysical and existential concerns, he sought relief in knowledge and travel, contact with a diverse set of people, in every kind of experience. The influence of Friedrich Nietzsche on his work is evident, especially Nietzsche's atheism and sympathy for the superman (Übermensch) concept. However, he was also haunted by spiritual concerns. To attain a union with God, Kazantzakis entered a monastery for six months. In 1927 Kazantzakis published in Greek his "Spiritual Exercises" (Greek: "Ασκητική"), which he had composed in Berlin in 1923. The book was translated into English and published in 1960 with the title ''The Saviors of God''. The figure of Jesus was ever-present in his thoughts, from his youth to his last years. The Christ of ''The Last Temptation of Christ'' shares Katzantzakis' anguished metaphysical and existential concerns, seeking answers to haunting questions and often torn between his sense of duty and mission, on one side, and his own human needs to enjoy life, to love and to be loved, and to have a family. A tragic figure who at the end sacrifices his own human hopes for a wider cause, Kazantzakis' Christ is not an infallible, passionless deity but rather a passionate and emotional human being who has been assigned a mission, with a meaning that he is struggling to understand and that often requires him to face his conscience and his emotions, and ultimately to sacrifice his own life for its fulfilment. He is subject to doubts, fears and even guilt. In the end he is the ''Son of Man'', a man whose internal struggle represents that of humanity.

The Church of Greece condemned Kazantzakis' work. His reply was: ''"You gave me a curse, Holy fathers, I give you a blessing: may your conscience be as clear as mine and may you be as moral and religious as I" ''before the Greek Orthodox Church anathematized him in 1955''. '' (Greek: ''"Μου δώσατε μια κατάρα, Άγιοι πατέρες, σας δίνω κι εγώ μια ευχή: Σας εύχομαι να ‘ναι η συνείδηση σας τόσο καθαρή, όσο είναι η δική μου και να ‘στε τόσο ηθικοί και θρήσκοι όσο είμαι εγώ"''). The ''Last Temptation'' was included by the Roman Catholic Church in the Index of Prohibited Books. Kazantzakis' reaction was to send a telegram to the Vatican quoting the Christian writer Tertullian: ''Ad tuum, Domine, tribunal appello'' ("I lodge my appeal at your tribunal, Lord", in Greek "Στο δικαστήριό σου ασκώ έφεση, ω Kύριε"). Many cinemas banned the Martin Scorsese film, which was released in 1988 and based on this novel.

In Kazantzakis' day, the international market for material published in modern Greek was quite small. Kazantzakis also wrote in colloquial Demotic Greek, with traces of Cretan dialect, which made his writings all the more controversial in conservative literary circles at home. Translations of his books into other European languages did not appear until his old age. Hence he found it difficult to earn a living by writing, which led him to write a great deal, including a large number of translations from French, German, and English, and curiosities such as French fiction and Greek primary school texts, mainly because he needed the money. Some of this "popular" writing was nevertheless distinguished, such as his books based on his extensive travels, which appeared in the series "Travelling" (Ταξιδεύοντας) which he founded. These books on Greece, Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Cyprus, Spain, Russia, Japan, China, and England were masterpieces of Greek travel literature.

References

Bibliography of English translations

Translations of ''The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel'', in whole or in part

''The Odyssey [Selections from]'', partial translation in prose by Kimon Friar, Wake 12 (1953), pp. 58–65.

''The Odyssey'', excerpt translated by Kimon Friar, "Chicago Review" 8, No. 2 (Spring/Summer 1954), pp. 12–18.

''The Return of Odysseus'', partial translation by Kimon Friar, "The Atlantic Monthly" 195, No. 6 (June 1955), pp. 110–112.

''The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel'', a full verse-translation by Kimon Friar, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1958; London: Secker and Warburg, 1958.

''Death, the Ant'', from ''The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel'', Book XV, 829-63, translated by Kimon Friar, "The Charioteer", No. 1 (Summer 1960), p. 39.

Travel books

''Spain'', translated by Amy Mims, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963.

''Japan, China'', translated by George C. Pappageotes, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963; published in the United Kingdom as ''Travels in China & Japan'', Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1964; London: Faber and Faber, 1964.

''England'', translated by Amy Mims, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965; Oxford, Bruno Cassirer, 1965.

''Journey to Morea'', translated by F. A. Reed, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965; published in the United Kingdom as ''Travels in Greece, Journey to Morea'', Oxford, Bruno Cassirer, 1966.

''Journeying: Travels in Italy, Egypt, Sinai, Jerusalem and Cyprus'', translated by Themi Vasils and Theodora Vasils, Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1975; San Francisco: Creative Arts Books Co., 1984.

''Russia'', translated by A. Maskaleris and M. Antonakis, Creative Arts Books Co, 1989.

Novels

''Zorba the Greek'', translated by Carl Wildman, London, John Lehmann, 1952; New York, Simon and Schuster, 1953; Oxford, Bruno Cassirer, 1959; London & Boston: Faber and Faber, 1961 and New York: Ballantine Books, 1964.

''The Greek Passion'', translated by Jonathan Griffin, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1954; New York, Ballantine Books, 1965; published in the United Kingdom as ''Christ Recrucified'', Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1954; London: Faber and Faber, 1954.

''Freedom or Death'', translated by Jonathan Griffin, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954; New York: Ballantine, 1965; published in the United Kingdom as ''Freedom and Death'', Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1956; London: Faber and Faber, 1956.

''The Last Temptation'', translated by Peter A. Bien, New York, Simon and Schuster, 1960; New York, Bantam Books, 1961; Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1961; London: Faber and Faber, 1975.

''Saint Francis'', translated by Peter A. Bien, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1962; published in the United Kingdom as ''God's Pauper: Saint Francis of Assisi'', Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1962, 1975; London: Faber and Faber, 1975.

''The Rock Garden'', translated from French (in which it was originally written) by Richard Howard, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1963.

''The Fratricides'', translated by Athena Gianakas Dallas, New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964; Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1964.

''Toda Raba'', translated from French (in which it was originally written) by Amy Mims, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1964.

[''Report to Greco'' - see under 'Memoirs, Essays and Letters']

''Alexander the Great. A Novel'' [for children], translated by Theodora Vasils, Athens (Ohio): Ohio University Press, 1982.

