A photographer () is a person who makes photographs. A ''professional photographer'' uses photography to earn money whilst amateur photographers take photographs for pleasure and to record an event, emotion, place, or person.

A professional photographer may be an employee, for example of a newspaper, or may contract to cover a particular event such as a wedding or graduation, or to illustrate an advertisement. Others, including paparazzi and fine art photographers, are freelancers, first making a picture and then offering it for sale or display. Some workers, such as policemen, estate agents, journalists and scientists, make photographs as part of other work. Photographers who produce moving rather than still pictures are often called cinematographers, videographers or camera operators, depending on the commercial context.

Photographers are also categorized based on the subjects they photograph. Some photographers explore subjects typical of paintings such as landscape, still life, and portraiture. Other photographers specialize in subjects unique to photography, including street photography, documentary photography, fashion photography, wedding photography, war photography, photojournalism, and commercial photography.

Selling photographs

The exclusive right of photographers to copy and use their products is protected by copyright. Countless industries purchase photographs for use in publications and on products. The photographs seen on magazine covers, in television advertising, on greeting cards or calendars, on websites, or on products and packages, have generally been purchased for this use, either directly from the photographer or through an agency that represents the photographer. A photographer uses a contract to sell the "license" or use of his or her photograph with exact controls regarding how often the photograph will be used, in what territory it will be used (for example U.S. or U.K. or other), and exactly for which products. This is usually referred to as usage fee and is used to distinguish from production fees (payment for the actual creation of a photograph or photographs). An additional contract and royalty would apply for each additional use of the photograph. For example, the photographer may sell the use of one photograph to different companies for use on calendars, cereal boxes, magazines, greeting cards, or many other products, in many countries.

The time duration of the contract may be for one year or other duration. The photographer usually charges a royalty as well as a one-time fee, which may or may not then be deducted from the royalties, depending on the terms of the contract. The contract may be for non-exclusive use of the photograph (meaning the photographer can sell the same photograph for more than one use during the same year) or for exclusive use of the photograph (i.e. only that company may use the photograph during the term). For example, a contract may stipulate non-exclusive use of the photograph on print greeting cards for one year within the United States with a certain up front fee and royalty per unit printed. The contract can also stipulate that the photographer is entitled to audit the company for determination of royalty payments. Royalties vary depending on the industry buying the photograph and the use, for example, royalties for a photograph used on a poster or in television advertising may be higher than the royalty for use on a limited run of brochures. A royalty is also often based on the size the photo will be used in a magazine or book, for example, if it is used as a quarter or half-page photo or full page. Cover photos usually command higher fees than photos used elsewhere in a book or magazine. In rare instances, corporations have funded teams of photographers by contract to cover a subject for purposes of publicity; for example, in 1947, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey hired a team of professional photographers including Gordon Parks and John Vachon and Todd Webb to make a documentary about how "there is a drop of oil in the life of everyone." According to the ''New York Times'', the team was "given amazingly free rein by its corporate sponsor" to produce the oil documentary, but such contracts are rare.

Photos taken by a photographer while working on assignment for a magazine or other publication or company often belong to the company or publication, rather than to the photographer, unless stipulated otherwise by contract. Professional portrait and wedding photographers often stipulate by contract that they retain the copyright on wedding photos or portrait photos, so that only they can sell further prints of the photographs to the consumer, rather than the customer reproducing the photos by other means. If the customer wishes to be able to reproduce the photos themselves, they may discuss an alternative contract with the photographer in advance before the pictures are taken, in which a larger up front fee may be paid in exchange for reprint rights passing to the customer.

Even amateur photographers need not give their photos away for free if they are of marketable value. Information about licensing and marketing your photographs, and photo licensing contracts, is available online and in libraries. One can gain an understanding of the business of licensing and protecting photographs by consulting a variety of books and online resources on photograph licensing, and/or by contacting a lawyer who specialises in licensing/royalties, particularly of artwork and photography.

There are major companies who have maintained catalogues of stock photography and images for decades, such as Getty Images and others. Since the turn of the 21st century many online stock photography catalogues have appeared which invite photographers to sell their photos online easily and quickly, but often for very little money, without a royalty, and without control over the use of the photo, the market it will be used in, the products it will be used on, time duration, etc. These online catalogues or the industries using the photograph may then profit from the photo with the photographer making little to no money for his photograph. Because of the difficulty in controlling the use of the photograph after it is passed on the internet, the photographer may never be able to license the photograph again for future use or regain ownership of his photograph.

