This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2011)

Makar Sankranti
Colourful kites being sold in a Shop in Lucknow
Official name	Makar Sankranti
Also called	Sankaranthi or Pongal
Type	Seasonal, Traditional
Significance	Festival of Harvest, Celebration of Winter Solstice
Date	Currently January 14th or 15th
Celebrations	Kite flying

Makar Sankranti (Hindi: & Sanskrit: मकर संक्रान्ति, Bengali: মকর সংক্রান্তি, Kannada: ಮಕರ ಸಂಕ್ರಾಂತಿ, Assamese: মকৰ সংক্রান্তি, Malayalam: മകര സാന്‍ക്രാന്തി, Oriya: ମକର ସଂକ୍ରାନ୍ତି, Tamil: தைப்பொங்கல், Telugu: మకర సంక్రాంతి, Marathi: मकर संक्रान्ति). Sankranti or Sankranthi marks the transition of the Sun into Makara rashi (Capricorn) on its celestial path. Traditionally, this has been one of many harvest days in India.

Owing to the vast geography and diversity of culture in India, this festival is celebrated for innumerable reasons and in innumerable ways depending on the climate, agricultural environment, cultural background and location.

Date and significance[link]

Winter Solstice

Sankranti is the Sanskrit word in Hindu Astrology which refers to the transmigration of the Sun from one Rāshi (sign of the zodiac) to another. Hence there are 12 such sankrantis in all. However, the Sankranti festival usually refers to Makara Sankaranti, or the transition of the Sun from Dhanu rashi (Sagittarius) to Makara rashi (Capricorn).

For this purpose, the signs and houses of the zodiac are calculated using sidereal time, not tropical. As such it does not account for the Earth's precession. The festival therefore takes place around 21 days after the winter solstice (between December 20 and 23) that marks the starting of the phenomenon of 'northward apparent migration of the sun' or Uttarayana, literally meaning northward journey of Sun.

Considering the winter solstice marks the beginning of the gradual increase of the duration of the day. Scientifically, the shortest day of the year is around December 21–22 after which the days begin to get longer, hence actual Winter Solstice begins on December 21 or December 22 when the tropical sun enters Makara rashi. Hence actual Uttarayana is December 21. This was the actual date of Makar Sakranti too. But because of the Earth's tilt of 23.45 degrees and sliding of equinoxes, Ayanamsa occurs. This has caused Makara Sankranti to slide further over the ages. A thousand years ago, Makar Sankranti was on December 31 and is now on January 14. Five thousand years later, it shall be by the end of February, while in 9,000 years it shall come in June.^{[citation needed]}

While the traditional Indian Calendar is based on lunar positions, Sankranti is a solar event. So while dates of all Hindu festivals keep changing as per the Gregorian calendar, the date of Makar Sankranti remains constant over a long term, 14 January. Makar Sankranti is celebrated in the Hindu Calendar month of Magha.

Makar Sankranti is a major harvest festival celebrated in various parts of India. According to the lunar calendar, when the sun moves from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Tropic of Cancer or from Dakshinayana to Uttarayana, in the month of Pausha in mid-January, it commemorates the beginning of the harvest season and cessation of the northeast monsoon in South India. The movement of the Sun from one zodiac sign into another is called Sankranti and as the Sun moves into the Capricorn zodiac known as Makar in Hindi, this occasion is named as Makar Sankranti in the Indian context. It is one of the few Hindu Indian festivals which are celebrated on a fixed date i.e. 14 January every year (or may be sometimes on 15th January (leap year)).

Makar Sankranti, apart from a harvest festival is also regarded as the beginning of an auspicious phase in Indian culture. It is said as the 'holy phase of transition'. It marks the end of an inauspicious phase which according to the Hindu calendar begins around mid-December. It is believed that any auspicious and sacred ritual can be sanctified in any Hindu family, this day onwards. Scientifically, this day marks the beginning of warmer and longer days compared to the nights. In other words, Sankranti marks the termination of winter season and beginning of a new harvest or spring season.

All over the country, Makar Sankranti is observed with great fanfare. However, it is celebrated with distinct names and rituals in different parts of the country. In the states of northern and western India, the festival is celebrated as the Sankranti day with special zeal and fervor. The importance of this day has been signified in the ancient epics like Mahabharata also. So, apart from socio-geographical importance, this day also holds a historical and religious significance. As it is the festival of Sun God and he is regarded as the symbol divinity and wisdom, the festival also holds an eternal meaning to it.

Name[link]

Sankranti is celebrated all over South Asia with some regional variations. It is known by different names and celebrated with different customs in different parts of the country.

In India it is known by different regional names

• Makar Sankranti or Sankranti - Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Orissa, Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.
• Uttarayan- Gujarat and Rajasthan
• Maghi - Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab
• Pongal - Tamil Nadu
• Magh Bihu or Bhogali Bihu - Assam Valley
• Shishur Saenkraat - Kashmir Valley
• Makara Vilakku Festival - Kerala
• Khichdi- Uttar Pradesh

In other countries too the day is celebrated but under different names and in different ways

• In Nepal,
  • Tharu people - Maghi
  • Other people - Maghe Sankranti or Maghe Sakrati
• In Thailand - สงกรานต์ Songkran
• In Laos - Pi Ma Lao
• In Myanmar - Thingyan
• In Cambodia - Moha Sangkran

Scriptural and cultural significance[link]

