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Friday, 18 May 2012
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Os Seminovos - Ao mestre, com Carinho
What is Google Chrome OS?
Computer Dictionary - What Is An Operating System or OS
Google Chrome OS Demo
How To Make An Operating System
'OS X Lion Ultimatum' The Best iPhone Theme Ever
BeOS The incredible OS that disappeared (part 1) Be Operating System
Mac OS X Lion: Features Demo
Using Mac OS X for the First Time
Windows User's Guide To Mac OS X Leopard
How To Install Google Chrome OS
Os Patinhos

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Os Seminovos - Ao mestre, com Carinho
  • Order:
  • Published: 16 Sep 2007
  • Duration: 3:05
  • Updated: 17 Apr 2012
Author: MasterFX2000
This Video is from Seminovos I only uploaded it because his version is gone. I don't know why. Fact is this video has to be online because it is very cool! Check out his Channel too! www.youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/Os Seminovos - Ao mestre, com Carinho
What is Google Chrome OS?
  • Order:
  • Published: 19 Nov 2009
  • Duration: 3:21
  • Updated: 18 Apr 2012
Author: googlechrome
Telling the story of Google Chrome and how it inspired an operating system. Produced by Epipheo Studios. Sign up to get updates about Google Chrome OS: services.google.com More info: www.chromium.org
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/What is Google Chrome OS?
Computer Dictionary - What Is An Operating System or OS
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Jun 2008
  • Duration: 9:43
  • Updated: 02 Apr 2012
Author: videopublish
www.worthgodwin.com - A simple, plain English explanation of the computer term "operating system" (or OS) that will actually make sense. More
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/Computer Dictionary - What Is An Operating System or OS
Google Chrome OS Demo
  • Order:
  • Published: 20 Nov 2009
  • Duration: 11:17
  • Updated: 18 Apr 2012
Author: googlechrome
Google Chrome OS is an open source operating system for people who spend most of their time on the web built around the core tenets of speed, simplicity and security. This is a demo video to give you a feel for the Google Chrome OS user experience.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/Google Chrome OS Demo
How To Make An Operating System
  • Order:
  • Published: 03 Aug 2010
  • Duration: 8:31
  • Updated: 18 Apr 2012
Author: gigafide
In this episode, gigafide shows you how to create our own operating system using the Assembly programming language. Project Files: www.tinkernut.com Learn Assembly: en.wikipedia.org www.drpaulcarter.com www.xs4all.nl joelgompert.com Operating System Credit/Reference: mikeos.berlios.de Virtual Box www.virtualbox.org Disk Images www.allbootdisks.com NASM: nasm.sourceforge.net
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/How To Make An Operating System
'OS X Lion Ultimatum' The Best iPhone Theme Ever
  • Order:
  • Published: 12 Sep 2011
  • Duration: 5:40
  • Updated: 18 Apr 2012
Author: myjailbreakmovies
Retweet: clicktotweet.com Name: OS X Lion Ultimatum Description: A DreamBoard theme that emulates the OS X Lion Desktop experience. Price: $3.50 themes-sirtimothy1.blogspot.com Repo: (beta) modmyi.com Additional Info Per the Developer: They can donate to this link and I will reply to the paypal receipt with the download links and all the installation info. This method is done by hand so it may take a few seconds to a few hours if I'm not at my computer but the plus is their email will be added to a list that I will email every update to. The other option is downloading The Theme Outlet and purchasing the theme from there. That gives an instant download but you don't get an email will the installation instructions. The instructions are included in the description of the theme before purchasing it, but they won't be able to bring up the instructions like they could on a computer with an email. Those who purchase with this method won't be added to the email list but they will get the updates through The Theme Store. It really depends on how confident they are installing it and if they are willing to wait a few hours if I'm asleep or in class. View More Videos: www.iDownloadBlog.com Follow iDownloadBlog on Twitter: www.twitter.com Like iDownloadBlog on Facebook: www.facebook.com About iDownloadBlog: iDownloadBlog is an iPhone Blog that covers the latest iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch jailbreak apps, tweaks, themes, mods, firmware, breaking news, apple hardware, and more.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/'OS X Lion Ultimatum' The Best iPhone Theme Ever
BeOS The incredible OS that disappeared (part 1) Be Operating System
  • Order:
  • Published: 11 May 2009
  • Duration: 9:55
  • Updated: 17 Apr 2012
Author: gunthaarz
(HAIKU is the NEW 2009 BeOS! :) BeOS! The best multimedia operating system ever invented! Movie is showing old dual P2-266! They tried 6 Avi's parallel on a Pentium 4-1500 mhz or 23 Mp3's parallel,hectic! ;-), also no crash with scratched CD's! etc. Hardware support only till P4 and Riva TNT. en.wikipedia.org Haiku is a software project, begun in 2001 to create a free and open source operating system compatible with BeOS. The project was known as OpenBeOS until ... [Site popularity rank: #7] Download BeOS 5 Free Personal Edition: www.bebits.com Reviews: aroundcny.com and www.reghardware.co.uk See also: www.youtube.com if you want to add info to this frame click here: www.youtube.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/BeOS The incredible OS that disappeared (part 1) Be Operating System
Mac OS X Lion: Features Demo
  • Order:
  • Published: 20 Jul 2011
  • Duration: 9:03
  • Updated: 18 Apr 2012
Author: SoldierKnowsBest
Get my iPhone App: goo.gl FaceBook Fan Page: goo.gl New Gaming Channel: youtube.com Twitter: twitter.com Website: soldierknowsbest.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/Mac OS X Lion: Features Demo
Using Mac OS X for the First Time
  • Order:
  • Published: 09 Mar 2012
  • Duration: 29:30
  • Updated: 17 Apr 2012
Author: lockergnome
www.lockergnome.com - I've said it many times: There's no such thing as a perfect operating system. They all have their strengths and weaknesses; it's how we navigate around them to suit our needs that makes the difference for each of us. Trying to convert someone else to your operating system of choice is a pointless endeavor, because what works well for you may not work well for them. And you know what? That's okay. Now that we've gotten that out of the way, it's still interesting to find out the reasons behind why someone has decided to make the change from one operating system to another. Have you ever switched from PC to Mac? Mac to PC? Rusty unicycle to untethered burro? Tell us why! You can watch the entire live TLDR episode here: youtu.be www.gnomies.com http www.lockergnome.com profiles.google.com twitter.com www.facebook.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/Using Mac OS X for the First Time
Windows User's Guide To Mac OS X Leopard
  • Order:
  • Published: 18 Feb 2009
  • Duration: 35:10
  • Updated: 16 Apr 2012
Author: mobilephone2003
For more guides & tips head to: www.duncsweb.com Being new to OS X, I decided to make this video showing all the things I have learned while using the Operating System. If I have made a mistake or missed anything out please leave a response or comment, thanks! feel free to follow me on twitter www.twitter.com
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/Windows User's Guide To Mac OS X Leopard
How To Install Google Chrome OS
  • Order:
  • Published: 21 Nov 2009
  • Duration: 9:00
  • Updated: 16 Apr 2012
Author: duncan33303
Twitter: twitter.com Site: stateofjailbreak.com Download Google Chrome OS (download) gdgt.com Download VirtualBox: www.virtualbox.org Download WinRAR: www.rarlab.com In this video I show you how to install Google Chrome OS inside VirtualBox. Definitely keep in mind that it's not even close to being done, and a lot of things work oddly or not even at all. It's just a rough preview of what we'll see this time next year.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/How To Install Google Chrome OS
Os Patinhos
  • Order:
  • Published: 24 Apr 2007
  • Duration: 1:22
  • Updated: 17 Apr 2012
Author: rtp
Os Patinhos RTP www.rtp.pt
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/Os Patinhos
OS Xbox Pro Video Worklog
  • Order:
  • Published: 22 Nov 2009
  • Duration: 10:27
  • Updated: 17 Apr 2012
Author: UnknownLobster
This video documents the build of my newest computer that I call the OS Xbox Pro. Thanks to my sponsors Newegg.com and ExpressHD.com. Music by E-603 and Girl Talk. For more information about this build visit www.willudesign.com.
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/OS Xbox Pro Video Worklog
Google Chrome OS Open Source Project Announcement
  • Order:
  • Published: 20 Nov 2009
  • Duration: 1:19:49
  • Updated: 15 Apr 2012
Author: Google
Google Chrome OS is an open source operating system for people who spend most of their time on the web built around the core tenets of speed, simplicity and security. www.chromium.org
http://web.archive.org./web/20120518122926/http://wn.com/Google Chrome OS Open Source Project Announcement
  • Os Seminovos - Ao mestre, com Carinho...3:05
  • What is Google Chrome OS?...3:21
  • Computer Dictionary - What Is An Operating System or OS...9:43
  • Google Chrome OS Demo...11:17
  • How To Make An Operating System...8:31
  • 'OS X Lion Ultimatum' The Best iPhone Theme Ever...5:40
  • BeOS The incredible OS that disappeared (part 1) Be Operating System...9:55
  • Mac OS X Lion: Features Demo...9:03
  • Using Mac OS X for the First Time...29:30
  • Windows User's Guide To Mac OS X Leopard...35:10
  • How To Install Google Chrome OS...9:00
  • Os Patinhos...1:22
  • OS Xbox Pro Video Worklog...10:27
  • Google Chrome OS Open Source Project Announcement...1:19:49
This Video is from Seminovos I only uploaded it because his version is gone. I don't know why. Fact is this video has to be online because it is very cool! Check out his Channel too! www.youtube.com
3:05
Os Semi­novos - Ao mestre, com Car­in­ho
3:21
What is Google Chrome OS?
9:43
Com­put­er Dic­tio­nary - What Is An Op­er­at­ing Sys­tem or OS
11:17
Google Chrome OS Demo
8:31
How To Make An Op­er­at­ing Sys­tem
5:40
'OS X Lion Ul­ti­ma­tum' The Best iPhone Theme Ever
9:55
BeOS The in­cred­i­ble OS that dis­ap­peared (part 1) Be Op­er­at­ing Sys­tem
9:03
Mac OS X Lion: Fea­tures Demo
29:30
Using Mac OS X for the First Time
35:10
Win­dows User's Guide To Mac OS X Leop­ard
9:00
How To In­stall Google Chrome OS
1:22
Os Pat­in­hos
10:27
OS Xbox Pro Video Work­log
79:49
Google Chrome OS Open Source Pro­ject An­nounce­ment
6:17
Déjà vu - NeXTSTEP vs OS X
8:37
Ter­ence Mcken­na - Cul­ture is your op­er­at­ing sys­tem
16:00
Mac OS X Lion 10.7 11A390 Pre­view
3:33
The Uni­corns - Les Os
6:18
In­tro­duc­ing OS X Lion Ul­ti­ma­tum [Dream­Board Theme]
1:24
Which file types can be re­cov­ered with Disk Drill for Mac OS X?
5:04
Let em Come - Scroobius Pip,Sage Fran­cis&P.​OS;
10:01
Life­hack­er - Mac OS X Lion SE­CRETS, Hack­in­tosh Up­grades, and FreeNAS Blowout! - Life­hack­er


