name	Gangsta rap
Bgcolor	darkblue
Color	white
stylistic origins	Hip hop
cultural origins	mid-1980s, United States
instruments	beatboxing, vocals
popularity	1990s and 2000s, peaked in early to mid 2000s.
derivatives	Dirty rap, mafioso rap
fusiongenres	G-Funk, Mobb music
regional scenes	Southwest hip hop, West Coast hip hop, East Coast hip hop, Southern hip hop, Midwest hip hop, Chicano rap
other topics	}}

Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop music that evolved from hardcore hip hop and purports to reflect urban crime and the violent lifestyles of inner-city youths. Lyrics in gangsta rap have varied from accurate reflections to fictionalized accounts. ''Gangsta'' is a non-rhotic pronunciation of the word ''gangster''. The genre was pioneered in the mid-1980s by rappers such as Schoolly D and Ice-T, and was popularized in the later part of the 1980s by groups like N.W.A. After the national attention that Ice-T and N.W.A attracted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gangsta rap became the most commercially lucrative subgenre of hip hop. Some gangsta rappers have been associated, or allegedly have ties with the Bloods or Crips gangs.

The subject matter inherent in gangsta rap has caused a great deal of controversy. Criticism has come from both left wing and right wing commentators, and religious leaders, who have accused the genre of promoting crime, violence, profanity, sex, homophobia, racism, promiscuity, misogyny, rape, street gangs, drive-by shootings, vandalism, thievery, drug dealing, alcohol abuse, substance abuse and materialism.

Some commentators (for example, Spike Lee in his satirical film ''Bamboozled'') have criticized it as analogous to black minstrel shows and blackface performance, in which performers – both black and white – were made up to look African American, and acted in a stereotypically uncultured and ignorant manner for the entertainment of audiences. Gangsta rappers often defend themselves by saying that they are describing the reality of inner-city life, and that they are only adopting a character, like an actor playing a role, which behaves in ways that they may not necessarily endorse.

Early Gangster themes

The 1973 album ''Hustler's Convention'' by Lightnin' rod and Jaren Clark featured lyrics that deal with street life, including pimping and the hustling of drugs. The Last Poets member Jalal Mansur Nuriddin delivers rhyming vocals in the urban slang of his time, and together with the other Last Poets members, was quite influential on later hip hop groups, such as Public Enemy. Many rappers, such as Ice T and Mac Dre, have credited pimp and writer Iceberg Slim with influencing their rhymes.

Rudy Ray Moore's stand-up comedy and films based on his Dolemite hustler-pimp alter ego also had an impact on gangsta rap and are still a popular source for samples. Finally, blaxploitation films of the 1970s, with their vivid depictions of black underworld figures, were a major inspiration as well. For example, the opening skit on Snoop Dogg's ''Doggystyle'' is a homage to the famous bathtub scene in the 1972 film ''Super Fly'', while the rapper Notorious B.I.G. took his alias "Biggie Smalls" from a character in the 1975 film ''Let's Do It Again''.

Origins: 1984–1990

Beginnings: Ice-T & Schoolly D

In 1986, Los Angeles based rapper Ice-T released "6 in the Mornin'", which is often regarded as the first gangsta rap song. Ice-T had been MCing since the early '80s. In an interview with PROPS magazine, Ice-T said:

:Here's the exact chronological order of what really went down: The first record that came out along those lines was Schoolly D's "P.S.K." Then the syncopation of that rap was used by me when I made "6 in the Mornin'". The vocal delivery was the same: '...P.S.K. is makin' that green', '...six in the morning, police at my door'. When I heard that record I was like "Oh @#!*% !" and call it a bite or what you will but I dug that record. My record didn't sound like P.S.K., but I liked the way he was flowing with it. P.S.K. was talking about Park Side Killers but it was very vague. That was the only difference, when Schoolly did it, it was "...one by one, I'm knockin' em out." All he did was represent a gang on his record. I took that and wrote a record about guns, beating people down, and all that with "6 in the Mornin'". At the same time my single came out, Boogie Down Productions hit with ''Criminal Minded'', which was a gangster-based album. It wasn't about messages or "You Must Learn", it was about gangsterism.

In 2011, Ice-T repeated in his autobiography that Schoolly D was his inspiration for gangsta rap. Ice-T continued to release gangsta albums for the remainder of the decade: Rhyme Pays in 1987, Power in 1988 and The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...Just Watch What You Say in 1989. Ice-T's lyrics also contained strong political commentary, and often played the line between glorifying the gangsta lifestyle and criticizing it as a no-win situation.

Boogie Down Productions & N.W.A.

Boogie Down Productions released their first single, "Say No Brother (Crack Attack Don't Do It)", in 1986. It was followed by "South-Bronx/P is Free" and "9mm Goes Bang" in the same year. The latter is the most gangsta-themed song of the three; in it, KRS-One boasts about shooting a crack dealer and his posse to death (in self-defense). The album ''Criminal Minded'' followed in 1987, and was the first rap album to have fire arms on its cover. Shortly after the release of this album, BDP's DJ, Scott LaRock was shot and killed. After this, BDP's subsequent records were more focused with the inadequate rationale removed.

The first blockbuster gangsta rap album was N.W.A's ''Straight Outta Compton'', released in 1988. ''Straight Outta Compton'' would establish West Coast hip hop as a vital genre, and establish Los Angeles as a legitimate rival to hip hop's long-time capital, New York City. ''Straight Outta Compton'' sparked the first major controversy regarding hip hop lyrics when their song "Fuck Tha Police" earned a letter from FBI Assistant Director, Milt Ahlerich, strongly expressing law enforcement's resentment of the song. Due to the influence of Ice T and N.W.A, gangsta rap is often credited as being an originally West Coast phenomenon, despite the contributions of East Coast acts like Boogie Down Productions in shaping the genre.

In the early 1990s, former N.W.A member Ice Cube would further influence gangsta rap with his hardcore, socio-political solo albums, which suggested the potential of gangsta rap as a political medium to give voice to inner-city youth. N.W.A's second album, ''Efil4zaggin'' (1991) (released after Ice Cube's departure from the group), broke ground as the first gangsta rap album to reach #1 on the Billboard pop charts.

