Agency name	Secret Intelligence Service
Nativename	MI6
Logo	SIS-MI6.png
Logo caption	Current logo, adopted in 2010
Formed	1909 (as the Secret Service Bureau)
Jurisdiction	Government of the United Kingdom
Headquarters	Vauxhall Cross, London
Minister1 name	The Rt Hon. William Hague MP
Minister1 pfo	Foreign Secretary
Chief1 name	Sir John Sawers KCMG
Chief1 position	The Chief of SIS
Website
Footnotes	}}

The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) is responsible for supplying the British Government with foreign intelligence. Alongside the internal Security Service (MI5), the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence (DI), it operates under the formal direction of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC).

It is frequently referred to in the mass media and popular parlance by the name MI6, a name used as a flag of convenience during the Second World War when it was known by many names. The existence of MI6 was not officially acknowledged in public until 1994.

In late 2010, the head of SIS delivered what he said was the first public address by a serving chief of the agency in its 101-year history. The remarks of Sir John Sawers primarily focused on the relationship between the need for secrecy and the goal of maintaining security within Britain. His remarks acknowledged the tensions caused by secrecy in an era of leaks and pressure for ever-greater disclosure.

SIS is referred to colloquially within the Civil Service as ''Box 850'', after its old MI6 post office box number. Its headquarters, since 1995, is at Vauxhall Cross on the South Bank of the Thames.

History and development

The SIS today is "the secret front line" of Britain's national security.

Foundation

The service is derived from the Secret Service Bureau, which was founded in 1909. The Bureau was a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German Government. The bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively. This specialisation was because the Admiralty wanted to know the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. This specialisation was formalised before 1914. When the First World War started, the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the foreign section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 6 (MI6), the name by which it is frequently known in popular culture today.

Its first director was Captain Sir George Mansfield Smith-Cumming, who often dropped the ''Smith'' in routine communication. He typically signed correspondence with his initial ''C'' in green ink. This usage evolved as a code name, and has been adhered to by all subsequent directors of SIS when signing documents to retain anonymity.

First World War

The service's performance during First World War was mixed, because it was unable to establish a network in Germany itself. The majority of its results came from military and commercial intelligence collected through networks in neutral countries, occupied territories, and Russia.

Inter-War period

After the war, resources were significantly reduced. ''Circulating Sections'' were introduced to give greater control on its objectives to its consumer departments, mainly the War Office and Admiralty. The Circulating Sections established intelligence requirements for the operational ''Group'' sections to fulfill and passed the intelligence back to the consumers. This relationship was termed the ''1921 arrangement'' and still provides the basis for the internal structure of the agency.

During the 1920s, SIS established a close operational relationship with the diplomatic service. It established the post of ''Passport Control Officer'' within embassies, based on a system developed during World War I by British Army Intelligence. This provided operatives with a degree of cover and diplomatic immunity but had become compromised by the 1930s Venlo Incident.

The debate over the future structure of British Intelligence continued at length after the end of hostilities but Cumming managed to engineer the return of the Service to Foreign Office control. At this time, the organisation was known in Whitehall by a variety of titles including the ''Foreign Intelligence Service'', the ''Secret Service'', ''MI1(c)'', the ''Special Intelligence Service'' and even ''C's organisation''. Around 1920, it began increasingly to be referred to as the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), a title that it has continued to use to the present day and which was enshrined in statute in the Intelligence Services Act 1994.

In the immediate post-war years under Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming and throughout most of the 1920s, the SIS was focused on Communism, in particular, Russian Bolshevism. Examples include a thwarted operation to overthrow the Bolshevik government in 1918 by SIS agents Sidney George Reilly and Sir Robert Bruce Lockhart, as well as more orthodox espionage efforts within early Soviet Russia headed by Captain George Hill.

Smith-Cumming died suddenly at his home on 14 June 1923, shortly before he was due to retire, and was replaced as ''C'' by Admiral Sir Hugh "Quex" Sinclair. While lacking the charisma of his predecessor, Sinclair had a clear vision for the future of the agency, which developed a range of new activities under his leadership, including creation of the following sections:

A central foreign counter-espionage Circulating Section, Section V, to liaise with the Security Service to collate counter-espionage reports from overseas stations.

An economic intelligence section, Section VII, to deal with trade, industrial and contraband.

A clandestine radio communications organisation, Section VIII, to communicate with operatives and agents overseas.

Section N to exploit the contents of foreign diplomatic bags

Section D to conduct political covert actions and paramilitary operations in time of war. Section D would come to be the foundation of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War.

With the emergence of Germany as a threat following the ascendence of the Nazis, in the early 1930s attention was shifted in that direction. Whilst the service acquired several reliable sources within the Government and the German Admiralty, its information was less comprehensive than that provided by the diplomatic network of Robert Vansittart, the Permanent Undersecretary at the Foreign Office.

Sinclair died in 1939, after an illness, and was replaced as ''C'' by Lt Col. Stewart Menzies (Horse Guards), who had been with the service since the end of World War I.

Second World War

During the Second World War the human intelligence work of the service was overshadowed by several other initiatives:

The cryptanalytic effort undertaken by the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS;), the bureau responsible for interception and decryption of foreign communications at Bletchley Park.

The extensive "double-cross" system run by MI5 to feed misleading intelligence to the Germans

Imagery intelligence activities conducted by the RAF Photographic Reconnaissance Unit (now JARIC, The National Imagery Exploitation Centre).

GC&CS; was the source of Ultra intelligence, which was very useful.