  • os Angeles Dodgers pitcher Chad Billingsley pitching during a Dodgers/Boston Red Sox spring training game at City of Palms Park in Fort Myers, Florida, 5 March 2007
    Creative Commons / Wknight94
  • Nokia N8 with Symbian Anna OS
    WN / Yolanda Leyba
  • Daniel on the window in the church os st Daniel in Celje (Slovenia)
    Creative Commons
  • Fairliecrevoch or Scroaggy woods. The 1923 OS marks the site and the ford, but does not name it as a mill and the 1963 OS indicates a single building at the end of a rough track which would originally have been the miller's dwelling.
    Creative Commons / Rosser
  • The old byre at Under hill Farm Loudoun Hill and the lands immediately around were farmed intensively for many generations, as shown by OS maps. Two farms were however abandoned between the 19th and 20th centuries, namely Underhill and Backhill.
    Creative Commons / Rosser Roger Griffith
  • Backhill Farm ruins from Loudoun Hill, Loudoun Hill and the lands immediately around were farmed intensively for many generations, as shown by OS maps.
    Creative Commons / Rosser Roger Griffith
  • Old millstones at the mill. The corn mill on the Glazert Water at Aiket is first marked on the 1890 OS map. It has been restored as a dwelling, however the waterwheel is no longer in situ
    Creative Commons / Rosser Roger Griffith
  • The restored Aiket Mill. The corn mill on the Glazert Water at Aiket is first marked on the 1890 OS map. It has been restored as a dwelling, however the waterwheel is no longer in situ.
    Creative Commons / Rosser Roger Griffith
  • The Chapel Hill from near Chapeltoun Mains. Alternative local names for the burial mound are the 'Jockey's cap' and the 'Monk's Graveyard', the 1897 OS map states that human bones were found in the hill
    Creative Commons / Rosser Roger Griffith
  • A view of Gill Mill farm in 2007. Close to Kirkmuir (previously Laigh Kirkmuir), a farm occupied by William Mure in 1692,[7] is the Freezeland plantation on the turnpike as marked on the 1858 OS. Nowadays it is a smallholding without a dwelling house.
    Creative Commons / Rosser
  • Cover of the first edition of Os Maias
    Creative Commons
  • Burgas Peninsula from Brans field Strait. Burgas Peninsula (Poluostrov Burgas \po-lu-'os-trov bur-'gas\) is a predominantly ice-covered peninsula forming the east extremity of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica extending 10 km in the east-northeast direction towards Renier Point and 4.7 km wide.
    Creative Commons / Lyubomir Ivanov
  • A Symbian OS smartphone used as an e-book reader
    Creative Commons
  • The Fossil Wrist PDA, which runs Palm OS.
    Creative Commons
  • BMW E46: Running OS X Snow Leopard
    Creative Commons / Yutaka Tsutano
  • CARTAGENA, Spain (May 28, 2005)--Petty Officer 3rd Class (OS) Jason Yonk mans a sound-powered phone as the Coast Guard Cutter Bear pulls into Cartagena, Spain alongside the USS Mahan May 28. USCG photo by PA2 Andrew Shinn (101700) ( BEAR AFRICA DEPLOYMENT (FOR RELEASE) )
    US Coastguard / PA2 Andrew Shinn
  • MOROCCO (June 21, 2005) Chief (OS) Brown, command chief aboard the Coast Guard Cutter Bear, shakes hands with a Moroccan Navy official before a soccer game between crewmembers of the cutter and a team from the Moroccan Navy June 21 in Agadir, Morocco. USCG photo by PA2 Andrew Shinn. (102246) ( CUTTER BEAR VISITS MOROCCO (FOR RELEASE) )
    US Coastguard / PA2 Andrew Shinn.
  • TEMA, Ghana (July 6, 2005) Chief (OS) Derrick Brown, command chief aboard the Coast Guard Cutter Bear, reads to children at a school on the Ghanaian Naval base in Tema, Ghana July 5. Crewmembers of the Bear helped with an agriculture project, brought schoolbooks and supplies, and read to and played with the children during the visit. USCG photo by PA2 Andrew Shinn. (102726) ( CGC BEAR IN GUINEA (FOR RELEASE) )
    US Coastguard / PA2 Andrew Shinn.
  • MALABO, Guinea (July 10, 2005) Seaman Jason West watches Petty Officer 2nd Class (OS) Ian McGoohan paint a classroom at a school in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea USCG photo by PA2 Andrew Shinn. (102768) ( CGC BEAR IN GUINEA (FOR RELEASE) )
    US Coastguard / PA2 Andrew Shinn.
  • A close up view of the Grannie Stone. A large recumbent boulder known on the OS map as the 'Carlin's Stone' lies next to the Carlin Burn near Craig ends Farm below Cameron's Moss in East Ayrshire.
    Creative Commons
  • Google Chrome OS
    WN / Sweet Radoc
  • Google Chrome OS
    WN / Sweet Radoc
  • Google Chrome OS
    WN / Sweet Radoc
  • Google Chrome OS
    WN / Sweet Radoc
  • A view of the Broad stone lime kiln side wall.The OS maps for 1858 show that the 'Hill head Railway' ran to Broad stone quarry from Bar kip Junction on the Ayrshire and Lanarkshire Railway branchlike to Kilbirnie.
    Creative Commons / http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spier%27s_school
  • Yellowmangoes.com: Google CR-48, First Chrome OS Laptop ditehes Caps-lock and function keys!
    WN / YellowMangoes
  • Google Chrome OS
    Creative Commons / berrytokyo
  • Windows Phone 7 OS Layer
    Creative Commons / Modamoda
  • Windows Phone 7 OS Layer
    Creative Commons / Modamoda
  • The turbines are located 10 miles (16 km) east of the City of London at OS grid reference TQ492824 and TQ502818
    Creative Commons / MRSC
photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
A mother and her kids on the bike - Mother plays an important role in shaping the future of their children - India
The Examiner
16 May 2012
Well I haven't been writing on here as much as usual- and for that, I apologize. Between finals and moving everything everywhere, it's just been insane here. But onto more important matters! Today I...

photo: Creative Commons / Motmit
Platts Eyot near Hampton on the River Thames England (copy own work from English wiki)
BBC News
15 May 2012
What is the UK's longest river? It is a question that regularly pops up in pub quizzes and trivia books but the answer may not be clear cut. Textbooks tell us the River Severn is the longest - at...

photo: AP / Arshad Butt
Four killed in Pakistan attacks
The Siasat Daily
15 May 2012
May 15: At least four people including two Policemen have been killed and three others wounded during two gun attacks in eastern and southwestern Pakistan, Press TV reports. The first incident took...


IMDb Director: Jacques Audiard Writers: Jacques Audiard (screenplay), Thomas Bidegain (screenplay), Craig Davidson (story) Starring: Marion Cotillard, Matthias...(size: 1.1Kb)
The Los Angeles Times When Apple launched its current line of operating systems, called OS X, it chose to name the various versions after cats, starting with "Cheetah" in 2001. Apple never gave a reason why, but it was a very fitting name, seeing as Apple was far behind its competitors at the time and needed to cover a...(size: 31.0Kb)
The Guardian (Reuters) - Research In Motion Ltd said the UK agency responsible for setting standards for computer security has approved the BlackBerry 7 operating system for government use. This will allow the government employees to use six models of the smart phone including BlackBerry Bold 9900, BlackBerry...(size: 11.2Kb)
The Times of India Tweet Research In Motion Ltd said the UK agency responsible for setting standards for...(size: 0.6Kb)
Reuters n">May 17 (Reuters) - Research In Motion Ltd said the UK agency responsible for...(size: 0.5Kb)
Crunch Galaxy S III HTC One The New iPad Engadget Distro Galaxy Tabs News Hubs Galleries Videos Podcasts The Recap Authors Store FOLLOW US ON TWITTER SUBSCRIBE ABOUT / FAQ TIP US Software, Apple slips out new OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion beta, leaves 2007 MacBook Pro in a momentary lurch...(size: 14.7Kb)
PR Newswire HyperWorks tools become more available to science and creative professions with Mac version...(size: 5.9Kb)
The Examiner The Android OS version of Google's Chrome browser is now available in a host of new languages and has gained several new features, but it remains in beta testing and is afflicted with a variety of bugs. First released in February for tablets and phones that run the 4.0 version of Android, also...(size: 6.0Kb)
more news on: Os
Official nameOslo
Pushpin mapNorway
Image shieldOslo komm.svg
Shield size150px
Dot map captionLocation of Oslo in Norway
Coordinates regionNO
Subdivision typeCountry
Subdivision nameNorway
Subdivision type1District
Subdivision name1Østlandet
Subdivision type2County
Subdivision name2Oslo
Subdivision type3Municipality
Subdivision name3Oslo
Leader titleMayor
Leader nameFabian Stang (H)
Leader title1Governing mayor
Leader name1Stian Berger Røsland (H)
Established titleEstablished
Established date1048
Area total km2454.03
Area urban km2285.26
Area metro km28900
Population as of2011
Population total605005
Population density km2auto
Population metro1442318
Population density metro km2auto
Population urban912046
Population density urban km2auto
demographics type1Ethnic groups
demographics1 footnotes
demographics1 title1Norwegians
demographics1 info171.5%
demographics1 title2Pakistanis
demographics1 info23.6%
demographics1 title3Somalis
demographics1 info32.0%
demographics1 title4Swedes
demographics1 info42.0%
demographics1 title5Poles
demographics1 info51.7%
TimezoneCET
Utc offset+1
Timezone dstCEST
Utc offset dst+2
Coordinates displaydisplayinline,title
Postal code0301
Website
MottoUnanimiter et constanter (Latin: ''United and constant'') }}
Oslo (, , or ) is a municipality, as well as the capital and most populous city in Norway. As a municipality (''formannskapsdistrikt''), it was established on 1 January 1838. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III of Norway, the city was largely destroyed by fire in 1624. The city was moved under the reign of Denmark–Norway's King Christian IV. It was rebuilt closer to Akershus Fortress, as Christiania (also spelt Kristiania in late 1800's). In 1925, the city reclaimed its original Norwegian name, Oslo. The diocese of Oslo is one of the five original dioceses in Norway, which originated around the year 1070.

Oslo is the cultural, scientific, economic and governmental centre of Norway. The city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for maritime industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to many companies within the maritime sector, some of which are amongst the world's largest shipping companies, shipbrokers and maritime insurance brokers. Oslo is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme.

Oslo is considered a global city and ranked "Beta World City" in studies performed by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network in 2008. For several years, Oslo has been listed as one of the most expensive cities in the world along with such other global cities, as Zurich, Geneva, Copenhagen, Paris, and Tokyo. In 2009, however, Oslo regained its status as the world's most expensive city. A survey conducted by ECA International in 2011 placed Oslo 2nd after Tokyo.

As of 2010, the metropolitan area of Oslo has a population of 1,442,318 of whom 912,046 live in the contiguous conurbation. The population currently increases at a record rate of 1.64% annually, making it the fastest growing city in Europe. This growth stems from immigration, as the Norwegian population in the city is decreasing. The immigrant share of the population in the city proper now counts more than 25% of the city's total.

