Name	Turin
Official name	Città di Torino
Native name	Torino
Image shield	Turin coat of arms.svg
Coordinates display	title
Region	Piedmont
Province	Turin (TO)
Mayor party	PD
Mayor	Piero Fassino
Area total km2	130.17
Population total	910188
Population as of	30 April 2009
Population demonym	Torinesi
Elevation m	239
Saint	John the Baptist
Day	24 June
Postal code	10100, 10121-10156
Area code	011
Website
Footnotes	}}

Turin (, pronounced ; Piedmontese: ''Turin'', pronounced ; ) is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.

The city has a rich culture and history, and is known for its numerous art galleries, restaurants, churches, palaces, opera houses, piazzas, parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues. Turin is well known for its baroque, rococo, neo-classical, and Art Nouveau architecture. Much of the city's public squares, castles, gardens and elegant ''palazzi'' such as Palazzo Madama, were built in the 16th and 18th century, after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy (later Kingdom of Sardinia) was moved to Turin from Chambery( nowadays France) as part of the urban expansion.

Turin is sometimes called the "cradle of Italian liberty", due to its having been the birthplace and home of notable politicians and people who contributed to the ''Risorgimento'', such as Cavour. The city currently hosts some of Italy's best universities, colleges, academies, lycea and gymnasia, such as the six-century-old University of Turin and the Turin Polytechnic. Prestigious and important museums, such as the Museo Egizio and the Mole Antonelliana are also found in the city. Turin's several monuments and sights make it one of the world's top 250 tourist destinations, and the tenth most visited city in Italy in 2008.

The city used to be a major European political centre, being Italy's first capital city in 1861 and being home to the House of Savoy, Italy's royal family. Even though much of its political significance and importance had been lost by World War II, it became a major European crossroad for industry, commerce and trade, and currently is one of Italy's main industrial centres, being part of the famous "''industrial triangle''", along with Milan and Genoa. Turin is ranked third in Italy, after Rome and Milan, for economic strength. With a GDP of $58 billion, Turin is the world's 78th richest city by purchasing power, and as of 2010 has been ranked by GaWC as a Gamma- world city. Turin is also home to much of the Italian automotive industry.

Turin is well known as the home of the Shroud of Turin, the football teams Juventus F.C. and Torino F.C., the headquarters of automobile manufacturers FIAT, Lancia and Alfa Romeo, and as host of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Several International Space Station modules, such as Harmony and Columbus, were also manufactured in Turin. It was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy from 1563, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the Royal House of Savoy and finally the first capital of the unified Italy.

It is often referred to as "the Capital of the Alps". Turin is also known as "the Automobile Capital of Italy" or the ''Detroit of Italy'' due as it is home of FIAT; in Italy it is also called "[La] capitale Sabauda".

History[link]

Roman times[link]

In the first century BC, probably 28 BC, the Romans created a military camp (''Castra Taurinorum''), later dedicated to Augustus (''Augusta Taurinorum''). The typical Roman street grid can still be seen in the modern city, but especially in the neighborhood known as the ''Quadrilatero Romano''. Via Garibaldi traces the exact path of the Decumanus of the Roman City which began at the ''Porta Decumani'' which was later incorporated into the ''Castello'' or ''Palazzo Madama''. The ''Porta Palatina'', on the north side of the district is still preserved in a park near the Cathedral. Turin reached about 5,000 inhabitants at the time, all living inside the high walls.

Middle Ages[link]

After the fall of the Roman Empire, the town was conquered by the Lombards, then the Franks of Charlemagne (773). The ''Contea di Torino'' (countship) was founded in the 940s, which was held by the Arduinic dynasty until 1050. After the marriage of Adelaide of Susa with Humbert Biancamano's son Otto, the family of the Counts of Savoy gained control. While the dignity of count was held by the Bishop as count of Turin (1092–1130 and 1136–1191) it was ruled as a prince-bishopric by the Bishops. In 1230–1235 it was a lordship under the Marquess of Montferrat, styled Lord of Turin. At the end of the 13th century, when it was annexed to the Duchy of Savoy, the city already had 20,000 inhabitants. Many of the gardens and palaces were built in the fifteenth century when the city was redesigned. The University of Turin was also founded during this period.

Early modern[link]

Emmanuel Philibert, known with the nickname "Iron Head", made Turin the capital of the Duchy of Savoy in 1563. Piazza Reale, today named Piazza San Carlo and Via Nuova, today called Via Roma were added with the first enlargement of the walls, in the first half of the 17th century; in the same period the Royal palace (Palazzo Reale) was also built. In the second half of that century, a second enlargement of the walls was planned and executed, with the building of the arcaded Via Po, connecting diagonally Piazza Castello with the bridge on the Po through the regular street grid.

In 1706, during the Battle of Turin, the French besieged the city for 117 days without conquering it. By the Treaty of Utrecht the Duchy of Savoy acquired part of the former Duchy of Milan, including Turin, and the architect Filippo Juvarra began a major redesign of the city. Now the capital of a European kingdom, Turin had about 90,000 inhabitants at the time.