Others

Aside from N.W.A. and Ice T, Too Short (from Oakland, California), Kid Frost, and the South Gate-based Latino group Cypress Hill were pioneering West Coast rappers. Above the Law also played an important role in the gangsta rap movement, as their 1990 debut album ''Livin' Like Hustlers'', as well as their guest appearance on N.W.A's 1991 ''Efil4zaggin'', foreshadowing the dominance of the genre in 1990s starting with Dr. Dre's ''The Chronic''.

The Beastie Boys were one of the first groups to identify themselves as "gangsters", and one of the first popular rap groups to talk about violence and drug and alcohol use, though largely in a more humorous manner. According to ''Rolling Stone'' Magazine, their 1986 album ''Licensed to Ill'' is "filled with enough references to guns, drugs, and empty sex (including the pornographic deployment of a Wiffleball bat in "Paul Revere") to qualify as a gangsta-rap cornerstone."

The Beasties' 1989 album ''Paul's Boutique'' included the similarly themed tracks "Car Thief," "Looking Down the Barrel of a Gun," and "High-Plains Drifter." In 1986, the Los Angeles-based group C.I.A. rapped over Beastie Boy tracks for songs such as "My Posse" and "Ill-Legal", and the Beastie Boys' influence can be seen significantly in N.W.A's early albums.

The New York rap group Run DMC is often credited with popularizing hardcore and confrontational attitudes and lyrics in hip hop culture, and were one of the first rap groups to dress in flashy, gang-like street clothing. Their stripped-down, rock-inspired beats were also important in establishing the early gangsta rap production style. The seminal Long Island-based group Public Enemy featured aggressive, politically charged lyrics, which had an especially strong influence on gangsta rappers such as Ice Cube. East Coast hardcore rappers like Rakim, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Slick Rick, LL Cool J, and EPMD also reflected the trend in hip-hop music in the late 1980s towards hard-hitting, angry, aggressive, and politically conscious lyrics, revolving around crime, violence, poverty, war and gunplay.

Houston, Texas rap group, the Geto Boys came out around the late 80s and highly influenced by N.W.A, made songs with similar themes which included songs with crime and violence even predating Mafioso rap music with the song "Scarface" centered around selling cocaine and killing rival gang members. The Geto Boys are also known for being the first rap group to sample from the movie ''Scarface'', which became the staple for lots of mafioso rappers to sample from.

1990 – present

Ice-T

Ice-T released one of the seminal albums of the genre, ''OG: Original Gangster'' in 1991. It also contained a song by his new thrash metal group Body Count, who released a self titled album in 1992. The group attracted a lot of media attention for the Cop Killer controversy.

His next album, ''Home Invasion'', was postponed as a result of the controversy, and was finally released in 1993. While it contained gangsta elements, it was his most political album to date. After a proposed censoring of the ''Home Invasion'' album cover art, he left Warner Bros. Records. Ice-T's subsequent releases went back to straight gangsta-ism, but were never as popular as his earlier releases. He had alienated his core audience with his involvement in metal, his emphasis on politics and with his uptempo Bomb-Squad style beats during a time when G-funk was popular. He published a book "The Ice Opinion: Who Gives a @#!*% ?" in 1994.

G-funk and Death Row Records

In 1992, former N.W.A member Dr. Dre released ''The Chronic'', a massive seller (eventually going triple platinum) which showed that explicit gangsta rap could hold mass commercial appeal just like more pop-oriented rappers such as MC Hammer, The Fresh Prince, and Tone Lōc. The album established the dominance of West Coast gangsta rap and Dre's new post-N.W.A label, Death Row Records (owned by Marion "Suge" Knight), as Dre's album showcased a stable of promising new Death Row rappers. The album also began the subgenre of G-funk, a slow, drawled form of hip hop that dominated the rap charts for some time.

Extensively sampling P-Funk bands, especially Parliament and Funkadelic, G-funk was multi-layered, yet simple and easy to dance to. The simple message of its lyrics, that life's problems could be overcome by guns, alcohol, and marijuana, endeared it to a teenage audience. The single "Nuthin' but a "G" Thang" became a crossover hit, with its humorous, ''House Party''-influenced video becoming an MTV staple despite that network's historic orientation towards rock music.

Another success was Ice Cube's ''Predator'' album, released at about the same time as ''The Chronic'' in 1992. It sold over 5 million copies and was #1 in the charts, propelled by the hit single "It Was a Good Day", despite the fact that Ice Cube was not a Death Row artist. One of the genre's biggest crossover stars was Dre's protégé Snoop Doggy Dogg (''Doggystyle'', 1993), now known as Snoop Dogg, whose exuberant, party-oriented themes made songs such as "Gin and Juice" club anthems and top hits nationwide. In 1996, 2Pac signed with Death Row and released the multi-platinum double album ''All Eyez on Me''. Not long afterward, his shocking murder brought gangsta rap into the national headlines and propelled his posthumous ''The Don Killuminati: The 7 Day Theory'' album (released under the alias "Makaveli") (which eerily featured an image of 2Pac being crucified on the front cover) to the top of the charts. Warren G was another G-funk musician along with the now deceased Nate Dogg.

Mafioso rap

Mafioso rap is a hardcore hip hop sub-genre founded by Kool G Rap in the late 1980s. It is the pseudo-Mafia extension of East Coast hardcore rap, and is considered the counterpart of West Coast G-Funk rap. Mafioso rap is characterized by lavish, self-indulgent, and luxurious subject matter, with many references to famous mobsters, organized crime, materialism, drugs, and expensive champagne.Though the genre died down for several years, it re-emerged in 1995 when Wu-Tang Clan member Raekwon released his critically acclaimed solo album, ''Only Built 4 Cuban Linx...''. 1995 also saw the release of ''Doe or Die'' by Nas' protégé AZ. These two albums brought the genre to mainstream recognition, and inspired other East Coast artists, such as Nas, Notorious B.I.G. and Jay-Z, to adopt the same themes as well with their albums ''It Was Written'', ''Life After Death'' and ''Reasonable Doubt''. Though Mafioso rap declined in the mainstream by the late 1990s, it has seen somewhat of a revival in more recent years with Ghostface Killah's ''Fishscale'', Jay-Z's ''American Gangster'', Rick Ross's ''Deeper than Rap'', and Raekwon's ''Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II''. Similarly, in recent years, many rappers, such as T.I., Fabolous, Jadakiss, Jim Jones, and Cassidy have maintained popularity with lyrics about self-centered urban criminal lifestyles or "hustling".