Urban region

The population of the municipality of Oslo is 605,318 as of 1 Apr. 2011. The urban area extends beyond the boundaries of the municipality into the surrounding county of Akershus, (municipalities of Bærum, Asker, Røyken, Lørenskog, Skedsmo, Gjerdrum, Sørum, Oppegård) its agglomeration total 912,046 inhabitants. The metropolitan area of Oslo, also referred to as the Greater Oslo Region (), has a land area of with a population of 1,422,442 as of 1 Apr. 2010. The Inner Oslo Fjord Region, or the Capital Region made up by the 5 counties of Oslo, Akershus, Buskerud, Vestfold (west bank of the Oslo fjord) and Østfold (east bank) has a population of 1,908,231 people (01.10.2010). The city centre is situated at the end of the Oslofjord, from which point the city sprawls out in three distinct "corridors" from its centre; inland north-eastwards and southwards along both sides of the fjord giving the city area more or less the shape of a reclining "Y" when seen from the north. To the north and east, wide forested hills (''Marka'') rise above the city giving the location the shape of a giant amphitheatre. The urban municipality (''bykommune'') of Oslo and county of Oslo (''fylke'') are two parts of the same entity, making Oslo the only city in Norway where two administrative levels are integrated. Of Oslo's total area, is built-up and is agricultural. The open areas within the built-up zone amount to .

The city of Oslo was established as a municipality on 3 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). It was separated from the county of Akershus to become a county of its own in 1842. The rural municipality of Aker was merged with Oslo on 1 January 1948 (and simultaneously transferred from Akershus county to Oslo county). Furthermore, Oslo shares several important functions with Akershus county. The neighbouring industrial commune of Aker was incorporated into Oslo in 1948.

General information

Toponymy

The origin of the name ''Oslo'' has been the subject of much debate. While certainly derived from Old Norse, it was in all probability originally the name of a large farm at the site of the first settlements in Bjørvika.

Most modern linguists lean toward an interpretation of "Oslo/Åslo" as either "the meadow at the foot of the hill", with the name serving a topographical description, or the possibility of the name referring to an ancient site of worship in "the meadow consecrated to the gods". Both interpretations are considered equally likely.

Erroneously, it was once assumed that Oslo meant "the mouth of the Lo river", referring to another name of the river Alna. This apocryphal story is not only ungrammatical (the correct form would be ''Loaros'', cf. Nidaros), but the name ''Lo'' is not recorded anywhere before Peder Claussøn Friis first used it in the same work in which he proposed this etymology. The name ''Lo'' is now believed to be a back-formation arrived at by Friis in support of his spurious etymology for ''Oslo''.

City seal

Oslo is one of very few cities in Norway, besides Bergen and Tønsberg, that does not have a formal coat-of-arms, but which uses a city seal instead. The seal of Oslo shows the city's patron saint, St. Hallvard, with his attributes, the millstone and arrows, with a naked woman at his feet. He is seated on a throne with lion decorations, which at the time was also commonly used by the Norwegian Kings.

History

According to the Norse sagas, Oslo was founded around 1049 by King Harald Hardråde. Recent archaeological research has uncovered Christian burials which can be dated to prior to 1000 CE, evidence of a preceding urban settlement. This called for the celebration of Oslo's millennium in 2000.

It has been regarded as the capital city since the reign of King Håkon V (1299–1319), the first king to reside permanently in the city. He also started the construction of the Akershus Fortress. A century later, Norway was the weaker part in a personal union with Denmark, and Oslo's role was reduced to that of provincial administrative centre, with the monarchs residing in Copenhagen. The fact that the University of Oslo was founded as late as 1811 had an adverse effect on the development of the nation.

Oslo was destroyed several times by fire, and after the fourteenth calamity, in 1624, King Christian IV of Denmark (and Norway) ordered it rebuilt at a new site across the bay, near Akershus Fortress and given the name ''Christiania''. Long before this, Christiania had started to establish its stature as a centre of commerce and culture in Norway. The part of the city built starting in 1624 is now often called ''Kvadraturen'' because of its orthogonal layout. The last plague outbreak ravaged Oslo in 1654. In 1814 Christiania once more became a real capital when the union with Denmark was dissolved.

Many landmarks were built in the 19th century, including the Royal Palace (1825–1848); Stortinget (the Parliament) (1861–1866), the University, Nationaltheatret and the Stock Exchange. Among the world-famous artists who lived here during this period were Henrik Ibsen and Knut Hamsun (the latter was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature). In 1850, Christiania also overtook Bergen and became the most populous city in the country. In 1877 the city was renamed ''Kristiania''. The original name of Oslo was restored in 1925.

1000–1700

Under the reign of King Olav Kyrre, Oslo became a cultural centre for Eastern Norway. St. Hallvard became the city's patron saint and is depicted on the city's seal.

In 1174, Hovedøya Abbey (''Hovedøya kloster'') was built. The churches and abbeys became major owners of large tracts of land, which proved important for the city's economic development, especially before the Black Death.

During the Middle Ages, Oslo reached its heights in the reign of King Håkon V. He started the building of Akershus Fortress and was also the first king to reside permanently in the city, which helped to make Oslo the capital of Norway.

In the end of the 12th century, Hanseatic traders from Rostock moved into the city and gained major influence in the city. The Black Death came to Norway in 1349 and, like other cities in Europe, the city suffered greatly. The churches' earnings from their land also dropped so much that the Hanseatic traders dominated the city's foreign trade in the 15th century.

Over the years, fire destroyed major parts of the city many times, as many of the city's buildings were built entirely of wood. After the last fire in 1624, which lasted for three days, King Christian IV decided that the old city should not be rebuilt again. His men built a network of roads in Akershagen near Akershus Castle. He demanded that all citizens should move their shops and workplaces to the newly built city of Christiania.

The transformation of the city went slowly for the first hundred years. Outside the city, near Vaterland and Grønland near Gamle Oslo a new, unmanaged part of the city grew up with citizens of low status.

1700s

In the 18th century, after the Great Northern War, the city's economy boomed with shipbuilding and trade. The strong economy transformed Christiania into a trading port.

1800s

In the 19th century, several state institutions were established and the city's role as a capital intensified. Christiania expanded its industry from 1840, most importantly around Akerselva. The expansion prompted the authorities to construct several important buildings, most of which remain as tourist attractions. There was a brief building boom from 1880, with many new houses, but the boom collapsed in 1889.

1900–present

Auctioning off of children was prohibited by law (''Fattigloven'') in 1900, as a result of court cases related to children having died/been killed.

The ''kommune'' developed new areas such as Ullevål Hageby(1918–1926) and Torshov (1917–1925). City Hall was constructed in the former slum area of Vika, from 1931–1950. The municipality of Aker was incorporated into Oslo in 1948, and suburbs were developed, such as Lambertseter (from 1951). Aker Brygge was constructed on the site of the former shipyard Akers Mekaniske Verksted, from 1982–1998.

On 22 July 2011, Oslo was hit by a bomb blast that ripped through the city central government district, also damaging Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg's office while he was absent and the nearby Ministry of Petroleum. The terrorist blast killed at least eight people prior to a shooting spree on the island of Utøya on lake Tyrifjorden, which killed at least 68 youths participating in a Norwegian Labour Party youth camp. The suspect is Anders Behring Breivik.

Geography

Oslo occupies an arc of land at the northernmost end of the Oslofjord. The fjord, which is nearly bisected by the Nesodden peninsula opposite Oslo, lies to the south; in all other directions Oslo is surrounded by green hills and mountains. There are 40 islands within the city limits, the largest being Malmøya (), and scores more around the Oslofjord. Oslo has 343 lakes, the largest being Maridalsvannet (). This is also a main source of drinking water for large parts of Oslo.

Although Eastern Norway has a number of rivers, none of these flow into the ocean at Oslo. Instead Oslo has two smaller rivers: Akerselva (draining Maridalsvannet, which flows into the fjord in Bjørvika), and Alna. The waterfalls in Akerselva gave power to the first modern industry of Norway in the 1840, and later in the century, the river became the symbol of the stable and consistent economic and social divide of the city into an East End and a West End; the labourers' neighbourhoods lie on both sides of the river, and the divide in reality follows Uelands street a bit further west. River Alna flows through Groruddalen, Oslo's major suburb and industrial area. The highest point is Kirkeberget, at . Although the city's population is small compared to most European capitals, it occupies an unusually large land area, of which two thirds are protected areas of forests, hills and lakes. Its boundaries encompass many parks and open areas, giving it an airy and green appearance.

Climate

Oslo has a humid continental climate (Dfb according to the Köppen climate classification system). Because of the city's northern latitude, daylight varies greatly, from more than 18 hours in midsummer, when it never gets completely dark at night, to around 6 hours in midwinter. Despite its northerly location, the climate is relatively mild throughout the year because of the Gulf Stream.

Oslo has pleasantly mild to warm summers with average high temperatures of and lows of around . Temperatures exceed quite often, and heatwaves are common during the summer. In the summer of 2009, a heatwave caused temperatures to exceed for six straight days, peaking at . The highest temperature ever recorded was on 21 July 1901. Due to the fjord being a relatively enclosed body of water, the water temperatures can get quite high during long warm periods. During the summer of 2008, the water reached a temperature of . Winters are cold and snowy with temperatures between up to . The coldest temperature recorded is in January 1942. Temperatures have tended to be higher in recent years.

Annual precipitation is with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Snowfall can occur from November to April, but snow accumulation occurs mainly from January through March. Almost every winter, ice develops in the innermost parts of the Oslofjord, and during some winters the whole inner fjord freezes. As it is far from the mild Atlantic water of the west coast, this large fjord can freeze over completely, although this has become rare.

Parks and recreation areas

Oslo has a large number of parks and green areas within the city core, as well as outside it.

  • Frogner Park is a large park located a few minutes walk away from the city centre. This is the biggest and most reputed park in Norway with a large collection of sculptures of Gustav Vigeland
  • Bygdøy is a huge and green area, commonly called the Museum Peninsula of Oslo. The beautiful location, surrounded by the sea, makes it the most expensive Norwegian district.
  • St. Hanshaugen Park is an old public park on a high hill in central Oslo. 'St. Hanshaugen' is also the name of the surrounding neighbourhood as well as the larger administrative district (borough) that includes major parts of central Oslo. Tøyen Park stretches out behind the Munch Museum, and is a vast, grassy expanse. In the north, there is a viewing point known as Ola Narr. The Tøyen area also includes the Botanical Garden and Museum belonging to the University of Oslo. Oslo (with neighbouring Sandvika-Asker) is built in a horseshoe shape on the shores of the Oslofjord and limited in most directions by hills and forests. As a result, any point within the city is relatively close to the forest. There are two major forests bordering the city: ''Østmarka'' (literally "Eastern Forest", on the eastern perimeter of the city), and the very large ''Nordmarka'' (literally "Northern Forest", stretching from the northern perimeter of the city deep into the hinterland).true

    The municipality operates eight public swimming pools. Tøyenbadet is the largest indoor swimming facility in Oslo and one of the few pools in Norway offering a 50-metre main pool. The outdoor pool Frognerbadet also has the 50-metre range.