An article related to Hinduism
Hindu • History
Deities Trimurti Brahma • Vishnu • Shiva Devis and Devas Saraswati · Lakshmi · Parvati Shakti · Durga  · Kali Ganesha · Subrahmanya · Ayyappa Rama · Krishna Hanuman Prajapati · Rudra Indra · Agni · Dyaus Bhumi · Varuna · Vayu
Philosophy Concepts Brahman · Om · Ishvara Atman · Maya Karma · Samsara Purusharthas (Dharma · Artha · Kama · Moksha) Nirvana Schools Astika-Orthodox Samkhya · Yoga Nyaya · Vaisheshika Purva mimamsa Uttara mimamsa (Vedanta) (Dvaita, Advaita, Vishishtadvaita) Nastika-Heterodox Charvaka Buddhism Jainism Other Orthodox Schools Pasupata · Saiva Pratyabhijña · Raseśvara Pāṇini Darśana
Scriptures Vedas Rigveda • Yajurveda Samaveda • Atharvaveda Divisions Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka, Upanishad Upavedas Ayurveda • Dhanurveda Gandharvaveda • Sthapatyaveda Vedangas Shiksha · Chandas · Vyakarana Nirukta · Kalpa · Jyotisha Upanishads Rig vedic Aitareya Yajur vedic Brihadaranyaka · Isha Taittiriya · Katha · Shvetashvatara Sama vedic Chandogya · Kena Atharva vedic Mundaka · Mandukya · Prashna Puranas Brahma puranas Brahma · Brahmanda Brahmavaivarta Markandeya · Bhavishya Vaishnava puranas Vishnu · Bhagavata Naradeya · Garuda · Padma Shaiva puranas Shiva · Linga Skanda · Agni · Vayu Itihasas Ramayana · Mahabharata Other scriptures Bhagavat Gita Dharma Shastra · Manusmriti Artha Shastra · Yoga Vasistha Sutras · Stotras · Tantras Yoga Sutra others Classification of scriptures Śruti · Smriti Timeline Hindu texts
Practices Worship Puja · Japa · Bhajana Tapa · Dhyana Yajna · Homa Tirthadana · Naivedhya Temple · Vigraha · Bhakti Samskaras Garbhadhana · Pumsavana · Simantonayana · Jatakarma · Namakarana · Nishkramana · Annaprashana · Chudakarana · Karnavedha · Vidyarambha · Upanayana · Praishartha · Keshanta · Ritushuddhi · Samavartana · Vivaha · Antyeshti Varnashrama Dharma Varna Brahmin · Kshatriya Vaishya · Shudra Ashrama Brahmacharya · Grihastha Vanaprastha · Sanyasa Festivals Navaratri Vijayadashami (Dasara) Deepavali · Shivaratri · Holi Kumbha Mela · Ratha Yatra · Vishu · Bihu · Baisakhi · Puthandu Ganesh Chaturthi · Onam Rama Navami · Janmashtami Raksha Bandhan
Philosophers Ancient Gautama · Angiras · Ashtavakra · Jaimini · Kanada · Kapila · Pāṇini · Patañjali · Uddalaka · Valmiki · Vyasa · Yajnavalkya Medieval Adi Shankara · Basava · Dnyaneshwar · Chaitanya · Gangesha Upadhyaya · Gaudapada · Jayanta Bhatta · Kabir · Kumarila Bhatta · Madhusudana · Madhva · Namdeva · Nimbarka · Prabhakara · Raghunatha Siromani · Ramanuja · Srimanta Sankardeva · Vedanta Desika · Tukaram · Tulsidas · Vachaspati Mishra · Vallabha · Vidyaranya Modern Aurobindo · Coomaraswamy · Dayananda Saraswati · Gandhi · Krishnananda · Narayana Guru · Prabhupada · Ramakrishna · Ramana Maharshi · Radhakrishnan · Sivananda · U. G. Krishnamurti · Vivekananda · Yogananda
Other topics Hindu denominations Hinduism by country Mythology • Hindu calendar Hindu law • Hindu iconography Hindu nationalism • Hindutva Hindu pilgrimage sites Persecution • Criticism Glossary
Hinduism Portal Hindu Mythology Portal v t e

1. According to the Puranas, on this day Surya(Sun) visits the house of his son Shani(Saturn), who is the lord of the Makar rashi(Zodiac Capricorn). Though the father and son duo did not get along well, the Surya made it a point to meet his son on this day. He, in fact, comes to his son’s house, for a month. This day thus symbolizes the importance of the special relationship between father and son.^[1]
2. From Makar Sankranti starts the ‘day’ of devatas(Gods), while dakshinayana (southward movement of the sun) is said to be the ‘night’ of devatas, so most of the auspicious things are done during this time. Uttarayana is also called as Devayana, and the dakshinayana' is called Pitrayana.^{[citation needed]}
3. It was on this day when Lord Vishnu ended the ever increasing terror of the Asuras(Demons) by finishing them off and burying their heads under the Mandara Parvata. So this occasion also represents the end of 'negativities' and beginning of an era of righteous living.^{[citation needed]}
4. Maharaja Bhagiratha, performed great penance to bring Ganga down to the earth for the redemption of 60,000 sons of Maharaj Sagar, who were burnt to ashes at the Kapil Muni Ashram, near the present day Ganga Sagar. It was on this day that Bhagirath finally did tarpan^{[clarification needed]} with the Ganges water for his unfortunate ancestors and thereby liberated them from the curse. After visiting the Pataala(underworld) for the redemption of the curse of Bhagirath’s ancestors the Ganges finally merged into the sea. A very big Ganga Sagar Mela is organized every year on this day at the confluence of River Ganges and the Bay of Bengal. Thousands of Hindus take a dip in the water and perform tarpan for their ancestors.^[2]
5. Another well-known reference of this day came when the great grand-sire of Mahabharata fame, Bhishma, declared his intent to leave his mortal coil on this day. He had the boon of Ichha-Mrityu(death at his will) from his father, so he kept lying on the bed of arrows till this day and then left his mortal coil on Makar Sankranti day. It is believed that the person, who dies during the period of Uttarayana, becomes free from transmigration(rebirth). So this day was seen as a definite auspicious day to start a journey or endeavours to the higher realms beyond.^{[citation needed]}
6. Sikhs celebrate it as Maghi. The tenth Sikh Guru Gobind Singh tore the Beydaava written by 40 Sikhs and gave them Mukhti on this day. These 40 Sikhs later came to be known as 40 Mukhtas.^{[citation needed]}
7. After giving seven days of speeches before 500 Hindu scholars, Jagadguru Kripalu Maharaj was named fifth Jagadguru (world teacher) on Makar Sankranti Day 1957.^[3][4][5]