The most significant failure of the service during the war was known as the Venlo incident, named for the Dutch town where much of the operation took place. Agents of the German army secret service, the ''Abwehr'', posed as high-ranking officers involved in a plot to depose Hitler. In a series of meetings between SIS agents and the 'conspirators', SS plans to abduct the SIS team were shelved due to the presence of Dutch police. When a meeting took place without police presence, two SIS agents were duly abducted by the SS.

In 1940, journalist and Soviet agent Kim Philby applied for a vacancy in Section D of SIS, and was vetted by his friend and fellow Soviet agent Guy Burgess. When Section D was absorbed by Special Operations Executive (SOE) in summer of 1940, Philby was appointed as an instructor in the arts of "black propaganda" at the SOE's training establishment in Beaulieu, Hampshire.

SOE operations were overtly offensive in the occupied countries, which clashed with the more discreet approach of SIS, leading to a significant level of friction and increased risk to SIS operatives. The increased security in the occupied territories as a result of SOE activity, significantly reduced freedom of movement for SIS operatives and so curtailed operations.

In early 1944 MI6 re-established Section IX, its prewar anti-Soviet section, and Kim Philby took a position there. He was able to alert the NKVD about all British intelligence on the Soviets—including what the American OSS had shared with the British about the Soviets.

Despite these difficulties the service nevertheless conducted substantial and successful operations in both occupied Europe and in the Middle East and Far East where it operated under the cover name ''Interservice Liaison Department'' (ISLD).

Cold War

In August 1945 Russian intelligence officer Konstantin Volkov tried to defect to Britain, offering the names of all Soviet agents working inside British intelligence. Philby received the memo on Volkov's offer, and alerted the Soviets so they could arrest him.

In 1946, SIS absorbed the "rump" remnant of the Special Operations Executive (SOE), dispersing the latter's personnel and equipment between its operational divisions or "controllerates" and new Directorates for Training and Development and for War Planning. The 1921 arrangement was streamlined with the geographical, operational units redesignated "Production Sections", sorted regionally under Controllers, all under a Director of Production. The Circulating Sections were renamed "Requirements Sections" and placed under a Directorate of Requirements.

SIS operations against the USSR were extensively compromised by the fact that the post-war Counter-Espionage Section, R5, was headed for two years by an agent working for the Soviet Union, Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby. Although Philby's damage was mitigated for several years by his transfer as Head of Station in Turkey, he later returned and was the SIS intelligence liaison officer at the Embassy in Washington D.C. In this capacity he compromised a programme of joint U.S.-UK paramilitary operations (Albanian Subversion, Valuable Project) in Enver Hoxha's Albania (although it has been shown that these operations were further compromised "on the ground" by poor security discipline amongst the Albanian émigrés recruited to undertake the operations). Philby was eased out of office and quietly retired in 1953 after the defection of his friends and fellow members of the "Cambridge spy ring" Donald Duart Maclean and Guy Burgess.

SIS suffered further embarrassment when it turned out that an officer involved in both the Vienna and Berlin tunnel operations had been turned as a Soviet agent during internment by the Chinese during the Korean War. This agent, George Blake, returned from his internment to be treated as something of a hero by his contemporaries in "the office". His security authorisation was restored, and in 1953 he was posted to the Vienna Station where the original Vienna tunnels had been running for years. After compromising these to his Soviet controllers, he was subsequently assigned to the British team involved on Operation Gold, the Berlin tunnel, and which was, consequently, blown from the outset. In 1956 MI6 Director John Alexander Sinclair had to resign after the botched affair of the death of Lionel Crabb.

Despite these setbacks, SIS began to recover as a result of improved vetting and security, and a series of successful penetrations. From 1958, SIS had three moles in the Polish UB, the most successful of which was codenamed NODDY. The CIA described the information SIS received from these Poles as "some of the most valuable intelligence ever collected", and rewarded SIS with $20 million to expand their Polish operation. In 1961 Polish defector Michael Goleniewski exposed George Blake as a Soviet agent. Blake was identified, arrested, tried for espionage and sent to prison. He escaped and was exfiltrated to the USSR in 1964.

Also, in the GRU, they recruited Colonel Oleg Penkovsky. Penkovsky ran for two years as a considerable success, providing several thousand photographed documents, including Red Army rocketry manuals that allowed U.S. National Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC) analysts to recognise the deployment pattern of Soviet SS4 MRBMs and SS5 IRBMs in Cuba in October 1962. SIS operations against the USSR continued to gain pace through the remainder of the Cold War, arguably peaking with the recruitment in the 1970s of Oleg Gordievsky whom SIS ran for the better part of a decade, then successfully exfiltrated from the USSR across the Finnish border in 1985.

The real scale and impact of SIS activities during the second half of the Cold War remains unknown, however, because the bulk of their most successful targeting operations against Soviet officials were the result of "Third Country" operations recruiting Soviet sources travelling abroad in Asia and Africa. These included the defection to the SIS Tehran Station in 1982 of KGB officer Vladimir Kuzichkin, the son of a senior Politburo member and a member of the KGB's internal Second Chief Directorate who provided SIS and the British government with warning of the mobilisation of the KGB's Alpha Force during the 1991 August Coup which, briefly, toppled Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

SIS activities allegedly included a range of covert political action successes, including the overthrow of Mohammed Mossadeq in Iran in 1953 (in collaboration with the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency), the again collaborative toppling of Patrice Lumumba in the Congo in 1961, and the triggering of an internal conflict between Lebanese paramilitary groups in the second half of the 1980s that effectively distracted them from further hostage takings of Westerners in the region.