Late modern and contemporary[link]

Turin, like the rest of Piedmont, was annexed by the French Empire in 1802. The city thus became seat of the prefecture of Pô department until the fall of Napoleon in 1814, when the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was restored with Turin as its capital. In the following decades, the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia led the struggle towards the unification of Italy. In 1861, Turin became the capital of the newly proclaimed united Kingdom of Italy until 1865, when the capital was moved to Florence and then to Rome after the conquest of the Papal States in 1870. In 1871, the Fréjus Tunnel was opened, making Turin an important communication node between Italy and France. The city in that period had 250,000 inhabitants. Some of the most iconic landmarks of the city, like the Mole Antonelliana, the Egyptian Museum, the Gran Madre di Dio Church and Piazza Vittorio Veneto were built in this period. The late 1800s were also a periop of rapid industrialization, especially in the automotive sector: in 1899 Fiat was established in the city, followed by Lancia in 1906. The Universal Exposition held in Turin in 1902 is often considered the pinnacle of Art Nouveau design, and the city hosted the same event in 1911. By this time, Turin had grown to 430,000 inhabitants.

After the Great War, harsh conditions brought a wave of strikes and workers protests. In 1920 the Lingotto Fiat factory was occupied. The Fascist regime put and end to the social unrest banning trade unions and jailing socialist leaders, notably as Turinese Antonio Gramsci. On the other hand, Benito Mussolini largely subsidized the automotive industry, in order to provide vehicles to the army. Turin was then a target of Allied strategic bombing during World War II, being heavily damaged in its industrial areas by the air raids. The Allied campaign in Italy, that started from the South, slowly moved northwards in the following two years, so leaving northern regions occupied by Germans and collaborationist forces. Turin was not captured by the Allies until the end of Spring Offensive of 1945, and by when the vanguard of the armored reconnaissance units of Brazilian Expeditionary Force reached the city, it was already freed by the Italian Partisans, that had began revolting against the Germans on 25 April 1945. Days later, troops from the U.S. Army's 1st Armored and 92nd Infantry Divisions came to substitute the Brazilian ones.

In the postwar years, Turin was rapidly rebuilt. The city's automotive industry played a pivotal role in the Italian economic miracle of the 1950s and 1960s, attracting to the city hundred of thousands of immigrants, particularly from rural southern regions of Italy. The population soon reached 1 million in 1960 and peaked at almost 1.2 million in 1971. The exceptional growth gained to the city the nickname of "Automobile Capital of Italy" or "Detroit of Italy" (Turin is twinned with Detroit since 1998). In the 1970s and 1980s, the oil and automotive industry crisis severely hit the city, and its population began to sharply decline, losing more than one-fourth of its total in 30 years. The long population decline of the city has begun to reverse itself only in recent years, as the population grew from 865,000 to slightly over 900,000 by the end of the century. In 2006, Turin hosted the Winter Olympic Games.

Geography[link]

Turin is located in northwest Italy. It is surrounded on the western and northern front by the Alps and on the eastern front by a high hill that is the natural prosecution of the hills of Monferrato. Four major rivers pass through the city: the Po and two of its tributaries, the Dora Riparia (later changed to "Duria Minor" by the Romans, from the Celtic ''duria'' meaning "water"), the Stura di Lanzo, and the Sangone.

Climate[link]

Turin is located in a humid temperate climate zone (Köppen climate classification ''Cfa''), although close proximity to mountainous terrain results in conditions that can be variable with some continental characteristics. This is in contrast to the Mediterranean climate characteristic of the coast of Italy.

Winters are cold but dry, summers are mild in the hills and quite hot in the plains. Rain falls mostly during spring and autumn; during the hottest months, otherwise, rains are less usual but more strong (thunderstorms are usual). During the winter and autumn months banks of fog, which are sometimes very thick, form in the plains but rarely on the city because of its location at the end of the Susa Valley.

Its position on the east side of the Alps makes the weather drier than on the west side due to the föhn wind effect.

The highest temperature ever recorded was 37.1 C°, while the lowest was -21.8 C°.

Administration[link]

{|class="toccolours" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin-right:.5em; margin-top:.4em; margin-left:0.5em; font-size:90%;" |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#cef; text-align:center;"|Composition of the City Council |- style="background:#ccc; vertical-align:top;" ! Party ! Members |- |style="text-align:center; background:#f66;"|PD |style="text-align:center;"|16 |- |style="text-align:center; background:#00bfff;"|PDL |style="text-align:center;"|7 |- |style="text-align:center; background:#f6f"|SEL and IDV |style="text-align:center;"|2 |- |style="text-align:center; background:#90ee90;"|LN |style="text-align:center;"|3 |} Turin is divided into 10 boroughs; these do not necessarily correspond to historical districts in the city. The following list numerates the present day boroughs named ''Circoscrizioni'' and today's location of the historical districts inside them:

Circoscrizione 1: Centro – Crocetta

Circoscrizione 2: Santa Rita – Mirafiori Nord

Circoscrizione 3: San Paolo – Cenisia – Pozzo Strada – Cit Turin – Borgata Lesna

Circoscrizione 4: San Donato – Campidoglio – Parella

Circoscrizione 5: Borgo Vittoria – Madonna di Campagna – Lucento – Vallette

Circoscrizione 6: Barriera di Milano – Regio Parco – Barca – Bertolla – Falchera – Rebaudengo – Villaretto

Circoscrizione 7: Aurora – Vanchiglia – Sassi – Madonna del Pilone

Circoscrizione 8: San Salvario – Cavoretto – Borgo Po

Circoscrizione 9: Nizza Millefonti – Lingotto – Filadelfia

Circoscrizione 10: Mirafiori Sud

The mayor of Turin is directly elected every five years. Piero Fassino, the current mayor, belongs to the centre-left coalition:

Name of the Mayor: Piero Fassino

Date of election: May 16, 2011

Party: Democratic Party

Turin's City Council is composed by 50 members.