Photo sharing

Many people upload their photographs to social networking websites and other websites, in order to share them with a particular group or with the general public. Those interested in legal precision may explicitly release them to the public domain or under a free content license. Some sites, including Wikimedia Commons, are punctilious about licenses and only accept pictures with clear information about permitted use.

Some photographers may be concerned that a website can share, distribute, or sell these photographs, and/or that other users may download them for further publication or use. Thus, personal photographs on a social website page may wind up in stockpiles or catalogues containing thousands of images where they are purchased and used without your knowledge. The profit from the photographs then goes to someone else, and no credit to the photographer. This may be especially disturbing in the case of photos that have family and sentimental value, or other photos which the photographer intended to share but not to give away or sell.

Likewise with photos sent in to contests in magazines or websites. Amateur photographers may submit them, giving their name and story about the pictures and be happy for the photo to be printed free of charge in a particular magazine. But the hundreds or thousands of photos that come into the company's ownership in this way will eventually usually be passed on for other uses either in print or on the internet, with the photographer receiving no payment, notice or credit. Only a contract can protect the photographer's rights.

Photographers with such concerns must also research individual companies and publishers before selling their photographs, even with a contract, to ensure that the company has a good record and is in good business standing.

References

Category:Photography Category:Media occupations

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There are several characters in the ''Rambo'' films. Several of them only appear in one of the films.

Main characters

John Rambo

John James Rambo is an iconic fictional character and the basis of the ''Rambo'' saga. He is played by Sylvester Stallone in the films and voiced by Neil Ross in the animated series.

Sam Trautman

Colonel Samuel "Sam" Trautman is the secondary character in the franchise. He's played by Richard Crenna in the first three ''Rambo'' films and voiced by Alan Oppenheimer in the animated series.

Introduced in ''First Blood''

Will Teasle

Sheriff Will Teasle (Brian Dennehy) appears in ''First Blood'' as the main antagonist. He strongly dislikes drifters. He arrests John Rambo for this reason, before he escapes. As the film progresses, Teasle becomes enemies with Rambo. He initially wants to take Rambo alive, but when Art Galt is killed by Rambo, Teasle becomes obsessed with hunting him down and killing him, even after hearing that Rambo was a war hero in Vietnam. Will later meets Colonel Trautman. At the end of the movie, Rambo severely injures him and almost kills him before Trautman stops him, unlike in the novel, where Teasle and Rambo kill each other. He is last seen being taken into an ambulance and is not seen or mentioned again in later films.

Art Galt

Deputy Art Galt (Jack Starrett) is Teasle's head deputy, and also his closest friend. He is shown to be very cruel, as he tortures Rambo to the disapproval of the other deputies. He gets beat up by Rambo as he escapes the police station. Teasle sends him to look for Rambo in a helicopter. Despite Teasle's orders to take him alive, Galt tries to kill him in cold blood as he climbs down from a cliff, threatening to kill the pilot if he doesn't fly straight so that he can get a clear shot, and ignoring Teasle on his radio. When Rambo is cornered against a tree, he throws a rock at the helicopter's windshield, causing Galt to fall from the helicopter into the gorge, to his death.

Introduced in ''Rambo: First Blood Part II''

Co-Bao

A native girl named Co-Bao (Julia Nickson) appears in ''Rambo: First Blood Part II''. She wants to go to America, and who arranges for she and Rambo to go upstream with a group of river pirates. Rambo comes to the camp, and in contradiction to his briefing, he finds American prisoners there and rescues one of them from a makeshift crucifixion. Later, Co enters the camp in the guise of a prostitute and comes to the hut in which Rambo is held captive. Rambo agrees to Podovsky's condition, but instead threatens Murdock on the radio that he is "coming to get you", then escapes from captivity into a nearby jungle with Co's help. Co then tends to Rambo's wounds and begins to implore him to take her to the United States. Rambo agrees and they kiss, however they are then attacked by some Vietnamese soldiers and Co is killed. Rambo kills them all (except for their commander, who escapes, but is later killed by one of Rambo's exploding arrows) and then buries Co's body in the jungle.

In ''Rambo: The Force of Freedom'', Co-Bao was used for the inspiration for Katherine Anne "K.A.T." Taylor (voiced by Mona Marshall).

Co appears in ''Rambo'' via flashbacks. The flashbacks were scenes from the second film.