A number of intelligence operatives have left SIS. Usually they have found new employment in the civilian world. In the late 1990s, an SIS officer called Richard Tomlinson was dismissed and later wrote a story of his experiences entitled ''The Big Breach''.

After the Cold War

The end of the Cold War led to a reshuffle of existing priorities. The Soviet Bloc ceased to swallow the lion's share of operational priorities, although the stability and intentions of a weakened but still nuclear-capable Federal Russia constituted a significant concern. Instead, functional rather than geographical intelligence requirements came to the fore such as counter-proliferation (via the agency's Production and Targeting, Counter-Proliferation Section) which had been a sphere of activity since the discovery of Pakistani physics students studying nuclear-weapons related subjects in 1974; counter-terrorism (via two joint sections run in collaboration with the Security Service, one for Irish republicanism and one for international terrorism); counter-narcotics and serious crime (originally set up under the Western Hemisphere Controllerate in 1989); and a 'global issues' section looking at matters such as the environment and other public welfare issues, and this post was appointed to Davey Fontan, a former young MI6 operative known to use his youthfulness and his employment at Great Ormond Street Hospital as the perfect cover for underground national surveillance. In the mid-1990s these were consolidated into a new post of Controller, Global and Functional.

During the transition, then-C Sir Colin McColl embraced a new, albeit limited, policy of openness towards the press and public, with 'public affairs' falling into the brief of Director, Counter-Intelligence and Security (renamed Director, Security and Public Affairs). McColl's policies were part and parcel with a wider 'open government initiative' developed from 1993 by the government of John Major. As part of this, SIS operations, and those of the national signals intelligence agency, GCHQ, were placed on a statutory footing through the 1994 Intelligence Services Act. Although the Act provided procedures for Authorisations and Warrants, this essentially enshrined mechanisms that had been in place at least since 1953 (for Authorisations) and 1985 (under the Interception of Communications Act, for warrants). Under this Act, since 1994, SIS and GCHQ activities have been subject to scrutiny by Parliament's Intelligence and Security Committee.

During the mid-1990s the British intelligence community was subjected to a comprehensive costing review by the Government. As part of broader defence cut-backs SIS had its resources cut back 25% across the board and senior management was reduced by 40%. As a consequence of these cuts, the Requirements division (formerly the Circulating Sections of the 1921 Arrangement) were deprived of any representation on the Board of Directors. At the same time, the Middle East and Africa Controllerates were pared back and amalgamated. According to the findings of Lord Butler of Brockwell's ''Review of Weapons of Mass Destruction'', the reduction of operational capabilities in the Middle East and of the Requirements division's ability to challenge the quality of the information the Middle East Controllerate was providing weakened the Joint Intelligence Committee's estimates of Iraq's nonconventional weapons programmes. These weaknesses were major contributors to the UK's erroneous assessments of Iraq's 'weapons of mass destruction' prior to the 2003 invasion of that country. Following the September 11, 2001 attacks funding was increased.

In the run up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, it is alleged, although not confirmed, that some MI6 conducted Operation Mass Appeal which was a campaign to plant stories about Iraq's WMDs in the media. The operation was exposed in the Sunday Times in December 2003. Claims by former weapons inspector Scott Ritter suggest that similar propaganda campaigns against Iraq date back well into the 1990s. Ritter claims that MI6 recruited him in 1997 to help with the propaganda effort. "The aim was to convince the public that Iraq was a far greater threat than it actually was"—Scott Ritter, Sunday Times, December 28, 2003.

On 6 May 2004 it was announced that Sir Richard Dearlove was to be replaced as head of the SIS by John Scarlett, former chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee. Scarlett was an unusually high-profile appointment to the job, and gave evidence at the Hutton Inquiry.

On 15 November 2006, MI6 allowed an interview with current operations officers for the first time. The interview was on the ''Colin Murray show'' on BBC Radio 1. The two officers (one male and one female) had their voices disguised for security reasons. The officers compared their real experience with the fictional portrayal of MI6 in the James Bond films. While denying that there ever existed a "licence to kill" and reiterating that MI6 operated under British law, the officers confirmed that there is a 'Q'-like figure who is head of the technology department, and that their director is referred to as 'C'. The officers described the lifestyle as quite glamorous and very varied, with plenty of overseas travel and adventure, and described their role primarily as intelligence gatherers, developing relationships with potential sources. The interview is seen largely as a public relations and employment tactic, following the placement of advertising for applicants on the agency's website for the first time in April 2006.

Sir John Sawers became head of the SIS in November 2009, the first outsider to head MI6 in more than 40 years. Sawers came from the Diplomatic Service, previously having been the British Permanent Representative to the United Nations.

During the global war on terror, MI6 accepted information from the CIA that was obtained through torture, including the extraordinary rendition program. Craig Murray, a UK ambassador to Uzbekistan, had written several memos critical of the UK's accepting this information; he was then fired from his job.

On June 7 2011, John Sawers received Romania's President Traian Basescu and George-Cristian Malor, the head of the Serviciul Roman de Informatii (SRI) at SIS headquarters. John Sawers also told members of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee in July 2011 that he is planning to visit China every year to meet his Chinese counterparts.

In July 2011 it was reported that SIS has closed several of its stations in the past couple of years, particularly in Iraq, where it used to have several outposts in the south of the country in the region of Basra according to the annual report of the parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee. The closures have allowed the service to focus its attention on Pakistan and Afghanistan, which are its principal stations.