''At the Palaces of Knossos. A Novel'' [for children], translated by Themi and Theodora Vasilis, edited by Theodora Vasilis, London: Owen, 1988. Adapted from the draft typewritten manuscript.

''Father Yanaros'' [from the novel ''The Fratricides''], translated by Theodore Sampson, in ''Modern Greek Short Stories'', Vol. 1, edited by Kyr. Delopoulos, Athens: Kathimerini Publications, 1980.

''Serpent and Lily'', translated by Theodora Vasils, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.

Plays

''Julian the Apostate'': First staged in Paris, 1948.

''Three Plays'': ''Melissa'', ''Kouros'', ''Christopher Columbus'', translated by Athena Gianakas-Dallas, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1969.

''Christopher Columbus'', translated by Athena Gianakas-Dallas, Kentfield (CA): Allen Press, 1972. Edition limited to 140 copies.

''From Odysseus, A Drama'', partial translation by M. Byron Raizis, "The Literary Review" 16, No. 3 (Spring 1973), p. 352.

''Comedy: A Tragedy in One Act'', translated by Kimon Friar, "The Literary Review" 18, No. 4 (Summer 1975), pp. 417–454 {61}.

''Sodom and Gomorrah, A Play'', translated by Kimon Friar, "The Literary Review" 19, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 122–256 (62).

''Two plays: Sodom and Gomorrah and Comedy: A Tragedy in One Act'', translated by Kimon Friar, Minneapolis: North Central Publishing Co., 1982.

''Buddha'', translated by Kimon Friar and Athena Dallas-Damis, San Diego (CA): Avant Books, 1983.

Memoirs, Essays and Letters

''The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises'', translated by Kimon Friar, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.

''Report to Greco'', translated by Peter A. Bien, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1965; Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1965; London: Faber and Faber, 1965; New York: Bantan Books, 1971.

''Symposium'', translated by Theodora Vasils e Themi Vasils, New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1974; New York: Minerva Press, 1974.

''Friedrich Nietzsche on the Philosophy of Right and the State'', translated by O. Makridis, New York: State University of NY Press, 2007.

''From The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises'', translated by Kimon Friar, "The Charioteer", No. 1 (Summer 1960), pp. 40–51; reprinted in "The Charioteer" 22 and 23 (1980/1981), pp. 116–129 {57}.

''The Suffering God: Selected Letters to Galatea and to Papastephanou'', translated by Philip Ramp and Katerina Anghelaki Rooke, New Rochelle (NY): Caratzas Brothers, 1979.

''The Angels of Cyprus'', translated by Amy Mims, in ''Cyprus ‘74: Aphrodite’s Other Face'', edited by Emmanuel C. Casdaglis, Athens: National Bank of Greece, 1976.

''Burn Me to Ashes: An Excerpt'', translated by Kimon Friar, "Greek Heritage" 1, No. 2 (Spring 1964), pp. 61-64.

''Christ'' (poetry), translated by Kimon Friar, "Journal of Hellenic Diaspora" (JHD) 10, No. 4 (Winter 1983), pp. 47-51 (60).

''Drama and Contemporary Man, An Essay'', translated by Peter Bien, "The Literary Review" 19, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 15-121 {62}.

''"He Wants to Be Free - Kill Him!" A Story'', translated by Athena G. Dallas, "Greek Heritage" 1, No. 1 (Winter 1963), pp. 78–82.

''The Homeric G.B.S.'', "The Shaw Review" 18, No. 3 (Sept. 1975), pp. 91–92. Greek original written for a 1946 Greek language radio broadcast by BBC Overseas Service, on the occasion of George Bernard Shaw's 90th birthday.

''Hymn (Allegorical)'', translated by M. Byron Raizis, "Spirit" 37, No. 3 (Fall 1970), pp. 16–17.

''Two Dreams'', translated by Peter Mackridge, "Omphalos" 1, No. 2 (Summer 1972), p. 3.

Nikos Kazantzakis Pages at the Historical Museum of Crete

Anthologies

''A Tiny Anthology of Kazantzakis. Remarks on the Drama, 1910-1957'', compiled by Peter Bien, "The Literary Review" 18, No. 4 (Summer 1975), pp. 455–459 {61}.

Further reading

Pandelis Prevelakis, ''Nikos Kazantzakis and His Odyssey. A Study of the Poet and the Poem'', translated from the Greek by Philip Sherrard, with a prefaction by Kimon Friar, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1961.

Peter Bien, ''Nikos Kazantzakis'', 1962; New York: Columbia University Press, 1972.

Peter Bien, ''Nikos Kazantzakis and the Linguistic Revolution in Greek Literature'', Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972.

Peter Bien, ''Tempted by happiness. Kazantzakis’ post-Christian Christ'' Wallingford, Pa.: Pendle Hill Publications, 1984.

Peter Bien, ''Kazantzakis. Politics of the Spirit'', Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Darren J. N. Middleton and Peter Bien, ed., ''God’s struggler. Religion in the Writings of Nikos Kazantzakis'', Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 1996.

Darren J. N. Middleton, ''Novel Theology: Nikos Kazantzakis' Encounter with Whiteheadian Process Theism'', Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2000.

Darren J. N. Middleton, ''Scandalizing Jesus?: Kazantzakis' 'Last Temptation of Christ' Fifty Years On'', New York: Continuum, 2005.

Darren J. N. Middleton, ''Broken Hallelujah: Nikos Kazantzakis and Christian Theology'', Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006.

Helen Kazantzakis, ''Nikos Kazantzakis. A biography based on his letters'', translated by Amy Mims, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1968; Bruno Cassirer, Oxford, 1968; Berkeley: Creative Arts Book Co. for Donald S. Ellis, 1983.

John (Giannes) Anapliotes, ''The real Zorbas and Nikos Kazantzakis'', translated by Lewis A. Richards, Amsterdam: Hakkert, 1978.

James F. Lea, ''Kazantzakis: The Politics of Salvation'', foreword by Helen Kazantzakis, The University of Alabama Press, 1979.

Kimon Friar, ''The spiritual odyssey of Nikos Kazantzakis. A talk'', edited and with an introduction by Theofanis G. Stavrou, St. Paul, Minn.: North Central Pub. Co., 1979.

Morton P. Levitt, ''The Cretan Glance, The World and Art of Nikos Kazantzakis'', Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1980.

Daniel A. Dombrowski, ''Kazantzakis and God'', Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.

