Under the law of the sea, an exclusive economic zone (EEZ) is a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, including production of energy from water and wind. It stretches from the seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast. In casual usage, the term may include the territorial sea and even the continental shelf beyond the 200-mile limit.

Definition

Generally, a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coastal baseline. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles (740 km) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary. Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.

A state's exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial sea and extends outward to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370,4 km) from the baseline. Thus, the EEZ includes the contiguous zone. States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 350 nautical miles (648 km) from the coastal baseline, beyond the EEZ, but such areas are not part of their EEZ. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the EEZ.

Origin of EEZ

The idea of allotting nations EEZs to give better control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.

Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nautical miles or 6 km (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times traditionally, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nautical miles (~19 km) beyond the shore. In the early 1970s, Ecuador claimed territorial waters extending to 200 nautical miles. They began seizing U.S. tuna-fishing boats and charging heavy fines (that the U.S. government paid). Eventually the U.S. agreed to submit the issue to the International Court of Justice at The Hague. This eventually led to the recognition of 12 nautical miles as normal for the territorial sea/waters and international recognition of the 200 mile exclusive economic zone by the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982.

Part V, Article 55 of the Convention states:

::''Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone'' :''The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this Part, under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights and freedoms of other States are governed by the relevant provisions of this Convention.''

EEZ disputes

The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters. One well-known example of such dispute was the Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland. Norway and Russia dispute both territorial sea and EEZ with regard to the Spitsbergen archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states that promises to resolve this boundary dispute. The agreement was signed in Murmansk on September 15, 2010.

The dispute over Rockall is mainly due to its effect on EEZ, not on its resources or strategic benefits.

The South China Sea (and the Spratly Islands) is the site of an ongoing dispute between several neighboring nations.

There is an ongoing dispute between Turkey and Greece over the extent of the continental shelf and the EEZ.

Croatia's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia, threatening Croatia's accession to the European Union.

A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea is disputed between Canada and the United States, as the area reportedly contains substantial oil reserves.

France claims a portion of Canada's EEZ for Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon based on a new definition of the continental shelf and EEZ between the two countries. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is entirely surrounded by Canada's EEZ.

Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.

Transboundary stocks

Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the FAO, provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control. Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.

By country

Argentina

The area is 1,159,063 km².

Australia

''Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973'' Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind the United States and France, but ahead of Russia, with the total area actually exceeding that of its land territory. As per the UN convention, Australia's EEZ generally extends 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state.

The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ. Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, an EEZ of 200 nautical miles (370 km) from its Antarctic Territory, but has requested it not be acted upon at the time in accordance with the spirit of cooperation embodied in the Antarctic Treaty. Nevertheless, Australia maintains the right to explore and exploit the seabed and water column within its EEZ.

EEZ !! Area (km2)
Heard and McDonald Islands	410,722
	463,371
	325,021
	428,618
Macquarie Island	471,837
Mainland Australia and Tasmania and minor islands	6,048,681
Total	8,148,250

Brazil

Brazil's exclusive economic zone covers 3,660,995 km².

In 2004, the country submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.

Canada

Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 2,755,564 km², is slightly smaller than its territorial waters. The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic archipelago.

Chile

Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands.

Region	EEZ Area (km2)	Land area	Total
	2 009 299	755 757	2 765 056
	449 805
	720 395	164	720 559
	502 490
	3 681 989	756 102	4 438 091

People's Republic of China

[[File:China Exclusive Economic Zones.png|thumb|none|300px|People's Republic of China's exclusive economic zone: 877,019 km² 3,000,000 km² Total:3,877,019]]

Denmark

The Kingdom of Denmark includes the two autonomous provinces of Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The EEZs of the latter two do not form part of the EEZ of the European Union.

Region	EEZ & TW Area (km2)	Land area	Total
	105 989	42 506	149 083
	260 995	1 399	262 394
	2 184 254	2 166 086	4 350 340
	2 551 238	2 210 579	4 761 817

France

Due to its numerous Overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the second-largest EEZ in the world, covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,000 mi²), just behind the EEZ of the United States (11,351,000 km² / 4,383,000 mi²), but ahead of the EEZ of Australia (8,148,250 km² / 4,111,312 mi²). The EEZ of France covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of the Earth.

Region	EEZ & TW Area (km2)	Land area	Total
	334 604	551 695	886 299
	133 949	83 846	217 795
	95 978	1 628	97 606
	47 640	1 128	48 768
	315 058	2 512	317 570
	4 767 242	4 167	4 771 409
	12 334	242	12 576
	63 078	376	63 454
	258 269	264	258 533
	1 000	53	1 053
	4 000	21	4 021
	1 422 543	18 575	1 441 118
	431 263	6	431 269
	574 558	352	574 910
	567 732	7 215	574 947
	509 015	66	509 081
	352 117	44	352 161
	270 455	1	270 456
	11 035 000	675 417	11 710 417

Greece

Greece has not yet claimed an exclusive economic zone, although it is entitled to do so, as per UNCLOS 1982 as well as customary international law. This had led to direct threat by Turkey of casus belli if Greece was to declare her exclusive economic zone, although Greece restrained from any kind of declaration so far.