Traditions, rituals and celebration[link]

Kites waiting to catch the wind, held down by weights

Makar Sankranti is one of the most auspicious days for the Hindus and is celebrated in almost all parts of India in myriad cultural forms, with great devotion. Millions of people take a dip in places like Ganga Sagar (the point where the river Ganges meets the Bay of Bengal) and Prayag and pray to the Sun God (Surya). It is celebrated with pomp in southern parts of India as Pongal, and in Punjab as Maghi.

In the western Indian state of Gujarat, the celebrations are even bigger. People offer thousands of their colorful oblations to the Sun in the form of beautiful kites. The act stands as a metaphor for reaching to their beloved God, the one who represents the best. In the rural and coastal areas, cock fights are held and is a prominent event of the festival. Makara Sankranti is also to honour, worship and to pay respect to Saraswati (Goddess of Knowledge). At the start of this significant event, there is also worship for the departed ancestors.

Makara Sankranti identifies a period of enlightenment, peace, prosperity and happiness followed by a period of darkness, ignorance and viciousness with immense sorrow. The six months of northern movement of the sun is followed by six months of southern movement.

Since the festival is celebrated in mid winter, food prepared for this festival is such that it keeps the body warm and gives high energy. Laddu of til made with Jaggery is a specialty of the festival. In the western Indian state of Maharashtra it is called 'Tilgul'. In Karnataka it is called 'Yellu-Bella'. In some states cattle are decorated with various colours and are made to jump over a bon-fire.

It is celebrated differently in different regions of India.

Andhra Pradesh[link]

Thorny Bushes being drawn by a village boy for Bhogi festival In a small village in Telangana

Andhra Special Sweet Boondi Mithai

The festival, Sankranti (మకర సంక్రాంతి), is celebrated for four days in Andhra Pradesh as below:

• Day 1 - Bhogi
• Day 2 - Makara Sankranti (Pedda Panduga)
• Day 3 - Kanuma
• Day 4 - Mukkanuma

The day preceding Makara Sankranti is called Bhogi(భోగి) and this is when people discard old and derelict things and concentrate on new things causing change or transformation. At dawn people light a bonfire with logs of wood, other solid-fuels and wooden furniture at home that are no longer useful. The disposal of derelict things is where all old habits, the vices, attachment to relations and materials things are sacrificed in the sacrificial fire of the knowledge of Rudra, known as the "Rudra Gita Gyan Yagya. It represents realization, transformation and purification of the soul by imbibing and inculcating divine virtues.

In many families, infants and children (usually less than three years old) are showered with fruit called "Regi Pandlu", that is the Indian jujube fruit. It is believed that doing this would protect the children from evil eye. Sweets in generous quantities are prepared and distributed. It is a time for families to congregate. Brothers pay special tribute to their married sisters by giving gifts as affirmation of their filial love. Landlords give gifts of food, clothes and money to their workforce.

The second day is Makara Sankranti, also called "Pedda Panduga" (పెద్ద పండుగ), which literally means "the big festival", when everyone wears new clothes, prays to God, and make offerings of traditional food to ancestors who have died.

On the day after Makara Sankranti, the animal kingdom is remembered and in particular, the cows. Young girls feed the animals, birds and fishes as a symbol of sharing. Travel is considered to be inappropriate, as these days are dedicated for re-union of the families. Sankranti in this sense demonstrates their strong cultural values as well as a time for change and transformation. And finally, gurus seek out their devotees to bestow blessings on them.

Kanuma Panduga (కనుమ) is not as widely celebrated, but is an integral part of the Sankranti culture. Mukkanuma (ముక్కనుమ) is popular among the non-vegetarians of the society.

People in Coastal Andhra do not eat any meat or fish during the first three days of the festival, and do so only on the day of Mukkanuma, whereas people in Telangana region observe only the first two days as part of the festival. They eat rice cooked with Til (sesame seeds) on the first day and eat meat on Makara Sankranti (Pedda Panduga), the second day of the festival. For this festival all families prepare Ariselu, Appalu (a sweet made of Jaggery and Pumpkin) and make an offering to God.

This festival is celebrated in almost every village with adventurous games in South India. Whether it is the cock fights in Andhra, Bull fighting in Tamil Nadu or Elephant Mela in Kerala, there is huge amount of illegal betting but the so called "tradition" continues to play a major role in the festival.^{[citation needed]}

Another notable feature of the festival in South India is the Haridas who goes around with a colorfully dressed cow, begging for rice wishing luck. During these days people from Hyderabad fly kites from terraces of their buildings. Children and elders enjoy this kite flying a lot.

Assam[link]

In Assam, the festival is celebrated as Bhogali Bihu.

Bihar[link]

In 'Bihar', the festival is celebrated on 14–15 January.