Main sights[link]

Architecture[link]

The symbol of Turin is the Mole Antonelliana, which is named after the architect who built it: Alessandro Antonelli. Construction began in 1863 as a Jewish synagogue. Nowadays it houses the National Museum of Cinema, and it is believed to be the tallest museum in the world (167 metres or 548 feet).

The Palatine Towers are an ancient Roman-medieval structure that served as one of four Roman city gates, which allowed access from north to the ''cardus maximus'', the typical second main street of a Roman town. The Palatine Towers are among the best preserved Roman remains in northern Italy.

The Turin Cathedral, dedicated to Saint John the Baptist (Italian: ''San Giovanni Battista''), is the major church of the city. It was built during 1491–1498 and it is adjacent to an earlier campanile (1470). Attached to the cathedral is the Chapel of the Holy Shroud, the current resting place of the Shroud of Turin, which was added to the structure in 1668–1694, built by Guarini, where is preserved in a casket a cloth believed to be the shroud in which the Body of Christ was wrapped when it was taken down from the Cross. The Church of Corpus Domini records a miracle which took place during the sack of the city in 1453, when a soldier was carrying off an monstrance containing the Blessed Sacrament; the monstrance fell to the ground, while the host remained suspended in air. The present splendid church, erected in 1610 to replace the original chapel which stood on the spot, is the work of Ascanio Vittozzi.

The Consolata, a sanctuary much frequented by pilgrims, stands on the site of the 10th-century Monastery of St. Andrew, and is the work of Guarini. It was sumptuously restored in 1903. Outside the city are: the Basilica of Our Lady, Help of Christians built by St. John Bosco, the Gran Madre di Dio built in 1818 on occasion of the return of King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia and S. Maria del Monte (1583) on the Monte dei Cappucini.

In the hills overlooking the city the basilica church of Superga provides a view of Turin against a backdrop of the snow-capped Alps. The basilica holds the tombs of many of the dukes of Savoy, as well as many of the kings of Sardinia. Superga can be reached by means of the Superga Rack Railway from the suburb of Sassi. The Basilica of Superga, with a dome 244 feet high, a work of Juvarra, built by Amedeo II ex voto for the deliverance of Turin (1706), served since 1772 as a royal mausoleum.

Villas, parks and gardens[link]

The most popular park in the city is The Parco del Valentino. In 1961, for the celebrations of ''Italia61'' (Italian unification centenary), an important international exhibition (''FLOR61: Flowers of the world in Turin'') took place in the park with 800 exhibitors from 19 countries. For the occasion the plan for the new lighting of the park, with its fountains and paths, was assigned to Guido Chiarelli, the head engineer at the city hall.

Other large parks are the Parco delle Pellerina, the Parco della Colletta, the Rignon park, the recent Colonnetti park and the University botanical gardens. Around the city, there are several other parks, such as the Parco della Mandria and the Parco della Palazzina di Caccia di Stupinigi, ancient hunting grounds of the Savoy, and those situated on the hill of Turin. Many parks are smaller and are located in the various districts: there is also a total of 240 playgrounds in these parks. In the early 1960s, mayor Amedeo Peyron realised the first garden in Italy with games for children. According to a report of Legambiente 2007, Turin is the first Italian city to impose structures and policies on childcare. One of the most famous parks with a children's playground is the Parco della Tesoriera which is also home to the Andrea delle Corte Municipal Music Library housed in a villa built in 1715 and which was once the Royal Treasurer's residence. The park is located in the Parella suburb of Turin and in summer plays host to various concerts

Rosa Vercellana (1833–1885), commonly known as ‘Rosina’ and, in Piedmontese as 'La Bela Rosin' (the beautiful Rosin), was the mistress and later wife of Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy. She was made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda, but never Queen of Italy. As the Savoy family refused to allow her to be buried next to her husband in the Pantheon, her children had a mausoleum built for her in a similar form and on a smaller scale in Turin, next to the road to the Castello di Mirafiori. The circular copper-domed neoclassical monument, surmounted by a Latin cross and surrounded by a large park, was designed by Angelo Dimezzi and completed in 1888.

Demographics[link]

In 2009, the city proper had a population of about 910,000, which is a significant increase on the 2001 census figure. This result is due to a growing immigration from Southern Italy and abroad. Approximately a 13,5 percent (122.946) of the population is composed of foreigners, the largest numbers coming from Romania (51,017), Morocco (22,511), Albania (9,165), Peru (7,044), China (5,483), and Moldova (3,417). Like many Northern Italian cities, there is a large proportion of pensioners in comparison to youth. Around 18 percent of the population is under 20 years of age, while 22 percent is over 65. The population of the Turin urban area totals 1.7 million inhabitants, ranking fourth in Italy, while the Turin metropolitan area has a population of 2.2 million inhabitants. The median age is 43.7.

Economy[link]

Turin is a major manufacturer centre, home of Fiat automotive company, one of the ten world's largest.

In 2010, the city generated a GDP of $58 billion, ranking as the world's 78th richest city by purchasing power. The city has been ranked in 2010 by GaWC as a Gamma-world city.