Turkey's declaration of casus belli is not related to the EEZ issue. Turkey claims that the Aegean Sea's status as a semi-closed sea affords it a special nature (unlike other semi-closed seas as the Adriatic or even fully enclosed seas as the Black Sea). Moreover, Turkey is not among the signatories of UNCLOS which allows countries to expand the width of their territorial waters up to . Even though Turkey is a persistent objector to the relevant article of UNCLOS, it has expanded its own territorial waters in the Black Sea to . And moreover, in 1995 just after Greek parliament ratifications of UNCLOS (as every signatory state was entitled), Turkey declared that if Greece expands the width of her territorial waters over , Turkey would conceive this action as a containment attempt and a direct offense to her sovereignty and thus threatened Greece with a war (casus belli).

According to published maps, the Israeli government has recognized the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of Greece and Cyprus. They describe the course of the gas pipeline which will transfer gas produced by American Νoble Εnergy Ltd. from the Leviathan reservoir to Europe, through an undersea pipeline crossing Greece. The gas pipeline should traverse the sea area, which according to international law, is part of the Greek EEZ. By this proposal, Israel recognizes the Greek EEZ in the area and offers an advantage that Greece can use during negotiation procedures to support its claims on the area. In practice, this cooperation will set up a powerful energy coalition between Greece, Cyprus and Israel. The mining and operating part will be undertaken by an American company. "The substance of the issue is that in an effort to protect and secure vital Israeli interests in the Mediterranean Sea, Israel has been left with no choice other than to officially delimit its maritime borders," an Israeli diplomat told the Hürriyet Daily News & Economic Review.

India

1,641,514 km²

Andaman Islands, 663,629 km²

Total: 2,305,143 km²

Japan

Marcus Island: 428,875 km²

Ogasawara Islands: 862,782 km²

Pacific Ocean (Japan): 1,162,334 km²

Ryukyu Islands: 1,394,676 km²

Sea of Japan: 630,721 km²

Total: 4,479,358

Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (Russia, Republic of Korea, PRC and ROC). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account neighboring powers' claims.

Mexico

Mexico's exclusive economic zones comprise a total surface area of 5,144,295 km², and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world.

New Zealand

New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 km², according to the Sea Around Us Project, which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km². These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (Tokelau, Niue, the Cook Islands and the Ross Dependency).

Norway

Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819 620 km² around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km², including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen . The fact that the European Union shares its economic zones was a big reason why Norway did not enter the EU as a member.

In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of shelf in the Barents Sea.

Region	EEZ & TW Area (km2)	Land area	Total
	1 273 482	323 802	1 597 284
	402 574	61 002	463 576
	273 118	373	273 491
	436 004	49	436 053
	2 385 178	385 226	2 770 404

Pakistan

201,520 km²

Philippines

Philippines' EEZ covers 2,265,684 (135,783) km²

Poland

The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 km² within the Baltic Sea.

Portugal

Continental Portugal 327,667 km² 953,633 km² 446,108 km²

Total : 1,727,408 km²

Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over additional 2.15 million square kilometers of the neighboring continental shelf in May 2009, resulting in an EEZ with a total of more than 3,877,408 km².

Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world.

The southern boundary between the EEZs of Portugal and Spain is disputed. Spain maintains that the southernmost EEZ border between Spain and Portugal should consist on an equidistant line drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands (a small archipelago north of the Canaries), and claims this pushes the EEZ border further south. Spain objects on the basis that the Savage Islands do not have a separate continental shelf, according to the article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea:

''"Rocks which cannot sustain human habitation or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economic zone or continental shelf."''

Russia

Asia: 6,

Baltic: 24,549

Barents Sea: 1,159,594

Total 7,566,673 km²

South Africa

South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1 535 538 km².

Mainland 1 068 659 km²

Prince Edward islands 466 879 km²

Republic of Korea (South Korea)

Area: 300,851 (225,214) km²

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom's exclusive economic zone is the fifth largest in the world at 6,805,586 square km. It comprises the exclusive economic zones surrounding the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory.

+ Areas of EEZs of the UK, crown dependencies and overseas territories
! Territory	! km2	! sq mi	! Notes
United Kingdom		includes Rockall (disputed) and the Isle of Man
Anguilla
Ascension Island†
Bermuda
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Channel Islands
Falkland Islands
Gibraltar
Montserrat
Pitcairn Island
Saint Helena†
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Tristan da Cunha archipelago†
Turks and Caicos Islands
!Total	!6,805,586	!2,627,651	!