On 14 January, it is celebrated as Makar Sankranti or Sakraat or KHICHDI (in local dialects).As in other parts of country, people take bath in rivers and ponds and feast upon seasonal delicacies as a celebration of good harvest. The delicacies include Chura, Gur(jaggery), various sweets made of til (Sesame seeds) such as Tilkut, Tilwa, Maska, etc., curd, milk and seasonal vegetables. Kite flying festivals are also organized, albeit on a small scale.

On 15 January, it is celebrated as Makraat (in some parts of the state) when people relish special Khichri (Dal-Rice replete with cauliflower, peas and potatoes).

This festival is considered to be one of the most important festival. People start their day by worshiping and putting til (sesame seeds) into fire followed by eating "Dahi-chuda"(remember dahi-chuda is different than chuda-dahi, as in former dahi,i.e. curd predominates over chuda,i.e. beaten rice or avalakki in Kannada in amount) along with Tilkut and Lai.

Generally in morning people eat chuda-dahi ( dahi-chuda is favorite of Brahmins ) with KOHADA(red pumpkin) ka bhujiya which is made specially with sugar and salt combination without adding water in it, with lots of LAI, i.e. laddus made of til, chuda, chawal(rice). After such heavy diet it becomes next to impossible to eat lunch in afternoon, so people spend time in greeting others, playing with kites. In night special KHICHDI is made. "khichdi ke 4 yaar, chokha, papad, ghee, achaar" some prefer to add many more side dishes with khichdi like chatni, tilauri etc. Name of this festival is Khichdi, because such grand and rich Khichdi is made only once in a year on this occasion.

Coastal regions[link]

In the coastal regions, it is a harvest festival dedicated to Lord Indra.

Goa[link]

Celebrations in Goa closely resemble to that in Maharashtra. The men hardly take part in the celebrations but it is the women folk who celebrate 'haldi-kumkum'

Gujarat[link]

Uttarayan, as Makar Sankranti is called in Gujarati, is a major festival in the state of Gujarat which lasts for two days.

1. 14 January is Uttarayan
2. 15 January is Vasi-Uttarayan(Stale Uttarayan)

Gujarati people keenly await this festival to fly kites, called 'patang' in Gujarati. Kites for Uttarayan are made of special light-weight paper and bamboo and are mostly rhombus shaped with central spine and a single bow. The string often contains abrasives in order to cut down other people's kites.

In Gujarat, from December through to Makar Sankranti, people start enjoying Uttarayan. Undhiyu (spicy, baked mix of winter vegetables) and chikkis (made from til (sesame seeds), peanuts and jaggery) are the special festival recipes savoured on this day.

In the major cities of Vadodara, Surat and Ahemdabad, the skies appear filled with thousands upon thousands of kites as people enjoy two full days of Uttarayan up on their terraces.

When people cut any kites they used to yell with words like "kaypo che" or "e lapet" in Gujarati language.

Karnataka[link]

This is the Suggi or harvest festival for farmers of Kaveri basin of Karnataka. On this auspicious day, young females (kids & teenagers) wear new clothes to visit near and dear ones with a Sankranti offering in a plate, and exchange the same with other families. This ritual is called "Ellu Birodhu."^[6] Here the plate would normally contain "Ellu" (white sesame seeds) mixed with fried groundnuts, neatly cut dry coconut & fine cut bella (Jaggery). The mixture is called "Ellu-Bella" (ಎಳ್ಳು ಬೆಲ್ಲ). The plate will also contain sugar candy molds of various shapes (Sakkare Acchu, ಸಕ್ಕರೆ ಅಚ್ಚು) with a piece of sugarcane.^[7] There is a saying in Kannada "ellu bella thindu olle maathadi" which translates to 'eat the mixture of sesame seeds and jaggery and speak only good.' This festival signifies the harvest of the season, since sugarcane is predominant in these parts.^[8]

In some parts of Karnataka, a newly married woman is required to give away bananas for a period of five years to married women (muthaidhe) from the first year of her marriage, but increase the number of bananas in multiples of five. There is also a tradition of some households giving away red berries "Yalchi Kai" along with the above. In North Karnataka, kite flying with community members is also a tradition. Drawing rangole in groups is another popular event among women during Sankranti.^[9]

An important ritual is display of cows and cattle in colourful costumes in an open field. Cows are decorated for the occasion and taken on a procession. They are also made to cross a pyre. This ritual is common in rural Karnataka and is called "Kichchu Haayisuvudu."^[10]

Kerala[link]

Makara Sankranti is celebrated in Kerala at Sabarimala where the Makara Jyothi is visible followed by the Makara Vilakku celebrations.

Kumaon (Uttarakhand)[link]

In the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand Makar Sankranti is celebrated with great gusto. According to the Hindu religious texts, on the day of Uttarayani also called Ghughuti(घुघुति) in Kumaon, the sun enters the Zodiacal sign of 'Makar' (Capricon) from the Zodiacal sign of the Kark (Cancer), i.e. from this day onwards the sun becomes 'Uttarayan' or it starts moving to the north. It is said that from this day, which signals a change of season, the migratory birds start returning to the hills. On Makar Sankranti people give Khichadi (a mixture of pulses and rice) in charity, take ceremonial dips in holy rivers, participate in the Uttarayani fairs and celebrate the festival of Ghughutia or Kale Kauva. During the festival of Kale Kauva (literal translation 'black crow') people make sweetmeats out of sweetened flour (flour and gur) deep fried in ghee, shape them in shapes such as drums, pomegranates, knives, and swords. They are strung together and worn as necklace, in the middle of which an orange is fixed. Early in the morning children wear these necklaces and sing "Kale Kauva" to attract crows and other birds and offer them portions of these necklaces, as a token of welcome for all the migratory birds, who are now coming back after their winter sojourn in the plains. Wearing garlands of the above eatables the children come out calling the crows with following song on their lips:

Kale Kale,
bhol bate aile bor puwa,
Khale Ie Kauva bara,
mai ke de sunu gharo,
Ie Kauva dhal,
mai ke de sunu thai.