Colin Wilson and Howard F. Dossor, ''Nikos Kazantzakis'', Nottingham: Paupers, 1999.

Lewis Owen, ''Creative Destruction: Nikos Kazantzakis and the Literature of Responsibility'', Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2003.

External links

The Nikos Kazantzakis Museum, Crete

The Nikos Kazantzakis Pages at the Historical Museum of Crete

Iran to pay homage to Greek author Kazantzakis - ''Tehran Times'', April 10, 2008

Society of Nikos Kazantzakis friends (el.)

Category:1883 births Category:1957 deaths Category:Existentialists Category:Greek agnostics Category:National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni Category:Greek dramatists and playwrights Category:Greek novelists Category:Greek philosophers Category:People excommunicated by the Greek Orthodox Church Category:Modern Greek poets Category:Modern Greek-language writers Category:Former Eastern Orthodox Christians Category:Cretan novelists Category:Greek travel writers

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Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
name	The Greek
media	The Wire
portrayer	Bill Raymond
creator	David Simon
gender	Male
first	"Ebb Tide" ''(episode 2.01)''
last	"–30–" ''(episode 5.10)''
occupation	International smuggling/Organized Crime Boss
footnotes	}}

The Greek is a fictional character on the HBO drama ''The Wire'', played by actor Bill Raymond. The Greek is the head of an international criminal organization involved in narcotics and human trafficking. The Greek is a mysterious figure involved in numerous criminal activities. His given name is never mentioned on the show, and though he is known only as "The Greek", he has stated (in the episode Port in a Storm) that he is not actually Greek. A quiet and unassuming man, the Greek prefers to keep a low profile, operating all of his business through his lieutenant Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos. His smuggling organization operated from a small diner in Baltimore for years, and while Vondas would conduct business the Greek would listen in quietly at the counter. Nick Sobotka, upon seeing the Greek identify himself, was amazed that the shadowy figure had been in plain sight the entire time.

Despite his calm appearance, the Greek is cunning and ruthless, and only interested in facts that make him more money. Series creator David Simon has said that The Greek is an embodiment of raw unencumbered capitalism. Anyone interfering in this process is eliminated immediately, and he prefers to leave victims headless and handless to hinder identification.

The Greek's smuggling operation includes importing sex trade workers, illicit drugs, stolen goods and chemicals for drug processing. He bribes union stevedores to move containers through the Baltimore port for him and uses his muscle, Sergei "Serge" Malatov, to run containers back and forth from the port to his warehouse, a front managed by "Double G" Glekas. The Greek supplies the major drug dealers in East Baltimore with pure cocaine and heroin, using Eton Ben-Eleazer to move his drugs. His chief client is Proposition Joe, but he is also affiliated with smaller drug dealing organizations like those run by "White Mike" McArdle. His sex trade interests in Baltimore include a brothel run by a madam named Ilona Petrovitch, bringing in girls from eastern Europe. He manages to avoid prosecution for his crimes because an FBI counter-terrorism agent named Kristos Koutris tips him off if a criminal investigation gets too close. It is suggested he and Vondas may serve as federal informants.

Biography

Season 2

thumb|right|250px|The Greeks The Greek began to draw police attention in Baltimore when his contact at the docks, Frank Sobotka, became the target of an investigation. At the same time a container of thirteen dead young women intended for the sex trade was discovered at the docks, triggering a high-profile homicide investigation. The container belonged to the Greek and the girls were killed by a crewman onboard the vessel that had delivered them. The ship's crew had been paying the girls for sex and when one of the girls refused, she was killed. The crewman responsible dumped her overboard and collapsed the air pipe to kill the remaining women. The Greek had Sergei track the crewman down, interrogated him personally, and had Vondas kill him.

As the investigation continued the police were able to link Eton and Sergei to the drug smuggling operation. When police began tracking containers as they left the port, The Greek and Vondas began to close down the operation temporarily by dumping their cell phones and stealing "clean" containers. Persuading Sobotka to keep the smuggling operation going he bought further protection from Agent Koutris by betraying a load of Colombian cocaine, giving him time to destroy incriminating evidence in the warehouse and Glekas' store.

The Greek recognized that the investigation was too extensive to stop and made plans to leave, sending Vondas to assure Proposition Joe that supply of drugs would continue albeit with new faces. He attempted to buy Sobotka's silence with promised legal aid for his son, but when he learned from Koutris that Frank was planning to turn informant he had the union man killed. Although Frank's nephew Nick Sobotka was able to identify The Greek in a photo and Sergei was pressured to give up the location of his hotel suite, Vondas and the Greek had already boarded a flight to Chicago. Aware that the Greek and Vondas were gone, the police left the investigation behind and moved on to the drug dealers he supplied.

Seasons 4 & 5

The Greek continued to supply "Proposition Joe" Stewart, who formed an organization with other drug dealers called the New Day Co-Op to provide The Greek's product to them in exchange for reduced violence and sharing of territory. When Omar Little steals an entire shipment of heroin from the Greek's men as it is being delivered to Stewart's people, Marlo Stanfield demands a meeting with Spiros "Vondas" Vondopoulos in order to allay his fears that Stewart was responsible. Once Stanfield is satisfied, he waits for the Major Crimes Unit's investigation into his activities to cease and then moves to establish a direct relationship with Vondas and the Greek. After getting in communication with Vondas through former soldier Sergei, Marlo eventually sells himself as Joe's replacement by convincing the Greek that he requires an insurance policy in the form of a replacement for Proposition Joe, in the event that anything should happen to him. Realizing that Stanfield will move against Stewart regardless of his approval, the Greek accepts Marlo's proposal to act as an "insurance policy," knowing that it will mean Joe's death.

After Stewart's murder, Stanfield meets with Vondas to initiate their new business relationship. Stanfield's tenure proves short lived when he is forced into retirement by an investigation, and the other Co-Op members purchase the connection from Stanfield. In the closing scenes of the series finale, Slim Charles and Fat-Face Rick take over meeting with Vondas while the Greek listens quietly in the background.

References

Category:The Wire (TV series) characters Category:Fictional American people of Greek descent

Coordinates	12°58′0″N77°34′0″N
Name	Mikis Theodorakis (''Μίκης Θεοδωράκης'')
Background	non_performing_personnel
Born	July 29, 1925Chios, Greece
Genre	20th century classical Greek music
Years active	1943-present
Label	Paredon RecordsFolkways Records
Website	http://www.mikis-theodorakis.net
Notable instruments	}}

Mikis (Michael) Theodorakis (, ) (born July 29, 1925, Greek island of Chios) is one of the most popular Greek songwriters and composers. Internationally, he is probably best known for his songs and for his scores for the films ''Zorba the Greek'' (1964), ''Z'' (1969), and ''Serpico'' (1973).