Other notable companies operating in Turin are Lancia, Pininfarina, Bertone, Sparco, Italdesign, Ghia, Fioravanti, Stola, Intesa Sanpaolo, Reply S.p.A., Borbonese, Superga, Kristina Ti, Fisico, Kappa, Invicta, Laura Tonatto, Nicolao Profumiere, Xerjoff, Repossi, Mattioli, TataBorello, Lavazza, Martini & Rossi and the chocolate factories Caffarel, Streglio, Domori, Guido Gobino, Venchi, Peyrano Pfatisch.

The city is also well known for its aerospace industry (Alenia). The International Space Station modules Harmony, Columbus, Tranquility, as well as the Cupola and all MPLMs were produced in Turin. The future European launcher projects beyond Ariane 5 will also be managed from Turin by the new NGL company, a subsidiary of EADS (70%) and Finmeccanica (30%).

Culture[link]

Name	Residences of the Royal House of Savoy
Infoboxwidth	250px
Imagecaption	Royal Palace of Turin
State party	Italy
Type	Cultural
Criteria	i, ii, iv, v
Id	823
Region	Europe and North America
Year	1997 }}

Tourism[link]

Turin, as the former capital of the Kingdom of Sardinia, is home of the Savoy Residences. In addition to the 17th-century Royal Palace, built for Madama Reale Christine Marie of France (the official residence of the Savoys until 1865) there are many palaces, residences and castles in the city centre and in the surrounding towns. Turin is home to Palazzo Chiablese, the Royal Armoury, the Royal Library, Palazzo Madama, Palazzo Carignano, Villa della Regina, and the Valentino Castle. The complex of the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in Turin and in the nearby cities of Rivoli, Moncalieri, Venaria Reale, Agliè, Racconigi, Stupinigi, Pollenzo and Govone was declared a World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1997. In recent years, Turin has become an increasingly popular tourist destination, ranking 203rd in the world and 10th in Italy in 2008, with about 240,000 international arrivals.

The Egyptian Museum of Turin specialises in archaeology and anthropology, in particular the Art of Ancient Egypt. It is home to what is regarded as one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities outside of Egypt. In 2006 it received more than 500,000 visitors. The Museum of Oriental Art houses one of the most important Asian art collections in Italy.

Other notable museums include the Puppet Museum, the Torino Automotive Museum and the Museo Nazionale della Montagna (National Museum of the Mountains).

The city is home to the Shroud of Turin: a linen cloth bearing the image of a man who appears to have suffered physical trauma in a manner consistent with crucifixion. It is kept in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in the city centre. The origins of the shroud and its image are still the subject of intense debate among scientists, theologians, historians and researchers. It is popularly believed to be a depiction of Jesus Christ, however this matter is still controversial, as there seems to be a sufficient amount of historical and scientific evidence supporting the idea that it is, or is not, the Holy Face of Jesus. Nonetheless, it is a symbol of religious devotion and is one of the city's main symbols and tourist attractions.

Remaining a village for a long time, in 1559 the Duke Emmanuel Philibert of Savoy made Turin the capital of his domains. In the Baroque period, Turin became important to a court and the Duke had the ambition to transform the city into a major artistic and cultural capital. He created a city of artists of great repute, especially architects and planners like Carlo di Castellamonte and his son Amedeo, ''which include the route of a Roman castrum'' the new capital and build beautiful buildings, Guarino Guarini and, in the eighteenth century, Filippo Juvarra and Vittorio Alfieri.

As for the painting and the visual arts, Turin became a point of reference, especially in the 20th century. In the 1920s, the painter Felice Casorati inspired a number of students called The group of six of Turin and these included Carlo Levi, Henry Paolucci, Gigi Chessa, Francis Menzio, Nicola Galante and Jessie Boswell. Two important artists were born in Turin: the sculptor Umberto Mastroianni and the architect Carlo Mollino. Between the 1960s and the 1970s, the international centre of Turin (Arte Povera), the presence in the city of artists like Alighiero Boetti, Mario Merz, Giuseppe Penone, Piero Gilardi and Michelangelo Pistoletto. In those years there was a strong artistic influence of the famous ''designer'', Armando Testa, the founder of advertising agency. Currently operating in the city are established artists like Ugo Nespolo and Carol Rama.

Literature[link]

A literary centre for many centuries, Turin began to attract writers only after the establishment of the court of the Duchy of Savoy. One of the most famous writers of the 17th century was Giambattista Marino, which in 1608 moved to the court of Charles Emmanuel I. Marino suffered an assassination attempt by a rival, Gaspar Murtola, and was later imprisoned for a year because of gossip that he had said and written against the duke. Perhaps, because of this, in 1615 Marino left Turin and moved to France.

The main literary figures during the Baroque age in Turin were Emanuele Tesauro and Alessandro Tassoni. In the next century Turino hosted the poet Vittorio Alfieri from Asti for a while. The situation was very different in the 19th century, especially since the city became a point of reference for Italian unification and, subsequently, the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Indeed, in those years Tommaseo, Settembrini and John Meadows resided in the city. A major literary and cultural woman of that time was Olympia Savio. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Turin was home to writers such as Guido Gozzano, Edmondo De Amicis, Emilio Salgari and Dino Segre, the latter known by the pseudonym of Pitigrilli.