SIS headquarters

Since 1995, SIS headquarters has been at 85 Vauxhall Cross, along the Albert Embankment in Vauxhall on the banks of the River Thames by Vauxhall Bridge, London. Previous headquarters have been Century House, 100 Westminster Bridge Road, Lambeth (1966–95); and 54, Broadway, off Victoria Street, London (1924–66). (Although SIS operated from Broadway, it was actually based at St James's Street).

The building was designed by Sir Terry Farrell and built by John Laing. The developer Regalian Properties approached the Government in 1987 to see if they had any interest in the proposed building. At the same time MI5 was seeking alternative accommodation and co-location of the two services was studied. In the end this proposal was abandoned due to the lack of buildings of adequate size (existing or proposed) and the security considerations of providing a single target for attacks. In July 1988 Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher approved the purchase of the new building for the SIS. At this stage the government proposed to pay for the building outright in order to maintain secrecy over the intended use of the site; at the time, the existence of MI6 was not officially acknowledged.

The building design was reviewed to incorporate the necessary protection for Britain's foreign intelligence gathering agency. This includes overall increased security, extensive computer suites, technical areas, bomb blast protection, emergency back-up systems and protection against electronic eavesdropping. While the details and cost of construction have been released, about ten years after the original National Audit Office (NAO) report was written, some of the service's special requirements remain classified. The NAO report ''Thames House and Vauxhall Cross'' has certain details omitted, describing in detail the cost and problems of certain modifications but not what these are. Rob Humphrey's ''London: The Rough Guide'' suggests one of these omitted modifications is a tunnel beneath the Thames to Whitehall. The NAO put the final cost at £135.05m for site purchase and the basic building, or £152.6m including the service's special requirements.

The setting of the SIS offices were featured in the James Bond films ''GoldenEye'', ''The World Is Not Enough'' and ''Die Another Day''. MI6 allowed filming of the building itself for the first time in ''The World is Not Enough'' for the pre-credits sequence, where a bomb hidden in a briefcase full of money is exploded inside the building. A ''Daily Telegraph'' article claimed that the British government opposed the filming, but these claims were denied by a Foreign Office spokesperson.

On the evening of 20 September 2000, the building was attacked using a Russian-built RPG-22 anti-tank rocket. Striking the eighth floor, the missile caused only superficial damage. The Anti-Terrorist branch of the Metropolitan Police attributed responsibility to the Real IRA.

Chiefs of the SIS

1909–1923: Sir Mansfield Smith-Cumming

1923–1939: Admiral Sir Hugh Sinclair

1939–1952: Major General Sir Stewart Menzies

1953–1956: Sir John Alexander Sinclair

1956–1968: Sir Richard White

1968–1973: Sir John Rennie

1973–1978: Sir Maurice Oldfield

1979–1982: Sir Dick Franks

1982–1985: Sir Colin Figures

1985–1989: Sir Christopher Curwen

1989–1994: Sir Colin McColl

1994–1999: Sir David Spedding

1999–2004: Sir Richard Dearlove

2004–2009: Sir John Scarlett

2009–present: Sir John Sawers

See also

List of intelligence agencies

Charles Cumming author, former SIS officer

Richard Tomlinson author, former SIS officer

Graham Greene author, former SIS officer

David Cornwell (John le Carré) author, former SIS officer

Ian Fleming author, former NID officer

Ralph Izzard journalist, author, former NID officer

Krystyna Skarbek agent, friend of Ian Fleming, inspiration for Vesper Lynd

Paul Dukes, SIS officer and author

Sidney Reilly, ''Ace of Spies'', worked for SIS and others, Intelligence mentor of Sir Henry Osborne Oswald

Horst Kopkow, SS officer who worked for SIS post Second World War

Valentine Vivian Vice-Chief of the SIS and head of counter-espionage, Section V

Kim Philby (cryptonym: Stanley), SIS officer and Soviet agent

Donald Maclean (cryptonym: Homer), SIS officer and Soviet agent

Guy Burgess (cryptonym: Hicks), SIS officer and Soviet agent

Anthony Blunt (cryptonym: Johnson), MI5 officer and Soviet agent

John Cairncross (cryptonym: Liszt), SIS officer and Soviet agent

Death of Gareth Williams, seconded to SIS from GCHQ, died in suspicious circumstances

References

Bibliography

Aldrich, Richard J. (2006), ''The Hidden Hand: Britain, America and Cold War Secret Intelligence'', London: John Murray ISBN 1-58567-274-2

Davies, Philip H.J. (2004). ''MI6 and the Machinery of Spying'' London: Frank Cass, ISBN 0-7146-8363-9 (h/b)

Davies, Philip H.J. (2005) 'The Machinery of Spying Breaks Down' in ''Studies in Intelligence'' Summer 2005 Declassified Edition.

Dorril, Stephen (2001) ''MI6: Fifty Years of Special Operations'' London: Fourth Estate, ISBN 1-85702-701-9

Humphreys, Rob (1999) ''London: The Rough Guide'', Rough Guides, ISBN 1-85828-404-X

Jeffery, Keith (2010) ''MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909-1949'' London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 978-0-7475-9183-2

Judd, Alan (1999) ''The quest for C : Sir Mansfield Cumming and the founding of the British Secret Service,'' London: HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-255901-3

Seeger, Kirsten Olstrup (2008) 'Friendly Fire' (DK) ISBN 978-87-7799-193-6. A biography of the author's father who was a member of the Danish resistance during the Second World War.