Politically, he identified with the left until the late 1980s; in 1989, he ran as an independent candidate within the centre-right New Democracy party in order for the country to come out of the political crisis that had been created due to the numerous scandals of the government of Andreas Papandreou and helped to establish a large coalition between conservatives, socialists and leftists. In 1990 he was elected to the parliament (as in 1964 and 1981), became a government minister under Constantine Mitsotakis, and fought against drugs and terrorism and for culture, education and better relations between Greece and Turkey. He continues to speak out in favor of left-liberal causes, War in Iraq, and Greek-Turkish-Cypriot relations. He has consistently opposed oppressive regimes and was the key voice against the Greek Junta 1967-1974, which imprisoned him.

He has been mentioned as a candidate for the election as President of Greece, but he has refused to be considered.

Biography

Early years

Mikis Theodorakis was born on the island of Chios and spent his childhood years in different provincial Greek cities such as Mytilene, Cephallonia, Patras, Pyrgos and Tripoli. His father, a lawyer and a civil servant was from Galata (Crete) and his mother from Cesme (Asia Minor).

Theodorakis's fascination with music began in early childhood; he taught himself to write his first songs without access to musical instruments. In Patras and Pyrgos he took his first music lessons, and in Tripoli, Peloponnese, he gave his first concert at the age of seventeen.

He went to Athens in 1943, and became a member of a Reserve Unit of ELAS. During the Greek Civil War, he was arrested, sent into exile on the island of Icaria and then deported to the island of Makronisos, where he was tortured and twice buried alive.

During the periods when he was not obliged to hide, not exiled or jailed, he studied from 1943 to 1950 at the Athens Conservatoire under Filoktitis Economidis,. In 1950, he finished his studies and took his last two exams "with flying colours". He went to Crete, where he became the "head of the Chania Music School" and founded his first orchestra. At this time he ended what he has called the ''first period'' of his musical writing.

Studies in Paris

In 1954 he travelled with his young wife Myrto Altinoglou to Paris where he entered the Conservatory and studied musical analysis under Olivier Messiaen and conducting under Eugene Bigot. His time in Paris, 1954–1959, was his ''second period'' of musical writing and a time of intense artistic creation.

His symphonic works: a Piano concerto, his first suite, his first symphony, and his scores for the ballet: ''Greek Carnival, Le Feu aux Poudres, Les Amants de Teruel'', received international acclaim. In 1957, he won the Gold Medal in the Moscow Music Festival; President of the Jury was Dmitri Shostakovitch. In 1959, after the successful performances of Theodorakis's ballet ''Antigone'' at Covent Garden in London, the French composer Darius Milhaud proposed him for the ''American Copley Music Prize'' - an award of the "William and Noma Copley Foundation", which later changed its name to "Cassandra Foundation" - as the "Best European Composer of the Year". His first international scores for the film ''Ill Met by Moonlight'' and ''Luna de Miel'', directors: Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, were also very successful: The ''Honeymoon'' title song became part of the repertoire of The Beatles.

Notable works up to 1960

#Chamber Music: Four String Quartets; Trio four piano, violin, cello; Little Suite for piano; Sonatina for piano; Sonatinas No.1 and No.2 for violin and piano; #Symphonic music: ''Assi-Gonia'' (symphonic movement; Piano Concerto "Helicon"; Symphony No.1 (Proti Simfonia); Suites n° 1, 2 et 3 for orchestre; ''La Vie et la Mort / Live and Death'' (for voice and strings); ''Œdipus Tyrannos'' (for strings; later for quartet and symphony orchestra); Piano Concerto; #Ballets: ''Greek Carnival''; ''Le Feu aux Poudres''; ''Les Amants de Teruel''; ''Antigone''; #Filmscores: ''The Barefoot Battalion'' (Greg Tallas); ''Ill Met by Moonlight'' and ''Honeymoon'' (Powell and Pressburger); ''Faces in the Dark'' (David Eady).

Back to Greek roots

In 1960, Theodorakis returned to Greece and his roots in genuine Greek music: With his song cycle ''Epitaphios'' he started the ''third period'' of his composing and contributed to a cultural revolution in his country. With his most significant and influential works based on the greatest Greek and world poetry – ''Epiphania'' (Giorgos Seferis), ''Little Kyklades'' (Odysseas Elytis), ''Axion Esti'' (Odysseas Elytis), ''Mauthausen'' (Iakovos Kambanellis), ''Romiossini'' (Yannis Ritsos), and ''Romancero Gitano'' (Federico García Lorca) – he attempted to give back to Greek music a dignity which in his perception it had lost. In developing his concept of "metasymphonic music" (symphonic compositions that go beyond the "classical" status and mix symphonic elements with popular songs, Western symphonic orchestra and Greek popular instruments), he quickly became recognised internationally, and won acclaim as "Greece's greatest living composer".

He founded the ''Little Orchestra of Athens'' and the ''Musical Society of Piraeus'', gave many, many concerts all around Greece and abroad... and he naturally became involved in the politics of his home country. After the assassination of Gregoris Lambrakis in May 1963 he founded the ''Lambrakis Democratic Youth'' ("Lambrakidès") and was elected its president. Under Theodorakis's impetus, it started a vast cultural renaissance movement and became the greatest political organisation in Greece with more than 50.000 members. Following the 1964 elections, Theodorakis became a member of the Greek Parliament, associated with the left-wing party EDA. Because of his political ideas, the composer was black-listed by the cultural establishment; at the time of his biggest artistic glory, a large number of his songs were censored-before-studio or were not allowed on the radio stations.

During 1964, he wrote the music for the Michael Cacoyiannis film ''Zorba the Greek'', whose main theme, since then, exists as a trademark for Greece. It is also known as 'Syrtaki dance'; inspired from old Cretan traditional dances.