काले कौवा काले घुघुति माला खाले
ले कौवा बड़ा मकें दे सुणो घड़ा
ले कौवा ढाल मकें दे सुणो थाल

(Come dear crow, come daily you will enjoy eating bara and puwa. Take the bara and give me a pitcher full of gold. Take the shield and give me a golden plate.)

Maharashtra[link]

Multicolored sugar halwa surrounded by til-gul (sesame and jaggery) ladoos. These exchanged and eaten on Makar Sankranti in Maharashtra

In Maharashtra on the Makar Sankranti (मकर संक्रान्ति) day people exchange multi-colored halwa (sugar granules coated in sugar syrup) and til-gul ladoos (sweetmeats made from sesame seeds and jaggery). Gul-polis (flat bread stuffed with jaggery) are offered for lunch. While exchanging tilguls as tokens of goodwill people greet each other with the words, "Til-gul ghya, god god bola" meaning ‘Accept these tilguls and speak sweet words’. The under-lying thought in the exchange of tilguls is to forget the past ill-feelings and hostilities and resolve to speak sweetly and remain friends.

This is a special day for the women in Maharashtra when married women are invited for a get-together called ‘Haldi-Kunku’ (literally meaning turmeric and vermillion) and given gifts such as utensil, clothes etc. Typically, women wear black sarees or black coloured outfits on this occasion. The significance of wearing black is that Sankranti comes at the peak of the winter season and black colour retains and absorbs heat, helping keep warm.^{[citation needed]}

Orissa[link]

In Orissa people prepare 'makar chaula(uncooked newly harvested rice, banana, coconut, jaggery, sesame, Rasagola, Khai/Liaa and chhena puddings for naivedya to gods and goddesses.The withdrawing winter entails change in food habits & intake of nourishing and rich food. Therefore this festival also holds immense scientific significance. According to the Sun's movement, the days from this day onwards become lengthy and warmer and so the Sun-God is worshipped as a great benefactor. Makar Mela is observed at Dhabaleswar in Cuttack, Hatakeshwar at Atri in Puri, Makar Muni temple in Balasore and near various deities in each district of Orissa. In the temple of Lord Jagannath this festival is observed as Nabanki and 'Uttarayana Yatra'. In Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar,kalahandi, koraput and Sundargarh where the tribal population is more, the festival is celebrated with great joy. They have been celebrating this festival with great enthusiasm. They sing, dance and enjoy. Many tribals in our country start their New Year from the day of Sankranti by lighting bonfires, dancing and eating their particular dishes sitting together. The Bhunya tribals of Orissa have their Maghyatra in which small home-made articles are put for sale.

Punjab[link]

In Punjab where December and January are the coldest months of the year, huge bonfires are lit on the eve of Makar Sankranti and is celebrated as Lohri. Sweets, sugarcane and rice are thrown in the bonfires, around which friends and relatives gather together. The following day, which is Sankrant, is celebrated as Maghi. Bathing in any river in the early hours on Maghi is important. Hindus light lamps with sesame oil as this is supposed to give prosperity and drive away all sins. The Punjabis dance their famous dance known as "Bhangra". Then they sit down and eat the sumptuous food that is specially prepared for the occasion. It is traditional to eat "kheer", rice cooked in milk and sugar.^{[citation needed]}

Rajasthan[link]

This is one of the major festivals in the state of Rajasthan. It is known as "Makar Sakrat" in the Rajasthani language. This day is celebrated with sweets like Ghevar, Til-paati, Gajak, kheer etc.. Although traditionally flying kites is observed as a part of this festival. On this occasion the sky in Jaipur is filled with kites. People invite friends and relatives to their home for special festival meals (called as "Sakrat Bhoj").

Tamil Nadu[link]

It is a four day festival in Tamil Nadu:

• Day 1 - Bhogi Pandigai (Bhogi)
• Day 2 - Thai Pongal
• Day 3 - Maattu Pongal
• Day 4 - Kaanum Pongal

The festival is celebrated four days from the last day of the Tamil month Maargazhi to the third day of the Tamil month Thai.

The first day of festival is Bhogi. It is celebrated by throwing away and destroying old clothes and materials, by setting them on fire, marking the end of the old and the emergence of the new.

The second day of festival is Thai Pongal or simply Pongal. It is the main day of the festival, falling on the first day of the Tamil month Thai. It is celebrated by boiling rice with fresh milk and jaggery in new pots, which are later topped with brown sugar, cashew nuts and raisins early in the morning and allowing it to boil over the vessel. This tradition gives Pongal its name. The moment the rice boils over and bubbles out of the vessel, the tradition is to shout of "Ponggalo Ponggal!" and blowing the sangu (a conch), a custom practiced during the festival to announce it was going to be a year blessed with good tidings. Then New boiled rice is offered to the Nature during sunrise, a gesture which symbolises thanks to the sun and nature for providing prosperity. It is later served to the people present in the house for the ceremony. People also prepare savories and sweets such as vadai, murukku, payasam and visit each other and exchange greetings.

The third day of festival is Maattu Pongal. It is for offering thanks to cattle, as they help farmer in different ways for agriculture. On this day the cattle are decorated with paint, flowers and bells. They are allowed to roam free and fed sweet rice and sugar cane. Some people decorate the horns with gold or other metallic covers. In some places, Jallikattu, or taming the wild bull contest, is the main event of this day and this is mostly seen in the villages.