    Cityscape

    Oslo's cityscape is being redeveloped as a modern city with various access-points, an extensive metro-system with a new financial district and a cultural city. In 2008, an exhibition was held in London presenting the award-winning Oslo Opera House, the urban regeneration scheme of Oslo's seafront, Munch/Stenersen and the new Deichman Library. Most of the buildings in the city and in neighbouring communities are low in height with only the Plaza, Postgirobygget and the highrises at Bjørvika considerably taller.

    Architecture

    Oslo's architecture is very diverse. Architect Carl Frederik Stanley (1769–1805), who was educated in Copenhagen, spent some years in Norway around the turn of the 19th century. He did minor works for wealthy patrons in and around Oslo, but his major achievement was the renovation of the Oslo Katedralskole, completed in 1800. He added a classical portico to the front of an older structure, and a semi-circular auditorium that was sequestered by Parliament in 1814 as a temporary place to assemble, now preserved at Norsk Folkemuseum as a national monument.

    Christiania, recently promoted to the status of a capital city, had practically no buildings suitable for the many new government institutions. An ambitious building program was initiated, but realised very slowly because of a strained economy. The first major undertaking was the Royal Palace, designed by Hans Linstow and built between 1824 and 1848. Linstow also planned Karl Johans gate, the avenue connecting the Palace and the city, with a monumental square halfway to be surrounded by buildings for the University, the Parliament (Storting) and other institutions. Only the University buildings were realised according to this plan. Christian Heinrich Grosch, one of the first fully educated architects in Norway, designed the original building for the Oslo Stock Exchange (1826–1828), the local branch of the Bank of Norway (1828), Christiania Theatre (1836–1837), and the first campus for the University of Oslo (1841–1856). For the University buildings, he sought the assistance of the renowned German architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel.

    The German architectural influence persisted in Norway, and many wooden buildings followed the principles of Neoclassicism. In Oslo, the German architect Alexis de Chateauneuf designed Trefoldighetskirken, the first neo-gothic church, completed by von Hanno in 1858.

    A number of landmark structures, particularly in Oslo, were built in the functionalist style, the first one being the Skansen restaurant (1925–1927) by Lars Backer, demolished in 1970. Backer also designed the restaurant at Ekeberg, opened in 1929. The art gallery Kunstnernes Hus by Gudolf Blakstad and Herman Munthe-Kaas (1930) still shows influence from the preceding classicist trend of the 1920s. Oslo Airport (by the Aviaplan consortium at Gardermoen was Norway's largest construction project ever.

    Politics and government

    Oslo is the capital of Norway, and as such is the seat of Norway's national government. Most government offices, including that of the Prime Minister, are gathered at ''Regjeringskvartalet'', a cluster of buildings close to the national Parliament—the Storting.

    Constituting both a municipality and a county of Norway, the city of Oslo is represented in the Storting by seventeen Members of Parliament. Six MPs are from the Labour Party; the Conservative Party and the Progress Party have three each; the Socialist Left Party and the Liberals have two each; and one is from the Christian Democrats.

    250px|thumb|right|[[Royal Palace, Oslo|Slottet is the home of the Royal Family.]]The combined municipality and county of Oslo has had a parliamentary system of government since 1986. The supreme authority of the city is the City Council (''Bystyret''), which currently has 59 seats. Representatives are popularly elected every four years. The City Council has five standing committees, each having its own areas of responsibility.The largest parties in the City Council are the Labour Party and the Conservatives, with 18 and 16 representatives respectively.

    The Mayor of Oslo is the head of the City Council and the highest ranking representative of the city. This used to be the most powerful political position in Oslo, but following the implementation of parliamentarism, the Mayor has had more of a ceremonial role, similar to that of the President of the Storting at the national level. The current Mayor of Oslo is Fabian Stang.

    Since the local elections of 2003, the city government has been a coalition of the Conservative Party and the Progress Party. Based mostly on support from the Christian Democrats and the Liberals, the coalition maintains a workable majority in the City Council. After the 2007 local elections on 10 September, the conservative coalition remained in majority.

    The Governing Mayor of Oslo is the head of the City government. The post was created with the implementation of parliamentarism in Oslo and is similar to the role of the prime minister at the national level. The current governing mayor is Stian Berger Røsland.

    Economy

    Oslo is an important centre of maritime knowledge in Europe and is home to approximately 1980 companies and 8,500 employees within the maritime sector, some of which are the world's largest shipping companies, shipbrokers, and insurance brokers. Det Norske Veritas, headquartered at Høvik outside Oslo, is one of the three major maritime classification societies in the world, with 16.5% of the world fleet to class in its register. The city's port is the largest general cargo port in the country and its leading passenger gateway. Close to 6,000 ships dock at the Port of Oslo annually with a total of 6 million tonnes of cargo and over five million passengers. The gross domestic product of Oslo totalled NOK268.047 billion (€33.876 billion) in 2003, which amounted to 17% of the national GDP. This compares with NOK165.915 billion (€20.968 billion) in 1995. The metropolitan area, bar Moss and Drammen, contributed 25% of the national GDP in 2003 and was also responsible for more than one quarter of tax revenues. In comparison, total tax revenues from the oil and gas industry on the Norwegian Continental Shelf amounted to about 16%.

    Oslo is one of the most expensive cities in the world. As of 2006, it is ranked tenth according to the Worldwide Cost of Living Survey provided by Mercer Human Resource Consulting and first according to the Economist Intelligence Unit. The reason for this discrepancy is that the EIU omits certain factors from its final index calculation, most notably housing. Although Oslo does have the most expensive housing market in Norway, it is comparably cheaper than other cities on the list in that regard. Meanwhile, prices on goods and services remain some of the highest of any city. Oslo hosts 2654 of the largest companies in Norway. Within the ranking of Europe's largest cities ordered by their number of companies Oslo is in fifth position. A whole group of oil and gas companies is situated in Oslo. According to a report compiled by Swiss bank UBS in the month of August 2006, Oslo and London were the world's most expensive cities.

    Environment

    Oslo is a compact city. It is easy to move around by public transportation and you can access rentable city bikes all over the city centre. In 2003, Oslo received The European Sustainable City Award and in 2007 Reader's Digest ranked Oslo as number two on a list of the world's greenest, most liveable cities.

    ''See also Transportation ''

    Education

    Institutions of higher education

  • University of Oslo (Universitetet i Oslo) – undergraduate, graduate and PhD programs in most fields.
  • Oslo University College (Høgskolen i Oslo) – focuses on 3–4 year professional degree programs.
  • Norwegian School of Management (Handelshøyskolen BI) – primarily economics and business administration.
  • Norwegian School of Information Technology (Norges Informasjonsteknologiske Høyskole)
  • Oslo School of Architecture and Design (Arkitektur- og designhøgskolen i Oslo)
  • Norwegian School of Sport Sciences (Norges idrettshøgskole) – offers opportunities to study at the Bachelor, Masters and Doctoral level
  • Norwegian Academy of Music (Norges musikkhøgskole)
  • MF Norwegian School of Theology (Det teologiske Menighetsfakultet — MF)
  • Oslo National Academy of the Arts (Kunsthøgskolen i Oslo KHIO) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (Universitetet for Miljø og Biovitenskap-UMB) located right outside of Oslo
  • Norwegian Military Academy (Krigsskolen)
  • Norwegian School of Veterinary Science (Norges Veterinærhøgskole) Oslo Academy of Fine Arts (Statens kunstakademi)
  • Oslo School of Management (Markedshøyskolen)
  • The level of education and productivity in the workforce is high in Norway. Nearly half of those with education at tertiary level in Norway live in the Oslo region, placing it among Europe's top three regions in relation to education. In 2008, the total workforce in the greater Oslo region (5 counties) numbered 1,020,000 people. The greater Oslo region has several higher educational institutions and is home to more than 73,000 students. The University of Oslo is the largest educational institution with 27,700 students and 5,900 employees.

    Culture

    Oslo has a large and varied number of cultural attractions, which include several buildings containing artwork from Edvard Munch and various other international artists but also several Norwegian artists. Several world-famous writers have either lived or been born in Oslo. Examples are Knut Hamsun and Henrik Ibsen. The government has recently invested large amounts of money in cultural installations, facilities, buildings and festivals in the City of Oslo. Bygdøy, outside the city centre is the centre for history and the Norwegian Vikings' history. The area contains a large amount of parks and seasites and a large amount of museums. Examples are the Fram Museum, Vikingskiphuset and the Kon-Tiki Museum. Oslo hosts the annual Oslo Freedom Forum, a conference described by The Economist as “on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum.” Oslo is also known for giving out the Nobel Peace Prize every year.

    Museums, galleries

    Oslo houses several major Museums and galleries. The Munch Museum contains the Scream and other work by Edvard Munch who donated all his work to the city after his death. The City-Council is currently planning a new Munch Museum which is most likely to be built in Bjørvika, in the southeast of the city. The museum will be named Munch/Stenersen. 50 different museums are located around the city. Folkemuseet is located on the Bygdøy peninsula and is dedicated to Folk art, Folk Dress, Sami culture and the viking culture. The outdoor museum contains 155 authentic old buildings from all parts of Norway, including a Stave Church. The Vigeland Museum located in the large Vigeland Park by many people known as the Frognerpark is free to access and contains over 212 sculptures by Gustav Vigeland including an obelisk and the Wheel of Life. Another popular sculpture is Sinnataggen, a baby boy stamping his foot in fury. This statue is very well known as an icon in the city. Vikingskiphuset contains three vikingships found at Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune and several other unique items from the Viking age. The Oslo City Museum holds a permanent exhibition about the people in Oslo and the history of the city. The Kon-Tiki Museum houses Thor Heyerdahls Kontiki and Ra2.

    The National Museum holds and preserves, exhibits and promotes public knowledge about Norway's most extensive collection of art. The Museum shows permanent exhibitions of works from its own collections but also temporary exhibitions that incorporate work loaned from elsewhere. The National Museums exhibition avenues are the National Gallery, the Museum of Contemporary Art, the National Museum, the Museum of Decorative Arts and the National Museum of Architecture. A new National Museum in Oslo will be built in the next 10 years. The winner was Forum Artis, and the building will be located at Vestbanen behind the Nobel Peace Center. The Nobel Peace Center is an independent organisation opened on 11 June 2005 by the King Harald V as part of the celebrations to mark Norway's centenary as an independent country. The building houses a permanent exhibition, expanding every year when a new Nobel Peace Prize winner is announced, containing information of every winner in history. The building is mainly used as a communication centre.

    Music and events

    A large number of festivals are held in Oslo, such as Oslo Live, a rock and roll event, and the Oslo Jazz festival is a six-day festival which has been held annually in August for the past 25 years. Oslo's biggest Rock festival is Øyafestivalen or simply "Øya". It draws about 60,000 people to the Medieval Park east in Oslo and last for four days. The Oslo World Music Festival showcases people who are stars in their own country but strangers in Norway. The Oslo Chamber Music Festival is held in August every year and world-class chambers and soloists gather in Oslo to perform at this festival. The Norwegian Wood Rock Festival is held every year in June in Oslo.