Main works of this period

#Song cycles: ''Epitaphios'' (Yannis Ritsos); ''Archipelagos'' (Songs of the Islands), ''Politia A & B'' (Songs of the City), ''Epiphania'' (Giorgos Seferis, Nobel Prize 1963), ''Mikres Kyklades'' (Odysseas Elytis), ''Chrysoprasino Fyllo'' (Golden-green leaf), ''Mauthausen'' (Iakovos Kambanellis), ''Romiossini'' (Yannis Ritsos), ''Thalassina Feggaria'' (Moons of the Sea) #Oratorio: ''To Axion Esti'' (Odysseas Elytis, Nobel Prize 1979), cf. Theodorakis on ''Axion Esti'' #Music for the Stage: ''The Hostage'' (Brendan Behan); ''Ballad of the Dead Brother'' (Theodorakis); ''Omorphi Poli'' (Beautiful City); ''Maghiki Poli'' (Magical City); ''I Gitonia ton Angelon''(The Angels' Quarter, Iakovos Kambanellis) #Film scores: ''Phaedra'' (Jules Dassin), ''The Lovers of Teruel'' (Raymond Rouleau), ''Five Miles to Midnight'' (Anatole Litvak), ''Electra'' and ''Zorba the Greek'' (Michalis Cacoyannis), ''To Nisi tis Afroditis'' (Harilaos Papadopoulos)

During the dictatorship

On 21 April 1967 a right wing junta (the Regime of the Colonels) took power in a putsch. Theodorakis went underground and founded the "Patriotic Front" (PAM). On 1 June, the Colonels published "Army decree No 13", which banned playing, and even listening to his music. Theodorakis himself was arrested on 21 August, and jailed for five months. Following his release end of January 1968, he was banished in August to Zatouna with his wife Myrto and their two children, Margarita and Yorgos. Later he was interned in the concentration camp of Oropos. An international solidarity movement, headed by such personalities as Dmitri Shostakovich, Leonard Bernstein, Arthur Miller, and Harry Belafonte demanded to get Theodorakis freed. On request of the French politician Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, Theodorakis was allowed to go into exile to Paris on 13 April 1970. Theodorakis's flight left very secretly from an Onassis owned private airport outside Athens. Theodorakis arrived at Le Bourget Airport where he met Costa Gavras, Melina Mercouri and Jules Dassin. Theodorakis was immediately hospitalized because he suffered from lung tuberculosis. Myrto Theodorakis, Mikis's wife and two children joined him a week later in France. They arrived from Greece to France via Italy on a boat.

Main works under the dictatorship

#Song cycles: ''Ta Laïka'' (''The Popular Songs'', Manos Elefteriou); ''O Ilios ke o Chronos'' (''Sun and Time'', Theodorakis); ''Songs for Andreas'' (Theodorakis); ''Arcadies I-X''; ''Nichta Thanatou'' (''Nights of Death'', Manos Elefteriou); #Oratorios: ''Ephiphania Averoff'' Giorgos Seferis, ''State of Siege'' (Marina = Rena Hadjidakis), ''March of the Spirit'' (Angelos Sikelianos), ''Raven'' (Giorgos Seferis, after Edgar Allan Poe); #Film score: ''Z'' (Costa-Gavras).

Resistance in exile

While in exile, Theodorakis fought during four years for the overthrow of the colonels. He started his world tours and gave thousands of concerts on all continents as part of his struggle for the restoration of democracy in Greece.

He met Pablo Neruda and Salvador Allende and promised them to compose his version of Neruda's Canto General. He was received by Gamal Abdel Nasser and Tito, Yigal Allon and Yasser Arafat, while François Mitterrand, Olof Palme and Willy Brandt became his friends. For millions of people, Theodorakis was the symbol of resistance against the Greek dictatorship.

Main works written in exile

#Song cycles: ''18 lianotragouda tis pikris patridas'' (''18 Short Songs of the Bitter Land'', Yiannis Ritsos), ''Ballades'' (Manolis Anagnostakis), ''Tis exorias'' (''Songs of the Exile'') #Oratorio: ''Canto General'' (Pablo Neruda) #Film scores: ''The Trojan Women'' (M. Cacoyannis); ''State of Siege'' (Costa-Gavras); ''Serpico'' (Sydney Lumet)

Return to Greece

After the fall of the Colonels, Mikis Theodorakis returned to Greece on 24 July 1974 to continue his work and his concert tours, both in Greece and abroad. At the same time he participated in public affairs. In 1978, through his article ''For a United Left Wing'', he had "stirred up the Greek political life. His proposal for the unification of the three parties of the former United Left – which had grown out of the National Liberation Front (N.L.F.) – had been accepted by the Greek Communist Party which later proposed him as the candidate for mayor of Athens during the 1978 elections." (Andreas Brandes) He was later elected several times to the Greek Parliament (1981–1986 and 1989–1993) and for two years, from 1990 to 1992, he was a minister in the government of Constantine Mitsotakis. After his resignation as a member of Greek parliament, he was appointed General Musical Director of the Choir and the two Orchestras of the Hellenic State Radio (ERT), which he reorganised and with which he undertook successful concert tours abroad.

In addition to opposing policies and actions of the state of Israel, in 2003 Theodorakis was quoted by Greek media as saying that the Jews themselves are "at the root of evil", resulting in accusations of anti-semitism by the Simon Wiesenthal Center and others. In a response the following month on his web site, Theodorakis denied the allegations: "I was always on the side of the weak, of those struggling for the Justice of People. And among them were the Israeli People.". One of the first acts of the Government of Constantine Mitsotakis, minister of which was Mikis Theodorakis, was the recognition of the State of Israel (21 May 1990).

Theodorakis has always combined an exceptional artistic talent with a deep love of his country. He is also committed to heightening international awareness of human rights, of environmental issues, and of the need for peace. It was for this reason that he initiated, together with the renowned Turkish author, musician, singer, and filmmaker Zülfü Livaneli, the Greek–Turkish Friendship Society.

From 1981, Theodorakis had started the ''fourth period'' of his musical writing, during which he returned to the symphonic music, while still going on to compose song-cycles. His most significant works written in these years are his ''Second, Third, Fourth'' and ''Seventh Symphony'', most of them being first performed in the former German Democratic Republic between 1982 and 1989. It was during this period that he received the Lenin Peace Prize. He composed his first opera Kostas Kariotakis (The Metamorphoses of Dionysus) and the ballet Zorba the Greek, premièred in the Arena of Verona during the Festival Verona 1988, a ballet which has a tremendous success worldwide. During this period, he also wrote the five volumes of his autobiography: ''The Ways of the Archangel'' (''Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου'').