The fourth day of the festival is Kaanum Pongal (the word kaanum means "to view"). During this day people visit their relatives, friends to enjoy the festive season. This day is a day to thank relatives and friends for their support in the harvest. It started as a farmers festival, called as Uzhavar Thirunaal in Tamil. Kolam decorations are made in front of the house during Thai Pongal festival.

Uttar Pradesh[link]

In Hindu Mythology this is the first of the big bathing days. Over two million people gather at their respective sacred places for this holy bathing such as Allahabad, Haridwar(Haridwar is now in another state called 'Uttarakhand) and Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh.

Kite flying in the rooftops of Varanasi

Kite flying is an inevitable part of the festival in Uttar Pradesh, as with many states of India such as Gujarat and Maharashtra. Like other places in India, the references to Til (Sesame seeds) and Gud (Jaggery) are also found in the songs sung on this day

Meethe GUD me mil gaya TIL,
Udi PATANG aur khil gaye DIL,
Jeevan me bani rahe SUKH aur SHANTI,
MUBARAK ho apko MAKAR-SANKRANTI.

West Bengal[link]

In West Bengal, Sankranti, also known as Poush Sankranti named after the Bengali month in which it falls, is celebrated as a harvest festival Poush Parbon (Bengali: পৌষ পার্বণ). (It always falls on 14 January on the English calendar). The freshly harvested paddy along with the date palm syrup in the form of Khejurer Gur (Bengali: খেজুরের গুড়)and Patali (Bengali: পাটালি ) is used in the preparation of a variety of traditional Bengali sweets made with rice flour, coconut, milk and 'khejurer gur' (palm jaggery) and known as Pithey (Bengali: পিঠে). All sections of society participate in a three-day begins on the day before Sankranti and ends on the day after. The Goddess Lakshmi is usually worshipped on the day of Sankranti. In the Himalayan regions of Darjeeling, the festival is known as Magey Sakrati. It is distinctly associated with the worship of Lord Shiva. Traditionally, people were required to take a bath before sunrise and then commence their pooja. The food that is consumed consists primarily of sweet potatoes and various yams.

Millions of people take a dip in places like Ganga Sagar (the point where the river Ganges meets the Bay of Bengal).^[11] Ganga Sagar falls in West Bengal.

Melas[link]

Many Melas or fairs are held on Makar Sankranti the most famous being the Kumbh Mela, held every 12 years at one of four holy locations, namely Haridwar, Prayag (Allahabad), Ujjain and Nashik. The Magh Mela (or mini-Kumbh Mela held annually at Prayag) and the Gangasagar Mela (held at the head of the Ganges River, where it flows into the Bay of Bengal). Makar Mela in Orissa. Tusu Mela also called as Tusu Porab is celebrated in many parts of Jharkhand and West Bengal.

See also[link]

• Sinhala and Tamil new year in Sri Lanka
• Hindu festivals
• Pohela Boishakh Bangladesh
• Songkran Thai New Year
• Uttarayana
• Water Festival

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Makar Sankranti

• When is Makar Sankranti? Dates of Makar Sankranti until 2010
• Makar Sankranti and the Hindu Samaj
• How Makara Sankranthi is celebrated in India
• Makar samkranti dates in different parts of the world

v t e Festivals in the Hindu calendar Major festivals Pongal Makar Sankranti Holi Rama Navami Krishna Janmashtami Maha Shivaratri Onam Ganesh Chaturthi Navratri (Mysore Dasara – Durga Puja – Vijayadashami) Diwali (Bhau-Beej) Chhath Vat Purnima Thaipusam Regional New Year Gudi Padwa (Marathi, Konkani) Ugadi (Telugu, Kannada) Cheti Chand (Sindhi) Bihu (Assamese) Bisu (Tuluva) Vaisakhi (Punjabi) Vishuva Sankranti (Oriya) Pohela Boishakh (Bengali) Puthandu (Tamil) Vishu (Malayalee) Holy days Ekadashi Gowri Habba Karwa Chauth Mahalakshmi Vrata Raksha Bandhan Sankranti Savitri Brata Thaipusam Holy periods Chaturmas Dhanurmas

v t e Winter solstice and midwinter festivals Africa Goru: Mali (Dogon) • Dzon'ku Nu†: West Africa (Papaws) Americas Inti Raymi°: Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador (Inca†) • Jonkonnu°: Caribbean° (African American) • Soyal: US (Zuni, Hopi) • We Tripantu: Chile (Mapuche) Asia Amaterasu†: Japan • Choimus • Deygān, Maidyarem°: (Zoroastrian) • Dōngzhì, Tōji: (East Asian) • Lohri, Pongal, Makar Sankranti°: India(Hindu) • Sanghamitta Day: Sri Lanka (Buddhist) • Şeva Zistanê: (Kurdish) • Yalda: Iran (Persian) Europe Beiwe: (Saami) • Brumalia†: Ancient Greece • Christmas: Roman Empire° (Christian) • Dies Natalis Solis Invicti†: Roman Empire • Deuorius Riuri†: Gaul • Hogmanay°: Scotland • Korochun°: (Slavs) • Mōdraniht†: Western Germany (Matres and Matrones) • Midvinterblót†: Sweden (Norse) • Montol Festival, Mummer's Day°: Cornwall (Celts) • Saturnalia†: Rome • Wren's Day°: Ireland, Isle of Man, Wales (Celts) • Yule, Jul°: (Germanic) • Ziemassvētki: Baltic (Romuva) † dagger indicates extinction. ° degree symbol indicates changes in date, name or location. ( ) indicate demographic

Ramya Krishnan (^[1] born 15 September 1967) is an actress who performs in Indian cinema. She has acted in over 200 films in five languages: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Hindi.