Marshall Murdock

Marshall Murdock (Charles Napier) is an American bureaucrat who is in charge of the operation. In ''Rambo: First Blood Part II'' he tells Rambo that the American public is demanding knowledge about the POWs and they want a trained commando to go in and search for them. Rambo is briefed that he is only to photograph the POWs and not to rescue them, nor is he to engage any enemy soldiers. Rambo reluctantly agrees and he is then told that an agent of the American government will be there to receive him in the jungles of Vietnam. Later in the film, he betrays Rambo.

Captain Vinh

P.O.W. Camp commander.

Introduced in ''Rambo: The Force of Freedom''

Force of Freedom

Edward "Turbo" Hayes (voiced by James Avery) - An African-American mechanical engineer and race car driver.

White Dragon (voiced by Robert Ito) - A heroic ninja who is Black Dragon's twin brother.

T.D. "Touchdown" Jones - A former football player and ally of Rambo.

Chief - An Indian ally of Rambo.

S.A.V.A.G.E.

S.A.V.A.G.E. stands for Secret Administrators of Vengeance, Anarchy and Global Extortion. They always have goals for world domination until they end up fighting the Forces of Freedom. In addition to a substantial number of soldiers, among the members of S.A.V.A.G.E. are:

General Warhawk (voiced by Michael Ansara) - The leader of S.A.V.A.G.E. who serves as the primary antagonist of the series.

Sergeant Havoc (voiced by Peter Cullen) - General Warhawk's second in command. He has strength that rivals Rambo.

Gripper (voiced by Lennie Weinrib) - A European mercenary with a metal right hand (hence the name) that wears an eyepatch.

Nomad (voiced by Ed Gilbert) - A Middle-Eastern terrorist.

Mad Dog (voiced by Frank Welker) - The leader of an unnamed biker gang. He is first called Spike in the episode "Battlefield Bronx," but renamed Mad Dog in all subsequent episodes.

* Animal - Member of Mad Dog's biker gang.

* Jerkface (voiced by Lennie Weinrib) - Member of Mad Dog's biker gang.

* Razor (voiced by Frank Welker) - Member of Mad Dog's biker gang.

Black Dragon (voiced by Robert Ito) - A rogue ninja who is the twin brother of White Dragon.

Snakebite (voiced by Peter Cullen) - A man who was born and raised in the Okeefenokee Swamp and likes wild animals like venomous snakes, insects, and black rats which he carries in his Beast Pack.

Dr. Hyde - A cybernetic mad scientist whose head is in a dome-shaped helmet.

* Max - Dr. Hyde's android henchman.

* X-Ray - Dr. Hyde's cybernetic henchman.

Introduced in ''Rambo III''

Colonel Zaysen

Colonel Zaysen (Marc de Jonge) is a Soviet colonel, who has managed to keep his sector of an Afghan province under total control since 1983. He is a ruthless commander of the Soviet garrison in which Colonel Trautman is imprisoned in, and is also a veteran combat helicopter pilot. He and his henchman Kourov (Randy Raney) capture Trautman who Rambo later rescues.

Robert Griggs

In ''Rambo III'', Robert Griggs is the embassy field officer. He is portrayed by Kurtwood Smith. While in Afghanistan, Trautman's troops are ambushed by Soviet troops while passing through the mountains at night. Trautman is imprisoned in a Soviet base and coerced for information by Colonel Zaysen (Marc de Jonge) and his henchman Kourov (Randy Raney). Rambo learns of the incident from Griggs and convinces Griggs to take him through an unofficial operation, despite Griggs' warning that the U.S. government will deny any knowledge of his actions if killed or caught (to which Rambo replied "I'm used to it").

Introduced in ''Rambo IV''

Michael Burnett

Michael Burnett (Paul Schulze) is the leader of a church mission attempting to deliver humanitarian aids to a Karen tribe in Burma. He and Sarah were engaged before the events of the film. He and the rest of his group (including Sarah) were captured after Tatmadaw overran the tribal villiage and killed most of its residents there, causing the church pastor to hire mercenries and Rambo to mount a rescue. Initially expressing disgust to the visible aspects of war and killing people in general, stating that taking a life is never right, he was eventually able to come to term with the fact that sometimes even mere survival needs to be fought for (shown near the end of the film when he knocked out- and likely killed- a Tatmadaw soldier by smashing his head with a rock to save a mercenary). He survived the journey to be reunited with Sarah.