East Coast hardcore hip hop and the East Coast-West Coast feud

Meanwhile, rappers from New York City, such as Wu-Tang Clan, Onyx, Mobb Deep, Nas, The Notorious B.I.G., Lil Kim, and the The L.O.X, among others, pioneered a grittier sound known as East Coast hardcore hip hop. Wu-Tang Clan, B.I.G., and some of Bad Boy Records artists paved the way for New York City to take back chart dominance from the West Coast. In an interview for ''The Independent'' in 1994, the Wu-Tang Clan's GZA commented on the term "gangsta rap" and its association with his group's music and hip hop at the time:

It is widely speculated that the ensuing "East Coast/West Coast" battle between Death Row Records and Bad Boy Records resulted in the deaths of Death Row Records' 2Pac and Bad Boy Records' The Notorious B.I.G. Even before the murders, Death Row had begun to unravel, as co-founder Dr. Dre had left earlier in 1996; in the aftermath of 2Pac's death, label owner Suge Knight was sentenced to prison for a parole violation, and Death Row proceeded to sink quickly as most of its remaining artists, including Snoop Dogg, left. Dr. Dre, at the MTV Video Music Awards, claimed that "gangsta rap was dead". As Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Entertainment fared worse than its West Coast rival, it eventually began to lose popularity and support by the end of the decade, due to its pursuit of a more mainstream sound, as well as challenges from Atlanta and New Orleans-based labels, especially, Master P's No Limit stable of popular rappers.

Southern and Midwestern gangsta rap

After the deaths of Tupac Shakur and Biggie Smalls and the media attention the murders generated, gangsta rap became an even greater commercial force. However, most of the industry's major labels were in turmoil, bankrupt, or creatively stagnant, and new labels representing the rap scenes in new locations sprang up.

Master P's No Limit Records label, based out of New Orleans, became quite popular in the late 1990s, though critical success was very scarce, with the exceptions of some later additions like Mystikal (''Ghetto Fabulous'', 1998). No Limit had begun its rise to national popularity with Master P's ''The Ghetto Is Trying to Kill Me!'' (1994), and had major hits with Silkk the Shocker (''Charge It 2 Da Game'', 1998) and C-Murder (''Life or Death'', 1998). Cash Money Records, also based out of New Orleans, had enormous commercial success beginning in the late 1990s with a similar musical style but utilized a quality-over-quantity business approach unlike No Limit.

Memphis collective Hypnotize Minds, led by Three 6 Mafia and Project Pat, have taken gangsta rap to some of its darker extremes. Led by in-house producers DJ Paul and Juicy J, the label became known for its pulsating, menacing beats and uncompromisingly thuggish lyrics. However, in the mid-2000s, the group began attaining more mainstream popularity, eventually culminating in the Three 6 Mafia winning an Academy Award for the song "It's Hard Out Here for a Pimp" from ''Hustle and Flow''.

Midwest gangsta rap originated in the mid-1990s and rose to major prominence in the 2000s. Midwest Hip Hop was originally distinctive for its faster-paced flow. This is evident in the styles of the earliest Midwestern rappers to release albums, Chicago's Twista and Cleveland's Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. Bone Thugs, known for their fast, harmonizing vocals coupled with an ultra-quick rap delivery, would achieve major success with their critically acclaimed 1995 album ''E 1999 Eternal'', which featured a major hit in the Grammy-winning "Tha Crossroads".

Houston first came on to the national scene in the late 1980s with the violent and disturbing stories told by the Geto Boys, with member Scarface achieving major solo success in the mid-90s.

The ''Chopped and Screwed'' genre was developed in Houston, Texas which remains the location most associated with the style. The late DJ Screw, a South Houston DJ, is credited with the creation of and early experimentation with the genre. DJ Screw began making mixtapes of the slowed-down music in the early 1990s and began the Screwed Up Click. This provided a significant outlet for MCs in the South-Houston area, and helped local rappers such as Big Moe, Lil' Flip, E.S.G., UGK, Lil' Keke, South Park Mexican and Z-Ro gain regional and sometimes national prominence.

Mainstream era

Before the late 1990s, gangsta rap, while a big-selling genre, had been regarded as well outside of the pop mainstream, committed to representing the experience of the inner-city and not "selling out" to the pop charts. However, the rise of Bad Boy Records, propelled by the massive crossover success of Bad Boy head Sean "Puffy" Combs's 1997 ensemble album, ''No Way Out'', on the heels of the media attention generated by the murders of 2Pac and The Notorious B.I.G., signaled a major stylistic change in gangsta rap (or as it is referred to on the East Coast, hardcore rap), as it morphed into a new subgenre of hip hop which would become even more commercially successful and popularly accepted.

The earlier, somewhat controversial crossover success enjoyed by popular gangsta rap songs like "Gin and Juice" gave way to gangsta rap's becoming a widely accepted staple on the pop charts in the late 1990s. For example, between the release of The Notorious B.I.G.'s debut album ''Ready to Die'' in 1994 and his follow-up, the posthumous ''Life After Death'' in 1997, his sound changed from a darker, tense production, with lyrics projecting desperation and paranoia, to a cleaner, more laid-back sound, fashioned for popular consumption (though the references to guns, drug dealing and life as a thug on the street remained).

R&B;-styled hooks and instantly recognizable samples of well-known soul and pop songs from the 1970s and 1980s were the staples of this sound, which was showcased primarily in Sean "Puffy" Combs's latter-day production work for The Notorious B.I.G. ("Mo Money, Mo Problems"), Mase ("Feels So Good"), and non-Bad Boy artists such as Jay-Z ("Can I Get A...") and Nas ("Street Dreams"). Also achieving similar levels of success with a similar sound at the same time as Bad Boy was Master P and his No Limit label in New Orleans, as well as the New Orleans upstart Cash Money label.