Early life and background[link]

Ramya Krishnan was born in a Tamil Iyer family, in Chennai.^[1] She had initial training in Bharathanatyam and Kuchipudi dance forms and had given many stage performances. She is the niece of veteran Tamil comedian Cho Ramaswamy.

Film Career[link]

Ramya started her acting career at the age of 13 and has an acting career spanning over 28 years. She first played the lead role in Vellai Manasu, a Tamil film opposite Y. Gee. Mahendra. She was studying in 9th standard when she acted in that film.

She is most noted for roles of the Goddess in Tamil and Telugu films, notably Ammoru (Amman in Tamil), Rajakaliamman, Sree Raja Rajaeshwari, Annai Kaligambal, Kutty Pisasu and Madurai Meenatchi. One of her earliest movie roles was in the Kannada film Krishna Rukmini which has been followed with Gadibidi Ganda, Mangalyam Thanthunanaena and Raktha Kanneeru.

Her role in Rajnikanth’s Padayappa, in which she played the villainous Neelambari opposite Rajni won accolades from all over. Padayappa (1999) was also released in Japan, Singapore, London and Paris. After Padayappa she acted in Panchathanthiram opposite Kamal Hassan, Paattali and Paarai with Sarathkumar, Vaanjinathan with Vijaykanth, Budget Pathmanaban and Aayiram Poi Solli with Prabhu, and Asathal with Satyaraj. She appeared in item numbers for the movies Rhythm and Kuthu and in Hindi films such as Khalnayak and Dayavan.

Ramya's first Telugu film was Bhalae Mithrulu. She achieved fame through Kasinadhuni Viswanath’s Suthradharulu, released in 1987. She emerged as one of the leading actresses in the Telugu industry alongside Radha, Banupriya, Vijayashanti, and Soundarya during 80s and 90s. She has been paired with leading actors such as N. T. Rama Rao, Akkineni Nageswara Rao, Mohan Babu, Chiranjeevi, Nagarjuna, Venkatesh, Balakrishna, Jagapati Babu, Rajendra Prasad, Srikanth, Dr Rajasekhar, Junior NTR, and Mahesh Babu. She bagged two prestigious Nandi Awards from the Government of Andhra Pradesh and a National Award from the Indian Government as well. She won the Special Jury award for her performance in Dasari Narayana Rao's film Kante Koothurne Kanu from the Andhra Pradesh state government.^[2]

Her biggest Kannada hits include Gadibidi Ganda and Mangalyam Thanthunanaena with V. Ravichandran and Raktha Kanneeru with Upendra.^[3]

She has also acted in more than 25 Malayalam movies with superstars like Mohanlal, Mammooty, and Jayaram. She had won rave reviews for her role in the Malayalam film ‘Ore Kadal’, released in 2007.^[4]

She has performed in some stage shows in New York, Dallas, San Jose, and Cincinnati. She started a company in the name of her son Ritwik. She is now hosting the entertainment show Zara Masti Zara Dhoom.

She was a judge in a dancing show on Star Vijay: Jodi Number One, season 1, followed by season 5.

Personal life[link]

She married Telugu film director Krishna Vamsi on 12 June 2003 and has since then settled in Hyderabad. She has a son named Ritwik.^[5]

Awards[link]

Filmfare Awards

• Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Padayappa (1999)
• Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam (2009)

Tamil Nadu State Film Awards

• Tamil Nadu State Film Awards Best Actress (Special Prize) - Padayappa (1999)

Nandi Awards

• Nandi Award for Best Actress - Kante Koothurne Kanu (1998)
• Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress - Raju Maharaju (2009)

Dubai Amma Awards 2007

• Best Supporting Actress - Malayalam - Ore Kadal (2007)

Amrita Film Awards 2007

• Best Supporting Actress - Malayalam - Ore Kadal (2007)

Sun TV Family Awards

• Best Actress Special Award - Thangam (2009)

Filmography[link]

Telugu[link]

Kannada[link]

• Baa Baaro Rasika (2004) [Sunil Rao, Ashitha]
• Raja Narasimha (200
• Ekangi (2002)
• Sneha (2000)
• Om Shakti (1999)
• Mangalyam Thanthu Nanena (1998)
• Gadibidi Ganda (1993)
• Krishna Rukmini (1988)
• Neelambari
• Andhra Hendathi
• Raktha Kaneeru
• Yare Nee Abhimani

Tamil[link]

Year	Film	Co-stars	Direction	Notes
2009	Kutti Pisasu	Sangeetha
2009	Arumugam	Barath, Priyamani
2003	Kaakha Kaakha			item number
2005	Kuthu	Simbhu		item number
2003	Kurumbu	Naresh		item number
2002	Julie Ganapathi	Jayaram, Saritha
2003	Paarai	R. Sarathkumar, Jayaram, Meena
2002	Jaya	Sreeman, Manorama
2002	Panchathantiram	Kamal Hassan, Simran, Jayaram, Urvashi	K.S.Ravikumar
2002	Baba	Rajnikanth, Manisha Koirala	Suresh Krishna	Guest Appearance
2002	Whistle			Dance
2001	Narasimha	Vijayakanth, Saakshi[disambiguation needed ]
2001	Asathal	Satyaraj
2001	Vaanchinathan	Vijayakanth
2001	Sri Raja Rajeswari	Ramki	Rama Narayanan
2000	Raja Kali Amman	Karan, Kausalya, Vadivelu
2000	Rhythm	Arjun Sarja, Meena	Dance
2000	Budget Padmanabhan	Prabhu, Vivek, Manivannan, Kovai Sarala
1999	Paattali	Sarath Kumar, Devayani, Sujatha	K.S.Ravikumar
1999	Padayappa	Rajnikanth, Sivaji Ganesan, Soundarya	K.S.Ravikumar
1995	Amman	Suresh, Soundarya
1991	Captain Prabhakaran	Vijayakanth, Rupini
1989	Kaadhal Oyvathillai
1987	Per Sollum Pillai	Kamal Hassan
1985	Padikathavan	Rajnikanth, Ambika
1983	Vellai Manasu	Y.G.Magendra