Sarah Miller

Sarah Miller (Julie Benz) is a sixth grade teacher stateside. She is engaged to Michael Burnett (Paul Schulze). An idealist, she managed to persuade a disillusioned Rambo into taking them to Burma and was the only person in the church mission who attempted to strike a conversation with him. She was taken prisoner by Tatmadaw, being rescued by Rambo only seconds before a Burmese soldier was about to rape her. Thanks to subsequent efforts by Rambo to throw off Tatmadaw pursuers and protection rendered by a mercenary called School Boy, she remained free from re-captivity upon the rescue mission's completion. After the climatic battle, she reunited with Michael.

"School Boy"

School Boy (Matthew Marsden) is a young British mercenary and ex-SBS sniper who turns out to be more personable than the rest of the group. His skills were demonstrated when, during the covert assault on the Tatmadaw camp where the captured missionaries were held, he eliminated multiple sentries to keep the escape route open. When Rambo separated from the group to locate Sarah, he volunteered to wait for him while the rest of the group made their escape, later being entrusted with Sarah's safety when Rambo took a series of actions to disrupt Tatmadaw's attempt to hunt them down. He and Sarah remained undetected by Tatmadaw troops upon Tatmadaw's defeat (indeed in part because of Rambo's efforts).

Karen Rebels

They provided guides for the mercenary group sent to rescue captured missionaries. These guides, along with Rambo, ended up improvising a disguise as a truck-borne patrol for infiltrating the Tatmadaw base where the missionaries were held and tourtured. During the climatic battle near the end of the film, Karen rebels participated en masse to help turning the tide in favor of the mercenaries.

R. Rambo

R. Rambo, is the name found on a mailbox at the end of the movie ''Rambo''. In an earlier scene, Sarah asks Rambo if he had any family. Rambo says that he thinks his father is still alive. R. Rambo is presumably his father.

See also

Rambo (film series)

Hunter (Huggins novel)

References

Category:Rambo

Jimmy Chin was born and raised in Mankato, Minnesota and is an accomplished climber, mountaineer, skier and photographer. He has organized and participated in numerous climbing, ski-mountaineering and exploratory expeditions to Tibet, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Tanzania, Mali, South Africa and Argentina.

His achievements include climbing first ascents of big walls and alpine towers in the Karakoram Mountains of Pakistan; crossing the Chang Tang Plateau in north-western Tibet on foot; and attempting the direct North face of Mount Everest, alpine style.

In October 2006, Jimmy achieved the first successful autumn Everest summit attempt in four years with Kit DesLauriers, skiing back down the mountain. Jimmy has been featured in numerous publications, including ‘National Geographic’, ‘Outside’ and ‘Men’s Journal’, and has been voted as one of the world’s most eligible bachelors by ‘People’ magazine.

In May 2007, he joined the Altitude Everest Expedition as a climber and expedition photographer in an attempt to retrace George Mallory and Sandy Irvine's fateful last journey up the North face of Everest.

External links

Jimmy Chin's website

Jimmy Chin on the North Face website

Altitude Everest Expedition 2007

The Accidental Career of Photographer Jimmy Chin

Category:American mountain climbers Category:Summiters of Mount Everest Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Climbing biography stubs

name	Toby Smith
landscape	yes
background	non_vocal_instrumentalist
birth name	Toby Graffety-Smith
born	October 29, 1970
origin	London
instrument	Keyboards
genre	Funk, soul, alternative rock, jazz
occupation	Keyboardist, songwriter and music producer
years active	1992-Present
label	EMI (1993–present)
associated acts	Jamiroquai (1992–2002), The Hoosiers
notable instruments	}}

Toby Smith (born Toby Grafftey-Smith, 29 October 1970, London) is a musician, most famous for being the keyboardist and co-songwriter for Jamiroquai from 1992 up to 2001.

Contrary to popular opinion, which gives much of the credit to Jay Kay, Smith was in fact the musical and lyrical genius behind all of Jamiroquai's biggest songs, such as "Emergency on Planet Earth", "Virtual Insanity", "Alright", "Blow Your Mind", "Deeper Underground", "Do You Know Where You're Coming From?", "Half the Man" and "High Times".

He is the current music producer and manager for the English indie pop band, The Hoosiers.

References

Category:1970 births Category:Living people Category:People from London Category:English songwriters Category:English keyboardists Category:Jamiroquai members Category:British funk musicians Category:Acid jazz musicians