Many of the artists who achieved such mainstream success in the 2000s, such as Jay-Z, DMX, then 50 Cent and G-Unit, originated from the gritty 1990s East Coast rap scene and were influenced by hardcore artists such as The Notorious B.I.G, Wu-Tang Clan, and Nas. Mase and Cam'ron were typical of a more relaxed, casual flow that became the pop-gangsta norm. By contrast, other rappers like Eminem and DMX enjoyed commercial success in the late 1990s by rapping about ever-more macabre tales of death and violence, maintaining commercial relevance by attempting to be controversial and subversive, growing on the Horrorcore rap style born in the mid-1990s.

See also

List of gangsta rap artists

References

External links

Keepin' It Unreal — by ''The Village Voice''

Gangsta rap regional south

Category:Hip hop genres Category:African-American culture Category:1980s in music Category:1990s in music Category:2000s in music Category:Gangsta rap

als:Gangster Rap ar:غانغستا راب bg:Гангста рап ca:Gangsta rap cs:Gangsta rap de:Gangsta-Rap es:Gangsta rap fr:Gangsta rap it:Gangsta rap he:גנגסטא ראפ nl:Gangsta rap ja:ギャングスタ・ラップ no:Gangster rap pl:Gangsta rap pt:Gangsta rap ru:Гангста-рэп simple:Gangsta rap sk:Gangsta rap fi:Gangsta rap sv:Gangstarap tr:Gangsta rap uk:Гангста-реп

Ice cubes are small, roughly cube-shaped pieces of ice, conventionally used to cool beverages. Ice cubes are sometimes preferred over crushed ice because they melt more slowly; they are standard in mixed drinks that call for ice, in which case the drink is said to be "on the rocks."

Ice cubes that are crushed or sheared into irregularly-shaped flakes may add an interesting aesthetic effect to some cocktails. Crushed ice is also used when faster cooling is desired, since the rate of cooling is governed by the number and average radius of the ice particles.

Melting ice cubes sometimes precipitate white flakes, commonly known as "floaties". This is calcium carbonate which is present in many water supplies and is completely harmless.

Origin

American physician and humanitarian John Gorrie built a refrigerator in 1844 with the purpose of cooling air. His refrigerator produced ice which he hung from the ceiling in a basin. Gorrie can be considered the creator of ice cubes, but his aim was not to cool drinks: he used the ice to lower the ambient room temperature. During his time, a dominant idea was that bad air quality caused disease. Therefore, in order to help treat sickness, he pushed for the draining of swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.

Methods of production

Ice cubes are produced domestically by filling an ice cube tray with water and placing it in a freezer. Many freezers also come equipped with an icemaker, which produces ice cubes automatically and stores them in a bin from which they can be dispensed directly into a glass.

Ice cube tray

Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then placed in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, producing ice cubes. Trays are often flexible, so the frozen cubes can be easily removed by flexing the tray. Twist ice trays have a simple spring loaded mechanism with a lever that is used to turn the tray upside down and flex at the same time such that the cubes drop are collected in a removable tray below and return the ice cube tray to its upright position without removing it from the freezer which can save time and reduces accidents and mess, though the tray has to be removed to be collected and the ice cube tray still has to be removed to be refilled. An alternative system is an aluminum tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes, freeing them from the tray. A motorized version of this is found in most automatic ice-making freezers.

While the usual shape of the ice 'cube' is roughly cubical, there are trays that dispense hemispherical or cylindrical blocks. These are commonly referred to as ice tubes. Some novelty trays produce blocks of ice in seasonal, festive or other shapes.

The first rubber ice cube tray was invented by Lloyd Groff Copeman. One day in 1928, while walking through some woods collecting sap for maple syrup, Copeman noticed that slush and ice flaked off his rubber boots rather than adhering to them. Having recalled this incident over lunch with his patent attorney, he conducted experiments using rubber cups. Later, he set about designing and then patenting different types of tray: a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups, and a tray made completely of rubber.

The first flexible stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray was created by Guy L. Tinkham in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.

Several companies now offer pre-filled disposable ice trays for home freezing, which they claim provide better taste and reduced risk of contamination.

Large-scale ice cube production

Dedicated ice-maker machines can be used to produce ice cubes for laboratories and academic use. Ice cubes are also produced commercially and sold in bulk; these ice cubes, despite their name, are often cylindrical, and may have holes through the center.

An interesting characteristic of commercially made ice cubes is that they are completely clear, lacking the clouding found in the center of domestically made ice cubes. Cloudy ice cubes result when water is frozen quickly, or when the water is high in dissolved solids. When water is cooled to its freezing point, and ice starts to form, dissolved gases can no longer stay in solution and come out as microscopic bubbles. However, as ice floats in water, once there is enough ice to form a layer on the surface, the ice layer traps all bubbles within the ice cube. Commercial ice-makers use a flowing source of purified water to make ice with cooling elements at the bottom, allowing the bubbles to be washed away from the top as the cube grows.

See also

Ice pack

Pagophagia

Refrigeration

Ice

References

External links

Hot water can freeze faster than cold water

Category:Water ice Category:Bartending equipment

ca:Glaçó da:Isterning de:Eiswürfel es:Cubito de hielo fr:Glaçon he:קוביית קרח nl:IJsblokje ja:クラッシュドアイス no:Isbit oc:Glaçon ru:Кубики льда simple:Ice cube fi:Jääpala sv:Isbit zh:冰塊

Michael "HouseShoes" Buchanan is an American hip hop producer and DJ who lives and works in Los Angeles, California. As Detroit's Hip-Hop Ambassador to the World, Buchanan has been an integral part of the long burgeoning Motown resurgence.

His production is on ''I Miss the Hip Hop Shop'' by Proof and ''Witness My Growth'' by Elzhi. His debut album, the ''House Shoes Collection'' contained contributions from Phat Kat, Guilty Simpson and King Gordy. He has also worked as a manager for hip-hop record store Fat Beats.

Career

Buchanan, a resident DJ at the hip-hop staple St. Andrews Hall from 1994-2004 has had personal influence over (at least) a full generation of well respected emcees, producers, and then-future DJs.