Smith, Michael (2010) ''SIX: A History of Britain's Secret Intelligence Service Pt 1 Murder and Mayhem 1909-1939'', London: Dialogue, ISBN 978-1-906447-00-7

Smiley, Colonel David (1994). ''Irregular Regular''. Norwich: Editions Michael Russell. ISBN 0859552020. An autobiography of a British officer, honorary colonel of the Royal Horse Guards, David de Crespigny Smiley LVO, OBE, MC, who served in the Special Operations Executive during World War II (Albania, Thaïland) and was a MI6 officer after war (Poland, Malta, Oman, Yemen). Translated in French by Thierry Le Breton, ''Au cœur de l’action clandestine. Des Commandos au MI6'', L’Esprit du Livre Editions, France, 2008 (ISBN 2915960275)

Tomlinson, Richard; Nick Fielding (2001). ''The Big Breach: From Top Secret to Maximum Security''. Mainstream Publishing ISBN 1-903813-01-8

External links

UK Intelligence Community On Line

from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's website

Entry for MI6 on the Federation of American Scientists' Intelligence Resource Program

BBC interview with MI6 spy. BBC's ''The One'' show presenter interviews MI6 spy

Category:1909 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Intelligence services of World War II Category:United Kingdom intelligence agencies

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name	Matthew Dunn
fullname	Matthew Stephen Dunn
nicknames	"Matt"
nationality
strokes	Freestyle and Medley
collegeteam	Sydney University
birth date	September 02, 1973
birth place	Leeton, New South Wales
height
medaltemplates	}}

Matthew Dunn (born September 2, 1973 in Leeton, New South Wales) is a former Olympic freestyle and medley swimmer swimmer who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics for Australia, starting in 1992.

Dunn trained under the guidance of Russia's swimming coach Gennadi Touretski, the same man who coached the legendary Alexander Popov. Dunn was a specialist in the short course (25 m) events; there he won several medals in the 1990s. He was a multiple Commonwealth Games gold medallist in the medley events and set a world record in the 4x200 m freestyle relay at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur alongside Ian Thorpe, Michael Klim and Daniel Kowalski.

See also

Commonwealth Games records in swimming

References

sports-reference

Marcel Wouda|title=Men's 400 metre individual medleyworld record holder (short course)|years=24 September 1998 – 23 February 2003|after= Brian Johns}}

Category:1973 births Category:People educated at Knox Grammar School Category:Australian swimmers Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia Category:Swimmers at the 1992 Summer Olympics Category:Swimmers at the 1994 Commonwealth Games Category:Swimmers at the 1996 Summer Olympics Category:Swimmers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games Category:Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic swimmers of Australia Category:People from New South Wales Category:Living people Category:Former world record holders in swimming Category:Male freestyle swimmers

de:Matthew Dunn fr:Matthew Dunn it:Matthew Dunn nl:Matthew Dunn ja:マシュー・ダン

name	Dr Stan Monteith
birthname	Stanley Monteith
occupation	Radio Host, Author
title	Doctor Stanley Monteith
religion	Christian
url	}}

Dr Stan Monteith(born 1929) is a radio host and author.

History

Stan Monteith is a retired former orthopedic surgeon and is currenly a radio host. He hosts Radio Liberty. He is also the author of several books and has published a number of videos and other recorded media.

His radio talk show is heard over 50 radio stations across the United States and overseas.

Many of the issues that Monteith has addressed are to do with globalization and the New World Order not unlike the late New Zealand preacher and author Barry Smith who was addressing the same subjects from the 1980s up until his death in 2002.

Monteith has also been highly active in educating people about fluoride and what he sees are its dangers.

In March 2009, he was guest on the ''Alex Jones Show''.

Publications

Books

Brotherhood of Darkness - (Hearthstone Publishing, Ltd 01/09/2000) - ISBN 1575580632 ISBN 978-1575580630

Aids. the Unnecessary Epidemic. America Under Siege - (Covenant House 01/0/2000) - ASIN: B0011DUAWI

Hidden Agenda: The Fluoride Deception (Training Manual for Parents, Physicians, and Dentists) (Book with Dvd) - (Radio Liberty 2004)SIN: B000NC8NZO

IRAQ: The Untold Story - (Book With Dvd) (Radio Liberty 2004) - ASIN: B0018QJLCS

Audio recordings

Radio Liberty: The Wisdom of Malachi Martin - (Radio Liberty 1997) - ASIN: B000S92JJS

O. J. Simpson: Innocent or Guilty? [Audio Cassette] - Dr. Stanley "Stan" Monteith (Author), Donald Freed (Author), Steven Wurth (Author), Joseph Boscoe (Author), Steven Singular (Author) - ASIN: B001KPO0NC

Filmography

Secret Mysteries of America's Beginnings Volume 1: The New Atlantis - Expert Interviewee, Dr Stan Monteith - (2006)

One Nation Under Siege - Dr. Stan Monteith - (2006)

Rape of the Soul - Dr Stan Monteith, Himself - (2006)

Secret Mysteries of America's Beginnings Volume 2: Riddles in Stone - The Secret Architecture of Washington D.C. - Expert Interviewee, Dr Stan Monteith - (2007)

Secret Mysteries of America's Beginnings Volume 3: Eye of the Phoenix - Secrets of the Dollar Bill - Expert Interviewee, Dr Stan Monteith - (2009)