Turin had a very important role in Italian literature after World War II: to act as a catalyst was the publishing house founded by Giulio Einaudi, for which worked figures such as Cesare Pavese, Italo Calvino, Vitaliano Brancati, Primo Levi, Natalia Ginzburg, Fernanda Pivano, Beppe Fenoglio, Carlo Fruttero and Franco Lucentini. In more recent years, writers active in the city are Giovanni Arpino, Nico Orengo, Giuseppe Culicchia, Margaret Oggero, Laura Mancinelli, Alessandra Montrucchio, Alessandro Perissinotto, Guido Quartz, Piero Soria and Alessandro Baricco. Baricco was also among the founders of the School Holden, dedicated to teaching the techniques of writing.

Media[link]

After Alexandria, Madrid, New Delhi, Antwerp and Montreal, Turin was chosen by UNESCO as World Book Capital for the year 2006. The International Book Fair is one of the most important fairs of its kind in Europe. Turin is home to one of Italy's principal national newspapers, ''La Stampa'', and the sports daily newspaper ''Tuttosport''. The city is also served by other publications such as the Turin editions of ''La Repubblica'', ''il Giornale'', ''Leggo'', ''City'', ''Metro'' and ''E Polis''. RAI has had a production centre in Turin since 1954.

Sports[link]

The city is home to two football teams: Juventus F.C. (founded in 1897) and Torino F.C. (founded in 1906). Juventus has the larger fan base, especially in southern Italy, while Torino enjoys a more localised support. The two clubs contest the oldest derby in Italy: the ''Derby della Mole'' or the Turin derby.

Juventus is Italy's most successful football club and one of the most laureated and important in the world. It ranks joint seventh in the list of the world's clubs with the most official international titles (fourth between European clubs). The club was Italy's most successful of the 20th century and the first in association football history—and remains the only one in the world to date (2011)—to have won all possible confederation competitions and the club world title. The Stadio delle Alpi was one of the host stadiums for the 1990 FIFA World Cup and it was demolished in 2006 to make way for Juventus' owned ground, the Juventus Stadium, inaugurated in 2011. The other city's club, Torino, currently uses the Stadio Olimpico, property of the ''Comune'' of Turin, one of the host stadiums for the 1934 FIFA World Cup and the venue of the XX Winter Olympics.

In 1949, in the Superga air disaster, a plane carrying almost the whole Torino F.C. team (at that time the most important team in Italy and known as the ''Grande Torino'') crashed into the Basilica of Superga in the Turin hills. Valentino Mazzola, father of Ferruccio and Sandro (who were later to become football champions), was among those who perished in the accident.

The ''C.U.S. Torino'' volleyball team won the domestic league four times and, in the 1979–80 season, the Volleyball European Champion's Cup. It was the first team from western Europe to win this competition. In the 1990s the team was dismantled as a result of financial issues. There is also the largest rugby team of the city by the same name, ''CUS Torino''.

Turin hosted the 2006 Winter Olympics from 10 February 2006, through 26 February 2006. Turin, with a population of over 865,000 and a metropolitan area of 1.7 million, is the largest city to have ever hosted a Winter Olympics and was the largest metropolitan area to host them at the time. The title of largest metropolitan area to host the Winter Olympics fell to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, (2.3 million) when that city hosted the XXI Olympic Winter Games.

The FISA (International Rowing Federation) was founded in Turin in 1892.

Turin was also the home of the Valentino Park motor racing circuit.

Cinema[link]

Turin is the Italian city where film chromatography was first established. As such, it forms the birthplace of Italian cinema. Because of its historic, geographical and cultural proximity to France, Italian filmmakers were naturally influenced by French cinema and the Lumière brothers. The first Italian cinema screening occurred in Turin in March 1896. In November 1896, Italian filmmakers performed the first cinema screening of a film before a fee-paying audience.

By the start of the 20th century (especially after 1907), a number of the first Italian films were aired in Turin. Examples include Giovanni Pastrone ''Cabiria'', in 1914, one of the first blockbusters in history.

During the 1920s and 30s, Turin hosted a number of film productions and major film studios (''film houses''), such as the Itala film, Aquila and Fert Studios. Today their heritage is located in the modern Lumiq Studios and Virtual Reality MultiMedia Park Turin's prominence in Italian film continued until 1937, the year Cinecittà was inaugurated in Rome.

After World War II, the cinematic scene in Turin continued to thrive. 1956 saw the opening of the National Museum of Cinema, first housed in the Palazzo Chiablese and then, from 2000, in the imposing headquarters of the Mole Antonelliana. In 1982 the film critic Gianni Rondolino created Festival Internazionale Cinema Giovani, which later became the Torino Film Festival.

Today Turin is one of the main cinematographic and television centres in Italy, thanks to the role of the Turin Film Commission that reports the production of many feature films, soap operas and commercials.

Cuisine[link]

Turin chocolate firms, aside from many kinds of chocolate, produce a typical chocolate called ''Gianduiotto'', named after Gianduja, a local Commedia dell'arte mask. Every year the town organises ''CioccolaTÒ'', a two-week chocolate festival run with the main Piedmontese chocolate producers, such as Caffarel, Streglio, Venchi and others, as well as some big international companies, such as Lindt & Sprüngli. Since the mid 1980s, Piedmont has also benefited from the start of the Slow Food movement and Terra Madre, events that have highlighted the rich agricultural and vinicultural value of the Po valley and northern Italy.