As a DJ, Buchanan has toured extensively throughout the U.S. and Europe with artists Guilty Simpson, Illa J, Exile, Aloe Blacc, Percee P, Phat Kat, Slum Village and Elzhi, to name a few, as well as on his own. But he has garnered the respect of acts far outside the scope of Detroit hip-hop. Most recently, Buchanan performed as tour DJ on Mayer Hawthorne & The County’s Spring 2010 16-city headlining tour.

As a producer, Buchanan has worked with some of CSDR’s elite artists and musicians, contributing to the soundtrack that has defined his city. From the late and revered J Dilla and Big Proof, to Black Milk, Danny Brown, Invincible, Finale, Big Tone, Bugz, Marv Won, The Fat Killahz, Now On and those mentioned above.

His House Shoes Recordings has pressed the now classic Jay Dee Unreleased EP (1996), Phat Kat’s Dedication To The Suckers 12” (1999), I Got Next (2CD – 2004), and HouseShoes Loungin’ Volume One-Live at The Buddha (2004). The King James Version Vol. 1 (2008), his tribute to the late James “Jay Dee” aka “J Dilla” Yancey has sold well independently and received rave reviews. Two self-produced 10” limited vinyl issues have also been released this year on Do-Over Records and All-City Records, respectively. Buchanan has moved over 25,000 units of these titles.

Discography

Jay Dee Unreleased, 1997.

Elzhi - Out Of Focus EP, 1998.

Phat Kat-Dedication to the Suckers 12", 1999.

The House Shoes Collection Vol.1 : I Got Next, 2004.

Loungin' Vol. 1 : Live at the Buddha Lounge, 2005.

NowOn (feat. Haircut aka Mayer Hawthorne) - Don't Call It A Mixtape, 2008.

The King James Version: Chapter 1, Verses 1-5, 2009.

Do-Over Vol. 1: Flying Lotus & House Shoes 10" 2010.

All-City 4/10: House Shoes & Jordan Rockswell 10" 2010.

J1's Starship 27 Volume 2(compilation): Castles, 2011

References

External links

Myspace

Certified hip hop interview

Category:American hip hop record producers Category:American DJs Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:People from Detroit, Michigan

name	Non Phixion
background	group_or_band
origin	New York City
genre	Hip hopUnderground hip hop
past members	Ill BillSabac RedGoretexDJ EclipseMC Serch
years active	1995–2006
label	Uncle HowieMatadorGeffen
associated acts	La Coka NostraNecro

Non Phixion (pronounced ''non-fiction'') was a New York-based hardcore hip-hop group.

History

In late 1994, MC Serch (of 3rd Bass fame) took his protege Sabac and teamed him up with DJ Eclipse and Ill Bill, thereby creating the group known as Non Phixion. Within six months Goretex, a childhood friend of Ill Bill, had joined the crew after freestyling for MC Serch. Six months later they had released their first single, "Legacy". It went on to sell over 20,000 copies worldwide.

MC Serch secured the group a deal with major label Geffen Records. Serch kept releasing singles for the group and they continued to garner underground notoriety. Eventually a series of mis-communications between the group, Serch and Geffen over the whereabouts of money led to Non Phixion being dropped by the label.

Following their attempt at a major label release, the members of Non Phixion spent their time performing live in New York and around the world; opening for contemporaries such as Gang Starr, The Beatnuts and The Roots. After 1998 saw the release of their "I Shot Reagan" 12" on Uncle Howie Records, Non Phixion secured a deal for a full-length with Matador Records, however, this never came to fruition. Around 2000, Rick Rubin was attempting to bring Non Phixion to Warner Bros. and executive produce their record, but this too never materialized and ultimately their debut LP ''The Future Is Now'' was released on Ill Bill's own Uncle Howie Records on March 26, 2002.

After the release of their seminal album, Non Phixion's members put out their first round of solo material: Ill Bill released ''What's Wrong with Bill?'', on March 2, 2004; this was followed by Sabac’s ''Sabacolypse: A Change Gon' Come'' on June 15, 2004 and Goretex’s ''The Art of Dying'' on September 7, 2004; all of their solo efforts were released on Necro's Psycho+Logical-Records. The following year, Ill Bill and Goretex released an album with Necro and Mr. Hyde as The Circle of Tyrants on September 13. At the time there was talk of another full length Non Phixion album, called ''The Nuclear Truth'', with the same producers and ideas being extended from ''The Future Is Now''. Non Phixion went on indefinite hiatus in 2006 before a second LP was finished. Goretex (G Blasphemy) left to develop his new project Supercoven and Children Of Doom, while rumor has it the insulation company Gore-Tex forced Goretex to change his name resulting in surmounting legal issues. He now goes by the name Gore Elohim, and dropped his new official track "Lord Of Plagues" on his YouTube account. Sabac Red moved to Oakland to likewise pursue solo efforts. He is now Ill Bill started a new group with a number of other emcees called La Coka Nostra. Ill Bill, Sabac Red and DJ Eclipse still often perform together, but they have not recorded as Non Phixion.

The band's logo was created by Away (aka Michel Langevin) using the same font style that was used for his own futuristic metal band, Voivod.

Discography

Albums

''The Future Is Now'' (Uncle Howie, 2002)

''The Green CD/DVD'' (Uncle Howie, 2004)

Singles

rowspan="2"	Year
R&B;/Hip-HopSingles Sales	Rap Singles
	"Legacy"	—	—	—
1997	"5 Boros"		—	—
1998	"5 Boros (Remix)		—	—
1998	"I Shot Reagan"	—	—	—
1999	"2004"	—	—	—
1999	"The Full Monty"	—	—	—
1999	"14 Years Of Rap"	—	—	—
1999	"Sleepwalkers"	—	—	—
2000	"Black Helicopters"	—	46	—
2002	"Rock Stars"	72	—	—
2002	"Drug Music"	60	—	—
2003	"Say Goodbye to Yesterday"	—	—	—
2004	"Caught Between Worlds"	—	—	—
2004	"We All Bleed"	—	—	—
2004	"Food"	—	—	—