12 Biggest Lies - Dr. Stanley Monteith, Himself - (2010)

The Truth Is Out There - Himself - (2011)

References

Category:American radio personalities

Honorific-prefix	The Right Honourable
Name	Kenneth Clarke
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Office	Lord ChancellorSecretary of State for Justice
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Primeminister6	Margaret ThatcherJohn Major
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Predecessor0	Antony Gardner
Birth date	July 02, 1940
Birth place	West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England
Spouse	Gillian Edwards
Party	Conservative
Alma mater	Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Religion	Church of England }}

Kenneth Harry "Ken" Clarke, QC, MP (born 2 July 1940) is a British Conservative politician, currently Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe, Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice. He was first elected to Parliament in 1970; and appointed a minister in Edward Heath's government, in 1972, and is one of Britain's best-known politicians. Since 1997 he has been President of the Tory Reform Group.

Clarke was a minister throughout the 18 years of successive Conservative governments from 1979 to 1997, serving in the cabinets of both Margaret Thatcher and John Major. After the Conservative defeat in the 1997 general election Clarke became a backbencher. He has contested the Conservative Party leadership three times—in 1997, 2001 and 2005—and was defeated each time. Although he was considered popular with the general public, his famously pro-European integration views conflicted with the Conservative Party's scepticism of the EU. Notably, he is President of the Conservative Europe Group and Vice-President of the European Movement UK. Despite this conflict, and his involvement with the tobacco industry, Conservative leader David Cameron returned Clarke to the Shadow Cabinet in March 2009 as Shadow Business Secretary. When Cameron became Prime Minister in May 2010 he appointed Clarke as Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice, after appointing Vince Cable, a Liberal Democrat, Business Secretary.

Early life

Kenneth Clarke was born in West Bridgford, near Nottingham, in 1940, and educated at Nottingham High School (then a direct grant grammar school). He went on to study law at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated with a 2:1 honours degree. Clarke originally had Labour sympathies, his grandfather having been a Communist. However while at Cambridge, he joined the Conservative Party, and was chairman of the Cambridge University Conservative Association. Controversially, he invited former British fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley to speak, for a second year in succession, leading some Jewish students (including his future successor at the Home Office Michael Howard) to resign from CUCA in protest. Howard then defeated Clarke in one election for the presidency of the Cambridge Union Society, although Clarke was elected President of the Union a year later. In an early 1990s documentary, journalist Michael Cockerell played to Clarke some tape recordings of himself speaking at the Cambridge Union as a young man; Clarke displayed amusement at his own stereotypically upper class accent. Clarke was counted one of the Cambridge Mafia, a group of prominent Conservative politicians who were educated at Cambridge in the 1960s. On leaving Cambridge, Clarke was called to the Bar in 1963 by Gray's Inn and was appointed a Queen's Counsel in 1980.

Member of Parliament

Clarke sought election to the House of Commons almost immediately after university. He began by fighting the Labour stronghold of Mansfield in the 1964 and 1966 elections. In June 1970, at the age of 29, he gained the East Midlands constituency of Rushcliffe, south of Nottingham, from Labour MP Tony Gardner. Labour has not come close to winning the seat since, but even Gardner's 1966 victory was partly due to the unpopularity of the Tory MP whom he defeated. Clarke was by 2005 one of the longest serving of all MPs. In the 55th Parliament, only Peter Tapsell (serving since 1959) has served longer, and Gerald Kaufman, Dennis Skinner and Michael Meacher all entered Parliament on the same day. David Winnick entered Parliament before Clarke (in 1966) but left in 1970 and only re-entered in 1979.

Kenneth Clarke was soon appointed a Government whip, and served as such from 1972 to 1974; he helped ensure Edward Heath's government win key votes on entry to the European Economic Community (now the EU) with the assistance of Labour rebels. Even though he opposed the election of Margaret Thatcher as party leader in 1975, he was appointed as her industry spokesman from 1976 to 1979, and then occupied a range of ministerial positions during her premiership.

Ministerial positions

Clarke first served as junior transport minister, than as Minister of State for Health (1982–85). He joined the Cabinet as Paymaster-General and Employment Minister (1985–87) (his Secretary of State, Lord Young, was in the Lords), and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister at the DTI (1987–88), with responsibility for the Inner Cities ("because," as one wag put it, "he looked like he lived in one").

Despite being an ardent pro-tobacco advocate, he was appointed Health Secretary in 1988, in which office he introduced the controversial 'internal market' concept in the NHS,. Just over two years later he was appointed Education Secretary in the final weeks of Thatcher's government, following Norman Tebbit's unwillingness to return to the Cabinet. He was famously the first Cabinet minister to advise Thatcher to resign after her inadequate first-round performance in the November 1990 leadership contest; she referred to him in her memoirs as a "candid friend". He supported Douglas Hurd in the next round.

Clarke came to work with John Major very closely, and quickly emerged as a central figure in his government. After continuing as Education Secretary (1990–92), where he introduced a number of reforms, he was appointed as Home Secretary in the wake of the Conservatives' unexpected victory at the 1992 general election. In May 1993, seven months after the impact of 'Black Wednesday' had terminally damaged Norman Lamont's credibility as Chancellor of the Exchequer, Major forced Lamont to resign and appointed Clarke in his place.

Chancellor of Exchequer

At first, Clarke was seen as the dominant figure in the Cabinet, and at the October 1993 Conference he "defended" Major from his critics by announcing "Any enemy of John Major is an enemy of mine".