    The Nobel Peace Prize Ceremony is headed by the Institute; the award ceremony is held annually in The City Hall on 10 December. Even though Sami land is far away from the capital, the Norwegian Museum of Cultural History marks the Sami National Day with a series of activities and entertainment.

    The World Cup Biathlon in Holmenkollen is held every year and here male and female competitors compete against each other in Sprint, Pursuit and Mass Start disciplines.

    Other examples of annual events in Oslo are Desucon, a convention focusing on Japanese culture and Færderseilasen, the world's largest overnight regatta with more than 1100 boats taking part every year.

    Rikard Nordraak, composer of the Norwegian national anthem, was born in Oslo in 1842.

    Norway's principal orchestra is the Oslo Philharmonic, based at the Oslo Concert Hall since 1977. Although it was founded in 1919, the Oslo Philharmonic can trace its roots to the founding of the ''Christiania Musikerforening'' (Christiania Musicians Society) by Edvard Grieg and Johan Svendsen in 1879.

    Performing arts

    Oslo houses over 20 theatres, such as the Norwegian Theatre and the National Theatre located at Karl Johan Street. The National Theatre is the largest theatre in Norway and is situated between the castle and the Storting. The names of Ludvig Holberg, Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson are engraved on the façade of the building over the main entrance. This theatre represents the actors and play-writers of the country but the songwriters, singers and dancers are represented in the form of a newly opened Oslo Opera House, situated in Bjørvika. The Opera was opened in 2008 and is a national landmark, designed by the Norwegian architectural firm, Snøhetta. There are two houses, together containing over 2000 seats. The building cost 500 million euro to build and took five years to build and is known for being the first Opera House in the world to let people walk on the roof of the building. The foyer and the roof are also used for concerts as well as the three stages.

    Literature

    Most great Norwegian authors have lived in Oslo for some period in their life. For example Nobel Prize author Sigrid Undset grew up Oslo, and has described her life here in the autobiographical novel ''Elleve år'' (1934; translated as ''The longest years''; New York 1971).

    Playwright Henrik Ibsen is probably the most famous Norwegian author. Ibsen wrote plays such as ''Peer Gynt'', ''A Doll's House'' and ''The Lady from the Sea''. The Ibsen Quotes project completed in 2008 is a work of art consisting of 69 Ibsen quotations in stainless steel lettering which have been set into the granite sidewalks of the city's central streets.

    In recent years, novelists like Lars Saabye Christensen, Tove Nilsen and Roy Jacobsen have described the city and its people in their novels. Early 20th century literature from Oslo include poets Rudolf Nilsen and André Bjerke.

    Media

    The newspapers ''Aftenposten,'' ''Dagbladet,'' ''Verdens Gang,'' ''Dagens Næringsliv,'' ''Finansavisen,'' ''Dagsavisen,'' ''Morgenbladet,'' ''Vårt Land, Nationen'' and ''Klassekampen'' are published in Oslo. The main office of the national broadcasting company NRK is located at Marienlyst in Oslo, near Majorstuen. TVNorge (TVNorway) is also located in Oslo, while TV 2 (based in Bergen) and TV3 (based in London) operate branch offices in central Oslo. There is also a variety of specialty publications and smaller media companies. A number of magazines are produced in Oslo. The two dominant companies are Aller Media and Hjemmet Mortensen AB.

    Sports

    Holmenkollen National Arena and Holmenkollbakken is the country's main biathlon and Nordic skiing venue. It hosts annual world cup tournaments, including the Holmenkollen Ski Festival. It has hosted Biathlon World Championships in 1986, 1990, 1999 and 2002. FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been hosted in 1930, 1966, 1982 and 2011, as well as the 1952 Winter Olympics.

    Ullevål Stadion is the home arena for the Tippeligaen football side Vålerenga Fotball, the Norwegian national football team and the Football Cup Final. The stadium has previously hosted the finals of the UEFA Women's Championship in 1987 and 1997, and the 2002 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship. Røa IL is Oslo's only team in the women's league, Toppserien. Each year, the international youth football tournament Norway Cup is held on Ekebergsletta and other places in the city.

    Bislett Stadion is the city's main track and field venue, and hosts the annual Bislett Games, part of IAAF Diamond League. Bjerke Travbane is the main venue for harness racing in the country. Oslo Spektrum is used for large ice hockey and handball matches. Bækkelagets SK and Nordstrand IF plays in the women's Postenligaen in handball, while Vålerenga Håndball plays in the men's league. Jordal Amfi, the home of the ice hockey team Vålerenga Ishockey, and Manglerudhallen is the home of Manglerud Star, both of whom play in GET-ligaen. The 1999 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey were held in Oslo, as have three Bandy World Championships, in 1961, 1977 and 1985. The UCI Road World Championships in bicycle road racing were hosted 1993.

    Crime

    Oslo Police District is Norway's largest police district with over 2300 employees. Over 1700 of those are policemen, nearly 140 police lawyers and 500 civil employees. Oslo Police District has five police stations located around the city. Kripos is located in Oslo, which is a Norwegian special police division under the NMJP.

    PST is also located in the Oslo District. PST is a security agency which was established in 1936 and is one of the non-secret agencies in Norway. At least two known underground NATO facilities are located in The Oslo District, one underground in Kolsås near NSM which is one of Norway's major national security authorities.

    On 22 July 2011, Oslo was the site of one of two terrorist attacks: a bombing of Oslo government offices, and a shooting at a youth camp in Utøya.

    Transportation

    Oslo has Norway's most extensive public transport system, managed by Ruter. This includes the six-line Oslo Metro, the world's most extensive metro per resident, the six-line Oslo Tramway and the eight-line Oslo Commuter Rail. The tramway operates within the areas close to the city centre, while the metro, which runs underground through the city centre, operates to suburbs further away; this includes two lines which operate to Bærum, and the Ring Line which loops to areas north of the centre.

    Oslo Central Station acts as the central hub, and offers train services to most major cities in southern Norway as well as Stockholm and Gothenburg in Sweden. The Airport Express Train operates along the high-speed Gardermoen Line. The Drammen Line runs under the city centre in the Oslo Tunnel. Some of the city islands and the neighbouring municipality of Nesodden are connected by ferry. Daily cruiseferry services operate to Copenhagen and Frederikshavn in Denmark, and to Kiel in Germany.

    Many of the motorways pass through the downtown and other parts of the city in tunnels. The construction of the roads is partially supported through a toll ring. The major motorways through Oslo are European Route E6 and E18. There are three beltways, the innermost which are streets and the outermost, Ring 3 which is an expressway.

    The main airport serving Oslo is Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, located in Ullensaker, from the city centre of Oslo. It acts as the main international gateway to Norway, and is the sixth-largest domestic airport in Europe. Gardermoen is a hub for Scandinavian Airlines, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Widerøe. Oslo is also served by two secondary airports, which serve some low-cost carriers, such as Ryanair: Moss Airport, Rygge and Sandefjord Airport, Torp, the latter being from the city.

    Demographics

    {{bar box |title=Religion in Oslo |titlebar=#ddd |left1=religion |right1=percent |float=right |bars= }} An estimated 28 % of Oslo's residents are of an immigrant or non-Norwegian background (about 170,000 inhabitants), predicted to increase to between 44% and 51% around 2030. In 2008, the immigrant population accounted for about 82% of the population growth of the city. From 1970 to 2007, the ethnic Norwegian population decreased by 10.1% while the immigrant population increased by 823.6%. Pakistanis make up 20,812 of the city's inhabitants, followed by Somalis (10,780), Swedes (9,250), and Poles (8,854)—these being the four largest ethnic minority groups. Other large immigrant groups are people from Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Turkey, Morocco, Iraq and Denmark.

    By June 2009, more than 40% of Oslo schools had a majority of people of immigrant backgrounds, with some schools having up to a 97% immigrant share. Schools are also increasingly divided by ethnicity, with white flight being widespread. In the borough Groruddalen in 2008 for instance, the ethnic Norwegian population decreased by 1,500, while the immigrant population increased by 1,600. From 2000–2007, 7,250 ethnic Norwegians moved out of the city, while 32,700 persons of immigrant background, mostly non-western, moved in.

    The population of Oslo is currently increasing at a record rate of nearly 2% annually (17% over the last 15 years), making it the fastest-growing Scandinavian capital. The increase is due, in almost equal degree, to high birth-rates and immigration, though both is largely due to immigration, seeing that the ethnic Norwegian population is actually decreasing. In particular, immigration from Poland and the Baltic states has increased sharply since the accession of these countries to the EU in 2004.

    Oslo is a city with various religious communities. The city has a low percentage of Christians in contrast to other parts of the country. As of 2009, 11% of the population of Oslo are Muslim, but just 7.59% are registered Muslims.

    Number of minorities (1st and 2nd generation) in Oslo by country of origin per 1. January 2011.

    style="background:#efefef;"Rank Ancestry Number
    1 21,629
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
    10
    11
    12
    13
    14
    15
    16
    17
    18
    19
    20

    Notable residents

    International relations

    Oslo is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities programme.

    Twin towns – partner cities – and regions

    Oslo is twinned or has cooperation agreements with the following cities/regions:
    * Alfaz del Pi, Spain * Gothenburg, Sweden * Gujrat, Pakistan * Mazarrón, Spain * Mbombela, South Africa * St. Petersburg, Russia * Schleswig-Holstein, Germany * Shanghai, China * Vilnius, Lithuania * Warsaw, Poland

    Christmas trees as gifts

    Oslo has a tradition of sending a Christmas tree every year to the cities of Washington, D.C., New York, London, Rotterdam, Antwerp, and Reykjavík. Since 1947, Oslo has sent a 65–80-foot (20–25 m) high, 50 to 100 year-old spruce, as an expression of gratitude toward Britain for its support of Norway during World War II.