References

Category:American hip hop groups Category:East Coast hip hop groups Category:Rappers from New York City Category:Musical groups established in 1995 Category:Underground rappers Category:Horrorcore groups

de:Non Phixion es:Non Phixion fr:Non Phixion simple:Non Phixion sv:Non Phixion tr:Non Phixion

name	Gwyneth Paltrow
birth name	Gwyneth Kate Paltrow
birth date	September 27, 1972
birth place	Los Angeles, California, U.S.
occupation	Actress, singer, author
years active	1990–present
spouse
parents	Bruce Paltrow (deceased)Blythe Danner
relatives	Jake Paltrow (brother)Katherine Moennig (cousin)
children	2 }}

Gwyneth Kate Paltrow (; born September 27, 1972) is an American actress and singer. She made her acting debut on stage in 1990 and started appearing in films in 1991. After appearing in several films throughout the decade, Paltrow gained early notice for her work in films such as ''Seven'' (1995) and ''Emma'' (1996) (in which she played the title role). Following the films ''Sliding Doors'' (1998) and ''A Perfect Murder'' (1998), Paltrow garnered worldwide recognition through her performance in ''Shakespeare in Love'' (1998), for which she won an Academy Award for Best Actress, a Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards, for Outstanding Lead Actress and as a member of the Outstanding Cast. She also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2011 for her role as Holly Holliday on the Fox hit TV show ''Glee'' in the episode "The Substitute".

Paltrow has portrayed supporting as well as lead roles in films such as ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' (1999), ''Shallow Hal'' (2001), and ''Proof'' (2005), for which she earned a Golden Globe nomination as Best Actress in Motion Picture Drama. In 2008, she appeared in the highest-grossing movie of her career, the superhero film ''Iron Man'' (2008), and then reprised her role as Pepper Potts in its sequel, ''Iron Man 2'' (2010). Paltrow has been the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume since 2005. She is married to Chris Martin, the lead vocalist of Coldplay. They have two children together, Apple and Moses. She is also the face of American fashion brand Coach, owner of the lifestyle company Goop.com and author of the cookbook ''My Father's Daughter: Delicious, Easy Recipes Celebrating Family & Togetherness''.

Early life

Paltrow was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of actress Blythe Danner and film and producer/director Bruce Paltrow. Her father was Jewish (of Russian Ashkenazi origin), and her mother is a Quaker of Pennsylvania Dutch and more distant white Barbadian ancestry. Paltrow's paternal great-great-grandfather, whose surname was "Paltrowicz," was a rabbi in Nowogród, Poland. Paltrow has a younger brother, Jake Paltrow, and is a half-cousin of actress Katherine Moennig, and a second cousin of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords (AZ-08).

Paltrow was raised in Santa Monica, where she attended Crossroads School, before moving and enrolling in The Spence School, a private girls' school in New York City. Later, she briefly studied art history at the University of California, Santa Barbara, before dropping out to act. She is an "adopted daughter" of Talavera de la Reina (Spain), where at 15 she spent a year as an exchange student and learned to speak Spanish.

Career

1990–1996: Early Career

After spending several summers watching her mother perform at the Williamstown Theatre Festival in Massachusetts, Paltrow made her professional stage debut there in 1990. Her film debut followed with ''Shout'' (1991), starring John Travolta, and she was cast by Steven Spielberg in his film ''Hook'' (1991), as the young Wendy Darling. Paltrow then had a minor role in ''Malice'' (1993) followed by a plum supporting role in ''Flesh and Bone'' (1993). In the hit thriller ''Seven'' (1995), she played Brad Pitt's wife. Paltrow's character was the high school sweetheart of Pitt's, even though she is nine years younger than him in real life. Her performance earned her a Satellite Award nomination. In 1996, she played the title character in ''Emma'' to critical acclaim.

1998–2001: Breakthrough

Paltrow had leading roles in several films throughout 1998, including ''Sliding Doors'' and the adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel ''Great Expectations'' with Ethan Hawke, Robert De Niro, Anne Bancroft and Chris Cooper. She also appeared in two thrillers, ''Hush'' opposite Jessica Lange and ''A Perfect Murder'' inspired by Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film, ''Dial M for Murder''. Paltrow appeared opposite Michael Douglas as Emily Taylor, based on Grace Kelly's character from the original film, though the film was met with mixed reviews.

In 1998, Paltrow starred in ''Shakespeare in Love'', portraying the fictional lover of William Shakespeare, played by Joseph Fiennes. The film earned more than US$100 million in box office receipts in the United States, and Paltrow gained critical acclaim for her portrayal. ''Entertainment Weekly'' commented, "Best of all is Gwyneth Paltrow, who, at long last, has a movie to star in that's as radiant as she is." The ''New York Times'' summed up her turn as Viola as such: "Gwyneth Paltrow, in her first great, fully realized starring performance, makes a heroine so breathtaking that she seems utterly plausible as the playwright's guiding light." The award-winning ''Shakespeare in Love'' earned Paltrow the award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role from the Screen Actors Guild, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and the Academy Award for Best Actress, among other honors. Her Pink Ralph Lauren dress worn at the 71st Academy Awards in collecting her Oscar was extremely popular and was credited for bringing pink back into fashion.

In 1999, Paltrow co-starred alongside Jude Law, Matt Damon and Cate Blanchett in ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'', which earned $80 million domestically and received positive reviews. She showcased her singing ability in 2000's ''Duets'', which was directed by her father and co-starred singer Huey Lewis. The same year, Paltrow co-starred with Ben Affleck in the romantic drama ''Bounce'' as Abby Janello. In 2001, she played Margot Tenenbaum as part of an ensemble cast in the Wes Anderson film ''The Royal Tenenbaums'' and starred with Jack Black in the comedy ''Shallow Hal'', where she had to wear a specially designed 25-pound fatsuit and heavy make-up.