In 1989, he started the ''fifth period'', the last, of his musical writing: He composed three operas (lyric tragedies) ''Medea'', first performed in Bilbao (1 October 1981), ''Elektra'', first performed in Luxembourg (2 May 1995) and ''Antigone'', first performed in Athens' Megaron Moussikis (7 October 1999). This trilogy was complemented by his last opera ''Lysistrata'', first performed in Athens (14 April 2002): a call for peace... With his operas, and with his song cycles from 1974 to 2006, Theodorakis ushered in the period of his ''Lyrical Life''.

Theodorakis is Doctor honoris causa of several universities, including Montreal, Thessaloniki, and Crete, and was nominated by the Greek people for the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2000.

Now he lives in retirement, reading, writing, publishing arrangements of his scores, texts about culture and politics. On important occasions he still takes position: in 1999, opposing NATO's Kosovo war and in 2003 against the Iraq War. In 2005, he was awarded the ''Sorano Friendship and Peace Award'', the Russian ''International St.-Andrew-the-First-Called Prize'', the insignia of ''Grand Officer of the Order of Merit'' of Luxembourg, and the ''IMC UNESCO International Music Prize'', while already in 2002 he was honoured in Bonn with the ''Erich Wolfgang Korngold Prize'' for film music at the International Film Music Biennial in Bonn (cf also: Homepage of the Art and Exhibition Hall Bonn). In 2007, he received a ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' at the distribution of the ''World Soundtrack Awards'' in Ghent.

A final set of songs entitled: ''Odysseia'' was composed by utilizing poetry written by Costas Kartelias for lyrics. Created in 2007, Theodorakis achieved the distinction of producing one of the largest works by any composer of any time.

2010-2011: Calling for revolution

In December 1, 2010, Mikis Theodorakis founded "Spitha: People's Independent Movement", a non-political movement which calls people to gather and express their political ideas. The main goal of "Spitha" is to help Greece stay clear off it's economical crisis.

Anti-Semitism

According to the Los Angeles Times, "in the course of a (2011) television interview" Theodorakis "openly conceded that he was an anti-Semite."

In early 2011, Theodorakis made comments on Greek television that were reported as being antisemitic. According to the Jerusalem Post, Theodorakis said, that "[e]verything that happens today in the world has to do with the Zionists. American Jews are behind the world economic crisis that has hit Greece also." In addition, Theodorakis blasted Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou for establishing closer relations with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, who was guilty, he said, of "war crimes in Lebanon and Gaza." On May 31, Mikis Theodorakis gave a speech among 10.000 Greeks in the centre of Athens, criticising the Greek government for the loan debt it has taken from the International Monetary Fund. It was also the first time he called everyone to revolutionize.

Main works after 1974

#Song cycles: Ta Lyrika; Dionysos; Phaedra; Beatrice in Zero Street; Radar; Chairetismoi (Greetings); Mia Thalassa (A Sea Full of Music); Os archaios Anemos (Like an Ancient Wind); Lyrikotera (The More-Than-Lyric Songs); Lyrikotata (The Most Lyric Songs); Erimia (Solitude); Odysseia; #Music for the Stage: ''Orestia'' (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos); ''Antigone'' (dir.: Minos Volanakis); ''Medea'' (dir.: Spyros Evangelatos) #Film scores: ''Iphigenia'' (M. Cacoyannis), ''The Man with the Carnation'' (Nikos Tzimas) #Oratorios: ''Liturgia 2; Missa Greca (Thia Liturgia); Requiem''; #Symphonic music and cantatas: Symphonies no 2, 3, 4, 7; According to the Sadducees; Canto Olympico; Guitar Rhapsody; Cello Rhapsody; Trumpet Rhapsody; #Operas: "The Metamorphosis of the Dionysus" (Kostas Karyotakis); Medea; Elektra; Antigone; Lysistrata.

A lifetime's work: synopsis

Songs and song cycles

Theodorakis has written more than 1,000 songs and song-cycles, whose melodies have become part of the heritage of Greek music: Sto Perigiali, Kaimos, Aprilis, Doxa to Theo, Sotiris Petroulas, Lipotaktes, Stis Nichtas to Balkoni, Agapi mou, Pou petaxe t'agori mou, Anixe ligo to parathiro, O Ipnos se tilixe, To gelasto pedi, Dendro to dendro, Asma Asmaton, O Andonis... His song cycles are based on poems by famous Greek authors, as well as by Lorca and Neruda: Epitaphios, Archipelagos, Politia A-D, Epiphania, The Hostage, Mykres Kyklades, Mauthausen, Romiossini, Sun and Time, Songs for Andreas, Mythology, Night of Death, Ta Lyrika, The Quarters of the World, Dionysos, Phaedra, Mia Thalassa, Os Archaios Anemos, Ta Lyrikotera, Ta Lyrikotata, Erimia, Odysseia. Theodorakis released two albums of his songs and song cycles on Paredon Records and Folkways Records in the early seventies, including his ''Peoples' Music: The Struggles of the Greek People'' (1974). For a complete discography, see the Official Homepage of the composer.

Symphonic works

1952: Piano Concerto "Helikon"

1953: First Symphony ("Proti Simfonia")

1954–1959: 3 Orchestral Suites

1958: Piano Concerto

1981: Symphony No 2 ("The Song of the Earth"; text: Mikis Theodorakis) for children's choir, piano, and orchestra

1981: Symphony No 3 (texts: Dionysios Solomos; Constantine P. Cavafy; Byzantine hymns) for soprano, choir, and orchestra

1983: Symphony No 7 ("Spring-Symphony"; texts: Yannis Ritsos; Yorgos Kulukis) for four soloists, choir, and orchestra

1986–1987: Symphony No 4 ("Of Choirs") for soprano, mezzo, narrator, choir, and symphonic orchestra without strings

1995: Rhapsody for Guitar and Orchestra

1996: Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

2008: Rhapsody for Trumpet and Orchestra (orchestrated by Robert Gulya)