Education[link]

:''Main page: Education in Turin''

Turin is home to one of Italy's oldest universities, the University of Turin, which still ranks among the best universities in Italy. Another established university in the city is the Polytechnic University of Turin, that ranks among Top 50 universities in the world and #1 in Italy ("Academic Ranking of World Universities" published by the Institute of Higher Education of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, in engineering, technology and computer science fields). The business school ESCP Europe, ranked among the 10 best business schools in Europe, also has a campus in Turin. In recent years some small English language education institutions have been opened (St. John International University, International University College of Turin, Buddies Elementary School, Turin School of Development).

Transport[link]

The city currently has a large number of rail and road work sites. Although this activity has increased as a result of the 2006 Winter Olympics, parts of it had long been planned. Some of the work sites deal with general roadworks to improve traffic flow, such as underpasses and flyovers, but two projects are of major importance and will change the shape of the town radically.

One is the ''Spina'' ("spine") which includes the doubling of a major railroad crossing the city. The railroad previously ran in a trench, which will now be covered by a major boulevard. Porta Susa, on this section, will become Turin's main station to substitute the terminus of Porta Nuova with a through station.

The other major project is the construction of a subway line based on the VAL system, known as Metrotorino. This project is expected to continue for years and to cover a larger part of the city, but its first phase was finished in time for the 2006 Olympic Games, inaugurated on 4 February 2006 and opened to the public the day after. The first leg of the subway system linked the nearby town of Collegno with Porta Susa in Turin's town centre. On 4 October 2007 the line was extended to Porta Nuova and then, in March 2011, to Lingotto. The main street in the town centre (''Via Roma'') runs atop a tunnel built during the fascist era (when ''Via Roma'' was built). The tunnel was supposed to host the underground line but it's now used as an underground car park. A project to build an underground system was ready in the 1970s, with government funding for it and for similar projects in Milan and Rome. Whilst the other two cities went ahead with the projects, Turin's local government led by mayor Diego Novelli shelved the proposal as it believed it to be too costly and unnecessary.

The city has an international airport known as Caselle International Airport Sandro Pertini (TRN), located in Caselle Torinese, about from the centre of Turin and connected to the city by a railway service (from Dora Station) and a bus service (from Porta Nuova and Porta Susa railway stations).

Notable natives[link]

Luisa Accati (born 1942), historian and social anthropologist.

Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945), founder of FIAT.

Edoardo Agnelli (1892–1935) industrialist, director of FIAT and former Juventus president.

Gianni Agnelli (1921–2003), influential chairman, director of FIAT and former Juventus F.C. president.

Umberto Agnelli (1934–2004) industrialist, director of FIAT and former Juventus F.C. president.

Giuliano Amato (born 1938), politician, former Prime Minister of Italy.

Amedeo Avogadro (1776–1856), physicist.

Alessandro Baricco (born 1958), writer.

Fred Buscaglione (1921–1960), singer and songwriter.

Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti (1719–1789), critic.

Camillo Benso, count of Cavour, politician (Italian unification).

Roberto Bettega, former footballer.

Norberto Bobbio (1909–2004), historian and philosopher.

Giampiero Boniperti, former footballer and Juventus honourary president.

Gian Vittorio Bourlot, co-founder of the A.L.A.I. (Associazione Librai Antiquari d'Italia)

Gianpiero Combi (1902–1956), former footballer and 1934 World Cup winner.

Arturo Brachetti (born 1957), quick-change artist.

Carla Bruni (born 1967), singer, model and wife of French president Nicolas Sarkozy.

Pierre Paul Caffarel (1795–1850), founder of the first chocolate factory in the world.

Giorgio Cagnotto, silver medalist Olympic diver

Antonio Benedetto Carpano (1764–1815), inventor of vermouth and apéritif.

Giorgio Ceragioli (1930–2008), engineer and gandhian activist.

Leo Chiosso (1920–2006), lyricist, songwriter with Fred Buscaglione.

Robert Fano (1917–2004), engineer.

Galileo Ferraris (1847–1897), physicist and electrical engineer.

Lorenzo Ferrero (born 1951), composer

Massimiliano Frezzato (1967), comic writer

Piero Gobetti (1901–1926), intellectual.

Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736–1813), mathematician.

Vincenzo Lancia (1881–1937), sportsman and businessman, founder of Lancia.

Luigi Lavazza (1859–1949), inventor and coffee businessman.

Carlo Levi (1902–1975), painter and writer.

Primo Levi (1919–1987), chemist, philosopher, Holocaust survivor and writer.

Salvador Edward Luria (1912–1991), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Alessandro Martini (1812–1905), vermouth businessman.

Mau Mau (formed 1991), rock band.

Davide Rossi (1970) violinist, composer, string arranger (Goldfrapp, Coldplay, The Verve).

Carlo Mollino (1905–1973), architect and designer.

Rita Levi-Montalcini (1909), winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Adriano Olivetti (1901–1960), businessman.

Raffaele Palma (1953), writer, disegner, humorist, satirist.

Carlo Parola (1921–2000), former footballer. He's considered to be one of the inventors of the bicycle kick in Italy.

Rita Pavone (1945), singer

Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932), mathematician.

Aurelio Peccei (1908–1984), founder of the Club of Rome.

Gigi D'Agostino, composer, singer, DJ & public icon for "Lento Violento".

Gabry Ponte, DJ member of Eiffel 65.