Malayalam[link]

• Ore Kadal (2007)
• Onnaman (2002)
• Kakkakuyil (2001)
• Mahatma (1996)
• Neram Pularumbol (1996)
• Aham (1992)
• Manyanmaar (1992)
• Aryan (1988)
• Orkkappurathu (1988)
• Anuragi (1988)
• Padikkathavan (1985)
• Kathanayika
• Thoovalpakkshikal (1984)
• Rajeevam (1984)
• Naadaswaram (1984)
• Swapnam (1983)
• Pirkilninnu villichu!
• Clock
• Roopam
• Amritham
• Swarangal
• Griham
• Sawparnika
• Padam
• Raagam
• Chandhran Udikkunna Dikkil

Hindi[link]

• Wajood (1998)
• Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998)
• Shapath (1997)
• Loha (1997)
• Chaahat (1996)
• Banarasi Babu (1996)
• Parampara (1993)
• Khal Nayak (1993)
• Dayavan (1988)

References[link]

http://www.southdreamz.com/2010/09/ramya-krishnan-turns-amman-again.html

External links[link]

• Ramya Krishna at the Internet Movie Database

Mohan Babu (born Manchu Bakthavatsalam Naidu) is an actor and producer in Telugu Cinema. He is also an educationist and a former Member of Parliament – Rajya Sabha from Andhra Pradesh. He received the Padma Shri in 2007.

Early life[link]

Mohan was born on 19 March 1952^[1] at Modhugulapalem village near the banks of the river Swarnamukhi, and sandwiched between two famous pilgrim centers, Tirupati (abode of Lord Venkateshwara) and Srikalahasti (abode of Lord Vayulingeswara) in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. He has three younger brothers – Ranganath Chowdary, Ramachandra Chowdary and Krishna – and a sister Vijaya. He had his schooling at Yerpedu village and Tirupati. He took his degree in Physical Education in Chennai. He worked as a physical education instructor for a brief while, before making his debut as an actor in the Telugu film industry. Mohan Babu also worked in the film direction department for about half a decade in the early 1970s. He was a class mate of Rajinikanth while they studied at the Madras Film Institute.

Mohan Babu married Vidya Devi. After the death of Vidya Devi, Mohan Babu married his late wife’s sister Nirmala Devi. He has two kids (Lakshmi Manchu and Vishnu Manchu) with Vidya Devi and Manchu Manoj with Nirmala Devi.

Film career[link]

Mohan Babu made his debut as an actor in the film Swargam Narakam in (1975). He debuted in the Tamil film industry through Annan Oru Kovil in 1977 alongside Sivaji Ganesan. He became a popular villain in the Tamil and Telugu films. He went on to appear in 20 odd films in Tamil, mostly as villain.^[2]

Actor and producer[link]

Mohan Babu is noted for acting in critically acclaimed negative roles in Telugu film industry. He is noted for his clarity in Dialogue and Telugu language Diction. He has acted in more than 550 films, including 216 films in Lead Actor roles. He has two sons Vishnu Manchu and Manoj Manchu who are also film actors. Daughter, Lakshmi Manchu is also an actress and Television anchor.

Politician[link]

Mohan Babu was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1995 and had his tenure (till 2001) and played an active role in Telugu Desam Party.

Educationist[link]

Mohan Babu established the Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust in 1992. It has an International School, Degree College, Engineering College, Pharmacy College, College of Nursing, Management college and College for Post Graduation Studies. The educational institutions are very reputed in the South India. Every year 25% of the students are provided with free education. Dr. Mohan Babu created a history by removing the Caste column in the joining application of Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Institutions.

Awards[link]

• Filmfare Best Actor Award (Telugu) – Peddarayudu
• Padma Shri – Govt of India
• Honorary doctorate – university of California
• India International Award
• CineMAA Awards – Best supporting actor – Yama donga – 2008
• Bharathamuni Award
• Vamsi Berkley Award
• AP Cinegoers Award
• Natavachaspathi Title by TSR kalaparishath

Filmography[link]

Actor[link]

As Producer[link]

Mohan Babu launched Sree Lakshmi Prasanna Pictures (SLPP), a film production house, in 1982. Since then, he had produced 56 movies. His highly successful and box office hits include:

• Pratigna (1982) 50 Days
• Eadadugula Bandham (1985) 50 Days
• Naa Mogudu Naake Sontham (1989) 100 Days
• Alludugaru (1990) 175 Days
• Assembly Rowdy (1991) 175 Days
• Rowdygari Pellam (1991) 125 Days
• Allari Mogudu (1992) 100 Days
• Brahma (1992) 50 Days
• Major Chandrakanth (1993) 200 Days
• Pedaraayudu (1995) 175 Days
• Collector Gaaru (1996) 100 days
• Adavilo Anna (1997) 75 days
• Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary(2000) 50 days

References[link]

External links[link]

• http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/27/stories/2007012712480400.htm
• http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/10/25/stories/2005102500840400.htm
• http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/18/stories/2010071853500600.htm
• http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article66438.ece
• http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/29/stories/2007012921160200.htm
• http://www.chitramala.com/events/maa-tv-awards-11680.html
• http://www.telugupedia.com/wiki/index.php?title=Vamsee_Film_Awards
• http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/19mohan1.htm
• http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0595934/bio