2002–2008: Career Down

Since the Oscar for ''Shakespeare in Love'', Paltrow's film success has been less noteworthy. She said she was unequipped for the pressure, leading to several bad movie choices, agreeing with peers who believe the win is, in some ways, a curse. During this time, Paltrow rarely appeared in films, having taken a career hiatus to raise her family. In ''The Guardian'', she said she divided her career into movies for love and films for money: ''The Royal Tenenbaums'', ''Proof'', and ''Sylvia'' fell into the former category, while she did ''View from the Top'' and ''Shallow Hal'' for the latter. In 2004, she appeared in the science-fiction film ''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow'' opposite Jude Law. The same year, she was recognized as an outstanding woman in entertainment by Women in Film Los Angeles with the Crystal Award. In 2005, she appeared in the film ''Proof'' as the depressed daughter of a brilliant, eccentric mathematician. The movie is based on the play of the same name, in which Paltrow also played the same character at London's Donmar Warehouse in 2002. For her performance Paltrow earned her second Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama. In 2006, she had small roles in ''Running With Scissors'' and ''Infamous'', in which she sang Cole Porter's "What Is This Thing Called Love?"

2008-present: Career Comeback

In 2008, she appeared in the superhero film ''Iron Man'' as Pepper Potts, Tony Stark's closest friend, budding love interest, and business partner. ''Iron Man'' is Paltrow's highest-grossing film to date, earning more than $585,000,000 worldwide. Paltrow said she was hesitant to appear in a big-budget project but she was won over by Robert Downey Jr., the film's lead, and director Jon Favreau. She recalled a conversation with Downey, saying:

In 2010, Paltrow reprised her role in the sequel to ''Iron Man,'' ''Iron Man 2.'' Later in 2010, she appeared in the musical ''Country Strong'' and recorded the song ''Country Strong'' for the film's soundtrack. The song was released to country radio in August 2010. At the 83rd Academy Awards, Paltrow performed another song from the movie, "Coming Home," which was nominated for Best Original Song. She also appeared in Fox's ''Glee'', as substitute teacher Holly Holliday, who fills in for Matthew Morrison's character when he falls ill. In her first episode, "The Substitute," she sang "Nowadays" from the musical ''Chicago'' with Lea Michele, Cee Lo Green's "Forget You", and a mash-up of "Singin' In the Rain" and Rihanna's "Umbrella" with Morrison and the rest of the cast. She later performed "Forget You" with Cee-Lo Green himself and several puppet characters provided by the Jim Henson Company at the 2011 Grammy Awards. She reprised her role twice more that season, performing "Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)" by Gary Glitter, an acoustic version of "Landslide" by Fleetwood Mac, "Kiss" by Prince, and Adele's "Turning Tables". In 2011, Paltrow appeared in the Steven Soderbergh thriller ''Contagion'', in which she was part of an ensemble cast, including Kate Winslet, Marion Cotillard and her ''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' co-stars Matt Damon and Jude Law. It was confirmed that Paltrow will star in a spanish film alongside Antonio Banderas to shoot in late 2012.

Other projects

Paltrow is a Save the Children artist ambassador, raising awareness about World Pneumonia Day. She is on the board of the Robin Hood Foundation, a charitable organization that works to alleviate poverty in New York City. In February 2009, Paltrow received a Grammy nomination for her reading of the classic bear books of author Bill Martin, Jr.

Paltrow had her singing debut in the 2000 film ''Duets'', in which she performed a cover version of Smokey Robinson's "Cruisin'". The song was released as a single. The song went to number one in Australia, while Paltrow's rendition of the Kim Carnes classic "Bette Davis Eyes" reached number three. In the 2006 film ''Infamous'', she sang "What Is This Thing Called Love". On September 27, 2006, Paltrow sang with rapper Jay-Z during his concert at Royal Albert Hall. She sang the chorus for "Song Cry", from the rapper's album ''Blueprint''. In an interview, she said she would be at the concert but not that she would perform. She was quoted as saying "I'm a Jay-Z fan. He's my best friend."

In May 2005, Paltrow became the face of Estée Lauder's Pleasures perfume. She appeared in Chicago on August 17, 2007, to sign bottles of the perfume, and on July 8, 2008, she promoted Lauder's Sensuous perfume in New York with the company's three other models. Estée Lauder donates a minimum of $500,000 of sales of items from the 'Pleasures Gwyneth Paltrow' collection to breast cancer research. In 2006, she became the face for Bean Pole International, a Korean fashion brand.

In October 2007, she signed for a PBS television series ''Spain... on the road Again'' with Mario Batali that showcases the food and culture of Spain. In September 2008, she launched a weekly lifestyle newsletter, Goop, encouraging readers to 'nourish the inner aspect'. The website's title is derived from the initials of her first and last names. Each week, the newsletter focuses on an action: Make, Go, Get, Do, Be, and See. It has been ridiculed by E-Online, ''Vanity Fair'', ''The Independent'', and the UK's ''Daily Mirror''.

Personal life

At the age of 24, Paltrow was engaged for six months to actor Brad Pitt, whom she dated from December 1994 to June 1997. The engagement was called off, according to Paltrow, because she was not ready for marriage and later felt responsible for hurting Pitt since she was "such a mess" during that time in her life. Paltrow has since said that, as this was her first high-profile relationship with another celebrity, it taught her the need for public discretion about her romantic life; she told ''Biography'' magazine, "I said things about being in a relationship [with Brad Pitt] that felt wrong to me even as I was saying them."

Paltrow had an on-off three-year relationship with actor Ben Affleck from 1997 to late 2000. Soon after their breakup, Paltrow convinced Affleck to work in the film ''Bounce'' with her; during the making of the film, which was shot in mid 1999, the couple started dating again and eventually broke up in October 2000.

In October 2002, Paltrow met Chris Martin of the British rock group Coldplay backstage three weeks after the death of her father, Bruce Paltrow. They married on December 5, 2003 in a ceremony at a hotel in Southern California. On May 14, 2004, the couple had their first child, a girl named Apple Blythe Alison Martin. Paltrow explained the unusual first name on ''Oprah'', saying: "It sounded so sweet and it conjured such a lovely picture for me – you know, apples are so sweet and they're wholesome and it's biblical – and I just thought it sounded so lovely and … clean! And I just thought, 'Perfect!'"

Her second child, a boy named Moses Bruce Anthony Martin, was born on April 8, 2006, in New York City's Mount Sinai Hospital. Her son's first name was explained as the song, titled "Moses", that her husband wrote for her before their wedding. Paltrow has stated that she cut down on work after becoming a mother. She has also said that she suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of her second child.