Vittorio Pozzo (1886–1968), former Italian national football team coach, 1934 and 1938 FIFA World Cup winner.

Tullio Regge (born 1931), physicist

Nina Ricci (1883–1970), fashion designer

Sofia Scalchi (1850–1922), opera mezzo-soprano

Piero Sraffa (1898–1983), economist.

Subsonica (formed 1996), rock band.

Francesco Tamagno (1850–1905), opera tenor.

Massimo Taparelli, marquis d'Azeglio (1798–1866), statesman, novelist and painter.

Umberto Tozzi (1952), singer.

Gianni Vattimo (1936), philosopher.

Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1820–1878), King of Piedmont and the first King of united Italy.

Marco Travaglio (1964), journalist, writer.

Marco Maccarini (1976), TV presenter, actor.

Notable residents[link]

Edmondo de Amicis (1846–1908), novelist, journalist, and short-story writer.

Alighiero Boetti (1940–1994), artist.

St. Giovanni Bosco (1815–1888), Catholic priest, educator and recognised pedagogue.

Francesco Faà di Bruno (1825–1888), mathematician and priest.

Italo Calvino (1923–1985), journalist and writer.

Gaspare Campari (1828–1882), drink maker.

Igor Mishkovski (born 1981), scientist and social drinker.

Felice Casorati (1883–1963), painter.

Francesco Cirio (1836–1900), businessman.

Alessandro Del Piero (born 1974), footballer.

Renato Dulbecco (1914–2012), won a 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Umberto Eco (born 1932), medievalist, semiotician, philosopher, literary critic and novelist.

Ludovico Einaudi (born 1955), contemporary classical music composer and pianist.

Giulio Einaudi (1912–1999), publisher.

Luigi Einaudi (1874–1961), politician and economist.

Desiderius Erasmus (1466/1469-1536), Dutch humanist and theologian.

Michele Ferrero (born 1925), founder of Ferrero and richest man in Italy (November 2009)

Paolo Fossati (1938–1998), art historian, editor, writer, journalist, teacher,.

Guido Fubini (1879–1942), mathematician.

Leone Ginzburg (1909–1944), editor, writer, journalist, teacher, anti-fascist.

Natalia Ginzburg (1916–1991), writer.

Guido Gozzano (1883–1916), writer and poet.

Antonio Gramsci (1891–1937), writer, politician and political theorist, founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy.

Lajos Kossuth (1802–1894), Hungarian lawyer, journalist, freedom fighter and Regent-President of Hungary in 1849

Primo Levi (1919–1987), chemist, philosopher, Holocaust survivor and writer.

Cesare Lombroso (1836–1909), criminologist and founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology.

Franco Lucentini (1920–2002), writer.

Claudio Magris (born 1939) scholar, translator, writer and Italian senator.

Joseph de Maistre (1753–1821), French-speaking Savoyard lawyer, diplomat, writer, and philosopher.

Francesco Menzio (1899–1979), painter.

Mario Merz (1925–2003), artist.

Giulio Natta (1903–1979), chemist, won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963.

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), German philosopher.

Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), French-Italian sociologist, economist and philosopher.

Cesare Pavese (1908–1950), poet, novelist, literary critic and translator.

Michelangelo Pistoletto (1933–present), artist, associated with Arte Povera.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), French philosopher.

Emilio Salgari (1862–1911), writer.

Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) notable Italian astronomer

Ascanio Sobrero (1812–1888), chemist.

Germain Sommeiller (1815–1871), civil engineer.

Gianni Vattimo (born 1936), author, philosopher, and politician.

Elio Vittorini (1908–1966), writer and novelist.

International relations[link]

Twin towns and sister cities[link]

Turin is twinned with: {|border="0" |- |valign="top"|

Europe

Chambéry, France

Cologne, Germany

Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg

Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom

Liège, Belgium

Lille, France

Rotterdam, Netherlands

Tirana, Albania.

Volgograd, Russian Federation.

|- valign="top"|

America

Campo Grande, Brazil

Córdoba, Argentina

Detroit, Michigan, United States

Quetzaltenango, Guatemala

Salt Lake City, Utah, United States

|- valign="top"|

Asia

Gaza, Palestinian National Authority

Haifa, Israel

Nagoya, Japan

Shenyang, China

|} ;Collaboration accords with: {|border="0" |- valign="top"| Bacău, Romania Barcelona, Spain Lyon, France Cannes, France Gwangju, South Korea |- valign="top"| Harbin, China Shenzhen, China Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Zlín, Czech Republic Bogotá, Colombia |}

References[link]

''Turin Museums''

External links[link]

''Turin City Hall'' Official website, tourist informations

Category:Roman colonies Category:Roman towns and cities in Italy Category:Cities and towns in Piedmont Category:Province of Turin

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name	Luca Turin
birth date	November 20, 1953
birth place	Beirut, Lebanon
occupation	biophysicist
yearsactive	}}

Luca Turin (born 20 November 1953 in Beirut, Lebanon) is a biophysicist with a long-standing interest in the sense of smell, the art of perfume, and the fragrance industry.

Vibration theory of olfaction[link]

Since 1996 Turin has been the leading proponent of the vibration theory of olfaction, which proposes that the vibrational spectroscopic properties of molecules can be an important determinant of their associated smells, rather than just the specific "lock and key" ligand binding proposed by the orthodox shape theory of olfaction. Turin suggested that a plausible mechanism for such a molecular spectroscope could be inelastic electron tunneling.