In the party leadership of contest 1995, in which John Major won against John Redwood, Clarke kept faith in Major and commented "I don't think the Conservative Party could win an election in 1,000 years on this ultra right-wing programme".

Clarke enjoyed an increasingly successful record as Chancellor, as the economy recovered from the recession of the early 1990s and a new monetary policy was put into effect after Black Wednesday. He was able to reduce the basic rate of Income Tax from 25 to 23%, reduce government's share of GDP, and to halve the budget deficit. Which was £50.8 billion in 1993 and reduced to £15.5 billion in 1997. Labour and Clarke's successor Gordon Brown continued these policies which elminated the deficit in 1998 and allowed Brown to record four years of budget surplus' 1998 - £703 million, 1999 - £12 billion, 2000 - £16.7 billion, 2001 - £8.4 billion. Interest rates, inflation and unemployment all fell during Clarke's tenure at HM Treasury.

Differences of opinion within the Cabinet on European policy, on which Clarke was one of the leading pro-Europeans, complicated his tenure as Chancellor. Whereas other ministers such as Malcolm Rifkind wished to imply that British euro membership was unlikely, Clarke fought successfully to maintain the possibility that Britain might join a single currency under a Conservative government, but conceded that such a move could only take place on the basis of a referendum. When the 'Eurosceptic' Party Chairman, Brian Mawhinney, (allegedly) briefed against him, on one occasion, Clarke memorably declared: "Tell your kids to get their scooters off my lawn" – an allusion to Harold Wilson's rebuke of trade union leader Hugh Scanlon in the late 1960s.

Backbencher

After the Conservatives entered Opposition in 1997, Clarke contested the leadership of the party for the first time. In 1997, a vote exclusively among Members of Parliament, he topped the poll in the first and second rounds. In the third and final round he formed an alliance with Eurosceptic John Redwood, who would have become Shadow Chancellor and Clarke's deputy if Clarke had won the contest. However, Thatcher endorsed Clarke's rival William Hague, who proceeded to win the election comfortably. The contest was criticised for not involving the rank-and-file members of the party, where surveys showed Clarke to be more popular. Clarke rejected the offer from Hague of a Shadow Cabinet role, and became a backbencher.

Clarke contested the party leadership for the second time in 2001. Despite opinion polls showing he was the most popular Conservative politician with the public, he lost in a final round among the rank-and-file membership, a new procedure introduced by Hague, to a much less experienced, but strongly Eurosceptic rival, Iain Duncan Smith. This loss, by a margin of 62% to 38%, was attributed to the former Chancellor's pro-European views being increasingly out of step with the members' Euroscepticism.

Clarke opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq. After choosing not to fight for the leadership after Duncan Smith departed in 2003, in the interests of party unity, he returned to fight the 2005 election. He again had large popularity among voters, with 40% of the public believing he would be the best leader. However, he was accused by Norman Tebbit of being "lazy" whilst leadership rival Sir Malcolm Rifkind claimed that Clarke's pro-European views could have divided the Conservative Party if Clarke had won. In the event, Clarke was eliminated in the first round of voting among MPs. Eventual winner David Cameron appointed Clarke to head a Democracy task force as part of his extensive 18-month policy review in December 2005, exploring issues such as the reform of the House of Lords and party funding. Clarke is president of the moderate, pro-European ginger group within the Conservative Party, Tory Reform Group.

In 2006, he described Cameron's plans for a British Bill of Rights as "xenophobic and legal nonsense".

Promotion to the shadow cabinet

Clarke was promoted to Shadow Business Secretary in opposition to the then current Business Secretary, Lord Mandelson. David Cameron described Clarke as the only one able to oppose Mandelson and Brown's economic credibility. Two days later it was revealed that Clarke had warned in a speech a month earlier that President Barack Obama could see David Cameron as a "right-wing nationalist" if the Conservatives maintained eurosceptic policies and that Obama would "start looking at whoever is in Germany or France if we start being isolationist." However, the Financial Times said "Clarke has in effect agreed to disagree with the Tories’ official Eurosceptic line".

Lord Chancellor and Justice Secretary

On 12 May 2010, it was announced that Clarke had been appointed Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor by Prime Minister David Cameron in a coalition government formed from the Conservative and Liberal Democrat parties.

In June 2010, Clarke signalled an end to short prison sentences after warning it was "virtually impossible" to rehabilitate an inmate in less than 12 months. In his first major speech since taking office, Mr Clarke indicated a major shift in penal policy by saying prison was not effective in many cases. This could result in more offenders handed community punishments. Mr Clarke, who described the current prison population of 85,000 as "astonishing", faced immediate criticism from some colleagues in a party renowned for its tough stance on law and order. He signalled that fathers who fail to pay child maintenance and disqualified drivers and criminals fighting asylum refusals could be among the first to benefit and should not be in prison. The Prison Governors' Association raised questions about the plan, particularly the impact on employment opportunities for the wider population at a time of economic uncertainty: "Is it right at a time of economic crisis that prisoners should be taking work from those law-abiding citizens many of whom are losing their livelihoods?"

In December 2010 Clarke, in a move to cut prison numbers, said that a Conservative Party election pledge that anyone caught carrying a knife illegally could expect a jail term will not be implemented, the BBC has been told. Clarke said he would put sentencing policy in the hands of judges, not newspaper pundits. But he said those guilty of using a knife illegally would face a “serious” jail term. Asked by BBC political editor Nick Robinson whether people caught carrying knives illegally could expect a lesser punishment, Mr Clarke said ministers would not insist on “absolute tariffs”. It means that, as at present, someone caught carrying a knife illegally may not face a custodial sentence, and may be cautioned instead. The government is to try to reform the relationship between the European court of human rights and national parliaments when it assumes chairmanship of the Council of Europe in November after controversial rulings on sex offenders and votes for prisoners.