    See also

  • East End and West End of Oslo
  • List of books about Oslo
  • Oslo Accords
  • Parks and open spaces in Oslo
  • Timeline of transport in Oslo
  • References

    External links

  • Oslo Virtual Tour – 360* panoramic pictures
  • City of Oslo: Official website City of Oslo: Official website
  • Official Travel and Visitors Guide to Oslo
  • Oslo The official travel guide to Norway
  • Local Travel Information Guide Oslo city
  • SNL.no Online encyclopedia ''Store Norske Leksikon'''s entry about Oslo
  • Category:1040s establishments in Norway Category:Populated places established in the 11th century Category:Capitals in Europe Category:Cities and towns in Norway Category:Counties of Norway Category:Host cities of the Winter Olympic Games Category:Populated coastal places in Norway Category:Port cities and towns in Norway Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea Category:Viking Age populated places Category:IOC Session Host Cities

    af:Oslo am:ኦስሎ ang:Oslo ar:أوسلو an:Oslo arc:ܐܘܣܠܘ roa-rup:Oslo frp:Oslo az:Oslo zh-min-nan:Oslo be:Горад Осла be-x-old:Осьлё bar:Oslo bo:ཨོ་སི་ལོ། bs:Oslo br:Oslo bg:Осло ca:Oslo cv:Осло cs:Oslo co:Oslu cy:Oslo da:Oslo de:Oslo et:Oslo el:Όσλο myv:Осло ош es:Oslo eo:Oslo eu:Oslo ee:Oslo fa:اسلو hif:Oslo fo:Oslo fr:Oslo fy:Oslo ga:Osló gv:Oslo gag:Oslo gd:Oslo gl:Oslo ko:오슬로 hy:Օսլո hi:ओस्लो hsb:Oslo hr:Oslo io:Oslo bpy:ওসলো id:Oslo ia:Oslo ie:Oslo os:Осло is:Ósló it:Oslo he:אוסלו jv:Oslo kl:Oslo ka:ოსლო csb:Oslo kw:Oslo sw:Oslo kv:Осло ht:Oslo ku:Oslo mrj:Осло la:Asloa lv:Oslo lb:Oslo lt:Oslas lij:Oslo ln:Oslo lmo:Oslo hu:Oslo mk:Осло mg:Oslo ml:ഓസ്ലൊ mt:Oslo mi:Ōhoro mr:ओस्लो mzn:اسلو ms:Oslo my:အော့စလိုမြို့ nah:Oslo na:Oslo nl:Oslo nds-nl:Oslo ja:オスロ frr:Oslo no:Oslo nn:Oslo nov:Oslo oc:Òslo pnb:اوسلو pap:Oslo pms:Òslo tpi:Oslo nds:Oslo pl:Oslo pt:Oslo crh:Oslo ro:Oslo qu:Oslo ru:Осло sah:Осло se:Oslo sc:Oslo sco:Oslo sq:Oslo scn:Oslu simple:Oslo sk:Oslo sl:Oslo szl:Oslo so:Oslo ckb:ئۆسلۆ sr:Осло sh:Oslo fi:Oslo sv:Oslo tl:Oslo ta:ஒஸ்லோ tt:Осло th:ออสโล tg:Осло tr:Oslo udm:Осло uk:Осло ur:اوسلو ug:ئوسلو vec:Oslo vi:Oslo vo:Oslo war:Oslo wo:Oslo ts:Oslo yo:Oslo diq:Oslo bat-smg:Uoslos zh:奥斯陆

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    region

    Western Philosophy
    Era20th century philosophy
    Color#B0C4DE
    imageMckenna1.jpg
    nameTerence Kemp McKenna
    Birth dateNovember 16, 1946
    Birth placePaonia, Colorado, United States
    Death dateApril 03, 2000
    Death placeSan Rafael, California, United States
    School traditionMetaphysics, phenomenology|
    Main interestsshamanism, ethnobotany, metaphysics, psychedelic drugs, futurism, primitivism, environmentalism, consciousness, phenomenology, historical revisionism, evolution, ontology, Mind at Large, virtual reality, dominator culture, criticizing science, the Logos
    Influencespsychedelic drugs, Marshall McLuhan, Alfred North Whitehead, Teilhard de Chardin, Aldous Huxley, I Ching, William Blake, Riane Eisler, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Heraclitus
    InfluencedRupert Sheldrake, Robert Anton Wilson, Ralph Abraham, RU Sirius, Cliff Pickover, Timothy Leary
    Notable ideasNovelty Theory, The "Stoned Ape" Theory of Human Evolution, Machine elves }}

    Terence Kemp McKenna (November 16, 1946 – April 3, 2000) was an American philosopher, psychonaut, researcher, teacher, lecturer and writer on many subjects, such as human consciousness, language, psychedelic drugs, the evolution of civilizations, the origin and end of the universe, alchemy, and extraterrestrial beings.

    Biography

    Early life

    Terence McKenna grew up in Paonia, Colorado. He was introduced to geology through his uncle and developed a hobby of solitary fossil hunting in the arroyos near his home. From this he developed a deep artistic and scientific appreciation of nature.

    At age 16, McKenna moved to Los Altos, California to live with family friends for a year. He finished high school in Lancaster, CA. In 1963, McKenna was introduced to the literary world of psychedelics through ''The Doors of Perception'' and ''Heaven and Hell'' by Aldous Huxley and certain issues of ''The Village Voice'' that talked about psychedelics.

    McKenna claimed that one of his early psychedelic experiences with morning glory seeds showed him "that there was something there worth pursuing." In an audio interview Terence Mckenna claims to have started smoking cannabis regularly during the summer following his 17th birthday.

    Studying and traveling

    In 1965, McKenna enrolled in the University of California, Berkeley to study art history. In 1967, while in college, he discovered and begun studying shamanism through the study of Tibetan folk religion. That year, which he called his "opium and kabbala phase" he also traveled to Jerusalem, where he met Kathleen Harrison, who would later become his wife.

    In 1969, McKenna traveled to Nepal led by his "interest in Tibetan painting and hallucinogenic shamanism." During his time there, he studied the Tibetan language and worked as a hashish smuggler, until "one of his Bombay-to-Aspen shipments fell into the hands of U. S. Customs." He was forced to move to avoid capture by Interpol. He wandered through Southeast Asia viewing ruins, collected butterflies in Indonesia, and worked as an English teacher in Tokyo. He then went back to Berkeley to continue studying biology, which he called "his first love".

    After the partial completion of his studies, and his mother's death from cancer in 1971, McKenna, his brother Dennis, and three friends traveled to the Colombian Amazon in search of ''oo-koo-hé'', a plant preparation containing dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Instead of oo-koo-hé they found various forms of ''ayahuasca'', or ''yagé'', and gigantic ''Psilocybe cubensis'' which became the new focus of the expedition. In La Chorrera, at the urging of his brother, he was the subject of a psychedelic experiment which he claimed put him in contact with "Logos": an informative, divine voice he believed was universal to visionary religious experience. The voice's reputed revelations and his brother's simultaneous peculiar experience prompted him to explore the structure of an early form of the I Ching, which led to his "Novelty Theory". During their stay in the Amazon, McKenna also became romantically involved with his translator, Ev.

    In 1972, McKenna returned to Berkeley to finish his studies. There he decided to switch majors to a Bachelor of Science in ecology and conservation, in a then new experimental section of the same university called the Tussman Experimental College. During his studies, he would also develop techniques for cultivating psilocybin mushrooms with Dennis.

    In 1975, he parted with his girlfriend, Ev, when she left him for one of his friends from Berkeley. Their parting left him "tormented with migraines and living alone". He graduated in 1975. That same year, he began a relationship with Kathleen Harrison, whom he had met in Jerusalem.

    Soon after graduating, McKenna and Dennis published a book inspired by their Amazon experiences, ''The Invisible Landscape: Mind, Hallucinogens and the I Ching''. He also began lecturing. The brothers' experiences in the Amazon would later play a major role in McKenna's book ''True Hallucinations'', published in 1993. In 1976, the brothers published what they had learned about the cultivation of mushrooms in a book entitled ''Psilocybin - Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide'' under the pseudonyms "OT Oss" and "ON Oeric".

    Later life

    In the early 1980s, McKenna began to speak publicly on the topic of psychedelic drugs, lecturing extensively and conducting weekend workshops. Though associated with the New Age and human potential movements, McKenna himself had little patience for New Age sensibilities. He repeatedly stressed the importance and primacy of felt experience, as opposed to dogma. Timothy Leary once introduced him as "one of the five or six most important people on the planet." }}He soon became a fixture of popular counterculture. His growing popularity culminated in the early-to-mid-1990s with the publication of several books: ''True Hallucinations'', relating the tale of his 1971 La Chorrera experience; ''Food of the Gods''; and ''The Archaic Revival''. He became a popular personality in the psychedelic rave/dance scene of the early 1990s, with frequent spoken word performances at raves and contributions to psychedelic and goa trance albums by The Shamen, Spacetime Continuum, Alien Project, Capsula, Entheogenic, Zuvuya, Shpongle, and Shakti Twins. His speeches were, and are, sampled by many. In 1994 he appeared as a speaker at the Starwood Festival, documented in the book ''Tripping'' by Charles Hayes. His lectures were produced on both cassette tape and CD.

    McKenna was a colleague of chaos mathematician Ralph Abraham, and biologist Rupert Sheldrake, creator of the theory of "morphogenetic fields", not to be confused with the mainstream usage of the same term. He conducted several public debates known as ''trialogues'' with them from the late 1980s until his death. Books containing transcriptions of some of these events were published. He was also a friend and associate of Ralph Metzner, Nicole Maxwell, and Riane Eisler, participating in joint workshops and symposia with them. He was a personal friend of Tom Robbins, and influenced the thought of many scientists, writers, artists, and entertainers. His influences include comedian Bill Hicks, whose routines about psychedelic drugs drew heavily from McKenna's works. He is also the inspiration for the Twin Peaks character Dr. Jacoby.

    In addition to psychedelic drugs, McKenna spoke on the subjects of virtual reality, which he saw as a way to artistically communicate the experience of psychedelics; techno-paganism; artificial intelligence; evolution; extraterrestrials; and aesthetic theory, specifically about art/visual experience as ''information'' representing the significance of hallucinatory visions experienced under the influence of psychedelics.

    In 1985, McKenna co-founded Botanical Dimensions with his then-wife Kathleen, a nonprofit ethnobotanical preserve in Hawaii, where he lived for many years before he died. In 1997 he and Kathleen divorced. Before moving to Hawaii permanently, McKenna split his time between Hawaii and Occidental, located in the redwood-studded hills of Sonoma County, California.

    Death

    A longtime sufferer of migraines, in mid-1999 McKenna returned to his home on the big island of Hawaii after a long lecturing tour. He began to suffer from increasingly painful headaches. This culminated in three brain seizures in one night, which he claimed were the most powerful psychedelic experiences he had ever known. Upon his emergency trip to the hospital on Oahu, Terence was diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme, a highly aggressive form of brain cancer. For the next several months he underwent various treatments, including experimental gamma knife radiation treatment. According to Wired magazine, McKenna was worried that his tumour was caused by his 35-years of smoking cannabis; though his doctors assured him there was no causal relation.

    In late 1999, Erik Davis conducted what would be the last interview of McKenna. During the interview McKenna also talked about the announcement of his death:

    McKenna died on April 3, 2000, at the age of 53, with his loved ones at his bedside. He is survived by his brother Dennis, his son Finn, and his daughter Klea.

    Library fire

    On February 7, 2007, McKenna's library of rare books and personal notes was destroyed in a fire which burned offices belonging to Big Sur's Esalen Institute which was storing the collection. An index maintained by his brother Dennis survives, though little else.

    Ideas

    Terence McKenna advocated the exploration of altered states of mind via the ingestion of naturally occurring psychedelic substances. For example, and in particular, as facilitated by the ingestion of high doses of psychedelic mushrooms, and DMT, which he believed was the apotheosis of the psychedelic experience. He spoke of the "jeweled, self-dribbling basketballs" or "self-transforming machine elves" that one encounters in that state.

    Although he avoided giving his allegiance to any one interpretation (part of his rejection of monotheism), he was open to the idea of psychedelics as being "trans-dimensional travel"; literally, enabling an individual to encounter what could be ancestors, or spirits of earth. He remained opposed to most forms of organized religion or guru-based forms of spiritual awakening.

    Either philosophically or religiously, he expressed admiration for Marshall McLuhan, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Gnostic Christianity, Alfred North Whitehead and Alchemy. McKenna always regarded the Greek philosopher Heraclitus as his favorite philosopher.