2010: "Andalusia" for Mezzo and Orchestra

Chamber music

1942: Sonatina for piano

1945: Elegy No 1, for cello and piano

1945: Elegy No 2, for violin and piano

1946: To Kimitirio (The Cemetery), for string quartet

1946: String Quartet No 1

1946: Duetto, for two violins

1947: Trio, for violin, cello and piano

1947: 11 Preludes, for piano

1947: Sexteto, for piano, flute and string quartet

1949: Study for two violins and cello

1952: Syrtos Chaniotikos, for piano and percussion

1952: Sonatina No 1, for violin and piano

1955: Little Suite, for piano

1955: Passacaglia, for two pianos

1959: Sonatina No 2, for violin and piano

1989: Choros Assikikos, for violoncello solo

1996: Melos, for piano

2007: East of the Aegean, for cello and piano

Cantatas and oratorios

1960: Axion Esti (text: Odysseas Elytis)

1969: The March of the Spirit (text: Angelos Sikelianos)

1971–82: Canto General (text: Pablo Neruda)

1981–82: Kata Saddukaion Pathi (Sadducean-Passion; text: Michalis Katsaros) for tenor, baritone, bass, choir and orchestra

1982: Liturgy No 2 ("To children, killed in War"); texts: Tassos Livaditis, Mikis Theodorakis) for choir

1982–83: Lorca, for voice, solo guitar, choir, and orchestra (based on ''Romancero Gitano'', text: Federico Garcia Lorca, translated by Odysseas Elytis)

1992: Canto Olympico, for voice, solo piano, choir, and orchestra (texts: Dimitra Manda, Mikis Theodorakis)

Hymns

1970: Hymn for Nasser

1973: Hymn for the Socialist Movement in Venezuela

1973: Hymn for the Students. dedicated to the victims of Polytechnical School in Athens (18.11.)

1977: Hymn of the French Socialist Party

1978: Hymn for Malta

1982: Hymn of P.L.O.

1991: Hymn of the Mediterranean Games

1992: "Hellenism" (Greek Hymn for the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games of Barcelona)

Ballets

1953: Greek Carnival (choreography: Rallou Manou)

1958: Le Feu aux Poudres (choreography: Paul Goubé)

1958: Les Amants de Teruel (choreography: Milko Sparembleck)

1959: Antigone (choreography: John Cranko)

1972: Antigone in Jail (choreography: Micha van Hoecke)

1979: Elektra (choreography: Serge Kenten)

1983: Sept Danses Grecques (choreography: Maurice Béjart)

1987–88: Zorba il Greco (choreography: Lorca Massine)

Operas

1984–85: Kostas Karyotakis (The Metamorphosis of Dionysos)

1988–90: Medea

1992–93: Elektra

1995–96: Antigone

1999–01: Lysistrata

Music for the stage

Classical tragedies

1959–60: Phoenician Women (Euripides)

1960–61: Ajax (Sophocles)

1965: Trojan Women (Euripides)

1966–67: Lysistrata (Aristophanes)

1977: The Suppliants (Aeschylus)

1979: The Knights (Aristophanes)

1986–88: Oresteia: Agamemnon, Choephorae, Eumenides (Aeschylus)

1987: Hecuba (Euripides)

1990: Antigone (Sophocles)

1992: Prometheus Bound (Aeschylus)

1996: Oedipus Rex (Sophocles)

2001: Medea (Euripides)

Modern plays

1960–61: To Tragoudi tou Nekrou Adelfou (Ballad of the Dead Brother), Musical Tragedy (text: Mikis Theodorakis)

1961–62: Omorphi Poli (Beautiful City), revue (Bost, Dimitris Christodoulou, Christofelis, et al.)

1963: I Gitonia ton Angelon (The Quarter of Angels), Music-drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)

1963: Magiki Poli (Enchanted City), revue (Mikis Theodorakis, Notis Pergialis, Michalis Katsaros)

1971: Antigoni stin Filaki (Antigone in Jail), drama

1974: Prodomenos Laos (Betrayed People), music for the theatre (Vangelis Goufas)

1975: Echtros Laos (Enemy People), drama (Iakovos Kambanelis)

1975: Christophorus Kolumbus, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)

1976: Kapodistrias, drama (Nikos Kazantzakis)

1977: O Allos Alexandros ("The Other Alexander"), drama (Margarita Limberaki)

1979: Papflessas, play (Spiros Melas)

International theatre

1961: Enas Omiros (The Hostage), drama (Brendan Behan)

1963: The Chinese Wall, drama (Max Frisch)

1975: Das Sauspiel, tragicomedy (Martin Walser)

1979: Caligula, drama (Albert Camus)

1978: Polites B' Katigorias (Second-Class Citizens), drama (Brian Friel)

1980: Perikles, tragedy, (William Shakespeare)

1994: Macbeth, tragedy (William Shakespeare)

Principal film scores

1960: Ill Met by Moonlight (Director: Michael Powell)

1960: Honeymoon (Luna de miel) (Director: Michael Powell, Choreography: Leonide Massine)

1960: Faces in the Dark (Director: David Eady)

1961: Shadow of the Cat (Director: John Gilling)

1961: Phaedra (Director: Jules Dassin)

1961–62: Les Amants de Teruel (Director: Raymond Rouleau)

1961–62: Five Miles to Midnight (Director: Anatole Litvak)

1961–62: Electra (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)

1964: Zorba the Greek (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)

1967: The Day the Fish Came Out (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)

1969: Z (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)

1971: Biribi (Director: Daniel Moosman)

1972: State of Siege (Director: Constantin Costa-Gavras)

1973: Serpico (Director: Sidney Lumet)

1974: The Rehearsal (Director: Jules Dassin)

1976: Actas de Marousia (Director: Miguel Littin)

1977–78 Iphigenia (Director: Mihalis Kakogiannis)

1980: The Man with the Carnation (Director: Nikos Tzimas)

See the complete list on the Official Homepage of Mikis Theodorakis

Reference: Guy Wagner. Chairman of the International Theodorakis Foundation FILIKI. List of works based on the research of Asteris Koutoulas, published in ''O Mousikos Theodorakis''.