Clarke, in February 2011 said that the government intended to scrutinise the relationship between the European Court of Human Rights and national parliaments. This follows calls from a large number of Conservative backbenchers for the UK to walk away from the ECHR because they are unhappy with its rulings. MPs recently voted to maintain a ban on voting by prisoners despite an ECHR ruling that it was illegal. Many MPs have also been outraged by the UK supreme court's ruling that the ECHR would uphold the right of sex offenders to appeal against having to register with the police for the rest of their lives.

In May 2011, controversy related to Clarke's reported views on rape resurfaced after an interview on the radio station BBC 5 Live, where he discussed a proposal to shrink the sentences of criminals, including rapists, who pleaded guilty in trial.

Expenses scandal

On 12 May 2009, ''The Daily Telegraph'' reported that Clarke had "flipped" his council tax. He had told the Parliamentary authorities that his main home was in his Rushcliffe constituency, enabling him to claim a second homes allowance on his London home and leaving the taxpayer to foot the bill for the council tax due on that property. However, he told Rushcliffe Borough Council in Nottinghamshire that he spent so little time at his constituency address that his wife Gillian should qualify for a 25% council tax (single person’s) discount, saving the former chancellor around £650 per year. Land registry records showed that Clarke did not have a mortgage on his home in Nottinghamshire, where he has lived since 1987. He instead held a mortgage on his London house, which he had most recently charged to the taxpayer at £480 per month.

Corporate and other work

While a backbencher and shadow cabinet minister, Clarke took a number of non-executive directorships:

Deputy Chairman and a director of British American Tobacco (BAT) (1998–2007), for which Clarke faced allegations relating to activities of BAT in lobbying the developing world to reject stronger health warnings on cigarette packets and evidence that that corporation had been involved in smuggling and targeting children with advertisements.

Deputy Chairman of Alliance Unichem

Chairman (non-executive) of Unichem

Director of Foreign & Colonial Investment Trust

Member from June 2007 of the Advisory Board of Centaurus Capital, a London based hedge fund management company. Clarke is a member of the advisory board of Agcapita Farmland Investment Partnership, a Canadian farmland investment fund. Director (non-executive) of Independent News and Media (UK). Participant at the annual meeting of the Bilderberg Group in 1993, 1998 and 2006–2008.

Media work

Also while a backbencher, Clarke engaged in non-political media work.

Presented several series of jazz programmes on BBC Radio Four, including one on his namesake, bebop drummer Kenny Clarke

Wrote a monthly column for Financial Mail on Sunday (£10,001-£15,000)

Wrote a weekly commentary or interview for Bloomberg Television (£10,001-£15,000)

Undertook occasional lecturing, on a self-employed basis

Personal life

Clarke married Gillian Edwards, also a Cambridge graduate, in November 1964. They have two children—a son and a daughter. He is well known for his enjoyment of cigars, jazz and motor racing. He also likes birdwatching and reading political history, and is popularly known for his love of suede Hush Puppies, a brand of shoes, which have been his "trademark" since his ministerial days.

He also likes watching sport. He is a supporter of Nottingham Forest and is a former President of Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club. He is currently president of Radcliffe Olympic F C. He is a keen follower of Formula One motorsport. He was involved with tobacco giant British American Tobacco's Formula One team British American Racing and has attended Grands Prix in support of the BAR team. BAR was sold to Honda in 2005.

He attended the 1966 FIFA World Cup Final and claims (with a little jest) to have been influential in persuading the man known vernacularly as "the Russian linesman" Tofik Bakhramov (who was actually from Azerbaijan), to award a goal to Geoff Hurst when the England striker had seen his shot hit the crossbar of opponents West Germany, leaving doubt as to whether the ball had crossed the line. Clarke's position in the Wembley crowd was right behind the linesman at the time, and he shouted at the official to award a goal.

Clarke is a lover of Real Ale and has been a member of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA).

His wealth is estimated at over £1m.

References

External links

Kenneth Clarke official Conservative Party profile

;Articles

Profile: Kenneth Clarke ''BBC News'', 15 February 2005

Smoke and mirrors, George Monbiot, ''The Guardian'', 23 August 2005

Conservative Leadership Watch ''BBC News'', 30 September 2005

Lost leaders: Kenneth Clarke, Henry Smith, ''New Statesman'', 5 March 2010

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Category:1940 births Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Category:British Secretaries of State Category:British Secretaries of State for Education Category:British Queen's Counsel Category:Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs Category:Living people Category:Members of the Bow Group Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies Category:Old Nottinghamians Category:People from West Bridgford Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Union Society Category:Secretaries of State for the Home Department Category:UK MPs 1970–1974 Category:UK MPs 1974 Category:UK MPs 1974–1979 Category:UK MPs 1979–1983 Category:UK MPs 1983–1987 Category:UK MPs 1987–1992 Category:UK MPs 1992–1997 Category:UK MPs 1997–2001 Category:UK MPs 2001–2005 Category:UK MPs 2005–2010 Category:UK MPs 2010– Category:Lord Chancellors of Great Britain Category:English barristers Category:Members of Gray's Inn Category:English Queen's Counsel

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