    He also expressed admiration for the works of James Joyce (calling ''Finnegans Wake'' "the quintessential work of art, or at least work of literature of the 20th century") and Vladimir Nabokov: McKenna once said that he would have become a Nabokov lecturer if he had never encountered psychedelics.

    ==="Stoned Ape" theory of human evolution=== In his book ''Food of the Gods'', McKenna proposed that the transformation from humans' early ancestors ''Homo erectus'' to the species ''Homo sapiens'' mainly had to do with the addition of the mushroom ''Psilocybe cubensis'' in its diet - an event which according to his theory took place in about 100,000 BC (this is when he believed that the species diverged from the Homo genus). He based his theory on the main effects, or alleged effects, produced by the mushroom. One of the effects that comes about from the ingestion of low doses, which agrees with one of scientist Roland Fischer's findings from the late 1960s-early 1970s, is it significantly improves the visual acuity of humans - so theoretically, of other human-like mammals too. According to McKenna, this effect would have definitely proven to be of evolutionary advantage to humans' omnivorous hunter-gatherer ancestors that would have stumbled upon it "accidentally"; as it would make it easier for them to hunt.

    In higher doses, McKenna claims, the mushroom acts as a sexual stimulator, which would make it even more beneficial evolutionarily, as it would result in more offspring. At even higher doses, the mushroom would have acted to "dissolve boundaries", which would have promoted community-bonding and group sexual activities-that would result in a mixing of genes and therefore greater genetic diversity. Generally McKenna believed that the periodic ingestion of the mushroom would have acted to dissolve the ego in humans before it ever got the chance to grow in destructive proportions. In this context, he likened the ego to a cancerous tumor that can grow uncontrollable and become destructive to its host. In his own words:

    The mushroom, according to McKenna, had also given humans their first truly religious experiences (which, as he believed, were the basis for the foundation of all subsequent religions to date). Another factor that McKenna talked about was the mushroom's potency to promote linguistic thinking. This would have promoted vocalisation, which in turn would have acted in cleansing the brain (based on a scientific theory that vibrations from speaking cause the precipitation of impurities from the brain to the cerebrospinal fluid), which would further mutate the brain. All these factors according to McKenna were the most important factors that promoted evolution towards the ''Homo sapiens'' species. After this transformation took place, the species would have begun moving out of Africa to populate the rest of the planet Later on, this theory by McKenna was given the name "The 'Stoned Ape' Theory of Human Evolution".

    Novelty theory

    McKenna's ''Timewave zero'' is a numerological formula that purports to calculate the ebb and flow of "novelty", defined as increase over time in the universe's interconnectedness, or organized complexity. According to McKenna, the universe has a teleological attractor at the end of time that increases interconnectedness, eventually reaching a singularity of infinite complexity in 2012, at which point anything and everything imaginable will occur simultaneously. He conceived this idea over several years in the early to mid-1970s while using psilocybin and DMT.

    McKenna expressed "novelty" in a computer program which purportedly produces a waveform known as "timewave zero" or the "timewave". Based on McKenna's interpretation of the King Wen sequence of the ''I Ching'', the graph appears to show great periods of novelty corresponding with major shifts in humanity'sbiological and sociocultural evolution. He believed that the events of any given time are recursively related to the events of other times, and chose the atomic bombing of Hiroshima as the basis for calculating his end date of November 2012. When he later discovered this date's proximity to the end of the 13th b'ak'tun of the Maya calendar, he revised his hypothesis so that the two dates matched.

    The 1975 first edition of ''The Invisible Landscape'' refers to 2012 (but no specific day during the year) only twice. In the 1993 second edition, McKenna employed Sharer's date of 21 December 2012 throughout.

    Bibliography

  • 1975 - ''The Invisible Landscape: Mind, Hallucinogens, and the I Ching'' (with Dennis McKenna) (Seabury; 1st Ed) ISBN 0-8164-9249-2.
  • 1976 - ''The Invisible Landscape'' (with Dennis McKenna, and Quinn Taylor) (Scribner) ISBN 0-8264-0122-8
  • 1976 - ''Psilocybin - Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide'' (with Dennis McKenna: credited under the pseudonyms OT Oss and ON Oeric) (2nd edition 1986) (And/Or Press) ISBN 0-915904-13-6
  • 1992 - ''Psilocybin - Magic Mushroom Grower's Guide'' (with Dennis McKenna: (credited under the pseudonyms OT Oss and ON Oeric) (Quick American Publishing Company; Revised edition) ISBN 0-932551-06-8
  • 1992 - ''The Archaic Revival'' (HarperSanFrancisco; 1st edition) ISBN 0-06-250613-7
  • 1992 - ''Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge - A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution'' (Bantam) ISBN 0-553-37130-4
  • 1992 - ''Synesthesia'' (with Timothy C. Ely) (Granary Books 1st Ed) ISBN 1-887123-04-0
  • 1992 - ''Trialogues at the Edge of the West: Chaos, Creativity, and the Resacralization of the World'' (with Ralph H. Abraham, Rupert Sheldrake and Jean Houston) (Bear & Company Publishing 1st Ed) ISBN 0-939680-97-1
  • 1993 - ''True Hallucinations: Being an Account of the Author’s Extraordinary Adventures in the Devil’s Paradise'' (HarperSanFrancisco 1st Ed) ISBN 0-06-250545-9
  • 1994 - ''The Invisible Landscape'' (HarperSanFrancisco; Reprint edition) ISBN 0-06-250635-8
  • 1998 - ''True Hallucinations & the Archaic Revival: Tales and Speculations About the Mysteries of the Psychedelic Experience'' (Fine Communications/MJF Books) (Hardbound) ISBN 1-56731-289-6
  • 1998 - ''The Evolutionary Mind : Trialogues at the Edge of the Unthinkable'' (with Rupert Sheldrake and Ralph H. Abraham) (Trialogue Press; 1st Ed) ISBN 0-942344-13-8
  • 1999 - ''Food of the Gods: A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution'' (Rider & Co; New edition) ISBN 0-7126-7038-6
  • 1999 - ''Robert Venosa: Illuminatus'' (with Robert Venosa, Ernst Fuchs, H. R. Giger, and Mati Klarwein) (Craftsman House) ISBN 90-5703-272-4
  • 2001 - ''Chaos, Creativity, and Cosmic Consciousness'' (with Rupert Sheldrake and Ralph H. Abraham) (Park Street Press; revised ed) ISBN 0-89281-977-4 (Revised edition of Trialogues at the Edge of the West)
  • 2005 - ''The Evolutionary Mind: Trialogues on Science, Spirit & Psychedelics'' (Monkfish Book Publishing; Revised Ed) ISBN 0-9749359-7-2
  • Spoken word

  • ''History Ends In Green: Gaia, Psychedelics and the Archaic Revival'', 6 audiocassette set, Mystic Fire audio, 1993, ISBN 1-56176-907-X (recorded at the Esalen Institute, 1989)
  • ''TechnoPagans at the End of History'' (transcription of rap with Mark Pesce from 1998)
  • ''Psychedelics in the Age of Intelligent Machines'' (1999) 90 minutes video
  • ''Alien Dreamtime'' with Spacetime Continuum & Stephen Kent (Magic Carpet Media) (CD) video
  • ''Conversations on the Edge of Magic'' (1994) (CD & Cassette) ACE
  • ''Rap-Dancing Into the Third Millennium'' (1994) (Cassette) (Re-issued on CD as ''The Quintessential Hallucinogen'') ACE
  • ''Packing For the Long Strange Trip'' (1994) (Cassette) ACE
  • Coast to Coast AM with Art Bell, broadcast on May 22, 1997, Five hour interview covering various topics
  • ''Global Perspectives and Psychedelic Poetics'' (1994) (Cassette) Sound Horizons Audio-Video, Inc.
  • ''The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge'' (1992) (Cassette) Sounds True
  • Discography

  • ''Re : Evolution'' with The Shamen (1992)
  • Terence McKenna & Zuvuya - Dream Matrix Telemetry (1993)
  • ''Alien Dreamtime'' with Spacetime Continuum & Stephen Kent (Magic Carpet Media) (DVD)
  • 2009 - ''Cognition Factor'' (2009)
  • Notes

    Coe's initial date was "24 December 2011." He revised it to "11 January AD 2013" in the 1980 2nd edition of his book, not settling on 23 December 2012 until the 1984 3rd edition. The correlation of b'ak'tun 13 as 21 December 2012 first appeared in Table B.2 of Robert J. Sharer's 1983 revision of the 4th edition of Sylvanus Morley's book ''The Ancient Maya''.

    References

    External links

  • Terence McKenna Land at Deoxy.org
  • Terence McKenna at Levity.com
  • Erowid's Terence McKenna Vault
  • Botanical Dimensions
  • Rotten.com bio
  • FloatingWorldWeb's McKenna Pages
  • Terence McKenna's Last Trip 2000 Wired Magazine article by Erik Davis
  • "Mind contagions" (2001) at disinfo.com
  • Psychedelics, Evolution & Fun 2008 essay by Patrick Lundborg
  • Machine Elves 101, or Why Terence McKenna Matters - Reallity Sandwish by Daniel Moler
  • Transcription from 1991 interview regarding cannabis
  • Audio and video resources

  • Terence McKenna's interview Conducted by John Hazard in October 1998
  • Audio and video archive at Deoxy.org
  • Terence McKenna media archive at EROCx1.com
  • FutureHi.net MP3 Downloads - Terence McKenna, Albert Hoffman, Robert Anton Wilson, and more
  • McKenna at the 1999 Entheobotany Seminar - Audio Podcast
  • Psychedelics in the Age of Intelligent Machines - Video samples from the 1999 DVD
  • McKenna Video on FloatingWorldWeb - McKenna Video Portal
  • Over 100 podcasts of Terence McKenna talks - Audio Podcast
  • Transcripts

  • MindofMcKenna - McKenna audio excerpts, transcriptions and quotes
  • Category:2012 phenomenon theorists Category:Deaths from brain cancer Category:Cancer deaths in Hawaii Category:Psychedelic drug advocates Category:Psychedelic researchers Category:American cannabis activists Category:American book and manuscript collectors Category:American people of Irish descent Category:Contemporary philosophers Category:Counterculture festivals activists Category:1946 births Category:2000 deaths Category:American anarchists Category:Philosophers of science Category:Mystics Category:Ethnobotanists Category:Religious skeptics

    bs:Terrence McKenna cs:Terence McKenna de:Terence McKenna es:Terence McKenna fr:Terence McKenna (écrivain) hr:Terrence McKenna it:Terence McKenna nl:Terence McKenna ja:テレンス・マッケナ pl:Terence McKenna pt:Terence McKenna ru:Маккенна, Теренс Кемп sk:Terence McKenna fi:Terence McKenna sv:Terence McKenna tr:Terence McKenna

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    namedan le sac Vs Scroobius Pip
    backgroundgroup_or_band
    originStanford-le-Hope, England
    genreElectronic, Hip hop
    years active2007-present
    labelSunday Best RecordingsStrange Famous Recordings
    current membersdan le sacScroobius Pip
    websitehttp://www.lesacvspip.co.ukLesacVsPip Myspace }}

    dan le sac Vs Scroobius Pip are a hip-hop duo, combining electronic beats with sung, spoken, and rapped lyrics. The pair are Daniel Stephens (aka dan le sac; production, programming, keyboards, guitars and backing vocals), and David Peter Meads (1981-) (aka Scroobius Pip; vocals/rapper). The name "Scroobius Pip" is an intentional misspelling of the Edward Lear poem, ''The Scroobious Pip''. dan le sac originally hails from Corringham and Scroobius Pip from neighbouring Stanford-le-Hope in Essex. Their first single was "Thou Shalt Always Kill". Signed with the Sunday Best record label, dan le sac Vs Scroobius Pip released their debut album in 2008. Titled ''Angles'', it reached 31 in the UK album chart. They released their second album entitled ''The Logic of Chance'' on 15 March 2010 on the Sunday Best label.