A major prediction of Turin's theory is the isotope effect: that the normal and deuterated versions of a compound should smell different, although they have the same shape. A 2001 study by Haffenden et al. showed humans able to distinguish benzaldehyde from its deuterated version.

However, experimental tests published in Nature Neuroscience in 2004 by Keller and Vosshall failed to support this prediction, with human subjects unable to distinguish acetophenone and its deuterated counterpart. The study was accompanied by an editorial, which considered the work of Keller and Vosshall to be "refutation of a theory that, while provocative, has almost no credence in scientific circles." It continued, "The only reason for the authors to do the study, or for ''Nature Neuroscience'' to publish it, is the extraordinary -- and inappropriate -- degree of publicity that the theory has received from uncritical journalists." The journal also published a review of ''The Emperor of Scent'', calling Chandler Burr's book about Turin and his theory "giddy and overwrought."

Philosopher of science Miriam Solomon of Temple University, who reviewed Turin's own book in Science, has suggested that ''Nature Neuroscience'' may have been defensive about the positive publicity surrounding Turin's theory because Nature, the parent journal, rejected Turin's original article. (Turin's research paper was published instead in ''Senses''.) Nevertheless, two years after publishing the Vosshall paper and the accompanying editorial, the news website of ''Nature'' published an article about a study that supported Turin's theory: "A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour depends on quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists."

In addition, tests with animals have shown fish and insects able to distinguish isotopes by smell. Biophysical simulations published in Physical Review Letters in 2007 suggest that Turin's proposal is viable from a physics standpoint.

The vibration theory received possible support from a 2004 paper published in the journal Organic Biomolecular Chemistry by Takane and Mitchell, which shows that odor descriptions in the olfaction literature correlate more strongly with vibrational frequency than with molecular shape. However, the authors state "Our view is that the relationship between vibrational frequencies and odour is not causal (as in Turin's theory), but may come about indirectly as a consequence of similar molecules having similar properties." The method may be seen as an approach within the field of Cheminformatics, in which a variety of approaches are used to predict the function of molecules from their characteristics, not all of which imply a causal link between the input (here, vibrational frequencies) and output (here, odour prediction).

Biography[link]

Turin was born in 1953 in Beirut, Lebanon, to Italian Argentine parents. He lives in Somerville, MA.

Education and employment[link]

Turin earned his Ph.D. in physiology at University College London. From 1982 until 1988, he worked in France as a researcher for the CNRS at the Villefranche Marine Station near Nice. He was then employed at the Pasteur Institute from 1988 until 1990.

After leaving the CNRS, Turin first held a visiting research position at the National Institutes of Health in North Carolina before moving back to London, where he became a lecturer in biophysics at University College London. In 2001 Turin was hired as CTO of start-up company Flexitral, based in Chantilly, Virginia, to pursue rational odorant design based on his theories. In April 2010 he described this role in the past tense, and the company's domain name appears to have been surrendered.

As of 2010, Turin is currently at MIT, working on a project to develop an electronic nose based in part on his theories, financed by DARPA. From April 2011 on, he will be working at the Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Centre in Vari, Greece.

Role in the case of Henri Korn[link]

Turin's role in reporting a high-profile instance of scientific fraud was reported in 2007 in both Nature and Le Nouvel Observateur.

In 1988, Turin began work at the lab led by neuroscience researcher Henri Korn at the Pasteur Institute. There, Turin and his colleague Nicole Ropert reported to their superiors that they believed some of Korn's research on neurotransmitters was based on fabricated results. After Turin made a formal request that the CNRS investigate the allegations, he was told to find work outside of France; Ropert was also asked to leave.

Korn was awarded the prestigious Richard Lounsbery Award in 1992 and became a member of the National Academy of Sciences in the U.S. and the French Academy of Sciences. Then in 2007, re-analysis of Korn's data by Jacques Ninio in the Journal of Neurophysiology showed serious anomalies that suggested the results were indeed fabricated.

Publications and media coverage[link]

Turin is the author of the book ''The Secret of Scent'' (2006), which details the history and science of his theory of olfaction, and an acclaimed critical guide to perfume, ''Parfums: Le Guide'', with two editions published in French in 1992 and 1994. He is also the subject of the 2002 book ''The Emperor of Scent'' by Chandler Burr, as well as of the 1995 BBC Horizon documentary "A Code in the Nose."

Since 2003, Turin has also written a regular column on perfume, "Duftnote," for ''NZZ Folio'', the German-language monthly magazine of Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung. The column is also published in English on the magazine's website. He also publishes a regular (every second week) column in the Feuilleton of the ''Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung'' under the title ''Wie sich jetzt herausgestellt hat'' or in English: "As it turns out".

In 2008, Viking Press published ''Perfumes: The Guide'' by Turin and Tania Sanchez. The book comprises 1,500 critical reviews of individual fragrances, plus introductory essays about the art, science, and history of perfume.

Books [link]

References [link]

External links [link]

The official website for Perfumes: The A-Z Guide contains a short biographical note and links to articles by Luca Turin.

Luca Turin stopped updating Perfume Notes, his blog in January 2006.

TED Talk video of Turin explaining the "Science of Scent"

Category:1953 births Category:People from Beirut Category:Biophysicists Category:Living people Category:Molecular biologists Category:American critics Category:American physiologists

pl:Luca Turin