In 2010, she suffered a severe tibial plateau fracture, due to a vitamin D deficiency and osteopenia.

Paltrow discovered in 2011 that her father's family came from a long line of influential East European rabbis, and that inspired her to raise her daughter and son in a Jewish environment.

Filmography

+ Film
Title	Year	Role	Notes
! scope="row"	1991	Rebecca
! scope="row"	1991
''Deadly Relations''	1993	Carol Ann Fagot
! scope="row"	1993	Paula Bell
! scope="row"	1993	Ginny
''Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle''	1994	Paula Hunt
''Higher Learning''	1995	Student	Uncredited
''Jefferson in Paris''	1995	Patsy Jefferson
! scope="row"	1995	Tracy Mills	Nominated—Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
''Moonlight and Valentino''	1995	Lucy Trager
! scope="row"	1996	Clementine
''''	1996	Julie DeMarco
! scope="row"	1996	Emma Woodhouse	Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''Out of the Past''	1998	Sarah Orne Jewett	Voice
''Sliding Doors''	1998	Helen Quilley
! scope="row"	1998
! scope="row"	1998	Helen Baring
''''	1998	Emily Bradford Taylor
''Shakespeare in Love''	1998	Viola De Lesseps	Academy Award for Best ActressEmpire Award for Best ActressFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress (also for ''Sliding Doors'')Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyKansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best ActressLas Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressMTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Joseph Fiennes)Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role – Motion PictureScreen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PictureNominated—BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading RoleNominated—Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favorite ActressNominated—Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best ActressNominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Female PerformanceNominated—Online Film Critics Society Award for Best ActressNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or ComedyNominated—Teen Choice Award for Choice ActressNominated—Teen Choice Award for Sexiest Love Scene (shared with Joseph Fiennes)
''''	1999	Marge Sherwood
''''	2000	Herself	Uncredited
''Duets''	2000	Liv
! scope="row"	2000	Abby Janello
''''	2001	Skye Davidson
''''	2001	Margot Tenenbaum	Nominated—Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best CastNominated—Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
''Shallow Hal''	2001	Rosemary Shanahan
''Searching for Debra Winger''	2002	Herself	Documentary
''Austin Powers in Goldmember''	2002	Gwyneth Paltrow as Dixie Normous in 'Austinpussy'
! scope="row"	2002	Maud Bailey
''View from the Top''	2003	Donna Jensen
! scope="row"	2003	Sylvia Plath
''Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow''	2004	Polly Perkins	Nominated—MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Jude Law)
! scope="row"	2005	Catherine	Nominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama
! scope="row"	2006	Kitty Dean
''Love and Other Disasters''	2006	Hollywood Jacks	Cameo appearance
! scope="row"	2006	Hope Finch
''''	2007	Dora
! scope="row"	2008
! scope="row"	2008	Michelle	Nominated—Independent Spirit Award for Best Lead Female
''Iron Man 2''	2010	Virginia "Pepper" Potts	Nominated— ''[[Country Strong">Teen Choice Award
''[[Country Strong''	2010	Kelly Canter
''Glee: The 3D Concert Movie''	2011	Holly Holliday	Cameo
! scope="row"	2011	Beth Emhoff
''Thanks For Sharing''	2012	Phoebe	Independent film
! scope="row"	2012	Virginia "Pepper" Potts
''Iron Man 3''	2013	Virginia "Pepper" Potts

+ Television
Title	Year	Role	Notes
''Saturday Night Live''	1999	Host	Hosted episodes in 1999, 2001, and 2011
''Spain... On The Road Again''	2008	Herself
''''	2010	Herself
! scope="row"	2010–present	Holly Holliday
! scope="row"	2011	Herself	Season 2, episode 7 "Gwyneth Paltrow"

Discography

Singles

Single	Year	Peak chart positions						Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		—	1	—	1	1	—		AUS">Music recording sales certification	Album
! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		—	1	—	1	1	—		AUS: 2× Platinum	rowspan="2"
"Bette Davis Eyes"	—	—	—	3	—	—		* AUS: Platinum
! scope="row"	2010	81	—	30	—	—	—		rowspan="2"
"Me and Tennessee" (with Tim McGraw)	2011	—	—	34	—	—	63

Featured singles

Single	Year	Peak chart positions					Album
		! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"	! style="width:35px;"
! scope="row"		11	24	12	20	31	''Glee: The Music, Volume 4''
! scope="row"	—	—	—	—	—
" "[[Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)">Singin' in the Rain (song)	18	23	20	10	22
"[[Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)" (with ''Glee'' Cast)		57	—	63	—	95
! scope="row"	83	98	80	—	—
! scope="row"	23	38	35	36	52
"Turning Tables" (with ''Glee'' Cast)	66	—	66	—	75	''Glee: The Music, Volume 6''

Album appearances

Song	Year	Album
"Silent Worship" (with Ewan McGregor)	1996
! scope="row"	2000
"It's Only Love" (with Sheryl Crow)	2002	''C'mon, C'mon''
"What Is This Thing Called Love" (with Mark Rubin Band)	2006
"Shake That Thing"		rowspan="4"
"Coming Home"
"A Fighter"
"Travis"
"Somewhere Over The Rainbow" (with Matthew Morrison)	2011
"This Woman's Work"	2011

Music videos

Video	Year	Director
"Country Strong"	2010	Kristin Barlowe, Christoper Sims
"Me and Tennessee" (with Tim McGraw)	2011	Shana Feste

References

External links

Gwyneth Paltrow's Newsletter, Goop

Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century actors Category:21st-century actors Category:Actors from Los Angeles, California Category:American expatriates in the United Kingdom Category:American female singers Category:American film actors Category:American people of Barbadian descent Category:American musicians of German descent Category:American people of Russian descent Category:American stage actors Category:American television actors Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent Category:American people of Polish-Jewish descent Category:Best Actress Academy Award winners Category:Best Actress Empire Award winners Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe (film) winners Category:Emmy Award winners Category:Musicians from California Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Category:People from Santa Monica, California Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni Category:Pennsylvania Dutch people

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