    History

    Both dan le sac and Scroobius Pip worked as solo artists before forming this duo, dan le sac as a laptop musician, DJ and promoter, Scroobius Pip as a spoken word artist.

    David Meads began writing poetry in about 2005; he adopted the pseudonym "Scroobius Pip" from Edward Lear's poem, ''The Scroobious Pip''. In a 2010 interview with ''Beatdom'', Meads explained why he chose the name: "I loved the story. It's about a creature that doesn't know what it is ...By the end [of the poem] he realises that he is simply The Scroobious Pip. He doesn't fit into any one category and can just be his own creature."

    In 2006 Scroobius Pip undertook his "Relying on the kindness of strangers tour" which took him round the UK in a Toyota Space Cruiser performing in various venues and also saw him doing street performances outside gigs for the likes of Buck 65 & DJ Shadow.

    The duo formed in 2006 after dan le sac booked Scroobius Pip to play at a gig he was promoting at the Fez Club (now Sakura) in Reading, around this time dan le sac started remixing Scroobius Pip’s solo album ''No Commercial Breaks'', a selection of the remixes form the core of their debut album ''Angles'' but the band didn’t garner any commercial success until they wrote the original song "Thou Shalt Always Kill" at the end of 2006. Although it is commonly thought that Rob Da Bank of BBC Radio 1 gave the band their first radio play, it was actually John Kennedy of XFM London, the band sent a demo CD to John Kennedy in December 2006 and he played it on his Xposure show within 2 hours of receiving it.

    "Thou Shalt Always Kill" was re-released in 2009 with additional vocals by Pos Plug Won (Posdnous) of De La Soul. In 2007 the duo released 2 singles on Lex Records, "Thou Shalt Always Kill" and "The Beat that my Heart Skipped" but it wasn’t until early 2008 that they signed for Rob da Bank’s Sunday Best record label and released their debut album ''Angles''; the album was later released on Sage Francis’s Strange Famous Records in the USA and Traffic in Japan.

    On Christmas Eve 2007, whilst still unsigned, the duo released a free download of "Letter From God To Man" which includes a sample of Radiohead's "Planet Telex". To promote this, the duo created and posted a spoof video on YouTube showing the pair auditioning for ''The X Factor'' in front of Simon Cowell, Sharon Osbourne and Louis Walsh. A montage of clips of judges' comments are added to their profanity-laden performance of what Scroobius Pip says is "'It Ain't No Fun' by Snoop Dogg, featuring Warren G, Nate Dogg and Kurupt." The clip, titled "Le Sac Vs Pip Letter from X-factor", was featured in "The 10 Best Clips of the Month" in the October 2008 edition of ''Q'' magazine., the video also included a voice over from Zane Lowe.

    They have also appeared on the BBC's ''Sound'', NBC's ''Last Call with Carson Daly'', with Scroobius Pip appearing by himself on the BBC's ''Newsnight Review'' and Setanta Sport Channel, he has also been interviewed and performed live on Stephen Merchant's show on BBC 6 Music.

    They spent 2009 recording their second studio album, ''The Logic of Chance'' which was released in March 2010, preceded by the single "Get Better".

    Music and influences

    The duo’s music includes Hip-Hop, Electronica, and Pop. On the duo's Facebook page they cite many influences including Sage Francis, Gil Scott Heron, Chilly Gonzales, KRS-ONE, Rakim, Atmosphere, Purple Ronnie, Joy Division, Kraftwerk, Clark, El-P, Gorecki, Devandra Banhart, Beta Band, and Mogwai.

    Live gigs and tours

    Since March 2007, they have undertaken multiple UK, US and European tours. The band have also appeared at the Glastonbury Festival '07, '09, '10 and '11. Reading and Leeds Festival '07 and '08, Lounge on the Farm '09, Bestival '07, '08, '09 and '10 Camp Bestival '08, '09 and '10, Beat-Herder festival in '10, Lowlands '08 and '10, Pukkelpop, Fuji Rock Festival, Coachella, Monolith Festival, Dour Festival, Beatherder '10, Pohoda festival '10, Electric Picnic '10 & Beach Break Live '10, Greenbelt Festival '09, they played their first headline festival slot at 2000 Trees '11.

    Remixes

    dan le sac also works as a remix producer, he has to date been commissioned to remix Biffy Clyro, Bat for Lashes (feat Scroobius Pip), Eddy Temple Morris's Losers (feat Riz Ahmed (AKA Riz Mc) and Envy), The Maccabees, King Blues (feat Scroobius Pip), Dub Pistols, This is Radio Freedom, Micachu, Tired Irie, Playdoe, Producers with Computers, Yila and has undertaken unsolicited remixes of Elastica, Radiohead, Florence And The Machine, Joy Division, Tricky and Bob Dylan.

    Discography

    Singles

    #34 "The Beat That My Heart Skipped" "A Letter From God To Man" "Look For The Woman" "A Letter From God To Man" (Re-Release) "Thou Shalt Always Kill [De La Edit]" "Get Better" "Great Britain" / "Sick Tonight" "Cauliflower"
    Year !! Single !! UK Singles ChartUK !! UK Indie !! Notes
    2007 "Thou Shalt Always Kill" | - -
    2007 | #85 - -
    2007 | - - free download
    2008 | #72 #1 -
    2008 | #170 #8
    2009 | #116 - featuring Pos Plug Won of De La Soul
    2010 | #30 - -
    2010 | - - double-A side
    2010 | - - featuring Kid A

    Albums

    - ''Lesacsayyeah!'' ''Angles (Dan Le Sac Vs Scroobius Pip album) ''The Logic of Chance'' ''Distraction Pieces'' ''Title TBA''
    Year !! Album !! UK Albums ChartUK !! UK Indie !! Label !! Notes
    2006 ''No Commercial Breaks'' | - self-released Scroobius Pip solo album; 1,000 copies
    2007 | - - self-released dan le sac solo album; 50 copies
    2008 Angles'' || #31 #16 Sunday Best (music company)>Sunday Best Recordings
    US: Strange Famous Records
    2010 | #43 - Sunday Best Recordings
    2011 | - - UK: Speech Development
    US: Strange Famous Records
    Scroobius Pip solo album
    2012 | - - Sunday Best Recordings dan le sac solo album

    References

    ;Notes

    ;Bibliography

    External links

  • dan le sac's blog
  • Dan le sac vs Scroobius Pip profile on Last.fm
  • Dan le sac vs Scroobius Pip profile on Discogs
  • Dan le sac vs Scroobius Pip official page on Facebook
  • Dan le sac vs Scroobius Pip official profile on SoundCloud
  • Review of dan le sac and Scroobius Pip at the Reading Festival 2007, The Guardian
  • Paul Morley interviews dan le sac and Scroobius Pip for The Guardian
  • Interview with Scroobius Pip for meg.ie
  • Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats Category:English electronic music groups Category:British hip hop groups Category:People from Corringham, Essex

    de:Dan Le Sac vs. Scroobius Pip

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



    nameSage Francis
    backgroundsolo_singer
    birth namePaul Francis
    bornNovember 18, 1976 Providence, Rhode Island
    genreHip hop
    occupationRapper, Spoken Word Artist
    years active1996–present
    associated actsNon-Prophets, Joe Beats, B. Dolan, Sole, Alias, Art Official Intelligence
    labelStrange Famous RecordsEpitaphAnticonANTI-
    websiteOfficial Website
    notable instruments}}
    Paul "Sage" Francis (born November 18, 1976) is a hip-hop artist from Providence, Rhode Island.

    Biography

    Born Paul Francis in Miami, Florida, Sage Francis is a rapper/writer/performer from Providence, Rhode Island. He is the founder and CEO of the independent hip-hop record label Strange Famous Records. This label first began as a way for Francis to bootleg his unreleased songs in the late 90's and has since evolved into an official enterprise with an expanding roster of like-minded artists. Francis won the Scribble Jam Emcee battle in 2000 and released several CDs available only on his tours and website (''Still Sick'', ''Sick Of Waiting'', ''Sick of Waging War'', ''Sickly Business'', ''Still Sickly Business'', ''Sick of Wasting included''). In 2001 his song "Makeshift Patriot" became an internet hit for its critique of American media during, and immediately following, the September 11 attacks. After releasing his critically acclaimed ''Personal Journals'' album in 2002 he signed to Epitaph Records, making Francis the first hip-hop artist to sign with the punk-rock label. He subsequently released three albums with Epitaph; ''A Healthy Distrust'' (2005), ''Human the Death Dance'' (2007), and ''Li(f)e'' (2010)

    Francis is also part of the contemporary spoken word movement. Francis' relationship with the Providence Poetry Slam community (he was on their 1998, 1999 and 2002 national poetry slam teams) led to it being called "The House that Sage Francis Built." From 2000 - 2002, he also DJ-ed for the NYC-Urbana Poetry Slam, a weekly slam series held at the legendary punk rock venue CBGB.

    Discography

  • ''The Known UnSoldier "Sick of Waging War'' (Strange Famous Records, 2001)
  • ''Sage Frenchkiss'' (Strange Famous Records, 2002)
  • ''Personal Journals'' (Anticon, 2002)
  • ''A Healthy Distrust'' (Epitaph, 2005)
  • ''Human the Death Dance'' (Epitaph, 2007)
  • ''Sick Of Wasting'' (Strange Famous Records, 2009)
  • ''Li(f)e'' (Anti-, 2010)

    References

    External links and further reading

  • Official Sage Francis website
  • Strange Famous Records
  • Strange Famous Forum
  • KnowMore: The People's Corporation Watch Project
  • Interview for Slap Magazine (Dead Link)
  • Interview for Scene Missing Magazine
  • Sage Francis Interview with Chuck D.
  • Interview with Sage Francis 2010
  • Interview: Sage Francis | The Find Magazine (2010)
  • Category:1976 births Category:American vegetarians Category:Epitaph Records artists Category:Living people Category:People from Providence, Rhode Island Category:Rappers from Rhode Island Category:Slam poets Category:Spoken word poets Category:Underground rappers

    de:Sage Francis fr:Sage Francis it:Sage Francis nl:Sage Francis pl:Sage Francis fi:Sage Francis sv:Sage Francis

    This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.



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