†Part of the overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.

Only the United Kingdom (including Rockall) and Gibraltar are part of the EU. The Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and the remaining overseas territories (that is, all except Gibraltar) are not part of the EU.

United States

The United States' exclusive economic zone is the largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km². Areas of its EEZ are located not only along the eastern and western seaboards and Gulf of Mexico-bordering region of the continental United States, but are also located in the Caribbean Sea, Pacific Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

''Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976''

Rankings by area

This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA).

See also

Air Defense Identification Zone

Baseline

Continental shelf

International waters

R. v. Marshall

Territorial waters

References

External links

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - Part V

Sea Around Us Project - View the EEZ of all nations (Note that this site does not distinguish between territorial waters and the EEZ, and so tends to overstate EEZ areas.)

The USA zone since 1977

GIS data: VLIZ.be

Foreign Military Activities in Asian EEZs: Conflict Ahead? by Mark J. Valencia (May 2011)

Category:Law of the sea Category:Hydrography Category:Fishing industry Category:Fishing and the environment

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Claude "Butch" Harmon, Jr. (born August 28, 1943) is an American golf instructor. He is the son of 1948 Masters Tournament champion Claude Harmon, Sr. and has been in the golf industry since 1965.

Early life

Butch Harmon was raised in New Rochelle, New York; his father was the head pro at the nearby Winged Foot Golf Club. The family also lived part of the year in Florida, when Butch's father served as the winter professional at the Seminole Golf Club. Butch began playing golf from an early age, as did his three younger brothers, Craig, Bill, and Dick, who also all became golf professionals. Butch graduated from Iona Grammar School (1958) and then New Rochelle High School (1962). Butch excelled at all sports, and was a star halfback on the 1961 New Rochelle High School football team that compiled a 5-2-1 record.

Tour and club professional

Harmon attended the University of Houston, and served in the U.S. Army for three years, seeing duty in the Vietnam War. Harmon was a PGA Tour player from 1969 to 1971, with one win to his name on the Tour, the 1971 Broome County Open. He lived in Morocco for several years in the 1970s, serving as the personal instructor to King Hassan II. He was a club professional in the United States, and became well-known through his work with Greg Norman, beginning in the early 1990s.

Instructor to Tour stars

Harmon is best known for having been Tiger Woods' golf coach from 1993 to 2004, though they have since gone their separate ways. In April 2007, it was announced that Harmon would start working with Phil Mickelson. He has also worked with other major champions such as Ernie Els, Stewart Cink, Greg Norman, Davis Love III, Fred Couples and Justin Leonard, and with younger stars such as Nick Watney, Adam Scott, Dustin Johnson, and Natalie Gulbis.

In 2003 Harmon was ranked the top golf teacher in the United States in a poll of his peers organized by ''Golf Digest'' magazine, and has repeated as winner of this honour each year since. He runs the ''Butch Harmon School of Golf at the Rio Secco Golf Club'' in Las Vegas, Nevada in the U.S. He also gives golf clinics around the world.

On April 8, 2008, Ernie Els officially announced that he was switching swing coaches from David Leadbetter (whom Els had worked with since 1990) to Butch Harmon. During Els' 2008 Masters press conference, Els said the change was made to try to shorten and tighten his swing, as well as get a fresh perspective.

Harmon's brothers Craig and Bill are also both top golf coaches, who have made the top 50 Instructors' list compiled by ''Golf Digest'' on several occasions. Butch's other brother Dick was the golf professional at the River Oaks Country Club in Houston, Texas from 1977 to 2001. After leaving that position, he established two teaching centers in Houston. Dick died February 10, 2006 at age 58.

Author, broadcaster

Harmon appears regularly in the media, including work for Britain's Sky Sports. Commentating for Sky Sports at the 1997 Ryder cup, Harmon was asked about the negative press Nick Faldo was receiving from the media in the build up to the event. Harmon replied, "How can you not like Nick Faldo? He's one of the greatest golfers of all time and he's also one hell of a nice guy."

Butch Harmon wrote the 2006 book ''The Pro'', describing his life in golf with his father, brothers, friends, and the top players he has coached.

Harmon has written golf instructional books under the titles ''Four Cornerstones of Winning Golf'' and ''Butch Harmon's Playing Lessons''. He also worked with Greg Norman on his multi-media learning system ''Greg Norman's Better Golf'', which consists of three videos, a book, skill guide cards, and an audio tape; as well as on Greg Norman's book ''Advanced Golf''. Harmon writes a regular monthly instructional column in ''Golf Digest'' magazine.

References

External links

Butch Harmon School of Golf

Category:American golfers Category:PGA Tour golfers Category:Golf instructors Category:Golf writers and broadcasters Category:American memoirists Category:People from New Rochelle, New York Category:1943 births Category:Living people

de:Butch Harmon