Scores

Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra

March of the spirit (Oratorio, Full Score)

Axion esti (Oratorio Full Score)

Zorbas Ballet (Suite - Ballet, Full Score)

Carnaval (Suite - Ballet Full, Score)

Adagio (Full Score) & Sinfonietta (Full Score)

Epiphania Averof (Cantata)

Canto Olympico (Oratorio)

Les Eluard

Ο κύκλος

20 τραγούδια για πιάνο και αρμόνιο

Η Βεατρίκη στην οδό Μηδέν

Μια θάλασσα γεμάτη μουσική

Τα λυρικώτερα

Τα λυρικώτατα

Τα πρόσωπα του Ήλιου

Φαίδρα

Λιποτάκτες

Θαλασσινά φεγγάρια

Ασίκικο πουλάκη

Romancero Gitano (για πιάνο - φωνή)

Τα Λυρικά

Ταξίδι μέσα στη νύχτα

Μικρές Κυκλάδες

Διόνυσος

Επιφάνια

Επιτάφιος

Μπαλάντες. Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή

Χαιρετισμοί. Κύκλος τραγουδιών για πιάνο και φωνή

Ένα όμηρος

(for the whole list see Schott Music)

See also

Zorbas

Eimaste dyo, eimaste treis, eimaste xilioi dekatreis!

Important international available CD releases

Mikis Theodorakis & Zülfü Livaneli - Together (Tropical)

Mikis Theodorakis - First Symphony & Adagio (Intuition/Schott)

Maria Farantouri - Poetica/ Songs by Theodorakis (Peregrina)

Mikis Theodorakis - Mikis (Peregrina)

Mikis Theodorakis - Symphony No. 4 (Intuition/Schott)

Maria Farantouri - Asmata/ Songs by Theodorakis (Peregrina)

Mikis Theodorakis - Requiem/ For soloists, choir and symphonic orchestra (Intuition/Schott)

Mikis Theodorakis - Symphonietta & Etat de siege (Intuition/Schott)

Maria Farantouri & Rainer Kirchmann - Sun & Time/ Songs by Theodorakis (Lyra)

Mikis Theodorakis - Mauthausen Trilogy/ In Greek, Hebrew and English (Plaene)

Mikis Theodorakis - Carnaval & Raven/ For mezzo and symphonic orchestra (Intuition/Schott)

Mikis Theodorakis - Resistance/ Historic recordings (Intuition/Schott)

Mikis Theodorakis - First Songs (Intuition/Schott)

Mikis Theodorakis - Antigone, Medea, Electra/ 3 Opera Box (Intuition/Schott)

Mikis Theodorakis - The Metamorphosis of Dionysus/ Opera (Intuition/Schott)

Mikis Theodorakis - Rhapsodies for Cello and Guitar (Intuition/Schott)

Mikis Theodorakis - East of the Aegean/ For Cello and Piano (Intuition/Schott)

Mikis Theodorakis & Francesco Diaz - Timeless (Wormland White)

Selected Bibliography

Jean Boivin, ''Messiaen's Teaching at the Paris Conservatoire: A Humanist Legacy'', in Siglind Bruhn, ''Messiaen's Language of Mystical Love'' (New York, Garland, 1998), 5-31: 10

George Giannaris: ''Mikis Theodorakis. Music and Social Change'', Foreword by Mikis Theodorakis. G. Allen, London, 1972

Gail Holst: ''Myth & Politics in Modern Greek Music'', Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam, 1980

Mikis Theodorakis: ''Journals of Resistance''. Translated from the French by Graham Webb, Hart-Davis MacGibbon, London, 1973

Mikis Theodorakis: ''Music and Theater'', Translated by George Giannaris, Athens, 1983

Asteris Koutoulas: ''O Mousikos Theodorakis'' / Theodorakis the Musician (in Greek). "Nea Synora - A. A. Livami, 1998. ISBN 960-296-216-7

Guy Wagner: ''Mikis Theodorakis. Mia Zoi yia tin Ellada''. Typothito - Giorgos Dardanos, 2002. ISBN 960-402-008-0 (The biography exists also in French: ''Mikis Theodorakis. Une Vie pour la Grèce''. Editions Phi, Luxembourg, 2000; and in German: ''Mikis Theodorakis. Ein Leben für Griechenland''. Editions Phi, Luxembourg, 1995)

George Logothetis: ''Mikis Theodorakis: the Greek soul'', translated from the Greek by Phillipos Chatzopoulos, Agyra editions 2004, ISBN 960-422-095-0. The Chinese version has been published by Shanghai Baijia Publishing House in 2008, ISBN 978-7807038610.

Asteris Kutulas: ''Mikis Theodorakis. A Life in pictures'' (in German), Coffee-table book with 1 DVD & 2 CDs. Schott Music, Mainz 2010, ISBN 978-3-7957-0713-2

Bibliography - published written works by Theodorakis

Books in Greek by Theodorakis

Για την ελληνική μουσική (About Greek music)

Το τραγούδι του νεκρού αδελφού

Το μανιφέστο των Λαμπράκηδων

Ζητείται αριστερά

Δημοκρατική και συγκεντρωτική αριστερά

Οι μνηστήρες της Πηνελόπης

Περί τέχνης (Essays and articles about art)

Πού πάμε; (Where are we going?, Gnosis Publishing House, Athens 1988)

Ανατομία της μουσικής (Anatomy of the Music, 1983)

Οι δρόμοι του αρχάγγελου Ι-V (Mikis Theodorakis, Paths of the Archangel (Autobiography), Kedros Publishing House, Athens 1986-88)

Αντιμανιφέστο (Antimanifest, Gnosis Publishing House, Athens 1998)

Μελοποιημένη Ποίηση Ι -III (Poetry & textes of his musical works)

Πού να βρω την ψυχή μου... A' - Γ' (Where can I find my soul (Essays & Articles), Livanis Publishing House, Athens 2002)

Να μαγευτώ και να μεθύσω

Μάνου Χατζιδάκι εγκώμιον (About Manos Hatzidakis, Ianos Publishing House, Thessaloniki 2004)

I had three lives (Poetry by Mikis Theodorakis in English, Translated by Gail Holst)

References

External links

Official Web Site

Official Site (Schott Music) with non-proprietary audio files, discography, recent performances and news

Lilian Voudouri Library

Alexia - Mikis Theodorakis MySpace page

Nicolas Mottas, ''Mikis Theodorakis: A Legend for Greece'' - ''American Chronicle'', July 28, 2009.

Mikis Theodorakis speech against International Monetary Fund and greek government, May 31 2011

Category:1925 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century classical composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:Greek classical musicians Category:Greek composers Category:Greek exiles Category:Greek film score composers Category:Greek MPs 1981–1985 Category:Greek prisoners and detainees Category:Lenin Peace Prize recipients Category:Opera composers Category:People from Chios

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